. . .

2007

1 9 : . 3
1.1 9.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 9.2 . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 9.3 . 5
1.4 9.4 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5 9.5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.6 9.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2 10 : . 11
2.1 10.1 . . 11
2.1.1 . . . . . . . 11
2.1.2 . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1.3
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.1.4 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2 10.2 . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3 10.3 - -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2
1 9 :
.
1.1 9.1 . .
.
,
. ,
( ).
.
,
,
. , .
, ,
. ,

. :
, ..
.
,
.

, , ,

.

.
.
:

( ).
-
.

3
1.2 9.2 .
.
T ,
:

T = 0 ,
0 - .
, T1
, ..

T1 0 = .
, , TT1 = T1 T = 1, ..
T T1 .

. A : A =
T :

TA = T = 0
T1 T,
:

TA T1 T = TAT1 T = T

TAT1 = A0 :

A0 0 = 0
,
T :

AB = C A0 B0 = C0 .
, .
,
. , (, ) = (0 , 0 ). (0 , 0 ):

0 0 +
( , ) = T, T = , T T = (, )
,
, T+ T , ..

T+ = T1 .
.

4
 .
. A - . ,
A0 . A0 = TAT1 .
, A = A+ ,
A0 = (A0 )+ .
+ + +
0 1 + + 1
A = TAT = T A T = T1 AT = A.
T
, .
:

ih (t) = H(t) (J)
t
T : T = 0 , ,
.. , T
0 .
T:

Tih = TH,
t

1 1 0 1 0 1
Tih T T = Tih T T THT = THT T.
t t
, ( ),
T :

1
Tih T = ih T, ih = 0;
t t t
h i
1
THT = H T, H = 0.

1.3 9.3
.
, :

(t) = (t).
, K
:

K = + .
T = K. , T
,
. ,
.
, :
(, )
(, ).

5
1.4 9.4 .
.
T .
, ( > 0), T:

T = eiA ,
A- .
T , :

T = 1 + iA + . . . ,
.. .
T - ,
, T - .
.
: ,
A.
:
h i h i h i h i h i
iA
T , H = 0 T , H = e , H = i A, H = 0 A, H = 0.
.
: A - ,
.
:
h i h i
iA
A, H = 0 T = 1 + iA = e T , H = 0.
.
,
H, P, J.
, ,
.
.
i
1. H - t t0 = t + t Tt = 1 + hi Ht = e h Ht -
, ..

Tt (t) = (t + t)
;
i
2. P - r r0 = r + r Tr = 1 + hi Pr = e h Pr -
, ..

Tr (r) = (r + r)
;

6
 i
3. J - 0 = + T = 1 + hi J = e h J -
, ..

T () = ( + )
.

,
.

1.5 9.5
.
.
.
.
. :

ih = H
t
, T ,
:

0
ih = H0 ,
t
0 = T. .
( T) ,

, ..:
h i
H0 = THT1 = H HT = TH T, H = 0.

-
:

H = (1)
H T ,
:

Tk = k k (2)
k k
T , (1).
, (1) (2) .
[T, H] = 0, , T H
.

7
 H
T - k :

Hk = k k ,
k k .

. .
.
.
, -
. -
, ,
.

.
.
:

H = .
Ta (
a), ..:

Ta (x) = (x + a).
, .. [Ta , H] = 0,
, :

Ta k (x) = k k (x);
Hk (x) = k k (x).

Ta ,
(k) .
, k (x) - ,
:

(x) = U (x)ei(x) ,
U (x),(x) - .
, W (x):

W (x) = |(x)|2 = |U (x)|2 = W (x + a),

.
, U (x) - , .. U (x) = U (x + a).
:

k (x) = Uk (x)eik (x) .

8
 Ta k (x) = k k (x):

Ta k (x) = Uk (x + a)eik (x+a) = Uk (x)eik (x+a) = k k (x).

, k = ei(k (x+a)k (x)) .
k (x) :

k (x) = 0 + kx,
0 = 0.
k (x)
Ta , :

k = eika ,

k (x) = Uk (x)eikx ,
k - , a - .
k = (k) - :

ika 2
(k) = e = k + = (k + K),
a
K = 2
a
- .
k : 0 < k 2 a
,
.
,
. .
, ,
:

2
(k) = k + .
a
k , ,
1 (k), 2 (k).

1.6 9.6 .
.

.
H. H . ,
:

H = (1)
,
(,
1
: n = ~ n + 2 ); -
.

