Hvac Project

Chapter 1
BASE CASE DESCRIBTION

Introduction 1.1
Energy saving in buildings is a very important topic that is being studied locally
and globally to reduce the cost of energy consumption, and different electrical and
mechanical equipment that are used for different purposes. The energy saving in
buildings depends on several factors including: the comfort, the durability, the cost, and
the efficiency. These factors must be studied carefully for each building that is chosen as
a base case to take the best options that are available ones. From two factors of them, the
cost and efficiency, we create the comfort conditions for buildings, and have durability
.for along time
This type of study is chosen because its importance in our daily life. Most of
engineers are dealing with air conditioning from many years ago until these days, and try
.to make successive improvements on it
In Mechanical Engineering field, there is a combination of factors and methods
that are discussed to save energy using the best choices and decisions for constructing
.and founding mechanical system with more efficient in energy, durability, and the cost
One of the mechanical energy fields is air conditioning or HVAC engineering; it
is an applied engineering science looking for specifying the techniques to get a medium
with comfort conditions for human, no matter what is the case of surrounded air.
However, the climate of outdoor conditions is very important role to determine the
comfort indoor conditions, by increasing or decreasing the humidity and temperature for
.indoor
HVAC science also concerns on the quality of indoor air, by ventilation
techniques to obtain healthy conditions, by taking the air inside that is polluted from
microbial and smoking outside and bring a fresh air to inside, to get a comfort and
healthy conditions for humans, and to produce an excellent products like medicines as an
.example
A case study for studying energy saving in buildings is a hospital in Palestine that
is located in Bethlehem city called Caritas Hospital. The hospital is chosen because the
heath sector is considered as an important sector in any country, the development of
healthy sector is a proof of the growth and progress of the country. Thus, the idea of
saving energy in hospitals was found to provide comfortable conditions for doctors,
patients, employees, and the visitors. In addition, there is diversity in energy facilities that
number of facilities like the emergency centers that are open 24 hours, sterilization
rooms, laundering rooms, and cooking (kitchens). Also, some rooms needed 100% fresh
air or high ventilation rates like surgical rooms and sterilization rooms to remove the
.microbial contamination
To manage the energy saving in hospitals, there are several steps under
consideration: Every hospital must identify one person to manage the hospital energy
efficiency, and observing the rate of using energy and water in hospital. In addition to,
.controlling on air handling units, HVAC system, and lighting
Base Case Study 1.2
Caritas hospital which was selected as case study in this project contains four
levels, basement level, ground level, first level, and second level. Ground level and first
.level are chosen to study because those levels contain the main activities in the hospital
This hospital belongs to nursing faculty in Bethlehem city, thus there are exam
.rooms, school section and classrooms for the students, and there is a section for patients
: The ground level consists of•
.(See plan in the Appendix)
Five rooms of exams.1
Two rooms for triage purposes.2
.Two rooms for feeding and changing for babies.3
Water cycle (bathroom), the next room is for janitor.4
.Store room and another bathroom.5
.Control area room.6
.Audiology booth room.7
.Social worker room.8
.Personal use room.9
2
.Accountant room.10
.Nurse room.11
.Reception.12
.Waiting and play kids area.13
.Minor entrance and two corridors.14
.Emergency treatment room.15
(Two rooms for dirty and clean linen (laundry.16
.Dirty wash room.17
.Blood receiving room.18
.Two labs of Chemistry and Micro-biology.19
.Lab store room.20
.Laboratory office room.21
.Two rooms for laboratory use.22
.Blood storage room.23
.X-ray room.24
.Ultrasound room.25
.Dark room.26
.Visitor's water cycle.27
.Staff water cycle.28
.Equipment room.29
.Another bathroom.30
.Two rooms of dirty utility.31
Playroom.32
.Physiotherapy.33
.bedrooms, each room contain 5 beds 11.34
3
.Two rooms for treatment discharge.35
.Two isolation rooms.36
.Corridor for main entrance.37
.Two rooms for tea kitchen.38
The area of the this level is 1300 m²
: First level consists of•
.(See plan in the Appendix)
.bedrooms 9.1
(classrooms. (school section 3.2
(school offices.(school section 3.3
.Laundry room.4
.Lobby.5
.Living room + kitchen.6
.Dirty utility.7
.Janitor room.8
(Waiting. (school section.9
(doctors rooms. (school section 3.10
(Library. (school section.11
(Two bathrooms. (school section.12
.(Doctor waiting room (school section.13
.(Dirty utility. (School section.14
.(premature rooms. (Premature section 3.15
.(Ultra sound+ social worker. (Premature section.16
.(Premature patient waiting. . (Premature section.17
4
.(Doctors' offices+ conference room. (Premature section.18
.(Water cycle. . (Premature section.19
.The area of the first level is 1210 m²
Climates for the region of case study 1.3

Caritas hospital is located in Bethlehem city in Palestine, thus the climate in
Palestine is affected by Mediterranean Sea climate, dry summer and short, cool, rainy
.water
The climate of Bethlehem is pleasant in the most of the time in the year; winter
extends three months from mid December to mid March and may be severe, during the
rest of year the climate is temperate. However, the hottest months are July and August.
The summer is eased by breezes that are coming from Mediterranean Sea. In addition, in
the summer season the climate is hot in daytime and fairly cool at night. The sunshine in
summer is thirteen hours during a day, but in winter the sunshine is seven hours during a
[day. [1
.Overview of Solar Water heating systems1.4

Solar energy and the application of solar energy are increasing because the solar
radiation is parental source of energy and it is easy to get and collect and it has variety of
.application. This energy reaches the earth on the form of radiation
5
Solar radiation is renewable energy that comes from the sun as a result of a
.nuclear fusion that takes place in the sun
The radiation reaches to the earth on the shape of waves, about half of these waves are
invisible (short-waves) these waves have an electromagnetic energy .The temperature of
.solar radiation reaches to 5800K
Solar water heaters also called solar domestic hot water systems can be a cost-
effective way to generate hot water for the homes. They can be used in any climate, and
.the fuel they use is sun shine and it is free
Solar water heating systems include storage tanks and solar collectors. There are “
two types of solar water heating systems: active, which have circulating pumps and
[controls, and passive, which don't.” [2
Most solar water heaters require a well-insulated storage tank. Solar storage“
tanks have an additional outlet and inlet connected to and from the collector. In two-tank
systems, the solar water heater preheats water before it enters the conventional water
heater. In one-tank systems, the back-up heater is combined with the solar storage in one
[tank.” [2
Chapter 2
.HVAC Load Analysis
Introduction 2.1
6
The main aim of the (HVAC) systems is to create comfort condition for the
people inside spaces, and these conditions can be achieved by controlling the
(temperature, humidity and solar gains) in the interest space. Hospitals are one of the
most important spaces that must be conditioned in order to provide the best service for all
.patients
The most important thing that must be available in hospitals is the air
conditioning which include cooling, heating and filtration of the space, nowadays it
becomes one of the most important thing that must be provided in any hospitals specially
when we are talking about surgery rooms or intensive care rooms where the climate in
.these rooms must be kept steady on a specific comfort condition
In our case we are to design an air conditioning system for (Bethlehem) hospital,
we need to find how much power must be used to accomplish this task, heating and
cooling loads must be calculated, since they help in the selection of the air conditioning
equipment needed for this project. The calculations of the heating and cooling load are
based on the climate information that is available about Jerusalem region since there are
nearly the same climate between Bethlehem and Jerusalem. When calculating the
heating needed for the project the main load that was taken into perspective was the
.transmission load, since this load takes a large space when considering cooling in winter
The hospital buildings have a proper design shape and there service that must be
provided. Technical systems must be designed and adjusted to meet the requirements and
needs of each individual environment. Most countries have regulations that outline how
these requirements may be fulfilled, through proper design and operation of technical
systems and the building it self. This is mainly accomplished by regulation for thermal
.insulation, ventilation, lighting, and indoor temperature and humidity levels
Comfort Temperature in medical sectors 2.2
7
Indoor temperature in hospitals is usually (1-4) C° higher than other natural
building. A typical temperature for patient’s rooms is (22-23) C°. This minimum value
.should be maintained during the colder part of the year
When temperature discomfort is identified, it is usually more efficient to localize

the source of discomfort and treat it, by controlling the temperature increasing or
decreasing. This can be done, by covering cold walls, erecting screens against cold drafts
from windows, window frames and badly positioned air vents, and minimizing insulation
.by installing sun shades
Indoor Air Humidity 2.3

Indoor air should be at the middle neither too dry nor high humid (which cause
perspiration and increase the risk of fungal growth). The comfort rang covers relative
humidity of 50-60%, at temperature normal for hospitals (22-24 °C), see fig. (2.1) for
.comfort condition in Psychometric chart
Humidification (due to operating cost), and especially dehumidification (due to

initial cost) are expensive. For this reason it is often acceptable to allow humidity levels
to fall below the supposed comfort level. Strict applied in rooms where conditions are
.more critical, i.e. in operating theatres, intensive-care rooms, etc
Indoor Air Quality 2.4

Good indoor air quality may be defined as air that is free of pollutants that cause
irritation, discomfort or ill health to occupants, or premature degradation of the building
materials, paintings, and furnishings or equipment. Thermal conditions and relative
humidity also impact the perception of air quality in addition to their effects on thermal
.comfort
Focus on indoor air quality issues increased as reduced ventilation energy-saving
strategies, and consequently increased pollution levels, were introduced. A poor indoor
environment can manifest itself as a sick building in which some occupants experience
8
mild illness symptoms during periods of occupancy. More serious pollutant problems
.may result in long-term or permanent ill-health effects
Comfort condition point
[Figure (2.1): Comfort condition point on the Psychometric Chart. [3
Heating Load Analysis 2.5

Space indicates either a volume or a site without a partition or a partitioned room
or group of rooms. A room is an enclosed or partitioned space that is usually treated as a
single load. A conditioned room often has an individual control system. A zone is a
space, or several rooms, or units of space having some sort of coincident loads or similar
9
operating characteristics. A zone may or may not be an enclosed space, or it may consist
of many partitioned rooms. It could be a conditioned space or a space that is not air
conditioned. A conditioned zone is always equipped with an individual control system. A
control zone is the basic unit of control. To determine heating load for a specific building
[the following factors must be considered. [3
Transmission Load 2.5.1

Heat loss or heat gain due to a temperature difference across a building element
The heat transferred through walls, ceilings, roof, windows glass, floors and doors is all
[sensible heat transfer, referred to as transmission heat loss. [4
Ventilation 2.5.2
Ventilation is the building service most associated with controlling the indoor air
quality to provide a healthy and comfortable indoor environment. In large buildings
ventilation is normally supplied through mechanical systems, but in smaller buildings
such as single-family homes it is principally supplied by leakage through the building
.(envelope (i.e., infiltration
All structures have some air leakage or infiltration. Heat loss--because the cold
dry outdoor air must be heated to inside design temperature and moisture must be add to
[the designed humidity. So the heat losses include Sensible and Latent Heat. [4
Infiltration 2.5.3
Infiltration is the process of air flowing in (or out) of leaks in the building
envelope, thereby providing ventilation in an uncontrolled manner. All buildings are
subject to infiltration, but it is more important in smaller buildings. In larger buildings
there is less surface area to leak for a given amount of building volume, so the same
10
leakage matters less. More important, the pressures in larger buildings are usually
dominated by the mechanical ventilation system and the leaks in the building envelope
have only a secondary impact on the ventilation rate. However, infiltration in larger
.buildings may affect thermal comfort, control, and system balance
Cooling Load Analysis 2.6

Cooling Load: is a rate at which energy must be removed from a space to
maintain the temperature and humidity at the design values. The cooling load will
generally differ from the heat gain because the radiation from the inside surface of walls
and interior objects as well as the solar radiation coming directly into the space through
.opening doesn’t heat the air within the space directly
:There are two types of cooling load
External Cooling Loads 2.6.1

