V2a PDF

Gunns Limited
Bell Bay Pulp Mill

Draft Integrated Impact Statement
Volume 2 - Bell Bay Site

Existing Environment
Potential Environmental Impacts
Potential Social and Community Impacts
Potential Economic Impacts
July 2006
Contents
1. Introduction 1-1
2. Existing Environment 2-2

2.1 General 2-2
2.2 Land Use and Planning 2-2
2.3 Infrastructure and Services 2-1
2.4 Topography, Climate and Meteorology 2-1
2.5 Air Quality 2-9

2.6 Geology and Soils 2-18
2.7 Water Quality and Hydrology 2-23
2.8 Estuarine Ecology 2-43
2.9 Terrestrial Flora 2-73
2.10 Terrestrial Fauna 2-100
2.11 Reserves and Protected Areas 2-121
2.12 Road and Rail Transport Infrastructure, Traffic and Access 2-123
2.13 Port Infrastructure, Traffic and Access 2-149
2.14 Waste Management 2-155
2.15 Noise 2-156
2.16 Vibration 2-166
2.17 Visual Amenity 2-166
2.18 Aboriginal and Cultural Heritage 2-174
2.19 Health Status 2-196
2.20 Natural Hazards Risk Assessment 2-204
Impact Assessment Methodology 2-208
3. Impact Assessment Methodology 3-209

3.1 Introduction 3-209
3.2 Cumulative Impact Effect 3-209
3.3 Assessment Methodology 3-209
32/11709/IIS_Volume 2 Draft Integrated Impact Satement

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Pulp Mill 3-211
4. Potential Environmental Impacts and Management

Measures 4-212

4.5 Air Quality 4-235

4.7 Water Quality and Hydrology 4-282


4.12 Road and Rail Transport Infrastructure, Traffic and Access 4-325
4.13 Port Infrastructure, Traffic and Access 4-355
4.14 Waste Management 359

4.15 Noise 364
4.17 Visual 4-401

4.18 Heritage 4-445
4.19 Odour Assessment 4-450
4.20 Health 4-459

4.21 Greenhouse Gas and Ozone Depletion 4-470
5. Risk Assessment 5-478

5.1 Process Description 5-478
5.2 Hazardous Chemicals 5-478
5.3 Site Layout and Site Boundary 5-481
5.4 Methodology 5-482

5.5 HAZID 5-485
5.6 Control Measures 5-489

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
5.7 Conclusions / Recommendations 5-493
5.8 Effluent Pipeline Risk Assessment 5-494
6. Potential Economic Impacts and Management Measures 6-498

6.2 Tasmanias Historical Economic Performance 6-498

6.3 The Bell Bay Pulp Mill Key Features 6-505
6.4 Estimating the Total Economic Impacts of the Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Methodology 6-510
6.5 Key Economic Impacts of the Pulp Mill 6-513
6.6 Impact of the Project Not Proceeding 6-544
7. Potential Social and Community Impacts and

Management Measures 7-549
7.2 Methodology 7-551

7.3 Demographics / Social Characteristics 7-551
7.4 Community Interviews 7-558
7.5 Community Consultation Issues 7-560

7.6 Community Perceived Potential Impacts 7-560
7.7 Comparison of Perceived Impacts and the Outcomes of
Technical Studies 7-574
7.8 Key Social Impacts 7-581
7.9 Summary of Impacts 7-595
7.10 Mitigation Measures 7-596

7.11 Conclusions 7-598
8. Summary of Triple Bottom Line Assessment - Pulp Mill 8-600
Wharf Facility 8-609
9. Description of the Proposed Wharf Facility 9-610


9.3 Design Options 9-618

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Measures Wharf Facility 10-620

10.6 Groundwater and Hydrology 10-628


10.11 Transport Infrastructure, Traffic and Access 10-649
10.12 Noise 10-650

10.15 Visual Amenity 10-652

10.16 Aboriginal and Historic Heritage 10-652
10.17 Summary of Triple Bottom Line Assessment 10-653
Landfill, Quarry and Water Reservoir 10-656
11. Description of the Landfill (Solid Waste Disposal Facility),

Quarry and Water Reservoir 11-657
11.1 Overview 11-657
11.2 Landfill 11-657
11.3 Quarry 11-676
11.4 Water Reservoir 11-677

Measures 12-679

Bell Bay Pulp Mill

12.6 Groundwater and Hydrology 12-701

12.10 Transport, Traffic and Access 12-716
12.11 Noise and Vibration 12-720

12.12 Visual 12-722
12.14 Aboriginal and Historic Heritage 12-724

12.15 Risk Assessment 12-726
12.16 Summary of Triple Bottom Line Approach 12-729
13. Abbreviations 13-733
14. Glossary 14-745
15. References 15-750
Table Index
Table 1: Climate Statistics for Low Head (1877 2001) and
Ti Tree Bend (1980 2004) 2-5
Table 2: Monitoring AQ Data Rowella (July June 2006) 2-13
Table 3: Soil Chemical Concentrations Recorded from the
Pulp Mill Site 2-22
Table 4: Additional Soil Sampling 2-23
Table 5: Groundwater Contaminant Concentrations
Recorded from the Pulp Mill Site 2-25
Table 6: Water levels and yields in site groundwater bores 2-28
Table 7: Ground water contaminant concentrations recorded
from proposed landfill site 2-29
Table 8: Parameter concentrations recorded from baseline
water samples at proposed land fill site collected for

