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Abstract
The behaviour of concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) stub columns subjected to axially local compression was experimentally investigated
in this paper. A total of thirty-two specimens were tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) sectional types: circular and square;
(2) local compression area ratio (concrete cross-sectional area to local compression area): 1.44 and 16; and (3) thickness of the endplate: from
2 to 12 mm. A finite element analysis modelling was used for the analysis of CFST stub columns subjected to axially local compression, and a
comparison of results calculated using this modelling shows generally good agreement with the test results. The theoretical modelling was then
used to investigate the mechanism of the composite columns subjected to axially local compression.
c 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Composite columns; Local compression; Composite action; Concrete; Design; Hollow sections; Sectional capacity
Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 10 62797067; fax: +86 10 62781488. A total of 32 stub columns subjected to axial compression,
E-mail address: lhhan@tsinghua.edu.cn (L.-H. Han). including 28 locally-loaded specimens and four fully-loaded
Table 1
Summary of the test information
Section type No. Specimen label B(D) (mm) t L (mm) ts (mm) Nue (kN) SI DI
(mm)
Circular 1 lcp1-1-1 206 2.83 600 2 1.44 3110 0.988 1.536
2 lcp1-1-2 206 2.83 600 2 1.44 3080 0.979 1.509
3 lcp1-2-1 206 2.83 600 5 1.44 3178 1.010 1.778
4 lcp1-2-2 206 2.83 600 5 1.44 3225 1.025 1.871
5 lcp1-3-1 206 2.83 600 9.6 1.44 3220 1.023 2.036
6 lcp1-3-2 206 2.83 600 9.6 1.44 3305 1.050 1.809
7 lcp1-4-1 206 2.83 600 12 1.44 3230 1.026 2.338
8 lcp1-4-2 206 2.83 600 12 1.44 3288 1.045 2.461
9 lcp2-1-1 206 2.83 600 2 16 1072 0.341 1.738
10 lcp2-1-2 206 2.83 600 2 16 1205 0.383 N/A
11 lcp2-2-1 206 2.83 600 5 16 1270 0.403 N/A
12 lcp2-2-2 206 2.83 600 5 16 1223 0.389 N/A
13 lcp2-3-1 206 2.83 600 12 16 1365 0.434 3.463
14 lcp2-3-2 206 2.83 600 12 16 1392 0.442 2.496
15 ccfst-1 206 2.83 600 3190 1.568
16 ccfst-2 206 2.83 600 3105 1.602
section with the distance of 0.5B and 1.5B away from the top
of the specimen. Two linear voltage displacement transducers
(LVDTs) were used to measure the axial deformation, as shown
in Fig. 2.
The specimens were loaded continuously until failure. A
load interval of less than one-tenth of the estimated carrying
load capacity was used. Each load interval was maintained
for about 23 min. The progress of deformation, the mode of
failure and the maximum load taken by the specimens were
duly recorded.
2.2. Experimental results and specimen behaviour Fig. 2. A schematic view of the test setup.
It was found that the tested CFST columns under local for the specimens with bigger local compression area ratio, the
compression generally exhibited in a ductile manner, and the buckle of the steel tube focused on the position near the top
longitudinal force carried by the steel tube increased with the endplate.
increase of the top endplate thickness (ta ). Compared with fully loaded specimens, the number of
Fig. 3(a) and (b) show the influences of top endplate buckles of the steel tube generally decreased with the decrease
thickness and local compression area ratio on the failure of the top endplate thickness (as shown in Fig. 3(c)), even no
modes of the composite specimens. It can be found that, the buckle due to the local falling of the top endplate beneath the
deformation of the top part of steel tube becomes more obvious bearing plate (as shown in Fig. 3(d)). It is expected that bigger
for the specimens with thicker endplate. However, the thinner steel wall thickness means higher rigidity of the endplate, under
top endplate under the bearing plate was falling evidently, and axially local compression, and the endplate can work well with
380 L.-H. Han et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 64 (2008) 377387
(d) = 16.
Fig. 3. Effects of top endplate thickness and local compression area ratio on the failure modes.
Fig. 4. (continued)
the composite section in this case, the axial load can transfer Nu L
SI = (1)
to the steel tube effectively and lead to the deformation of the Nu
steel tube. However, thin endplate can be dented locally under where, Nu L is the measured ultimate strength of CFSTs
local compression due to its lower rigidity, and lead to the local subjected to axially local compression, and Nu is the tested
compression failure mode (shown as in Fig. 3(d)). ultimate strength of the corresponding fully loaded CFSTs.
Fig. 4 shows the measured axial load (N ) versus axial Fig. 6 illustrates the effects of the thickness of endplates (ta )
deformaion () curves of all tested specimens. It should be and local compression area ratio () on the strength index (SI).
pointed out that, due to the fracture of welding, the specimens It can be seen that, SI increases with the increase of ta and
lcp2-1-1, scfst-1 and scfst-2 failed with small deformation decreases with the increase of , and the influences on SI of
after reaching their maximum strength. The measured ultimate are more evident than those of ta . Generally, SI of circular
strengths of the specimens are listed in Table 1. specimens is greater than that of square specimens. This means
It was found that, in general, the ultimate strength and elastic that, under the same values of ta and , the strength loss
stiffness increased with the increase of ta . The higher strength of the circular composite columns is less than that of the
and elastic stiffness can mainly be explained that, with the square specimens. It can be explained that, under axially local
increase of ta , the deformation of the end of steel tube is compression, the confinement of circular steel tube with core
restrained and thus the confinement of the steel tube to core concrete is more effective than that of square steel tube.
concrete can be improved. Furthermore, the diffusion action of It can also be found from Fig. 6 that, for the specimens
the steel-bearing plate to local compressive force may result with small local compression area ratio ( = 1.44), the
in uniform load on the top part of the specimen (as shown in composite action of square steel tube to core concrete is
Fig. 5), and to some extent, enlargement of the actual load- evidently improved with the increase of ta and the improvement
bearing area. of bearing capacities of square CFST specimens is effective.