These loads are formed because of heat gains in the conditioned space from
.external sources through the building envelope or building shell and the partition walls
:Sources of external loads include the following
Heat gain entering from the exterior walls and roofs .1

.Solar heat gain transmitted through the windows .2
.Conductive heat gain coming through the windows .3
Heat gain entering from the partition walls and interior doors .4
Infiltration of outdoor air into the conditioned space .5
11
Internal Cooling Loads 2.6.2
These loads are formed by the release of sensible and latent heat from the heat
:sources inside the conditioned space. These sources contribute internal cooling loads
People .1
Electric lights .2
Equipment and appliances .3
If moisture transfers from the building structures and the furnishings are excluded,
only infiltrated air, occupants, equipment, and appliances have both sensible and latent
cooling loads. The remaining components have only sensible cooling loads. All sensible
.heat gains entering the conditioned space represent radiative heat and convective
Heat Transfer Coefficient Calculation 2.7

Heat transfer coefficient or overall heat transfer coefficient is the reciprocal of the
overall R-value. R-value is the thermal resistance for constructed materials that contain
((walls, windows, doors, etc
(U= 1Rtotal Wm2.˚C (2.1
(Rtotal=X1K1+ X2K2+ X3K3+…+ Ro+Ri m2.˚CW (2.2
:Where
.(X: Thickness of wall (m
K: Thermal conductivity of the wall. Wm.˚C
Ro : Thermal Resistivity of the outside m2.˚CW
Ri : Thermal Resistivity of the inside m2.˚CW
Heating load Calculation2.8

[Transmission Load [3 2.8.1
(q=U×A×(To-Tin) (2.3
(U: Overall Heat transfer Coefficient. (W/m2. ºC
12
(A: Area of plane. (m2
(To: Outdoor Temperature. (ºC
(Ti: Indoor Temperature. (ºC
[Ventilation [3 2.8.2
(qs=1.23×Vv×(To-Tin) (2.4
( (2.5 ql=3000×Vv×(ωo-ωin)
.qS: sensible heat gain from ventilation
.qL : latent heat gain from ventilation
(Vv: volume flow rate of outside air. (L/s
.(wo: humidity ratio of outdoor temperature. (kgwater/kgair
.(wi: humidity ratio of indoor temperature. (kgwater/kgair
[Infiltration [3 2.8.3
(qs=1.23×Vi×(To-Tin) (2.6
( (2.7 ql=3000×Vi×(ωo-ωin)
Cooling load2.9
Transmission Load 2.9.1

(q=U×A×(To-Tin) (2.8
(To: Outdoor Temperature. (ºC
(Ti: Indoor Temperature. (ºC
Ventilation 2.9.2
13
( (2.9 qs=1.23×Vv×(To-Tin)
(ql=3000×Vv×(ωo-ωin) (2.10
.qS: sensible heat gain from ventilation
.qL : latent heat gain from ventilation
(Vv: volume flow rate of outside air. (L/s
.(wo: humidity ratio of outdoor temperature. (kgwater/kgair
.(wi: humidity ratio of indoor temperature. (kgwater/kgair
Infiltration 2.9.3
(qs=1.23×Vi×(To-Tin) (2.11
(ql=3000×Vi×(ωo-ωin) (2.12
External walls heat Gain2.9.4

(q=U×A×CLTDadj (2.13
.CLTD: Cooling Load Temperature Load

Glass Heating Gain 2.9.5
(q=SHGF ×A ×SC x CLF (2.14
(SHGF: Solar Heat Gain Factor. (W/ m2

.SC: Shading coefficient
.(A: Area of window. (m2
CLF: Cooling load factor
14
Lighting Heat Gain2.9.6
(q=Lighting Intensity W m2× Area [ m2] (2.15
.Figure (2.2): Lighting Intensity for any kind of lamps
Sample calculation2.10
Overall heat transfer coefficient2.10.1
.By taking the heat transfer coefficient of external walls as an example
15
Figure (2.3): Construction of the external wall
Table (2.1): The thickness, thermal conductivity and thermal resistance for each
.constructed material of external wall
External Wall (Thickness(m (K(W/m.˚C (R(m2.˚C/W

Face Stone 0.05 1.7 0.03
Concrete 0.2 1.75 0.11
Air gap 0.02 0.28 0.07
Insulator 0.02 0.045 0.44
Hollow bricks 0.1 0.9 0.11
Cement plaster 0.02 1.2 0.02
Ro 0.03
Ri 0.15
0.97 =U 1.03
:(Substituting in equation (2.1
Rtot=0.051.7 + 0.21.75+0.020.28+0.020.045+0.10.9+0.021.2+0.03+0.15=0.97 m2.CW
℃.U=10.97=1.03 Wm2
16
F
ig
u
re
(
2.
4
):
C
o
n
st
r
u
ct
io
n
o
f
th
e
C
oncrete Partition
.constructed material of Concrete Partition
Thickness(m K(W/m.˚C R(m.˚C/W

Concrete partitions ( ( (
Concrete 0.2 1.75 0.11
0.17 =U 5.89
17
.Figure (2.5): Construction of the Exposed Roof
.constructed material of Roof
Thickness(m K(W/m.˚C R(m.˚C/W

Exposed Roof ( ( (
Asphalt water proving 0.02 0.7 0.03
Concrete baking 0.08 1.75 0.05
Insulator 0.01 0.05 0.22
Concrete 0.06 1.75 0.03
Hollow bricks and concrete
ribs 0.18 0.95 0.19
Ro 0.03
Ri 0.14
0.72 =U 1.39
18
.Figure (2.6): Construction of the Roof
Table (2.4): The thickness, thermal conductivity and thermal resistance for each constructed
.material of Exposed Roof
Thickness(m
(Roof(other floor ( (K(W/m.˚C (R(m.˚C/W
(Ceramic( karmica 0.01 1.05 0.01
Cement mortar 0.025 1.75 0.01
Sand and gravel 0.2 0.7 0.29
Concrete baking 0.08 1.75 0.05
Hollow bricks and concerts baking 0.2 0.95 0.21
0.59 =U 1.68
19
Heating Load Sample Calculation 2.10.2
:Design conditions
To=5 °C
Tin =22 °C
ωo =0.0160 Kg moisture/kg dry air
ωin = 0.0080 Kg moisture/kg dry air
This calculation for EXAM ROOM.5 in ground level in the base case
Transmission Load 2.10.2.1

(q=U×A×(To-Tin
q External walls = 1.03 [W m2.℃ ] * 18 [ m2 ] * 17 [˚C] = 315 W

q Concrete partitions = 5.89 [W m2.℃ ] * 8.3 [ m2 ] * 0 [˚C] = 0W
q Roof = 1.68 [W m2.℃ ] *15 [ m2 ] * 0 [˚C] = 0W
q Windows = 5.7 [W m2.℃ ] *2.2 [ m2 ] * 17 [˚C] = 213 W
[U Windows Single glass =5.7 [W m2.℃ ] [5
q Door = 3 [W m2.℃ ] * 2 [ m2 ] * 0 [˚C] = 0 W
q Total = 528 W
Ventilation 2.10.2.2
(qs=1.23×Vv×(To-Tin
(ql=3000×Vv×(ωo-ωin
(Vv=[ No.of person xCFMPerson ] [CFM] (2.16
(Vv=CFM ×0.472 (L/s) (2.17

Where 0.472 is a conversion factor from ft3min to Ls
Vv = 10 [ persons ] X 10 [ CFMPerson ] = 100 CFM
Vv=47.2 L/s
qs = 1.23 x 47.2[ L/s] x17 [˚C] = 987 W
qL = 3000 x 47.2 [ L/s] x (0.016-0.0080) [Kg moisture/kg dry air] = 1133 W
qventilation = 987 + 1133 = 2120 W
20
Infiltration 2.10.2.3
(qs=1.23×Vi×(To-Tin
(ql=3000×Vi×(ωo-ωin
(Vi= (Volume of the room)*(Air change/hr)*(1000/3600) (L/s) (2.18
(Δω= ωO-ωin humidity difference (2.19
:(Substituting in equation (2.17
Vi =105[m3] x ( 10003600 ) = 29 L/s
qs =1.23 x 29 [Ls ] x 17 [˚C] = 606 W

qL=3000 x 29[ Ls ] x (0.016-0.0080) [Kg moisture/kg dry air] = 696 W
qInf = 606 + 696 = 1302 W
Q total = 528 + 2120 + 1302 = 3950 W = 3403 Kcal/hr
.Table (2.5): Sample Calculation for heating load on Excel Sheet
Floor # : Ground =ωo 0.016 (°To = 5 (C

room : EXAM RM.5 =ωin 0.008 (°Tin = 22 (C
Specifications U A (To-Tin) Q
(W/m².C) (m²) (°C) (W)
21
External walls 1.03 18 17 315
Concrete partition 1 5.89 8.3 0 0
Concrete partition 2 5.89 18 0 0
Roof 1.68 15 0 0
Floor 1.68 15 0 0
Windows 5.70 2.2 17 213
Doors 3.00 2 0 0
528
(Q ventilation (W of person # cfm/person V Q
L/s W
10 10 47.2 2120
(Q infiltration(W Volume Air changes V Q
m³ hr/ L/s W
52.5 2 29 1310
(Grand total (W 3950
(Grand total (Kcal/hr 3403
Cooling Load Sample Calculation 2.10.3
:Design conditions
To =33 °C
Tin =22 °C
ωo =0.0028 Kg moisture/kg dry air
ωin =0.0082 Kg moisture/kg dry air
22
Transmission Load 2.10.3.1
(q=U×A×(To-Tin
qwindows = 5.7 [W m2.℃ ] x 2.2 [m2] x 11[˚C] = 138 W
External walls -
q=U×A×CLTDadj
East ……… q = 1.03 [W m2.℃ ] x 18 [m2] x 22.5 [˚C]

= 417 W
N/ Shaded ……... q = 1.03 [W m2.℃ ] x 8 [m2] x 13.5 [˚C]

= 111W
q total = 528 W
Glass -
q=SHGF ×A ×SC ×CLF
North …………. q = 120 [ Wm2 ]* 2.2 [m2] * 0.95 = 251 W
Internal Load 2.10.3.2

Light -
[q =25 Wm2 xArea [m2
q = 25 x15=375 W
Occupants -
q = (# of Persons) x (q sensible +q latent )
((2.20
q= (10) x (60 + 40) = 1000 W
Machines -
Heat gain due to the machines = (q sensible + q latent) = 305 W
23
Ventilation 2.10.3.3
(qs=1.23×Vv×(To-Tin
(ql=3000×Vv×(ωo-ωin
(Vv=[ No.of person xCFMPerson ] (CFM
(Vv=CFM x 0.472 (L/s
Vv=10 personx 10[ CFMPerson ] =100 CFM

Where 0.472 is a conversion factor from ft3min to Ls
Vv = 100[ ft³/min]x 0.472=47.2 L/s
qs =1.23x 47.2 [L/s] x 11[˚C] = 638 W
qL =3000 x 47.2 [L/s] x (0.0082-0.0028) [Kg water/kg air]= 765
W
qventilation = 638 +765 = 1403 W
Infiltration 2.10.3.4
(qs=1.23×Vi×(To-Tin
(ql=3000×Vi×(ωo-ωin
Vi= (Volume of the room)*(Air change/hr)*(1000/3600)
((L/s
Δω= ωO-ωin humidity difference
Vi =105 [m3]*(1000/3600) = 29 L/s
qs =1.23x29 [L/s] x 11[˚C] = 395 W
qL=3000*29 [L/s] *(0.0082*0.0028) [Kg water/kg air]= 473 W

qInf = 395+473 = 867 W
q total = 138 + 528 + 251 + 375+1000 + 305 + 1403 + 867 = 4867