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
comparison with future operational leachate
monitoring 2-32
Table 9: Rocky intertidal species recorded at two transect
sites (IT1 and IT2) surveyed at the proposed wharf
location. 2-50
Table 10: Corrected redox potential of sediments in core
samples from the proposed wharf location (sites
LR1 to LR6). 2-54
Table 11: State conservation status and bioregional
conservation priorities of vegetation communities,
Pulp Mill 2-83
Table 12: Vascular flora species of national or state
conservation significance recorded, or predicted to
occur within, 5 kilometres of the Pulp Mill 2-92
Table 13: Threatened species protected under the State and
Commonwealth legislation previously recorded or
predicted to occur within 5 km of the Bell Bay site
(including the pulp mill, wharf, landfill, quarry and
water reservoir areas) 2-108
Table 14: Fauna species considered of conservation
significance in Tasmania previously recorded or
predicted to occur in the Bell Bay section of the
study region 2-109
Table 15: Additional migratory and marine overfly species
previously recorded or predicted to occur in the Bell
Bay section of the study region 2-111
Table 16: Number of species from each of the fauna groups
from the 500 m desktop search (study area) 2-112
Table 17: Number of species from each of the fauna groups
from the 5 km desktop search (study region) 2-112
Table 18: Fauna recorded during the survey of the Bell Bay
site 2-120
Table 19: Gunns Resource Zones 2-128
Table 20: Tasrail Freight Goods Carried (000 Tonnes) 2-133
Table 21: Road Location RTA Summaries 2-136
Table 22: Five Year RTA Severities 2-137
Table 23: Primary George Town Road Network 2-142
Table 24: George Town Traffic Data 2-143

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 25: High Heavy Vehicle Volume Roads, Traffic Data
and Level of Service 2-147
Table 26: Local Government Roads Traffic Data 2-148
Table 27: Freight Movements to Bell Bay 2-154
Table 28: 2002-2005 shipping movements associated with
Gunns export of woodchip at Bell Bay 2-155
Table 29: Refuse Collection 2-156
Table 30: Continuous Background Noise Logger Details 2-158
Table 31: Noise Monitoring Results Background (LA90)
Noise Levels (dB(A)) at Location 1 (Chip Mill
Shutdown 2-162
Shutdown) 2-162
Operational) 2-162
Operational) 2-163
1
Table 36: ETS reported Background Noise Levels 2-164
Table 37: Registered Aboriginal Sites in Pulp Mill Survey
Areas 1 and 2 2-181
Table 38: Sources for desktop heritage study 2-187
Table 39: Summary of Significant Sites 2-193
Table 40: Population Demographics for the Regional
Population Centresa 2-196
Table 41: Summary Hospitalisation Statistics for the Tamar
Valley by Condition, 1999-2003 (Tasmanian
Department Health, 2005) 2-197
Table 42: Summary Cancer Statistics for the Tamar Valley by
Condition 1997-2001 (Tasmanian Department
Health, 2005) 2-198
Table 43: Mortality Statistics for the Tamar Valley by
Condition, 1999-2003 (Tasmanian Department
Health, 2005) 2-198
Table 44: Ranking of LGA by Fair/Poor and Excellent/Very
Good Self-Assessed Health Status 2-199

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 45: Self-Reported Health Problems Experiences during
Preceding 12 months, 18 years and over 2-200
Table 46: Ranking of LGAs by Self-Reported Asthma and
Arthritis, Northern Region, 1998 2-200
Table 47: Aged Care Facilities 2-202
Table 48: Advisory Reporting Standards and Goal for
Particles as PM2.5 2-204
Table 49: Probability of earthquakes in Tasmania (Leiba,
2000) 2-205
Table 50: Key For Each Rating Used Within The Cost-Benefit
Assessment 3-210
Table 51: Bell Bay Major Industrial Zone Objectives -
Assessment 4-214
Table 52: Use and Development Principles Bell Bay Major
Industrial Zone 4-215
Table 53: Summary of potential impact rating and
management measures Land Use and Planning 4-221
Table 54: Description of the Main New Buildings and
Facilities 4-225
management measures infrastructure and
services 4-233
management measures topography, climate and
meteorology 4-235
Table 57: Excavation volumes for site areas. 4-237
Table 58: In-Stack Concentration Criteria Emission Limit
Guidelines (ELG) and DTAE 4-246
Table 59: BEKP Mill Emission Limits - Emission Limit
Guidelines 4-247
Table 60: Off-Site Design Criteria for Proposed Bell Bay Pulp
Mill 4-248
Table 61: NEPM Air Shed Goals 4-249
Table 62: Pulp Mill Production Rates 4-250
Table 63: Proposed BEKP Mill Emission Rates 4-251
Table 64: Bell Bay Industry NPI Emissions 2003/2004 4-254

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 65: Predicted Class 1 Levels (ppb) Background and
Mill Signal * 4-260
Table 66: TRS Emissions from Mill 4-271
management measures air quality 4-279
Table 68: Excavation volumes of soil and rock 4-280
management measures geology and soils 4-282
management measures water quality and
hydrology 4-285
management measures estuarine ecology 4-292
Table 72: Consequence and likelihood matrix for evaluation
of potential impacts 4-294
Assessment 4-295
Table 74: Summary of potential flora-related impacts and
management measures, including the overall
cost/benefit rating if management measures are
fully implemented, pulp mill 4-304
management measures terrestrial flora 4-308
Table 76: Summary of potential fauna-related impacts and
fully implemented, Bell Bay 318
management measures terrestrial fauna 4-323
management measures reserves and protected
areas 4-325
Table 79: Truck Movements by Time of Day 4-329
Table 80: Log Truck Configuration Deliveries Breakdown 4-330
Table 81: Transport Modelling Summary 4-337
Table 82: Rail Scenario Percentage Changes in State Road
Volumes 4-340