9

, .
, , , .
.
, .
(1) .
,
, a.
Ta :

Ta (x) = (x + a)
h i
Ta , H = 0.
,
xn .
,

:

k (x) = Uk (x)eikx

p (x) = Up (x)eipx .
p (x, t) :
i
p (x, t) = Up (x)e h (pxp t) (J)

2
, l (p) =
l p + a h l (p) = l (p).

10
2 10 : .
2.1 10.1
.
( )
, -
.
,
.

.
. .
.

, .
, -
. .
, .

.

2.1.1 .

.
, ,
, , ,
().
,
. ,
, , .
.

2.1.2 .

.
,
. 1 - ,
P10 , P20 :

P1 P10
1 :
P2 P20

11
 , , .
P20 , P10 :

P1 P20
2 :
P2 P10
, ,
.
:

C1 1 + C2 2

2.1.3
.
.
, .
, .
:

= (1 , 2 )
, 1 2 :

H = H(1 , 2 )
,
. ,
, :

H(1 , 2 ) = H(2 , 1 ) (J)

.
12 , :

12 (1 , 2 ) = (2 , 1 )
()
12 (2 , 1 ) = (1 , 2 )
12 1 2
.
(J) H 12 :
h i
12 , H = 0 (JJ)

12
.
(*) , :

212 = I

12

12 .
.

12 (1 , 2 ) = (1 , 2 )
212 (1 , 2 ) = 2 (1 , 2 ) = (1 , 2 )
2 = 1, = 1.
= 1, :

s (1 , 2 ) = s (2 , 1 )
= 1, :

a (1 , 2 ) = a (2 , 1 )

2.1.4 .
.
,
. ,
12 H
( ).

( = 1),
. .
12
. 12 . :
h i
H, 12 = 0
, .
.
.
.
,
:

(1 , 2 ) = C1 s (1 , 2 ) + C2 a (1 , 2 ),

(1 , 2 , t) = C1 s (1 , 2 , t) + C2 a (1 , 2 , t)
.
, - ,
.
s
(1 , 2 ) s (1 , 2 , t)
(J)
a (1 , 2 ) a (1 , 2 , t)

13
 .
:
-,
= +1.
-,
= 1.

2.2 10.2 . .

, .
-
, ,
- .
, ,
. :
, , :

s = hm, m = 0, 1, 2, . . .
s .
, -,
, .
, , ,
:
1 3 5
s = hm, m= , , ,...
2 2 2
a .
, -.
0, 1/2 1.
1/2 , , , , -,
.
().
0 - - ().
1 .
.
, ,
,
.
.
,
,

.
( ) ,
.

14
 :
L1 , L2 , L3 ,
s, ,
L1 , L2 , L3 , s .

. ,
( ),
.

2.3 10.3 - -.
,
n n0 ( n
n0 ) m m0 ( m m0 )
Nn Nn0 .
, ,
.
,
. :

Pmm0 nn0 = Amm0 nn0 (1 Nm )(1 Nm0 )Nn Nn0 ,

Nm , Nm0 , Nn , Nn0 = 1 0. :
Nm = 1 Nm0 = 1, .
:

Pmm0 nn0 = Amm0 nn0 (1 + Nm )(1 + Nm0 )Nn Nn0

:

Pmm0 nn0 = Amm0 nn0 (1 Nm )(1 Nm0 )Nn Nn0 ,

00 00 , 00 +00 .

. n n0
, ,
:

(1 Nm )(1 Nm0 )Nn Nn0 = (1 Nn )(1 Nn0 )Nm Nm0 . ()

,

Nm
m Nm = N () .
:

m + m0 = n + n0
() :

Nm Nm0 Nn Nn0
= =C
1 Nm 1 Nm0 1 Nn 1 Nn0

15
 C , m +m0 .
,

Nm Nm0
= C(m + m0 )
1 Nm 1 Nm0
Nm /1 Nm = (m ), :

(m )(m0 ) = C(m + m0 )
m m0
, :

0 (m ) 0 (m0 ) 1
0
= 0 = ()
(m ) (m0 )
- , . () m , :

(m ) = em /+
- .
m :
1
Nm = N (m ) = (J)
em / 1
00 +00 , 00 00 .
( )
:

N (m ) = const em /kT ,
k , . (J)
m , , = kT . , :
1
Nm = . (~)
em /kT
1

:
X
Nm = N.
m

, (~) 00 +00 ,
-, 00 00 -.
(~) .
d. V ()d, V - . ,
(~) ,
, + d, , , + d
( ):

V ()d
F ()d = ,
e/ 1

16
 V, :

()d
f ()d = (~~)
e/1
(~~) 00 +00 -,
00 00 -.
, , ,
,
.
,
(
).
.
, ,
,
.
- ( ,
, ) - ( ,
). .

17