W
(q total = 16608 (Btu/hr
24
(.q total = 1.4(ton ref
q sensible,total = 3230 W
(qtotal sensible= m Cp (Troom-Tsupply) (2.21

(m= qtotal sensibleCp(Troom-Tsupply
Flow rate in CFM= m x 1765.83 Kgs
.m: Mass flow rate of air in kg/s
Cp: Specific heat capacity of air Cp=1004 J/kg.K
ρair =1.169 Kg/m³

m = (32301004x(22-13)) = 0.357 Kg/s
Supply air flow rate = (0.357) [Kg/s] * (1765.83) = 631 CFM
For the supply of air inside the room the sensible ventilation load is
subtracted from the total sensible load, since it consumes on the fan of
:the fan coil then the new supply air flow rate is
(qtotal sensible= m Cp (Troom-Tsupply
(m= qtotal sensibleCp(Troom-Tsupply
m = (25921004x(22-13)) = 0.287 Kg/s
Supply air flow rate = (0.287) [Kg/s] * (1765.83) = 507 CFM
.Table (2.6): Sample Calculation for Cooling Load on Excel Sheet
25
To = 33
Floor # : Ground =ωo 0.0028 (°(C
Tin = 22
room : EXAM RM.5 =ωin 0.0082 (°(C
(W/m².C) (m²) (°C) (W)
Floor 1.68 15 0 0
Windows 5.7 2.2 11 138
Doors 3 2 0 0
(Sum (W 138
External walls U A CLTD Q
(W/m².C) (m²) (W)
E 1.03 18 22.5 417
S 1.03 0 19 0
W 1.03 0 27 0
N/ Shaded 1.03 8 12 111
(Sum (W 528
Glass SHGF A SC Q
(m²) (W)
E 690 0 0.95 0
N 120 2.2 0.95 251
S 350 0 0.95 0
W 690 0 0.95 0
(Sum (W 251
Exposed roof U A CLTD Q
(W/m².C) (m²) (W)
0 0 15 0
Intesity Area
Light W/m² 25 15
(q (W 375
of # q/person Q
Occupants person W/person (W)
q/sensible 60
10 q/latent 40 1000
Kcal/hr (Q (W
q sensible 262 305
Machines q latent 0 0
sum 305
of person # cfm/person V Q
26
Domestic Hot Water Load Calculation2.11
Domestic hot water is used in several fields in the hospitals, in laundry to clean the
clothes, and in the kitchen to clean the dishes and preparing the food, in water cycles or
in baths for cleaning and washing, and may be used in washing the cars, and for the
machines that are used for hot drinks like coffee and tea, etc. and there are many
.applications for the domestic hot water
The temperature of domestic hot water that is reaching to the desired place often
ranges 50-60 ºC. But for kitchens the temperature of water is usually 65 ºC according to
the hygienic standards. In addition to, for kindergartens the temperature of water is
.between 40 and 50 ºC that is for safety reasons
Basic elements of solar water system are flat plate collector, storage tank, pump,
.connecting pipes and valves
Water circulation in the storage tank and collector can be either by natural
circulation or by forced circulation where a pump is activated by means of temperature
.differential controller
:Water heating systems can also classify as

Direct circulation systems: where the drawn water is the same, which circulates .1
.through the collectors
Indirect circulation systems: the fluid that removes heat from collector is different .2
than that drawn water. A heat exchanger is added where the heat is exchanged
(transferred) from the collector loop or fluid with the water withdrawn from the
.system
The evaluation of hot water consumption is based on the fact that the occupants
.and visitors need no more than cleaning and lavatory use
Calculation of Hot Water Consumption 2.11.1
27
For Medical and educational center staff , the average daily consumption of hot
.water assumed as 35 L/Person
The daily hot water demand can be calculated by using the following equation
The daily hot water demand = Average personal demand × # person
For 260 occupants

The daily hot water demand = 35 × 260 =9100 L/day
: Domestic Hot Water Capacity 2.11.2
As the heating load of building varies during the year, depending on the
.temperature outside and the building will be under service all over the year season
The heat load of the system can be calculated by the following equation
(QD.H.W=mD.H.W x Cpw x ∆T (2.22
:Where
(mD.H.W : Hot water flow rate (kg/s
ΔT: temperature difference between required temperature hot water supply &
.(inlet water temperature (oC
CP : specific heat of water = 4.184 kJ/kg.K
.(Q : heat load of system (kW
The mass flow rate of water is calculated by the following equation

(mD.H.W =ρwater×V (2.23
(ρ at 40 °C = 992 (kg/m³
Where
.(ρ: water density (kg/m³
.(V : volume flow rate of hot water (m³/s
.(mD.H.W :hot water flow rate (kg/s
:For 12 hour operation per day

x10-3 m3day x992[kgm3].12hrdayx[3600][shr]=0.209 kgs 9100
⇒
28
From weather data Palestinian information, the January has the lowest ambient
.temperature which will be our design temperature for cold water supply
Tin = 5 °C
Tout = 60 °C
(Q = 0.209 × 4.184× (60-5) = 48.09 kW (Without heat losses

⇒
Heat Losses Estimation 2.11.3

Piping system (steel pipes, Schedule- 40). Pipes system insulated using VEEDO
.FLEX insulator with low thermal conductivity k= 0.027 W/m.K
Total pipe length = 50 m

[Heat losses in insulated Piping System = 30 W/ m. [6
Pipe heat losses = 50 × 30 = 1.5 kW
Q tot = heat load + piping losses

Q tot = 48.09 + 1.5 = 49.59 kW
System and Equipment Selections1.11

.Table (2.7): The Heating Cooling load for both two levels in Kilowatts for base case
Level (Heating Load (KW (Cooling Load (KW
Ground 194 301
First 185 254
Total 379 555
Boiler Selection for Heating Load 2.12.1

Total Heating load for first and ground level =379 KW
Piping system (steel pipes, schedule 40) with insulation of type VEEDO FLEX
.insulator with low thermal conductivity K=0.027 W/m.K
29
.Total pipe length 70 m
[From (ASHRAE handbook, HVAC Application) [6
Heat losses in insulated piping system =30 W/m
Pipe losses=70 x 30 1000=2.1 Kw
QTotal=Heating load+Piping losses

QTotal=379+2.1=381.1 Kw
.Using Dedietrich boiler Catalog

we select the boiler that has capacity from 300 to 390 Kw
Of type GT 408
[ Table (2.8): Technical data for heating boiler from Catalog Appendix[C
Length L mm 1505
Flue nozzle Φ out side A mm 250
Flow and returntapping Φ outside B inches 1/2 ''2
D mm 235
E mm 1427
Water contact liters 366
Water resistance for ∆t =15 K mbar 17
Diameter mm 530
Combustion Chamber Width mm 638
Length mm 1183
Volume m^3 0.31
Flue ways volume m^3 0.563
Flue gas weight Oil kg/h 650
Natural
gas kg/h 700
Combustion Chamber resistance mbar 1.1
Section number 8
Weight kg 1470
Burner Selection 2.12.2
The selection of Burner was from De Dietrich FUEL OIL BURNERS Products
.Catalog
[Table (2.9): Technical data for burner from Catalog Appendix[C
MODEL M 42-1S
30
Number of stages 2
Burner output kW 285-515/*185
Fuel oil flow rate kg/h 15,6/24,1-43,5
Preset output kW 450/*280
Can be fitted to boilers GT 309,408
GTE 507
Recommended nozzle
for these boilers
Max. absorbed power W 1100
Motor power W 650
Power supply mono/50Hz~230
Noise level at 1m (dB (A 69 ≈
Net weight kg/h 51
Heating System Pump Selection 2.12.3
Hot water Pump for heating system

.The total heating load = 379 kW
mheating boiler= Total loadCpx ∆T
ΔT = TS - Tr =15 ºC
Where
TS = supply hot water temperature = 70ºC
Tr = return water temperature = 55º C
m= 3794.18×15= 6 Kg/sec
Q = mρwater =6980 =0.006122 m3/s

Set the velocity of water =2.5 m/s
(Area = Water flow rate( m3s)Velocity ms (2.24
A= πd24= QV = 0.006122 2.5=2.45 x10-3 m2

''d=0.056 m we take d=2.5
.To select the hot water pump the flow rate and the head must be known
.The flow rate was calculated and it is equal → mD.H.W= 6 Kg/sec
31
Calculating the head friction losses
To find the friction factor from Moody chart the Reynolds number and relative
.roughness must be known
At flow rate equals to 6 L/s and diameter equal 56 mm
V = 2.5 m/s
[The kinematic viscosity of water is 0.45x10-6 m²/s. [7
Re=VDρµ=VDv=2.5 x 0.0560.45x10-6=3.1 x105
[For commercial steel the roughness (Є) =0.0006 m. [7

ЄD=0.00060.056=0.0107
From Moody chart at Re = 3.1 x105 and ЄD =0.0107, the friction factor is 0.041
h = hf +hm + ΔZ
( p ( 2.25
:Where
.hp = pump head required in m
. ΔZ = elevation between the boiler and the highest point in the system
.hf = head friction losses in m
.hm = head minor losses in m
hf=fxlxV22xgxD=0.041x67x2.522x9.81x0.056=15.62 m
.Head minor losses

The equivalent length of the pipes within fittings, elbows and valves in this building
.about 70 m
hm=fxlequ.xV22xgxD=0.041x14.5x2.522x9.81x0.056=3.38 m
hp = 15.62+3.38+ 8( Maximum building height) = 27 m
32
The selection of the Pump was from LOWARA Products Catalog, the pump
selection at total head = 27 m and flow rate =22 m3h , the model is
(SH 25 – SH 32 series) ( 32-200/30)
(Operating characteristics at 2900 rpm 50 Hz , 2 Poles. Appendix (C
Expansion Tank Selection for HW Boiler 2.12.4

An expansion tank or expansion vessel is a
small tank used in closed water heating systems and
domestic hot water systems to absorb excess water
pressure, which can be caused by thermal expansion
.as water is heated
Required volume of closed expansion tanks can be

expressed as
(Vexp=2Vwv1v0-1pap0-pap1 (2.26
:Where
.(Vw = Volume of water in the system (gallon, liter
.(v0 = Specific volume of water at initial (cold) temperature ( m3/kg
.(v1 = Specific volume of water at operating (hot) temperature (m3/kg
.(pa = Atmospheric pressure (psia
.(p0 = System initial pressure - Cold pressure (psia
.(p1 = System operating pressure - Hot pressure (psia
(Volume of water in the boiler = 366 L (From the catalog
Volume of water in the heating coil = 200 L
Volume of water in the piping = Total length of pipe × area
x π4 x0.01905 2+ 50 x π4 x0.0508 2+ 10 x π4 x0.0635 2=207 L 260=
33
Volume of water in the supply tank = 2000 L
.Total volume of water in the system = 2773 Liter
:For this project

To = 5° C , T1 = 75° C
Vw = 2773 L
v0 = 0.001 m3/kg, v1 = 0.001026 m3/kg
pa = 101.3 kPa, p0 = 80 kPa, p1 = 700 kPa
Vexp=2 x 2773x0.0010260.001
-1101.380-101.3700
L 129 =
From the Bell and Gosset Catalog in

the Appendix [C ] ITT Industries , the Model # is HFT-90V, thus the volume of the
expansion tank is 166.1 L
Chiller Selection 2.12.5

Total Cooling load for first and ground level=555 kW = 159 TR
. Using Petra Catalog the type of chiller is PSC 165
[ Table (2.10): Technical data for Chiller from Catalog Appendix[C
34
Chilled Water Pump Selection 2.12.6
.The total cooling load =555 kW
m=Total Load kwCp x ∆T
:Where
ΔT = TS - Tr =15
Ts=8 ˚C
Tr=23 ˚C
m=555 4.18 x 15=8.852 Kgs
At Tavg=8+232=15.5 ˚C ρwater=998 Kgm3
Q= mρwater= 8.852 998=0.008869 m3s
Set the velocity of water =2.5m/s
Area = Water flow rate( m3s)Velocity ms
A=0.0088692.5=3.55 x10-3 m2
’’D= 0.0672 m , D= 3
.To select Chilled Water pump flow rate and head must be known
hp = hf +hm + ΔZ
:Where