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 83: No Rail Scenario Percentage Changes in State
Road Volumes 4-340
Table 84: Cumulative Daily Traffic Generation, East Tamar
Highway, Rail Scenario 4-342
Table 85: Cumulative Traffic Generation, East Tamar
Highway, No Rail Scenario 4-342
Table 86: Million Tonne Kilometres Travelled by Rail 4-343
Table 87: Level of Service Impacts 4-347
management measures transport infrastructure,
traffic and access 4-353
Table 89: 2002-2005 shipping movements associated with
export of Gunns Tamar woodchips 4-356
Table 90: Shipping movements associated with forecast pulp
and woodchip production to 2032 4-358
management measures wharf infrastructure,
traffic and access 359
Table 92: Waste Types 360
management measures waste management 364
Table 94: Proposed Earth Moving Equipment Modelled 366
Table 95: Modelled Construction Equipment Stage 1
Construction 367
Table 96: Modelled Construction Equipment Stage 2 and 3
Construction 367
Table 97: Construction Noise Assessment Stage 1
Construction 368
Table 98: Construction Noise Assessment Stages 2 and 3
Construction 368
Table 99: Construction Noise Assessment Batching Stage 369
Table 100: Construction Noise Assessment Wharf Piling 369
Table 101: Typical Vibration Levels Construction Equipment 370
Table 102: Modelled Receiver Sound Pressure Levels dB (A) 373
Table 103: Number of Trucks per Day - Worst-Case Scenario 383
Table 104: Number of Trucks per Day Preferred Scenario 383

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 105: Initial Start Up Blower Results - Modelled 385
Table 106: Sleep Disturbance Noise Levels Without Noise
Attenuation 388
Table 107: Noise levels below which health effects not
expected 390
Table 108: Modelled Receiver Sound Pressure Levels dB (A)
with engineering noise controls 392
Table 109: Sleep Disturbance Noise Levels With Noise
Attenuation 4-395
management measures noise 4-399
management measures vibration 4-401
Table 112: Changes to field of view 4-415
Table 113: Viewer Sensitivity for Major Developments 4-415
Table 114: Visual Impact Assessment Matrix 4-416
Table 115: Visual Impact Assessment 4-434
Table 116: Recommended Maximum Values of Light Technical
Parameters for the Control of Obtrusive Light 4-441
Table 117: Maximum Luminous Intensity Per Luminaire for
Pre-Curfew Operating Times 4-442
management measures visual 4-444
Table 119: Registered Aboriginal Sites in Proposed Pulp Mill
Survey Areas 1 and 2 4-445
management measures heritage 4-450
Table 121: Comparison of dose-response for different TRS
compounds 4-453
Table 122: Odour thresholds reported for individual total
reduced sulphur compounds 4-453
Table 123: Predicted effects of ambient hydrogen sulphide
level on frequency of odour detection and incidence
of annoyance 4-455
Table 124: Three minute ground level concentrations (GLC) for
TRS at selected sites 4-456

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 125: Detection odour quotients a for TRS as H2S
almost all individuals (approximately 99%) 4-456
Table 126: Detection odour quotients for TRS as H2S most
individuals (approximately 95%) 4-457
management measures health 4-470
Table 128: Operational Pulp Mill Key Traffic Generating
Activities and Modes of Transport 4-474
Table 129: Mill CO2 Generation with natural Gas as Support
Fuel 4-474
Table 130: Reduction of CO2 Caused by Mill Operation 4-475
Table 131: Transport Greenhouse Gas Emission Estimates 4-475
management measures Greenhouse and Ozone
Depleting Substances 4-477
Table 133: Dangerous Substances Present 5-481
Table 134: HAZID Attendance 5-486
Table 135: Systems Identified 5-486
Table 136: Actions identified and agreed in the HAZID
Workshop 5-487
Table 137: Consequence Distance for Hazards Short Listed in
the HAZID Workshop as Potentially Having Offsite
Impact 5-489
Table 138: Risk Assessment in accordance with AS 2885
and HB 105 5-495
Table 139: Pulp Mill Investment Costs, 2007-09, $2005 Prices 6-506
Table 140: Summary of Project Components 6-507
Table 141: Construction Phase Employees 6-523
Table 142: Summary of Key Economic Impacts 6-546
management measures economics 6-548
Table 144: Population and Dwellings 7-552
Table 145: Age 7-553
Table 146: Families 7-553
Table 147: Birthplace by country 7-554
Table 148: Language 7-554

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 149: Median individual and household weekly income 7-555
Table 150: Labour force status 7-555
Table 151: Industry 7-556
Table 152: Occupation 7-557
Table 153: Education Status 7-558
Table 154: Key Community Issues 7-559
Table 155: Overall support for the pulp mill 7-559
Table 156: Social Impacts during Construction 7-562
Table 157: Social Impacts During Operation 7-569
Table 158: Summary of Impacts Identified in the SIA and
Technical Studies 7-575
Assessment 7-581
Table 160: Anticipated Accommodation Capacity 7-585
Table 161: Summary of Social Impacts 7-595
Table 162: Mitigation Measures 7-596
management measures Social 7-599
Table 164: Size Class Vessels to Use the Proposed Wharf
Facility 9-611
Table 165: Typical Portainer Crane Dimensions and Loading 9-619
management measures Land Use and Planning 10-623
services 10-623
management measures topography, climate and
meteorology 10-625
management measures air quality 10-626
management measures geology and soils 10-628
management measures Water Quality and
Hydrodynamics 10-638

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
management measures estuarine ecology 10-641
Table 173: Summary of potential flora-related impacts of wharf
construction and management measures 10-647
management measures wharf infrastructure,
traffic and access 10-650
management measures noise and vibration 10-651
management measures vibration 10-651
management measures waste management 10-652
Table 178: Waste Types 11-658
Table 179: Typical leachate quality expected 11-662
Table 180: Uncapped - Estimated water balance for a nominal
1 hectare landfill cell in an uncapped state 11-671
Table 181: Capped - Estimated water balance for a nominal 1
hectare landfill cell in a capped state 11-671
Table 182: Summary of the Pulp Mill Site Water Reservoir 11-677
Table 183: Bell Bay Major Industrial Zone - Assessment 12-681
Table 184: Use and Development Principles (Bell Bay Major
Industrial Zone) 12-682
management measures land use and planning 12-687
services 12-691
Table 187: Summary of potential impacts and management
measures topography, climate and meteorology 12-694
measures air quality 12-697
Table 189: Details of Test Holes 12-699
measures geology and soils 12-700
measures groundwater and hydrology 12-705