3. Analysis of test results and discussions However, the influence of ta on the ultimate strength of circular
CFST specimens is moderate, because the confinement of the
For convenience of analysis, strength index (SI) for CFST circular steel tube to core concrete is more effective than that
stub columns subjected to axially local compression is defined of square steel tube to core concrete. For the specimens with
as larger local compression area ratio ( = 16), the ultimate
382 L.-H. Han et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 64 (2008) 377387
4. Finite element analysis (FEA) for CFST columns subjected to axially local compression
because the concentric load was applied only at top end of the
4.1. Descriptions of the FEA modelling column. The uniform axial deformation () was applied to the
top surface of the composite members. Fig. 9 shows a schematic
ABAQUS [5] software was used in Han et al. [3] for the view of the element divisions.
finite element analysis (FEA) on CFSTs subjected to pure
4.2. Verifications on the FEA modelling
torsion. In the analysis, the damage plasticity model defined
in ABAQUS/Standard 6.4 [5] was used. The steel tube was The bearing capacity and the load versus deformation curves
simulated by using 4-node shell elements (S4), and the concrete predicted by FEA are compared with test results in this paper.
core was simulated using 8-node brick elements (C3D8R), Fig. 4 shows the comparisons of load versus deformation
with three translation degrees of freedom at each node. A curves between predicted results by FEA and the test results.
surface-based interaction with a contact pressure model in the Fig. 10 shows the comparisons of the bearing capacities
normal direction and a Coulomb friction model in the tangential between tested and calculated results. It can be found that,
directions to the surface between steel tube and core concrete generally, good agreement is obtained between the predicted
was adopted. In the normal direction between steel tube and and tested results. However, in general, the calculated stiffness
core concrete, gap element with big gap rigidity was used [3]. is somewhat higher than the tested results, shown as in Fig. 4.
The displacements were applied in several incremental steps, This may be induced by a initial eccentricity of the axial loading
and CFST responses after each step could be calculated from during testing.
the equilibrium equations. Similar model was used in this paper
to analyse the behaviour of CFST columns subjected to axially 4.3. Interactions between steel tube and its core concrete
local compression. Details of the FEA modelling can be found
in Han et al. [3]. Fig. 11 illustrates the predicted load versus deformation
Fixed boundary conditions were applied to the bottom relationships of CFST member with different endplate
surface of the column. One fourth of the column was modelled thickness. The calculating condition is: = 4, D(B) =
384 L.-H. Han et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 64 (2008) 377387
Fig. 10. Comparisons of the bearing capacities between tested and calculated
results.
(a) ta = 2 mm.
(b) ta = 20 mm.
Fig. 14. Diffusions of the longitudinal stress along the height (circular
member).
(a) ta = 2 mm.
Fig. 15(b). This may be due to the fact that, the confinement to
core concrete of circular steel tube is bigger than that of square
steel tube.
Fig. 16 shows the longitudinal and transverse stresses of the
steel tube along the height of the composite columns, when the
ultimate strength is achieved. It can be seen that, for circular
member, the longitudinal stresses gradually increase from the
top to the end, and the longitudinal stresses increase with the
increase of the endplate thickness. The transverse stresses at
the range of 1.0D from the top of the column are markedly
large and decrease with the increase of the endplate thickness.
However, the transverse stresses at the range of 1.5D from the
end of the column are relatively small and do not vary with the
increase of the endplate thickness. For square member, due to
nonuniform distribution of the stresses, the rule is not evident. It
can be seen that, the transverse stresses are relatively small and
the longitudinal stresses gradually increase with the increase of
(b) ta = 20 mm.
the endplate thickness. The longitudinal stresses are relatively
Fig. 13. Longitudinal stress distributions across the end section of core large at the top of the member and uniform at the low part of
concrete (square section). the member.
of concrete beneath the endplate. It can also be found that, the 5. Conclusions
stress along the height and the range of diffused stress of square
columns are lower than those of circular member, shown as in The present study is an attempt to investigate the behaviour
386 L.-H. Han et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 64 (2008) 377387
Fig. 15. Longitudinal stress distributions along the height of the column. Acknowledgements
of concrete-filled steel tubes (CFST) subjected to axially local The research reported in the paper is part of Project
compression. Based on the results of this study, the following 50425823 supported by National Natural Science Foundation
conclusions can be drawn within the scope of the research: of China, the project supported by the Start-Up Fund for
Outstanding Incoming Researchers of Tsinghua University and
(1) Generally, CFST columns under local compression exhibit the Start-Up Fund for Outstanding Incoming Researchers of
in a ductile manner. The local compression effects can lead Fujian Province. Their financial support is highly appreciated.
to a decrease of the bearing capacities of the composite
columns. References
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