At flow rate equal 8.852 L/s and diameter equal 67.20 mm
V = 2.5m/s
[The kinematic viscosity of water is m²/s. [7
−6
1.005× 10
35
Re=VDρµ=VDv=2.5 x 0.06721.005x10-6=167 164
[For commercial steel the roughness (Є) = 0.0006 m. [7

ЄD=0.00893
.From Moody chart at Re= 167 164 and Є/D =0.00893, the friction factor is 0.038
hf=fxlxV22xgxD=0.038x67x2.522x9.81x 0.0672 =12 m
.Head Minor losses

The equivalent length of the pipes within fittings , elbows and valves in this building a
. bout 14.5 m
hm=fxLequxV22xgxD=0.038x14.5x2.522x9.81x 0.0672 =2.6 m
hp = 12+2.6 +8 = 22.6 m
(selection at total head = 22.6 m and flow rate = 31.87 m3h, the model is (SH40series
(Operating characteristics at 2900 rpm 50 Hz , 2 Poles. Appendix(C , ( 40-160/40)
Boiler Selection for DHW 2.12.7

The capacity of boiler that used in Domestic hot water is 50 Kw. From
De Dietrich Thermique S. A. Niederbronn, FRANCE .The type selected is
DTG 120-10
[ Table (2.11): Technical data for D.H.W Boiler from Catalog Appendix[C
36
Pump selection for DHW 2.12.8
.The total load for domestic hot water = 50 kW
m=Total Load kwCp x ∆T
:Where
ΔT = TSupply – Tfeed =55
Tsupply=60 ˚C
(Tfeed=5˚C ( The worst temperature in winter
m=50 4.18 x 55=0.2175 Kgs
At Tavg=5+602=32.5 ˚C ρwater=995 Kgm3
Q= mρwater= 0.2175995=2.186 x 10-4 m3s
(Set the velocity of water =1.5 m/s Appendix (A
A=2.186 x 10-41.5=1.4572 x 10-4m2
D=24 x Aπ = 24 x 1.4572 x 10-4 π=0.01362 m

'' D=0.536 '' .<<<<<< D=34
.To select DHW pump flow rate and head must be known
hp = hf +hm + ΔZ
:Where
37

V = 1.5 m/s
[The kinematic viscosity of water is 0.075 x 10-6 m²/s. [7
Re=VDρµ=VDv=1.5 x 0.013620.075 x 10-6=272 400
[For commercial steel the roughness (Є) = 0.0006 m. [7
ЄD=0.044053
.From Moody chart at Re= 272 400 and Є/D =0.044053, the friction factor is 0.067
hf=fxlxV22xgxD=0.067x62x1.522x9.81x 0.01362 =34.98 m
:Head Minor losses
The equivalent length of the pipes within fittings , elbows and valves in this building a
. bout 12 m
hm=fxLequxV22xgxD=0.067x12x1.522x9.81x 0.01362 =6.77 m
.hp = 34.98 + 6.77 + 8 = 49.75 m
The selection of the Pump was from LOWARA Products Catalog, the pump
selection at total head = 49.75 m and flow rate = 0.786 m3h, the model is (SH25
- SH 32 series) (32-200/40 ) ,Operating characteristics at 2900 rpm 50
(Hz, 2 Poles. Appendix (C
Expansion Tank Selection for DHW 2.12.9

The boiler water content is 19 L
The pipes water content is about 500 L
Total volume of water in the system = 519 L
Vexp.tank= 120 x Vsyst= 120 x 519=26 L
.[The expansion tank volume is 28.7 L [See appendix
The expansion tank is from ITT Company Model HFT-60.
Figure (2.7) : Expansion Tank
38
[Table (2.12): Technical data for D.H.W Expansion Tank from Catalog Appendix[C
Storage Tank Selection for DHW 2.12.10

The daily hot water demand = Average personal demand × Number of persons
,For 260 occupants
The daily hot water demand = 35 × 260 = 9100 L/ day
It is recommended by the designer to design the
volume of storage tank assuming that 70% of hot water in
;the tank is usable
storage tank capacity = 9100/0.7 = 13000 L
Storage tank capacity = 13 m3
Burner Selection for DHW 2.12.11
With boiler capacity 50 KW from De Dietrich
catalogue the burner selected is
(M 200/1S Module of capacity range is from 38 -71 KW Appendix (C
Fan Coil Selection 2.12.11

Fan coil unit (FCU) is one of different HVAC systems, it form as closed-loop that
containing cooling and heating coils and fan ,It can be used to control the temperature in
the space where it is installed only . It is controlled either by a manual on/off switch or by
.thermostat
39
FCU could be used in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings. The most
.important characteristic of fan coil system is that it does not have any ductwork
re Figu
.(2.8): Schematic diagram for the cycle of the fan coil
FCU work by receiving hot or cold water from a central plant by pipes and add or
.removes heat from air in the limited space using fan to move the air through the coil
(The selected fan coils is selected from Petra Catalogue See Appendix (C
Air Distribution and Duct Selection 2.12.12

The supply air should in the right temperature, humidity and in the right quantity
so that when it is mixed with the room air, the resultant room air condition falls within
.the comfort condition
The correct amount of air (m3/s or-

CFM) that passes in each section or
branch of duct must be known and can
be calculated from room sensible heat
gain
.Noise level-
Pressure drop in dampers, outlets,-
coils…etc. are obtainable from
.manufacturer catalogues
40
Pressure drop in straight ducts and fittings is calculated or selected based on -
.recommended velocities
Components of a duct system
.a) Straight sections
.(b) Fittings (Bends, Branches … etc
.c) Dampers
d) Terminal units and air outlets as grills, diffusers, register …
.(etc
.e) Heating coil
.f) Filters
:Methods of duct sizing

(Velocity method (simple, not accurate (1)
.Volume flow rate in each branch and main duct has been given
Velocity of air in each branch and main duct has been selected from recommended
.velocities
(Equal pressure drop (or equal friction method, accurate enough, widely used (2)
This method gives better results. It reduces size of duct and cost and is suitable for
.completer system
.(Static region method (for balancing of branches (3)
(T-method (for computer simulation (4)
The method used is
Equal friction method
.Main duct recommendation velocity is from 8 m/s
Branches recommendation velocity is from 6 m/s
Steps of using this method
41
Determine the air quantity required for each zone to cover the cooling load (since the -1
cooling load is more critical than the heating load. So the duct design must depend on the
.(cooling load
.Locating the supply diffusers on the plane -2
.(take the main duct velocity 7 m/sec (From velocity recommended for the buildings-3
;And by using the ductilator
:We can determine the remaining unknown values
(Pressure Friction (Pa/m✔
(Rectangular Duct Dimensions (Width X Depth✔
Grill Selection 2.12.13
Supply Grill
The grills selected is from Anemostat Catalogue
The selected grills are shown in plans of duct distribution for the project
(See Appendix ( C
Supply grill
Return air
42
All return grills are located in the corridors and we added door grills for each
room in order to allow return air to pass through these door grills to return grills exists in
(corridors. The grills selected is from Anemostat Catalogue See Appendix ( C
Return grill
CHPTER THREE: IMPROVED

CASE
Introduction 3.1
The improvements in one side of energy consumption, the other
sides are affecting with those improvements, such as selecting
techniques to decrease the infiltrated air in doors and windows by
using insulation in windows, thus will reduce the cooling and heating
loads in the buildings, and by specific kinds of walls and using the
insulation will reduce the heating and cooling loads, too. In addition to,
the kind of glazing (single or double glazing) that is using the double
glass is more efficient than single for decreasing the loss in energy;
.thus, give us a comfort condition with low energy consumption
43
Those improvements are done by providing procedures for
improving such as lighting system by using control system on lights in
the buildings, which no need to keep the lights switching on if there is
no body in the space in the building and using the lights with low
energy consumption per unit time, and using a specific types of lights
that give us a lower effect on the cooling load and more efficient in
lighting, also more efficient in consuming electrical power from the
source. Furthermore, using a specific kind of shading such as internal
.shading or external shading like roller blades is also affect on the load
Improved factors that affect the load 3.2
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient Calculations 3.2.1

The U -value or overall heat transfer coefficient is one of the factors that affect in
heating and cooling modes. The U-value represents the value of transferring heat of any
kind of fixtures in the space per unit area in such a specific temperature difference, and it
is the inverse of the total resistances of all the components in the fixture such as walls,
thus when the total thermal resistance of a specified wall increases, then the value of
overall heat transfer coefficient decreases. Thus, the thermal insulation is used in both
base case and improvement, but in the improving the thickness of the insulation is
increased from 2cm to 3cm, that is increasing the value of the total thermal resistance of
.the external walls and exposed roofs
In windows, the base case the type of the windows is chosen as single glass and
its overall heat transfer coefficient is 5.7 W/m².K, and in the double glass with 6mm
thickness the value of U is 3.5 W/m².K. The data below showed the values for base case
.and improvement for U-values
Base Case
(.External walls (U-Value = 1.03 W/m².K
(Insulation thickness, 2 cm (Extruded Polystyrene
44
(.Exposed Roof (U-Value = 1.39 W/m².K
(.Windows (U-Value = 5.7 W/m².K

.Single glass, clear glass
Improved Case
(.External walls (U-Value = 0.84 W/m².K
(.Exposed Roof (U-Value = 1.06 W/m².K

(.Windows (U-Value = 3.5 W/m².K

.Single glass, clear glass
.Table 3.1: U_ Value for different walls and windows
Base Case Improvement Case

U-factor W/m2.K U-factor W/m2.K
External wall 1.03 0.84
Internal walls 5.89 5.89
Exposed Roof 1.39 1.06
floor 1.68 1.68
Glass of windows 5.7 3.5
.Figure (3.1): cross section shows the main construction of the wall
45
Shading Coefficient 3.2.2
The shading coefficient is defined as the ratio of solar heat gain of a glazing
assembly of specific construction and shading devices at summer design solar intensity
and outdoor and indoor temperatures, to the solar heat gain of a reference glass at the
.same solar intensity and outdoor and indoor temperatures
The shading coefficient SC is an indication of the characteristics of a glazing and
the associated shading devices. The data below shows the values for base case and
[improvement for SC value. [4
Base Case
Shading coefficient
With no shading 0.95
Improved Case
Shading coefficient
Dark roller shads with double glass regular shade
.0.6
Lighting 3.2.3
For electric lights installed inside the conditioned space, such as Light ﬁxtures
hung below the ceiling, the sensible heat gain released from the electric lights, the
emitting element, and light ﬁxtures is equal to the sensible heat released to the
conditioned Space, both depend mainly on the criteria of illumination and the type and
.efficiency of electric lights
Base Case
( Incandescent light bulb ( 60 W
Intensity 25Wm2
Improved Case
( Compact fluorescent ( 15 W
46
.Figure (3.2): Compact Florescent
:There are two types of lights that are used in the project
Incandescent – that are used in the base case, they have relatively short lives.1
(typically 1000 to 2000 hours of use) and are the lowest efficient of common light
sources. In fact, only about 15 percent of the energy they use as light – the rest
.becomes heat
Compact Fluorescent Lamps – that are used in the improved case , this type is.2
similar in operation to standard fluorescent lamps but it is manufactured to
produce colors similar to incandescent lamps. They are available in a range of
types and sizes to meet most applications including down lighting, ambience, task
and general space lighting. Compact Fluorescent Lamps are about four times as
efficient as incandescent and last up to 10 times longer. CFL’s combinations that
replace incandescent in standard fixtures are substantially more expensive than
[their incandescent counterparts.[8
Figure (3.3): The comparison between base and improved cases for the previous three
.factors
47
Improved Case Load Calculations 3.3
Heating Load Calculations 3.3.1