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 192: Summary of potential flora-related impacts and
fully implemented, Landfill/Quarry/Water Reservoir
- 12-711
management measures terrestrial flora 12-715
measures transport 12-720
management measures noise 12-721
management measures visual 12-723
measures waste management 12-724
measures Aboriginal and historic heritage 12-726
Figure Index
Figure 2-1 Locality Plan (Pulp Mill) 2-4
Figure 2-2 Current Land Use Zoning of the Proposed Site and
surrounding land 2-7
Figure 2-3 Current Land Ownership of the Proposed Site and
surrounding land 2-8
Figure 2-4 Topography 2-2
Figure 2-5 Annual Wind Rose, Bell Bay, 2004. 2-6
Figure 2-6 Seasonal Wind Roses, Bell Bay, 2004. 2-7
Figure 2-7 Wind Rose Rowella July 2005 to May 2006 2-8
Figure 2-8 Wind Speed Frequency Distributions (2004) 2-9
Figure 2-9 Recorded one Hour averages 2-16
Figure 2-10 Recorded one Hour averages for winds greater
than 8 m/s 2-17
Figure 2-11 Soil and Groundwater Sample Locations 2-21
Figure 2-12 Water Courses in the Vicinity of the Pulp Mill 2-35
Figure 2-13 Tamar River Water Quality Monitoring Sites 2-37

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Figure 2-14 Bathymetry map for the proposed wharf site
(Aquanel, 2005a) 2-44
Figure 2-15 Habitat survey locations at the proposed wharf site,
Big Bay and Dirty Bay 2-46
Figure 2-16 Particle size distributions for sediment samples
collected using the grab (top 10 cm) 2-52
Figure 2-17 Particle size distributions for sediment samples
collected using cores (0-50 cm and >50 cm). 2-53
Figure 2-18 Arsenic concentrations in sediment samples
collected from six sites (LR1 to LR6) at the
proposed wharf location. 2-56
Figure 2-19 Beryllium concentrations recorded in sediment
samples collected from six sites (LR1 to LR6) at the
Figure 2-20 Cadmium concentrations recorded in sediment
Figure 2-21 Chromium concentrations recorded in sediment
Figure 2-22 Copper concentrations recorded in sediment
Figure 2-23 Lead concentrations recorded in sediment samples
Figure 2-24 Manganese concentrations recorded in sediment
Figure 2-25 Nickel concentrations recorded in sediment
Figure 2-26 Vanadium concentrations recorded in sediment
Figure 2-27 Zinc concentrations recorded in sediment samples

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Figure 2-28 Mercury concentrations recorded in sediment
Figure 2-29 Marine farming plan area for Zone 1 and 2 in the
Tamar Estuary. 2-65
Figure 2-30 Annual commercial fisheries harvest (kg) for the
Tamar Estuary and adjacent coastal waters
between 1995 and 2004. Source: DPIWE, 2005 2-67
Figure 2-31 Vegetation Communities within the Bell Bay Site 2-80
Figure 2-32 Listed Vegetation Species 2-81
Figure 2-33 Vegetation Sensitivity 2-82
Figure 2-34 Search Areas for Desktop Searches 2-103
Figure 2-35 Transect and Threatened Species Locations at Bell
Bay Site 2-104
Figure 2-36 Habitat Mapping Bell Bay Site 2-115
Figure 2-37 Tamar River Shark Refuge 2-123
Figure 2-38 Tamar Woodchip Mill Access from East Tamar
Highway (source: LIST Database, DPIW) 2-124
Figure 2-39 Gunns State Resource Regions 2-126
Figure 2-40 Resource Catchment Zones 2-127
Figure 2-41 Tasmanian Road Hierarchy 2-131
Figure 2-42 Log truck RTAs within council municipalities 2-135
Figure 2-43 Log Truck Accident Severities (7 Years Data) 2-138
Figure 2-44 Long Term Articulated Heavy Vehicle RTA History 2-139
Figure 2-45 Tasmanian Road Freight Transport (source: DIER) 2-145
Figure 2-46 Bell Bay Port 2-151
Figure 2-47 Noise Monitoring Locations 2-159
Figure 2-48 15 Minute Statistical Noise Results Location 1 (top)
and Location 2 (lower) Mill Shutdown 2-160
Figure 2-49 15 Minute Statistical Noise Results Location 1 (top)
and Location 2 (lower) Mill Operational 2-161
Figure 2-50 Visual Assessment Areas at Bell Bay 2-172
Figure 2-51 Aboriginal Heritage Survey Areas 2-178

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Figure 2-52 Original Crown surveys dated 1834 showing initial
selection of nearby lands surrounding Donovans
Bay and Big Bay 2-189
Figure 2-53 Earliest known Crown Survey of the relevant land
dated April 7th, 1840. The arrow indicates the
subject allotment 2-190
Figure 2-54 Historic Heritage Sites 2-192
Figure 2-55 PM10 levels 1992-2004 2-203
Figure 2-56 Seismic Activity 2-207
Figure 4-1 Zoning of Pulp Mill Development Site and
Surrounds 4-213
Figure 4-2 Pulp Mill Layout 4-223
Figure 4-3 Building Elevations 4-224
Figure 4-4 Bell Bay Site Infrastructure Plan 4-230
Figure 4-5 Construction Phase Activities 4-239
Figure 4-6 24-hour average predicted ground level
concentrations of PM10 arising from site bulk
earthworks 4-240
Figure 4-7 Annual Wind Rose 4-245
Figure 4-8 Location of Existing Industry and Monitoring Sites 4-253
Figure 4-9 TAPM Nitrogen Dioxide Plots Background 4-258
Figure 4-10 TAPM Nitrogen Dioxide Plots with Pulp Mill 4-259
Figure 4-11 Time series for NO2 4-262
Figure 4-12 1 Hour Average SO2 4-263
Figure 4-13 24 Hour Average SO2 4-264
Figure 4-14 Time series for SO2 4-265
Figure 4-15 Time Series SO2 emissions at Tippogoree Hills A 4-267
Figure 4-16 PM10 levels cumulative frequency distributions 4-268
Figure 4-17 Time series plots of predicted PM10 24 hour
average is shown for George Town A 4-269
Figure 4-18 Predicted TRS Levels 4-270
Figure 4-19 Cl2 predicted 99.9th percentile levels 4-274
Figure 4-20 ClO2 predicted 99.9th percentile levels 4-275
Figure 4-21 HCl predicted 99.9th percentile levels 4-276
Figure 4-22 On-site Stormwater Management 4-284