After improving the three factors(U-values, SC and lighting) , we took as a sample
calculation as base case EXAM RM.5 to compare between heating load and cooling load
Table ( 3.2) Heating load calculation for EXAM RM.5 room in ground level
Floor # :GROUND =ωo 0.016 (°To = 5 (C

room : EXAM RM.5 =ωin 0.008 (°Tin = 22 (C
(W/m².C) (m²) (°C) (W)
External walls 0.84 18 17 257
Roof 1.68 15 0 0
Floor 1.68 15 0 0
Windows 3.50 2.2 17 131
Doors 3.00 2 0 0
388
(Q ventilation (W of person # CFM/perso V Q
n L/s W
10 10 47 2120
(Q infiltration(W Volume Air changes V Q
m³ hr/ L/s W
52.5 2 29 1310
(Grand total (W 3818
(Grand total (Kcal/hr 3283
48
Cooling Load Calculations 3.3.2
Table (3.3): Cooling load calculation for EXAM RM.5 room in ground level
To = 33
Floor # : Ground =ωo 0.0028 (°(C
Tin = 22
room : EXAM RM.5 =ωin 0.0082 (°(C
(W/m².C) (m²) (°C) (W)
Floor 1.68 15 0 0
Windows 3.5 2.2 11 85
Doors 3 2 0 0
(Sum (W 85
External walls U A CLTD Q
(W/m².C) (m²) (W)
E 0.84 18 22.5 340
S 0.84 0 20.5 0
W 0.84 0 28.5 0
N/ Shaded 0.84 8 13.5 91
(Sum (W 431
Glass SHGF A SC Q
(m²) (W)
E 690 0 0.6 0
N 120 2.2 0.6 158
S 350 0 0.6 0
W 690 0 0.6 0
(Sum (W 158
Exposed roof U A CLTD Q
(W/m².C) (m²) (W)
0
q lamps Fu Fb CLF
49
Light 225 1.2 1 1
(q (W 270
of # q/person Q
Occupants person W/person (W)
q/sensible 60
10 q/latent 40 1000
Kcal/hr (Q (W
q sensible 262 305
Machines q latent 0 0
sum 305
of person # CFM/person V Q
(Q ventilation (W L/s W
10 10 47 1403
Volume Air changes V Q
(Q infiltration(W m³ hr/ L/s W
52.5 2 29 867
(TOTAL (W 4474
(TOTAL (Btu/hr 15266
(.TOTAL (ton ref 1.27
TOTAL q/sensible 2198
Mass flow rate m 0.243
(TOTAL (CFM 430
Table (3.4) Total heating and cooling load in base and improved case
Level (Heating Load (Kw (Cooling Load (Kw
Ground 169 237
First 157 195
Total 326 432
For Calculating the Percentage saving Energy

Saving Energy=Total load in base case –Total load improved case Total load in base %
case
50
Saving Energy=Total load in base case –Total load improved case Total load in base %
case
For the percentage saving energy in cooling load is
% Saving Energy=555 –432555= 22.16 %

For the percentage saving energy in heating load is
% Saving Energy=379 –326379= 13.98 %
. Table (3.5) The percentage saving energy in cooling load

Base Case Improved Case %
Saving Energy
Space Total Load Total Load Savin
KW KW KW g
Ground
Floor 301 237 64 21.26
First Floor 254 195 59 23.23
Total 555 432 123 22.16
. Table (3.6) The percentage saving energy in heating load

Base Case Improved Case %
Saving Energy
Space Total Load Total Load Savin
KW KW KW g
Ground
Floor 194 169 25 12.89
First Floor 185 157 28 15.14
Total 379 326 53 13.98
. Figure (3.4 ) : The percentage saving energy in Heating load
51
. Figure (3.5 ) : The percentage saving energy in Cooling load
Solar water heating system 4 .3

Solar domestic water system is used the sun to provide hot water to the
buildings to use in different fields. A solar system is installed in a building that has
conventional heating system by oil or gas boiler. Solar water heating systems are a good
.technology that works well even in cold climates
Types of solar collectors 3.4.1

A solar collector is a kind of heat exchanger than transform the solar radiant
energy into heat. In the solar collector, the energy transfer is from distant source of
.radiation energy to fluid. Collectors are divided into three types
.a) Flat plate collector
.b) Concentrating collectors
.c) Evacuated tube collectors
52
And each type divided into other individual types, in this chapter we will focus on the flat
.plate and evacuated tube collectors which will be used in our project
Figure (3.6) : Solar collectors DHW system

Flat plate solar collectors system design 3.4.2
Flat-plate collectors are the most common solar collectors for use in solar water-
.heating systems
A flat-plate collector consists basically of an insulated metal box with a glass or
plastic cover (the glazing) and a dark-colored absorber plate. Solar radiation is absorbed
plate and by the absorber
fluid transferred to a
53
Figure (3.7) :Flat plate solar collectors
that circulates through the collector in tubes. In an air- based collector the
.circulating fluid is air, whereas in a liquid-based collector it is usually water
Flat-plate collectors heat the circulating fluid to a temperature considerably less than that
of the boiling point of water and are best suited to applications where the demand
temperature is 30-70°C (86-158°F) and/or for applications that require heat during the
.winter months
54
9000
ACCUMULATIVE SOLAR IRRADIANCE 8000
7000
6000
(W.H/M2)
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
MONTH
[Figure (3.8 ) Monthly average daily solar radiation for Bethlehem regions. [10
Flat collectors can be mounted in a variety of ways, depending on the type of building,
application, and size of collector. Options include mounting on a roof, in the roof it self,
.or free standing
Evacuated tube solar collectors system design 3.4.3

A type of solar collector that can achieve high temperatures, in the range 170°F
(77°C) to 350°F (177°C) and can, under the right set of circumstances, work very
efficiently. Evacuated-tube collectors are, however, quite expensive, with unit area costs
typically about twice that of flat-plate collector. They are well-suited to commercial and
industrial heating applications and also for cooling applications (by regenerating
refrigeration cycles). They can also be an effective alternative to flat-plate collectors for
domestic space heating, especially in regions where it is often cloudy. For domestic hot
.water heating, flat-plate collectors tend to offer a cheaper and more reliable option
55
Evacuated Figure (3.9):
tube solar collectors
An evacuated-tube collector consists of parallel rows of glass tubes connected to
a header pipe. Each tube has the air removed from it to eliminate heat loss through
.convection and radiation. Evacuated-tube collectors fall into two main groups
Comparison between flat plat and evacuated collectors 3.4.4

By the same procedures and calculations that were used in base case, the water
.heating load calculations and the heat losses estimation calculated for the improved case
Q tot = 48.09 + 1.5 = 49.59 kW
After calculating the water heating load, this equals to the useful heat from the
collectors, the collectors was selected from AMCOR COMPANY and the effective
.absorber area for single glazing collector = 1.32 m2
o o
Bethlehem city is located at 31.5 latitude Northern hemispheres and 35
:longitude and the following condition must be satisfied for water heating system design
.Collectors must be oriented to the south➢
56
.Collector's inclination angle calculated as follows➢
(Latitude + 15 o (National energy research center, Amman, Jordan➢
o
to make use of solar radiation at winter seasons, but for easier 46.5 = 15 +31.5 =
.designed it was taken as 45 o
:Where
.η col : collector efficiency
.( I : solar radiation falling on the tilted collector (W/ m2
.(Q u : useful heat (W
.(A : collector area (m2
:In May month, by the following procedure the collectors area could be found
A=Qtotη × I
The value I= 900 W/m2 is the average solar radiation value falling on the tilted collector.
[[5
A=495900.45×900 =122.44 m2
Number of collectors needed = AAabsorber= 122.441.32=92.7
Number of collectors = 93
In order to determine the distance between the collectors to avoid shading effect,
:the following equation are used
D = L cos β + (L sin β cos α)tan Φ
.(L : Collector length (m

β : Collector slope angle
.α : Azimuth angle of the sun
.Φ : Solar altitude angle
D = 1.90 cos 45 + (1.9 sin 45 cos 25 )tan 30
D = 3.45 m
Values of sun’s position taken from “guidelines for energy efficient

[building design”[5
57
F
igure (3.10) : The distance between the collectors to avoid shading effect
Evacuated Tube Solar system
By the same procedures and calculations that were used in base case, the water
.heating load calculations and the heat losses estimation calculated for the improved case
Q tot = 48.09 + 1.5 = 49.59 kW
System Design3.9.1
After calculating the water heating load, this equals to the useful heat from the
collectors, the collectors was selected from AMCOR COMPANY and the effective
.absorber area for single glazing collector = 2.5 m2
o o
Bethlehem city is located at 31.5 latitude Northern hemispheres and 35
:longitude and the following condition must be satisfied for water heating system design
.Collectors must be oriented to the south➢
.Collector's inclination angle calculated as follows➢
(Latitude + 15 o (National energy research center, Amman, Jordan➢
58
o
to make use of solar radiation at winter seasons, but for easier 46.5 = 15 +31.5 =
.designed it was taken as 45 o
% The average annual efficiency of the collector was assumed to be η col = 56

A=Qtotη × I
:Where
.η col : collector efficiency
.( I : solar radiation falling on the tilted collector (W/ m2
.(Q u : useful heat (W
.(A : collector area (m2
:In May month, by the following procedure the collectors area could be found
A=Qtotη × I➢
A=495900.56×900 = 98.39 m2➢
➢
Number of collectors needed = A2.5= 98.392.5 = 39.35
Number of collectors = 40
[The value 900 W/m2 is the average solar radiation value falling on the tilted collector. [5
F-Chart is a program that is developed by (national energy research center, solar

water heater, Jordan, 2003). The energy supplied by the collector to the total consumed
.load called the F-factor, which can be calculated using the following equation
59
…………F=1.029Y-0.065X-0.245Y²+0.0018X²+0.0215Y³
:Where the factors X,Y are defined as
[ ]
Χ = FRU L × ( F ' R / FR ) × (Tref − Ta ) × ∆t × AC / L × [ (11.6 + 1.18TW + 3.86Tm − 2.32Ta ) ]
Y = FR (τ α) n × ( F ' R / FR ) × (τ α) av / (τ α) n × H T × N × AC / L
:Where
[
F ' R / FR = 1 + ( AC × FR × U L ) / ( m × c p ) × (1 / η HX ) ] −1
(τ α) av / (τ α) n = ( 0.096 − 0.94)
°Ambient temperature, C :
Ta
(°Reference temperature derived experimentally (100 C :

Tref
Effective collector area, m² :

AC
(Solar irradiance (J/m² :

HT
Factor of collector efficiency slope :

FRU L
60
Factor of intersection of collector efficiency curve with y-axis :
FR (τ α) n
The value of F-factor equals to zero (when total consumed load covered by the
.(auxiliary heating), and one (when total load covered by solar collectors
The economical calculations are necessary to decide the optimum number of

.collectors to provide fuel and money saves along a utilizing time
Figure (3.11): The number of flat collectors using F-chart program
61
.(Area: solar collector area, (m²
.(Tank area: storage tank surface area, (m²
.(U tank: storage tank heat transfer coefficient, (W/m²
.HX eff: heat exchanger efficiency
Efficiency: average to normal when solar radiation is perpendicular to
τα τα τα
.(collector surface (recommended value 0.96

.(°Two: required collector’s outlet water temperature, (C
Storage capacity: amount of water to be stored for each square meter of collectors area,
.((litters/m²
.(Slope: collectors slope, (degrees
,(Specific heat capacity of the fluid to be heated (4186 J/kg.C°. for water :
CP
.(Daily water consumption: quantity of required hot water, (kg/day
62
Figure(3.12) The number of evacuated collectors using F-chart program
From the previous F-chart figures we see that the total utilizing of water heating is
39% of all months in the year , The other 61% of hot water will depend on the auxiliary
system such as boiler
The evacuated tube will give a bout 48 % utilizing of water heating is of all
months in the year The other 52 % of hot water will depend on the auxiliary system such
. as boiler
System and Equipment Selections of the improved case 3.5
Boiler Selection for heating load 5.1 .3
Total Heating load for first and ground level =326 KW
63
Piping system (steel pipes, schedule 40) with insulation of type VEEDO FLEX
.insulator with low thermal conductivity K=0.027 W/m.K
.Total pipe length 70 m
( From (ASHRAE handbook , HVAC Application
Heat losses in insulated piping system =30 W/m
Pipe losses=70 x 30 1000=2.1 Kw
Qtotal=Heating load+Piping losses

Qtotal=379+2.1=328.1 Kw
.Using Dedietrich boiler Catalog

we select the boiler that has capacity 360 Kw
Of type GT 339A
(See Appendix (C
Burner Selection 5.2 .3

The selection of Burner was from De Dietrich FUEL OIL BURNERS Products
[ ] of type M 32-9 S
(See Appendix (C
Heating System Pump Selection 5.3 .3
Hot water Pump for heating system

As the same procedure in base case
.The total heating load = 379 kW
m= Total loadCpx ∆T
ΔT = TS - Tr =15 ºC
64
Where
TS = supply hot water temperature = 70ºC
Tr = return water temperature = 55º C
m= 3264.18×15= 5.2 Kg/sec
Q = mρwater =5.2980 =0.005305 m3/s

Set the velocity of water =2.5 m/s
A= πd24= QV = 0.005305 2.5=2.122x10-3

D=24 x Aπ = 24 x 2.122x10-3 π=0.0519 m
'' D=2
.To select the hot water pump the flow rate and the head must be known
.The flow rate was calculated and it is equal → = 5.2 Kg/sec
•
mw

To find the friction factor from Moody chart the Reynolds number and relative
.roughness must be known
At flow rate equals to 5.2 L/s and diameter equal 51.9 mm
V = 2.5 m/s
.The kinematic viscosity of water is 0.45x10-6 m²/s
Re=VDρµ=VDv=2.5 x 0.0519 0.45x10-6=2.88 x105
.For commercial steel the roughness (Є) =0.0006 m

ЄD=0.00060.0519=0.0115
From Moody chart at Re = 2.88 x105 and ЄD = 0.0115, the friction factor is 0.040
hf=fxlxV22xgxD=0.040x67x2.522x9.81x0.0519=16.44 m
65
.Head minor losses
.about 70 m
hm=fxlequ.xV22xgxD=0.040x14.5x2.522x9.81x0.0519=3.56 m
hp = 16.44+3.56 + 8( Maximum building height) = 28 m
(selection at total head = 28 m and flow rate =19 m3h , the model is (SH25 – 32Series
(Operating characteristics at 2900 rpm 50 Hz , 2 Poles. See Appendix (C
Expansion Tank Selection 3.5.4

An expansion tank or expansion vessel is a small tank used in closed water
heating systems and domestic hot water systems to absorb excess water pressure, which
.can be caused by thermal expansion as water is heated
Required volume of closed expansion tanks can be expressed as
(Vexp=2Vwv1v0-1pap0-pap1 (3.1
:Where
.(Vw = Volume of water in the system (gallon, liter
.(v0 = Specific volume of water at initial (cold) temperature ( m3/kg
.(v1 = Specific volume of water at operating (hot) temperature (m3/kg
.(pa = Atmospheric pressure (psia
66
.(p0 = System initial pressure - Cold pressure (psia
.(p1 = System operating pressure - Hot pressure (psia
(Volume of water in the boiler =350 L (From the catalog
Volume of water in the heating coil = 200 L
Volume of water in the piping = Total length of pipe × area
x π4 x0.01905 2+ 50 x π4 x0.0508 260=
2+ 10 x π4 x0.0635 2=207 L
Volume of water in the supply tank =1500 L
Total volume of water in the system = 2257
.Liter
:For this project

To = 5° C , T1 = 75° C
Vw = 2773 L
v0 = 0.001 m /kg, v1 = 0.001026 m3/kg
3
pa = 101.3 kPa, p0 = 80 kPa, p1 = 700 kPa

Vexp=2 x 2257x0.0010260.001
-1101.380-101.3700
L 105 =
From the Bell and Gosset Catalog in the Appendix [C ] ITT Industries , the Model #
(is HFT-60V, thus the volume of the expansion tank is 121.1 L See Appendix (C
.Figure (3.14) Technical data for expansion tank
Chiller Selection 3.5.5

Total Cooling load for first and ground level=432 kW = 123.5 TR
67
.Using Petra Catalog the type of chiller is PSC 125
(Figure (3.15): Technical Data for chiller selected from Petra catalog. (See Appendix C
L
W
T
:
L
.eaving water Temperature = 5˚C
(CAP: Total Cooling Capacity (TR
Cooling System Pump Selection 3.5.6
.The total cooling load = 432 kW
(m=Total Load (kw)Cp x ∆T (3.2
:Where
ΔT = TS - Tr =15
Ts=8 ˚C
Tr=23 ˚C
m=432 4.18 x 15=5.98 Kgs
, At Tavg=8+232=15.5 ˚C
Then the density of water is: ρwater=998 Kgm3–
: The flow rate of water–
Q= mρwater= 5.98 998=0.005999 m3s
.Set the velocity of water =2.5m/s–
A=0.0059992.5=2.396 x10-3 m2
D=24 x Aπ = 24 x 2.396 x10-3 π=0.05552 m
'' D=2.5
68
.To select Chilled Water pump flow rate and head must be known–
hp = hf +hm + ΔZ
:Where

V = 2.5m/s
.The kinematic viscosity of water is m²/s
1.005× 10 −6
Re=VDρµ=VDv=2.5 x 0.05552 1.005x10-6=137 453
.For commercial steel the roughness (Є) = 0.0006 m

ЄD=0.01080
.From Moody chart at Re= 137 453and Є/D =0.01080, the friction factor is 0.039
hf=fxlxV22xgxD=0.039x67x2.522x9.81x 0.05552 =14.99m
.Head minor losses

.about 14.5 m
hm=fxLequxV22xgxD=0.039x14.5x2.522x9.81x 0.05552 =3.24 m
hp = 14.99 + 3.24 + 8 = 26.23 m
selection at total head = 26.23 m and flow rate =Q=21.6 m3h, the pump selected is
.(SH25-SH32 series) (32 -160/15) , Operating characteristics at 2900 rpm 50 Hz , 2 Poles
69
Boiler Selection for DHW 3.5.7
The boiler used to provide hot water in winter is the same as the base case boiler
of 50 KW. The capacity of boiler that used in Domestic hot water is 50 Kw. From De-
Dietrich Thermique S. A. Niederbronn, FRANCE .The type selected is DTG 120-10.
.The burner selection is same as base case
Pump selection for DHW 3.5.8

The selection of the Pump was from LOWARA Products Catalog, the 
3
pump selection at total head = 49.75 m and flow rate = 0.786 m /hr, the model is
(SH25 - SH 32 series) (32-200/40 ) ,Operating characteristics at 2900 rpm 50
.Hz, 2 Poles
Expansion Tank Selection for DHW 3.5.9

The expansion tank selected for DHW is the same as Base case expansion tank
Storage Tank Selection for DHW 3.5.10

The daily hot water demand = Average personal demand × Number of persons
,For 260 occupants
The daily hot water demand = 35 × 260 = 9100 L/ day–
It is recommended by the designer to design the volume of storage tank assuming
;that 70% of hot water in the tank is usable
storage tank capacity = 9100/0.7 = 13000 L
Storage tank capacity = 13 m3
Assume that L = 3D = 6R
:Where
.(L = storage tank length. (m
.(D = storage tank base diameter (m
.(R = Storage tank base radius (m
70
:Storage tank volume can be estimated using the following equation
V=π R2 × L = 6π×R3
:Where
.(V = storage tank volume (m3
.R = ( V6π ) 1/3 = 0.884 m
.D = 1.767 m
.L = 5.304 m
:Storage tank surfaces area
Storage tank bottom and top area = 2 π × r2 = 4.91 m2

Storage tank side surface area = 2 r π L = 12 π r2 = 29. 46 m2
Storage tank total surface area = 4.91+ 29. 46 = 34.37 m2
Storage Tank Insulation

Equation can be used to determine the vertical tank insulation factor (W/m2)
((ƒQ/AӨ
1 fQ 1
=
R Aθ (t avg − t a )
:Where
.R: thermal resistivity of insulation, m2· K / W
f : specified fraction of stored energy that can be
.lost in time θ
.(Q : stored energy, (J
.( A : exposed surface area of storage unit, (m2
.(θ : given time period, (s
(tavg: average temperature in storage unit, (°C
ta : ambient temperature surrounding storage unit during season when it will be
.(heated, (°C
71
:Where
t avg = 55 °C
t a = 15 °C
(R = 3.66 (m2· K/w
(R = 0.273 (w/ m2· K/1
fQ/AӨ) = 10.9)
But R = L / k
:Where
.(L : insulation thickness (m
(k : thermal conductivity (W/m.K
[From Palestinian energy efficient building code, page 112). [5)
;For extruded polystyrene as insulator
(k = 0.028 (w/m.K
.L = k × R = 0.028 × 3.66 = 0.1025 m = 10.25 cm
U = thermal transmittance (W/ m2· K) = 1/R
U = 0.273 W/ m2· K
Solar Collectors Selection 3.5.11

From the calculation in section 3.3.4, the collector is selected is evacuated tube
with # of collectors that are 40 collectors. From the Catalog NASTEP COMPANY, the
.collection area of the collector is 2.62 m2, See Appendix (C) for more details
Exhaust Fan Selection 3.5.12
For the exhaust Fan that is selected by calculating the total flow rate of the supply
air in (CFM) for the bathrooms and kitchens, and dirty utilities, the total flow rate is 5400
CFM. Thus, it is needed to provide the system with 3 exhaust fans from the catalog of
SOLER & PALAU Company, the model of those 3 fans is (CBM-270/200- ½), for
.(more information See Appendix (C
Variable Refrigerant Volume (VRV) HVAC system 3.6

?What is VRV 3.6.1
72
A VRV uses the same principle as every airconditioner;A compressor compresses
the refrigerant (gas phase) to high pressure / high temperature, Then gas condensate in
the condenser and it give the heat to the outside air, then lower the pressure by use of an
expansion valve to get low pressure / low temperature liquid, This liquid passes then to
.the indoor where it takes on heat by evaporating to gas again, And the cycle restarts
The difference with a simple split is that, with VRV, there is an expansion valve
in the indoors , every indoor can be controlled individually (of course this means another
control algorithm than split, Separate rooms with different heat loads and different
required room temperatures
.Figure (3.16): The distribution of the indoor units of VRV system
The presence of people in a room will increase heat production in the room, so the
temperature will start to rise. When the temperature sensor feels this it will react by
increasing the opening of the expansion valve. This will increase the refrigerant flow
.through the indoor unit and so increase his capacity
.Figure (3.17): The distribution of air of VRV system
When the refrigerant flow through an indoor unit is increased, this effect the
pressure the main line which will go down. The compressor will react to this by
.increasing his rotation speed and so increasing refrigerant flow
.Figure (3.18): The principle of the outdoor units of VRV system
73
VRV systems represent the only capital project applications that genuinely
operate on the direct expansion principle. VRV systems enable a single outdoor unit to
operate in conjunction with as many as 30 indoor units, each of which can be controlled
individually. The major difference between VRV and conventional split (SRA)
applications is that in the latter, every indoor unit must be piped directly to the outdoor
unit. The latest VRV systems however, link indoor and outdoor units in much the same
.way that computers are connected to a network
Equipment used in VRV system 3.6.2