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Figure 4-23 Area to be set aside for Reserve 4-303
Figure 4-24 Proposed Workers Accommodation Facility Site
(Source: LIST Database, DPIW) 4-326
Figure 4-25 Construction Workforce Requirements (Source:
Jaakko Pyry, 2006) 4-327
Figure 4-26 Resource Strategies 4-336
Figure 4-27 Proposed Gunns Tamar Access Modifications 4-351
Figure 4-28 Operational Noise Modelling Results Scenario 1 4-376
Figure 4-34 Initial Blower Start-up No Attenuation 386
Figure 4-35 Initial Blower Start up Attenuation 387
Figure 4-36 Predicted Noise Levels Attenuation Scenario 4-393
Figure 4-37 Predicted Noise Levels Attenuation Scenario With
F Class Inversion 4-394
Figure 4-38 Predicted height of visible steam plume emissions
during simulation period 2004. 4-404
Figure 4-39 Seasonal and annual frequency distribution of
predicted visible steam plume emissions during
simulation period 2004. 4-405
Figure 4-40 Diurnal average predicted visible steam plume
height during simulation period 2004. 4-405
Figure 4-41 Pulp Mill Photomontage (1) 4-408
Figure 4-45 Viewshed Analysis 4-412
Figure 4-46 3D Imagery from Rowella 4-418
Figure 4-47 3D Imagery from Rowella (2) 4-419
Figure 4-48 3D Imagery from Rowella (3) 4-420
Figure 4-49 3D Imagery from Beauty Point 4-421

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Figure 4-50 3D Imagery from Beaconsfield 4-422
Figure 4-51 3D Imagery from Bell Bay Port 4-423
Figure 4-52 3D Imagery from Mt George 4-424
Figure 4-53 Pulp Mill Lighting Plan 4-436
Figure 4-54 Lighting Assessment 4-437
Figure 4-55 Pulp Mill Night Time Photomontage 4-438
Figure 4-56 Overview of the basics of the screening risk
assessment 4-461
Figure 5-1 Integrated Chlorine Dioxide Plant 5-480
Figure 5-2 Site Layout, Showing Site Boundaries 5-482
Figure 5-3 Risk Assessment Process 5-483
Figure 6-1 Tasmanian GSP per capita as a percentage of
Australian GDP per capita 6-499
Figure 6-2 Comparing Tasmania To Australia Key Statistics 6-500
Figure 6-3 Impact of Proposed Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Investment ($2005, millions) 6-514
Figure 6-4 Impact of Proposed Bell Bay Pulp Mill GDP and
GSP ($2005, Millions) 6-516
Consumption ($2005, millions) 6-517
Figure 6-6 Impact of Proposed Bell Bay Pulp Mill exports
($2005, millions) 6-519
Figure 6-7 Impact of Proposed Bell Bay Pulp Mill Imports
($2005, millions) 6-520
Figure 6-8 Impact Of Proposed Bell Bay Pulp Mill Trade
Balance ($2005, Millions) 6-521
Figure 6-9 Construction Phase Workforce Estimate 6-522
Employment 6-524
Government Revenue ($2005, millions) 6-527
Figure 6-12 Tasmanias Statistical Regions 6-529
Figure 6-13 Impact of Proposed Bell Bay Pulp Mill Real
Gross Regional Product ($2005, millions) 6-530
Figure 6-14 Impact of Proposed Bell Bay Pulp Mill Regional
Employment 6-531

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Figure 6-15 Impact of Bell Bay Mill Construction Industry
Output 6-533
Figure 6-16 Impact of Bell Bay Pulp Mill Construction
Industry Employment 6-534
Figure 6-17 Impact of Proposed Bell Bay Pulp Mill Biomass
Real Value-Added ($2005, Millions) 6-535
Figure 6-18 Impact of Proposed Bell Bay Pulp Mill transport
Real Value-Added ($2005, Millions) 6-536
Agricultural Outputs ($2005, Millions) 6-539
Figure 6-20 Impact of Proposed Bell Bay Pulp Mill Chemicals
Outputs ($2005, Millions) 6-540
Figure 6-21 Impact of Proposed Bell Bay Pulp Mill Trade and
Accommodation Output ($2005, Millions) 6-542
Figure 6-22 Impact of Proposed Bell Bay Pulp Mill Trade and
Accommodation Employment ($2005, Millions) 6-543
Figure 7-1 Geographic Regions Considered in the Social
Impact Assessment 7-550
Figure 9-1 Wharf Locality Plan 9-612
Figure 9-2 Wharf Cross Sections 9-613
Figure 10-1 Map showing the location of numerical monitoring
stations along the Tamar River used in the
comparative assessment of currents and bed-shear
stress 10-632
Figure 10-2 Comparison between existing and post construction
tidal orbits 10-635
tidal orbits 10-636
tidal orbits 10-637
Figure 11-1 Infrastructure Locations 11-659
Figure 11-2 Schematic Layout of Landfill Layer 1 11-665
Figure 11-3 Schematic Layout of Landfill Layer 2 11-666
Figure 11-4 Schematic layers of landfill process waste cell base
and cap 11-667
Figure 12-1 Area to which the amendment relates 12-686
Figure 12-2 Quarry Concept Design Operational Phase 12-692

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Figure 12-3 Quarry Concept Design Following Rehabilitation 12-693
Figure 12-4 Proposed alignment of landfill, quarry and water
reservoir access road 12-716

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Appendix No. Report Title Volume
Volume 1 Into, Legislation, Consultation, Detailed Description
etc 1A
1B
Volume 2 Pulp Mill, Wharf, Landfill, Quarry and Water
Reservoir 2A
2B
Volume 3 Effluent Pipeline, Water Supply Pipeline, Workers
Accommodation Facility 3A
3B
Volume 4 Environmental Management Plans 4
1 Cross-reference to guidelines and IIS 5

Environment Protection Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999
2 Referral and Response Letter 5
3 Final Scope Guidelines 5
4 Development of New Environmental Guidelines Volume 1 5
Development of New Environmental Emission Limit
5 Guidelines Volume 2 5
6 Other Legislation 5
7 Jaakko Poyry Main Report 6

8 Jaakko Poyry - Drawings 7
9 Jaakko Poyry Annexes 7
10 Social Impact Assessment Report 8
11 Gunns Consultation Report 8
Supplementary Consultation Report / Environment and
12 Community Group Interview Report 8
13 Archaeological Services Tasmania 8
Historic Heritage Desktop Assessment Pipers River 8
Historic Heritage Sruvey Additional Survey Areas 8
Historic Heritage Survey Big Bay and Longreach 8
Histroic Heritage Survey Big Bay and Williams Creek 8
Historic Heritage Survey Longreach 8
Historic Heritage Survey Pipelines and Workers
Accommodation Facility Temporary Accommodation Area 8
14 Indigenous Heritage Report 8
15 Economic Report 9
16 Air Quality Assessment Pulp Mill Emissions 9
17 Air Quality Construction 9
18 Pulp Mill Noise Report 9
19 Pacific Air Report 9
20 Greenhouse Gas Emissions 9
21 Air Emissions Report 10
22 Human Health Risk Assess Bell Bay Pulp Mill Effluent 10
Comment on Bell Bay Effluent and Potential Impact on nearby
23 Seal Colonies Report 10
Bell Bay Pulp Mill Preliminary Draft IIS

Volume 2
Appendix No. Report Title Volume
24 Marine Outfall Report 11
25 Wharf Report 11
Environmental Investigation at Proposed Tamar River
26 Crossing for Water Supply Pipeline 11
27 Marine Monitoring Spring 05 11
28 Donovans Bay Assessment Report 11
29 Flora Report 12
30 Bell Bay Pulp Mill Fauna Report 13
31 Effluent Pipeline Forest Practices Plan 13
32 Pulp Mill Forest Practices Plan 13
33 Water Pipeline Forest Practices Plan 13
34 Workers Accommodation Forest Practices Plan 13
35 Eagle Nest Search Report 13
Survey for Tasmanian Masked Owl on Proposed Pulp Mill
36 Site 13
37 Workers Accommodation Facility Report 14
38 Pulpwood Supply 14
39 Quarry Application Report 14
40 Subdivision Plan Report 14
41 Soil Baseline 2006 14
42 Lighting Assessment 14
43 Transport Assessment 15
Water Report - Concept Design for Water Supply from Lake
44 Trevallyn 15
45 Effluent Pipeline Design Basis 15
46 Gas Pipeline Lateral and Station Report 15
47 Bell Bay Pulp Mill Wharf Facility Report 15
48 Preliminary Hazard Analysis 15
49 Blasting Risk Analysis 15
Gunns Pulp Mill Effluent Pipeline Four Mile Beach Dune
50 Remediation and Revegetation 16
Geomorphological Assessment Proposed Shoreline Crossing
51 Area Effluent Pipeline 16
52 Effluent Pipeline Ocean Outfall Investigation 16
Gunns Pulp Mill Effluent Pipeline Four Mill Beach Dune
53 Crossing Geological Setting 16
54 Donovans Bay Construction Management Plan 16
55 Gunns Pulp Mill Solid Waste Landfill Conceptual Design 16
56 Tamar River Crossing report 16
57 Operational Monitoring Program 16
58 Toxicity of Effluent Pine Pulping 17
59 Toxicity of Effluent Eucalypt Pulping 17
60 Toxicity of Chlorate to Brown Algae 17
61 Onshore Geotechnical Investigation 18
62 Pulp Mill Geotechnical Investigations 18
63 Hydrodynamic modelling ocean outfall 18
64 Hydrodynamic modelling Tamar River 18
Bell Bay Pulp Mill Preliminary Draft IIS