The main equipment used in VRV system is the outdoor unit, indoor unit, copper
.pipes and control system
.Figure (3.19): VRV system including Outdoor, Indoor units and piping system
In a VRV system, the heat absorbed from a room is exhausted directly to the
outside air without the intervention of any other medium. The system is therefore, the
most energy efficient today for capital project applications. The drawing shows clearly,
.the impact made by a VRV system on a typical building
74
Figure (3.20): Indoor unit used in VRV system. Figure(3.21 ) : refnet
joint
VRV Equipment Selection 3.6.3

All equipment the selected in VRV system taken from Daiken Company
Material List
[Table (3.7): the devices that are used in VRV system in base case [See Appendix D
Model Qty Description

RXYQ42P7W1BA 1 Heat pump VRV III P COMPACT
RXYQ44P8W1BA 1 Heat pump VRV III P COMPACT
FXSQ125P7VEB 1 S - Concealed ceiling mounted
KHRQ22M20T 3 REFNET branch piping kit
BRC1D52 40 Remote Controller
BHFQ22P1517 2 Outdoor unit multi connection piping kit for 3 outdoors
Chapter 4
Economic Analysis
Base Case Cost Analysis 4.1
In determining the base case cost; the effected equipments and elements only will
be compared because the other equipments and elements are constant by size and cost
.and will not change in the total cost of the project
75
: Fixed cost analysis for base case 4.1.1
.Table below shows the details of fixed cost of the equipment and devices
.Table (4.1) Fixed cost base analysis: this is shown in table below
Manufactu
rer Quanti Total Price
Equipment ((Company Features ty Unit $ Price ( $) US
Boiler (heating)
Capacity De-detritch (KW (327601 kcal/hr 381 1 .No 9100 9,100
Expansion tank
(heating) Volume ITT L 234 1 .No 260 260
Chiller Capacity Petra (KW(159 TR 555 1 .No 180,000 180,000
H.W.Pump Lowara H =27 m , Q= 22 m³⁄h 1 .No 198000 198,000
C.W. Pump Lowara H=22.6 ,31.87 m³⁄h 2 .No 2250 4,500
Boiler (DHW)
Capacity De-detritch (KW (42992 kcal/hr 50 2 .No 2000 4,000
DHW Pump Lowara H=49.75 m , Q= 0.786 m³⁄h 1 .No 2200 2,200
Expansion tank
((DHW ITT L 28.7 1 .No 50 50
Fan Coils price Petra 0
DC6 KW 4 20 .No 300 6,000
DC8 KW 5 5 .No 360 1,800
DC10 KW 6 15 .No 450 6,750
DC12 KW 8 9 .No 570 5,130
DC14 KW 9 8 .No 650 5,200
DC18 KW 10 1 .No 720 720
DC20 KW 11 2 .No 800 1,600
DC24 KW 14 2 .No 1000 2,000
DC30 KW 19 2 .No 1360 2,720
Storage tank price
((DHW - m³ 9 1 .No 1200 1,200
Insulated Air Ducts - m² 650 650 .No 25 16,250
Non- insulated Air
Duct - (m² (Area 630 630 .No 16 10,080
Ceiling Mounted
(Diffuser (Square - 220 m2 100 22,000
Ceiling Return Grill - 150 m2 10 1,500
Fuel Tank (Heating Fitz-
and DHW), Weekly Sommons
consumption Systems 4000L 1 .No 2560 2,560
Fuel Pipes - mm copper fuel pipes 16 10 m 8 80
External Walls
Insulation - cm thickness 2 1340 m2 1 1,340
Exposed roof
Insulation - cm thickness 1 1200 m2 0.75 900
76
Glass price - single U = 5.7 200 m2 8.5 1,700
SOLER &
Exhaust Fan PALAU Q=5400CFM 3 .No 3000 9,000
Lighting lamps cost Incandescent 800 .No 1 800
( $ Total of Mechanical Bill ( Us 497,440
:Annual Operating Cost for base case 4.1.2
:(Boiler Operating Cost (Heating

Heating boiler capacity 381 KW
Burner capacity= Fuel oil flow rate [ Kghr] x 1000Lm3 ρdiesel
.Where ρ (diesel) = 850 kg/m³
Burner capacity= 35 Kghrx 1000Lm3 850 =41.176 Lh
Operating period=12 hrday x 7 dayweek x 21 weekyr=1764 hryr
Where 21 weekyr represents the period of the winter season and it is
.equivalent to 5 months in the year
Diesel price= 6 NISL = 1.5 $L
Boiler operating cost = (burner capacity) × (operating period) × (diesel
(price
Lhx 1764 hryr x 1.5 $L=108,952 $yr 41.176
:(Boiler Operating Cost (DHW

DHW boiler capacity is 50 KW
Burner capacity= 6 Kghrx 1000Lm3 850 =7 Lh
Where 52weekyr represents all weeks in the year that the boiler used to
.supply hot water in 12 hr per day
77
(price
Lh x 4368 hryr x 1.5 $L=45,864 $yr 7=
:Chiller Operating Cost

.Electrical chiller capacity = 555 kW
Operating period=12 hrday x 7 dayweek x 21weekyr=1764 hryr
Electric KWhprice=0.7 NISKWh= 0.175 $KWh
Chiller Operating cost = (Chiller capacity) x (operating period) x (unit

(energy cost
kW x 1764 hryr x 0.175 $KWh=171,329 $yr 555 =
: Fan Coils Operating Cost

[ Average electrical Fan coil capacity = 0.7 KW [see Appendix C
These values refer to theory chapter as in catalog, see Appendix
Operating period=12 hrday x 7 dayweek x 21weekyr= 1764 hryr
Electric (kWh) price = 0.7 NISkWh = 0.175 $kWh
F.Cs operating cost = (F.C capacity x number of F.CKwunit ) x
( (operating period$kWh ) x (unit energy cost $kWh
Kwunit x 64 unit x1764 hryr x 0.175 $kWh=13,688 $yr 0.7 =
: (Pump Operating Cost ( heating

[ Average electrical pump capacity = 3 KW [see Appendix C
Pump operating cost = (Pump capacity Kwunit x number of pump) x
((operating period [hryr] ) x (unit energy cost$kWh
3Kwunit x 2unit x1764 hryr x 0.175 $kWh=1,852 $yr =
78
:Chilled water Pump Operating Cost

Kwunit x 2unit x1764 hryr x 0.175 $kWh=2,470 $yr 4 =
DHW Pump Operating Cost
Burner (Heating) Operating Cost
Average electrical pump capacity = 1.1 KW ( at max. consumption)
[[see Appendix C

Pump operating cost = (Burner capacityKwunit) x (operating period
([hryr] ) x (unit energy cost$kWh
KW x1764 hryr x 0.175 $kWh=340 $yr 1.1 =
Burner (DHW) Operating Cost

[ [see Appendix C
Operating period=12 hrday x 7 dayweek x 52weekyr= 4368hryr
79
Pump operating cost = (Burner capacity Kwunit) x (operating period
([hryr] ) x (unit energy cost $kWh
KW x4368 hryr x 0.175 $kWh=165 $yr 0.215 =
:Improved Case Cost Analysis 4.2

:Fixed cost analysis for improved case 4.2.1
Table below shows the details of fixed cost of the equipment and devices for the
.improved case
.Table (4.2) Fixed Cost analysis: using the table below
Total
Quantit Price US
Equipment Features y Unit $ Price ( $)
Boiler (heating) 326KW(860
Capacity (Kcal/hr 1 .No 8400 8,400
Expansion tank
(heating) Volume L 121 1 .No 135 135
Chiller Capacity (KW(124 TR 432 1 .No 110,000 110,000
H =27 m , Q=
H.W.Pump 22 m³⁄h 2 .No 1800 3,600
H=22.6
C.W. Pump ,Q=31.87 m³⁄h 2 .No 2200 4,400
KW (42992 50
Boiler (DHW) Capacity (kcal/hr 1 .No 2000 2,000
H=49.75 m ,
DHW Pump Q= 0.786 m³⁄h 1 .No 2200 2,200
(Expansion tank (DHW (L (Volume 28.7 1 .No 50 50
Fan Coils price .No 0
DC6 KW 4 17 .No 300 5,100
DC8 KW 5 5 .No 360 1,800
DC10 KW 6 13 .No 450 5,850
DC12 KW 8 8 .No 570 4,560
DC14 KW 9 7 .No 650 4,550
DC18 KW 10 1 .No 720 720
80
DC20 KW 11 2 .No 800 1,600
DC24 KW 14 1 .No 1000 1,000
DC30 KW 19 1 .No 1360 1,360
Storage tank price
((DHW m3 9 1 .No 1200 1,200
Insulated Air Ducts (m² (Area
500 500 m2 25 12,500
Non- insulated Air Duct (m²(Area 630 630 m2 17 10,710
Ceiling Mounted
(Diffuser (Square 200 .No 100 20,000
Ceiling Return Grill 130 .No 90 11,700
Fuel Tank (Heating and
DHW), Weekly 1000galon(3785
consumption (L 1 .No 2400 2,400
mm copper 16
Fuel Pipes fuel pipes 10 m 8 80
External Walls
Insulation cm thickness 3 1340 m2 1.5 2,010
Exposed roof Insulation cm thickness 2 1200 m2 1 1,200
Glass price Double U = 3.5 200 m2 18 3,600
Solar Collectors
( ( evacuated 40 .No 400 16,000
Exhaust Fan CBM/270/270 3 .No 3000 9,000
Lighting lamps cost Fluorescent 800 .No 13 10,400
( $ Total of Mechanical Bill ( Us 258,125
:Annual Operating Cost for Improved case 4.2.2
:(Boiler Operating Cost (Heating

Heating boiler capacity 328.1 KW
.Where ρ (diesel) = 850 kg/m³
Burner capacity= 30 Kghrx 1000Lm3 850 =35.3 Lh
Where 21 weekyr represents the period of the winter season and it is
.equivalent to 5 months in the year
81
(price
Lhrx 1764 hryr x 1.5 $L=93,404 $yr 35.3=
:(Boiler Operating Cost (DHW

DHW boiler capacity is 50 KW
Burner capacity= 6 Kghrx 1000Lm3 850 =7 Lh
Where 20weekyr represents the weeks in winter that the boiler used to
.supply hot water in 12 hr per day
(price
Lh x 1680 hryr x 1.5 $L=17,640 $yr 7 =
:Chiller Operating Cost

.Electrical chiller capacity = 432 kW
Electric KWhprice=0.7 NISKWh= 0.175 $KWh
Chiller Operating cost = (Chiller capacity) x (operating period) x (unit

(energy cost
kW x 1764 hryr x 0.175 $KWh=133,358 $yr 432 =
: Fan Coils Operating Cost

.Average electrical Fan coil capacity = 0.7 KW
82
These values refer to theory chapter as in catalog, see Appendix
F.Cs operating cost = (F.C capacity x number of F.C Kwunit ) x
( (operating period $kWh ) x (unit energy cost $kWh
0.7Kwunit x 55 unit x1764 hryr x 0.175 $kWh=11,885 $yr =
: ( Pump Operating Cost ( heating
[ Average electrical pump capacity = 2.3 KW [see Appendix C

((operating period [hryr] ) x (unit energy cost $kWh
2.3Kwunit x 2unit x1764 hryr x 0.175 $kWh=1,420 $yr =
: Chilled water Pump Operating Cost
DHW Pump Operating Cost


83
Kwunit x 1unit x1680 hryr x 0.175 $kWh=1,176$yr 4 =
Burner (Heating) Operating Cost

[ [see Appendix C

Pump operating cost = (Burner capacityKwunit) x (operating period
([hryr] ) x (unit energy cost$kWh
KW x1764 hryr x 0.175 $kWh=185 $yr 0.6 =
Burner (DHW) Operating Cost