Volume 2
1. Introduction
This volume (Volume 2) of the Bell Bay Pulp Mill Draft IIS considers potential impacts and management
measures of construction and operation of the proposed:
Pulp mill;
Wharf facility;
Landfill;
Quarry; and
Water reservoir.
This area is collectively referred to as the Bell Bay site. The Draft IIS has been structured to meet the
requirements of the RPDC Final Scope Guidelines for the Integrated Impact Statement (December
2005). The position of this volume in the Draft IIS is shown below.
The existing environment, potential impacts and management measures are addressed in the following
chapters in the order outlined in the Resource Planning and Development Commissions Scope
Guidelines: environmental; economic; social and community. Appendix 1, Volume 5 cross-references the
various sections of the Draft IIS against the scope guidelines.
The existing environment, potential impacts and management measures for the water supply pipeline,
effluent pipeline and ocean outfall are discussed in Volume 3 of the Draft IIS.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 1-1
2. Existing Environment
2.1 General
An overview of the existing regional environment is provided in Volume 1, Chapter 4 of this Draft IIS. A
detailed description of the existing environment for the Bell Bay site is provided in this volume to
compliment the regional environment chapter. The existing environment description provides details of
the project area and a baseline for the evaluation of potential environmental, economic, social and
community impacts, management measures and monitoring programs.
In order to define spatial references in the text, the following descriptions have been used:
Directly adjacent located immediately next to and sharing a common boundary
Immediate vicinity within 1 km
Local area/locality 12 km radius from the pulp mill site or infrastructure
Regional area 55 km radius from the pulp mill site or infrastructure
2.2 Land Use and Planning
2.2.1 Location of Site
The site for the pulp mill component of the proposal is adjacent to the eastern shore of the Tamar River
and south-east of Bell Bay. It is proposed to locate the pulp mill approximately 750 m north-west of the
existing Gunns Tamar woodchip mills. The pulp mill will be located to the west of the existing rail line,
which runs south of the East Tamar Highway. The proposed location of the pulp mill in the context of its
surrounds is shown in Figure 2-1.
The site is located within the Bell Bay Major Industrial Zone (IN3), a piece of land stretching along the
eastern shore of the Tamar River from Long Reach in the south to the outskirts of George Town to the
north which was zoned in 1990. The zone does not encompass the existing industries on the Bell Bay
foreshore, these being zoned Heavy Industrial (IN2) under the Municipality of George Town Planning
Scheme, but is intended to encourage further major industrial development to the region, as it is land
specifically set aside for industrial purposes. There are different types of industrial zones under the
Municipality of George Town Planning Scheme. The existing industries are within Heavy Industrial Zone
(IN2) and the project is within the Bell Bay Major Industrial Zone (IN3).
2.2.2 Land Use
The Bell Bay site is part of a parcel of land comprised in CT 143039/1 that has been set-aside as a buffer
to Comalcos smelting operations since the 1950s. The land use of the Bell Bay site and the remainder of
CT 143039/1 can be best characterised as a natural environment. Since it was declared as a private
sanctuary in 1952, it has not been used for any commercial or industrial purpose.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-2
The Bell Bay site comprises of an area of 624.11 hectares as identified in Lot 1 of the proposed
subdivision plans provided in Appendix 40, Volume 14. The development site is identified as being
within the Long Reach Private Sanctuary and Long Reach Conservation Area pursuant to the Nature
Conservation Act 2002. The Long Reach Conservation Area comprises the narrow coastal area along
the foreshore and the existing rail line. The Long Reach Private Sanctuary comprises 607 ha, which
includes the woodchip mill, thermal power station, railway line and golf course. The area was first
declared a sanctuary in 1952 under the Animals and Birds Protection Act 1928 at the request of the
owners, the then Australian Aluminium Production Commission (now Comalco).
Comalco subsequently approached the then National Parks and Wildlife Service (PWS) in 1986 and
again following the rezoning of the site to Major Industrial Zone under the Planning Scheme with the
intent to revoke the conservation status. This is yet to occur.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-3
480000 485000 490000 495000 500000
Bell Bay Pulp Mill

Integrated Impact Statement
/
LO
WH
EA
D
G RE N
M
0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5

AI
ENS
B EA
C
GEORGE TOWN
RO
HR
5450000
5450000
OAD
AD
Kilometers
LO
WH 1:65,000
E AD
RO
AD
B
EL
L
B
AD
AY
Ti
RO
LI
p
N
po
E
O
g o
LS
re
KE
Bell Bay e
Hi
lls
E
LIN
AY
LB
BEL Landfill
Quarry
5445000
5445000
FL
IN DER S
ST
RE Ta Proposed Pulp Mill
m
a rR
Beauty Point
ET
AD i ve
RO r
RM Water Supply Reservoir
TA
W ES
_
^
YO
RK
TO
Y
A
W
HW
N
RO
HIG
AD
MA R
TA
WE S T
Rowella
L D STRE ET
WE
5440000
5440000
_
^
LAUNCESTON
Beaconsfield
Ea
st
HOBART
Ta
ar m
Hig
W
hw
ES
ay
TT
A
M
A
R
H
H
IG
W
AY
FIGURE 2-1
480000 Legend 485000 490000 495000 500000
River Roads
LOCAL AREA
Date: 16/06/06
Projection: Map Grid of Australia
_
^ Approximate Site Location
Outfall National/State Highway
Zone 55, GDA94 Pulp Mill Project Site
Water Supply Pipeline Major Arterial Road
Source: Base data sourced from CData 2001and LIST-
PLAN
Builtup Area
www.thelist.tas.gov.au,all other infrastructure supplied Effluent Pipeline Arterial Road
by Gunns Pty Ltd Workers Accommodation
File: M:\41\14346\gis\map\final\vol_2\ Landfill Boundary Access Road
fig2_1_local_area_map.mxd Quarry
Railway
Water Reservoir
Dam
This area is also listed on the Register of National Estate as Four Mile Creek Environmental Sanctuary.
However, the statement of significance identifies that the Sanctuary has low environmental
significance nationally and regionally and is assessed as no longer reaching threshold for National
Estate listing.
The land use of the area generally surrounding the Bell Bay site is characterised by industrial and
primary industry uses, including forestry, agricultural and aquaculture land uses. The closest residential
areas are George Town to the north-west, Hillwood to the south-east and Beauty Point on the West
Tamar. The closest residences are located at Rowella, on the opposite bank of the Tamar River to the
proposed development site on the (refer to Figure 2-2). The closest residence will be approximately 1 km
from the wharf facility and 1.5 km from the pulp mill. Adjoining the pulp mill development site are the
following land uses:
Two woodchip mills operated by Gunns to the south;

Bell Bay Thermal Power Station to the north;
Tippogoree Hills Forest Reserve, State Forest and Private Timber Reserves located to the northeast
and southeast on the eastern side of the East Tamar Highway. There are also some Private Timber
Reserve areas located to the south on the western side of the East Tamar Highway; and
Van Diemen Aquaculture, opposite the proposed development site at Rowella on the Tamar River.
Other uses within the local area (a radius of 12 kilometres from the proposed mill) of the Bell Bay site
include:
Lauriston Reservoir;
Bell Bay Port;
George Town Golf Course;
Transend Substation; and
Bell Bay Major Industrial Estate including:
Tasmanian Electro Metallurgical Company Pty Ltd (TEMCO) Smelter;
Comalco Aluminium Plant;
Carter Holt Harvey Pinepanels Medium Density Fibreboard (MDF) Plant;
George Town Wastewater Treatment Plant;
Ecka Granules Australia Pty Ltd;
SVP Industries;
Two woodchip mills operated by TasFibre and Arnolds; and
Forest Enterprises Australia Ltd (FEA) Sawmill.
2.2.3 Governance and Land Tenure