[ [see Appendix C
Pump operating cost = (Burner capacity Kwunit) x (operating period
([hryr] ) x (unit energy cost $kWh
KW x4368 hryr x 0.175 $kWh=165 $yr 0.215 =
Lighting Operating Cost
Using Fluorescent Lamps

Electric (kW) price = 0.7 NISkW = 0.175 $kW
Operating Electrical Cost = Watt used x Energy rate xOperating period1000
12000x 0.175 x72801000=15,288 $yr
84
.Table(4.3) Summary of the operating cost in base case
Base Case
Equipment (Operating Cost ($/yr
(Boiler Operating Cost (Heating 109,292
(Boiler Operating Cost (DHW 46,029
Chiller Operating Cost 171,329
Fan Coils Operating Cost 13,690
( Pump Operating Cost (heating 1,852
Chilled water Pump Operating Cost 2,470
DHW Pump Operating Cost 3,058
Lighting Operating Cost 61,152
Total 408,872$
.Table (4.4) Summary of the operating cost in the improved case
Improved Case
Equipment (Operating Cost ($/yr
(Boiler Operating Cost (Heating 93,589
(Boiler Operating Cost (DHW 17,805
Chiller Operating Cost 133,358
Fan Coils Operating Cost 5,094
( Pump Operating Cost ( heating 1,420
Chilled water Pump Operating Cost 1,852
DHW Pump Operating Cost 1,176
Lighting Operating Cost 15,288
Total 269,582$
Total Cost Calculation 4.3

Fixed charge Rate
FCR=i+ i1+in-1+ Insurance+Taxes
% n=40 year( life of project ) , i =12
% FCR=0.12+ 0.121+0.1240-1+ 0.02 +0.01=15.14
85
For Base case
Total Annual Cost=FCR x Capital Cost + Operating Cost
Total Annual Cost=0.1514 x 497,440+ 408,872=484,184 $yr
For Improved case
Total Annual Cost=FCR x Capital Cost + Operating Cost
Total Annual Cost=0.1514 x 258,125+269,582=308,662 $yr
Total saving cost=Total costbase-Total costimproved

Total saving cost=484,184$yr-308,662 $yr =175,522 $yr
Saving Cost=Total costbase-Total costimprovedTotal costbase %
% Saving Cost=484,184 -308,662 484,184 =36.25 %
: Solar system cost analysis 4.4

Solar collectors are used to heat domestic hot water which saves fuel used for this
.job especially in summer. However these collectors aren’t used in the base case
$ Collector price = 400$/unit × 40 collector = 16000

Expansion tank price = 50$
$ Storage tank price = 1360
$ Pipes price = 13 $/m × 2 × 25 m = 650
$ Total price = 16000 + 50 + 1360 + 650 = 18,060
:Cost of fuel saved by inserting solar system

Heat gain by collector = 50 kW × 40 (collectors) = 2000 kW
Period of heating = 12(hr/day) × 7 (day/wk) × 21 (wk/yr) = 1764 hr/year
High heating value of diesel = 36693 KJ/Kg
Amount of diesel early = 2000 (kJ/s) × 3600 (s/hr) × 1764 (hr/yr) / 36693
kg/year 346137 =
86
(kg/yr) × 1000(L/m³) / 850(kg/m³) 346137 =
L/year 407220 =
= 407220 × (6/4) $/L Cost of diesel yearly
year /$ 610,830 =
= Solar System Cost / cost of fuel saved Repair cost (Pay back period)
610,830 / 18,060 =
YEAR 0.029 =
Case study between chiller system and VRV III 4.5
The case study will be for outdoor units only for both
:systems
:VRV POWER INPUT 4.5.1
According to cooling capacity tables in VRV system, we found

.that the VRV system work most time in the partial load
We will calculate the electrical power consumption depend in four values of the
combination ratio (partial time) for VRV that taken from cooling capacities, and then take
;(the average value for them as follows: (indoor temperature=23 ⁰C, outdoor tem. =39⁰ C
.For RXYQ20P=20hp=20 ton=70 KW•
Combination ratio Power input KW (compressor +outdoor

(unit fan
130% 15.2
100% 11
70% 6.84
87
50% 4.61
Average power input= (15.2+11+6.84+4.61)4= 9.4 KW

;Now, to calculate the electric consumption for the20 ton unit
(Cost=energy*price (NIS
(Energy=power*time (K.W.H
If we assume that the system will work for 12 hours a day, and seven days a week
;and 30 days in month, and price for KWH=0.7 NIS
(Energy=power*time=9.4 KW *12*30=3384 K.W.H (FOR 30 DAYS
Cost=energy*price=3384 KWH*0.7NIS/KWH=2368.8 NIS
.For RXYQ32P=32hp=35.6 ton=124.6 KW•

(unit fan
130% 28.7
100% 20.8
70% 12.9
50% 8.68
Average power input=(28.7+20.8+12.9+8.68)4= 17.77 KW

;Now, to calculate the electric consumption for the 35.6 ton unit
(Energy=power*time=17.77 KW *12*30=6397.2 K.W.H (FOR 30 DAYS
Cost=energy*price=6397.2 KWH*0.7NIS/KWH=4478 NIS

(unit fan
130% 35.7
100% 25.8
70% 15.9
50% 10.8
Average power input= (35.7+25.8+15.9+10.8)4= 22.05 KW

;Now, to calculate the electric consumption for the 33.6 ton unit
88
(Energy=power*time=22.05 KW *12*30=7938 K.W.H (FOR 30 DAYS
Cost=energy*price=7938 KWH*0.7 NIS/KWH=5556 NIS

(unit fan
130% 38.1
100% 27.6
70% 17.1
50% 11.5
Average power input= (38.1+27.6+17.1+11.5)4= 23.6KW
If we assume that the system will work for 12 hours a day, and five days a week
(Energy=power*time=23.6 KW *12*30 = 8496 K.W.H (FOR 30 DAYS
Cost=energy*price= 8496 KWH*0.7NIS/KWH=5947 NIS
:WE HAVE IN THE PROJECTS THIS NUMBER OF OUTDOOR UNITS
RXYQ20P7W1B: ONE UNIT
RXYQ32P7W1B: TWO UNITS
SO WE CONCLUDE THAT THE ELECTRICAL CONSUPTION FOR ALL THE

:UNITS WILL BE
If we assume that the system will work for 12 hours a day, and seven days a week and 30
;days in month, and price for KWH=0.7 NIS
TOTAL CONSUPTION IN (NIS) =2369+4478*2+5556+5947=22,828 NISmonth
89
NIS 4 = $ 1
Then
= ($) TOTAL CONSUPTION IN
NISmonth x 1 $4 NIS x 12 month1 22,828
year=86,484 $year
:Chiller System Calculation Electrical Power4.5.2
As we know from all catalogues of most types of Chiller systems, each one ton
cooling need 8 Ampere to work= 1.76 KW, and all know that the chiller system work
with just ON-OFF compressors (no capacity steps, no combination ratio), so these types
.can work only with 1.76 KWton or BY ZERO
.As for our project, 200 hp=160 ton of cooling need (160*1.76 KW) =281.6 KW
;As before, we calculate now the cost by
(Energy =power*time=281.6 KW*12*30 =101,376 K.W.H (FOR 30 DAYS
Cost=energy*price=101,376 KWh* 0.7 NIS/KHW= 70,963 NIS
NISmonth x 1 $4 NIS x 12 month1 year=212,889 $year 70,963
So we conclude that the owner will save
Chiller Operating Cost-VRV Operating Cost=
year - 86,484 $year=126,400 $year$ 212,889=
90
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
CONCLUSION 5.1
In this project, the main goals that will be considered in the beginning of the
project will be achieved successfully in spite of performing them partially. The
improvement that is taking place in this project is performed by saving in the cost in each
.fixed cost and annual cost
Saving energy in the building was achieved by reducing the U-value of the
external walls and the roof, this reducing was by inserting Polyethylene layer in the
external walls construction and increasing hollow bricks thickness. Also the U-value of
the glass was changed by choosing shaded glass with different thickness. The solar
collectors save energy used for heating domestic hot water; this energy was consumed by
the boiler in the base case, the type of collectors that is chosen evacuated tube collectors,
since it is more efficient in maitainting on the temperature of water and it is more
.efficient in collecting the solar energy with area that is less than flat plate collector
In shading coefficient factor, the base case is without shading, and in improved
case with roller blades shading, and this is minimized the load, and thus minimizing in
the cost of the boiler. In lighting system, it is used Incandescent type in base case, and in
91
the improved case, it is used florescent type of lights. The florescent type of lighting is
.more efficient because the life of it is more than the incandescent
In VRV system, the annual operating cost is less than the annual operating cost in
fan coil system, and also in fixed cost, and the problems of VRV system is less then
.VWV system or fan coil system
Saving energy appears clearly in chapters of improved case and economic
analysis. And the results will be shown in figures as a comparison between the cases, and
. it is noted the saving cost is about 175,000 $ and that is good amount of saved money
:Recommendations 5.2
It is recommended that many factors should be taken in
consideration in any project that will be performed and designed, these
:factors are
The effect of insulation(1
,the effect of lighting (2
The effect of shading coefficient in HVAC system and its(3
effects on the load. Finally: choosing the system that has
good features from any other systems in the side of fixed
cost, operating cost, and choosing techniques to minimize the
.load
92
93
94
95

Hvac Project

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Hvac Project

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Chapter 1

BASE CASE DESCRIBTION

Base Case Study 1.2

: The ground level consists of•

.(See plan in the Appendix)

Five rooms of exams.1

Two rooms for triage purposes.2

.Two rooms for feeding and changing for babies.3

Water cycle (bathroom), the next room is for janitor.4

.Store room and another bathroom.5

.Control area room.6

.Audiology booth room.7

.Social worker room.8

.Personal use room.9

.Waiting and play kids area.13

.Minor entrance and two corridors.14

.Emergency treatment room.15

(Two rooms for dirty and clean linen (laundry.16

.Dirty wash room.17

.Blood receiving room.18

.Two labs of Chemistry and Micro-biology.19

.Lab store room.20

.Laboratory office room.21

.Two rooms for laboratory use.22

.Blood storage room.23

.Visitor's water cycle.27

.Staff water cycle.28

.Two rooms of dirty utility.31

.bedrooms, each room contain 5 beds 11.34

.Two isolation rooms.36

.Corridor for main entrance.37

.Two rooms for tea kitchen.38

The area of the this level is 1300 m²

: First level consists of•

.(See plan in the Appendix)

(classrooms. (school section 3.2

(school offices.(school section 3.3

.Living room + kitchen.6

(Waiting. (school section.9

(doctors rooms. (school section 3.10

(Library. (school section.11

(Two bathrooms. (school section.12

.(Doctor waiting room (school section.13

.(Dirty utility. (School section.14

.(premature rooms. (Premature section 3.15

.(Ultra sound+ social worker. (Premature section.16

.(Premature patient waiting. . (Premature section.17

.(Water cycle. . (Premature section.19

.The area of the first level is 1210 m²

Climates for the region of case study 1.3

.Overview of Solar Water heating systems1.4

Comfort Temperature in medical sectors 2.2

When temperature discomfort is identified, it is usually more efficient to localize

Indoor Air Humidity 2.3

Humidification (due to operating cost), and especially dehumidification (due to

Indoor Air Quality 2.4

Comfort condition point

[Figure (2.1): Comfort condition point on the Psychometric Chart. [3

Heating Load Analysis 2.5

Transmission Load 2.5.1

Cooling Load Analysis 2.6

External Cooling Loads 2.6.1

Heat gain entering from the exterior walls and roofs .1

Heat Transfer Coefficient Calculation 2.7

qL=300029 [L/s] (0.0082*0.0028) [Kg water/kg air]= 473 W