Subject Land
The Bell Bay site is proposed to be contained within a 2549-hectare parcel of land known as Certificate
of Title Volume 143039 Folio 1. The land is currently owned by Comalco Aluminium (Bell Bay) Limited.
The proposed Bell Bay site will be located on 624.11 ha subdivided from the current title, shown as Lot 1

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-5
on the proposed plan of subdivision in Appendix 40, Volume 14. Lot 1 is proposed to have access from
East Tamar Highway via a right of way easement along the southern boundary over the railway line and
adjoining Certificate of Titles, Volume 136962 Folios 1 and 2. Refer to Appendix 40, Volume 14 for
proposed subdivision plans. Current access to the broader parcel of land and the Bell Bay site is
discussed in sections 2.12 and 2.13 of this volume of the Draft IIS.
Gunns will also look to purchase the site of the existing North Tamar woodchip mill (CT 136962 Folio1)
which is currently leased from Comalco.
Surrounding Land
Due to the large size of the subject land, there are many adjoining land titles. Details of these are
included below. It is noted that as the pulp mill will be located on a 624.11 ha portion to be subdivided
from the current title, much of the neighbouring land will end up being the balance of the current title:
Certificate of Title, Volume 131620, Folio 1, owned by Bell Bay Power Pty Ltd;
Certificate of Title, Volume 203357, Folio 1, owned by Denver Glen Pty Ltd;
Certificate of Title, Volume 31250, Folio 1, owned by Gunns Forest Products;
Certificate of Title, Volume 143039, Folio 1, owned by Comalco Aluminium;
Certificate of Title, Volume 136962, Folio 2, owned by Gunns;
Certificate of Title Volume 139962, Folio 1, owned by Comalco Aluminium (Bell Bay) Limited;
Certificate of Title Volume 85822, Folio 1 owned by Bell Bay Power;
Balance land of Certificate of Title Volume 143039 Folio 1, owned by Comalco Aluminium; and
Proposed lot 1a, 31.77 ha portion of 152.62 ha, owned by Forestry Tasmania. The balance of 120.85
ha, will be retained by Forestry Tasmania.
The adjacent Long Reach Conservation Area is managed by the Department of Tourism, Arts and the
Environment.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-6
480000 485000 490000 495000 500000
Bell Bay Pulp Mill

/
LO
WH
EA
D
G RE N
M
0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5

AI
ENS
B EA
GEORGE TOWN
C
RO
HR
5450000
5450000
OAD
AD
Kilometers
LO
WH 1:65,000
E AD
RO
AD
B
EL
L
B
AD
AY
Ti
RO
LI
p
N
po
E
O
g o
LS
re
KE
Bell Bay e
Hi
lls
E
LIN
AY
LB
BEL Landfill
Quarry
5445000
5445000
FL
IN DER S
ST
m
a rR
Beauty Point
ET
AD i ve
RO r
TA
W ES
_
^
YO
RK
TO
Y
A
W
HW
N
RO
HIG
AD
MA R
TA
WE S T
Rowella
L D STRE ET
WE
5440000
5440000
_
^
LAUNCESTON
Beaconsfield
Ea
HOBART
st
Ta
ar m
Hig
W
ES
hw
TT
ay
A
M
FIGURE 2-2
A
R
H
H
IG
W
AY
ZONING OF
480000 485000 490000 495000 500000
Legend
PROPOSED
Date: 16/06/06
Projection: Map Grid of Australia River Railway Zoning - George Town Reserved Residential General Industrial
Zone 55, GDA94
_
Outfall Roads Agricultural Village Heavy Industrial
SITE
Pulp Mill Project Site National/State Highway
www.thelist.tas.gov.au,all other infrastructure supplied Water Supply Pipeline Rural Urban Residential Maritime
by Gunns Pty Ltd Workers Accommodation Major Arterial Road
Effluent Pipeline Business Special Use / Community Services Tourist Facilities
File: M:\41\14346\gis\map\final\vol_2\
Quarry Arterial Road
fig2_2_zoning_proposed_site.mxd Landfill Boundary Closed Residential Utility Services Recreation
Water Reservoir Access Road
Dam Low Density Residential Bell Bay Major Industrial
480000 485000 490000 495000 500000
Bell Bay Pulp Mill

/
LO
WH
EA
D
G RE N
M
0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5

AI
ENS
GEORGE TOWN
B EA
C
RO
HR
5450000
5450000
OAD
AD
Kilometers
LO
WH 1:65,000
E AD
RO
AD
B
EL
L
B
AD
AY
Ti
RO
LI
p
N
po
E
O
g o
LS
re
KE
Bell Bay e
Hi
lls
E
LIN
AY
LB
BEL Landfill
Quarry
5445000
5445000
FL
IN DER S
ST
m
a rR
Beauty Point
ET
AD i ve
RO r
TA
W ES
_
^
YO
RK
TO
Y
A
W
HW
N
RO
HIG
AD
MA R
TA
WE S T
Rowella
L D STRE ET
WE
5440000
5440000
_
^
LAUNCESTON
Beaconsfield
Ea
st
HOBART
Ta
ar m
Hig
W
hw
ES
ay
TT
A
M
A
R
H
H
IG
W
AY
FIGURE 2-3
480000 485000 490000 495000 500000
Legend
LAND
Date: 16/06/06
Projection: Map Grid of Australia River Railway Tenure Horizontal Strata
Zone 55, GDA94
_
Outfall Roads Body Corporate Marine Crown Land
TENURE
www.thelist.tas.gov.au,all other infrastructure supplied Pulp Mill Project Site National/State Highway Commonwealth of Australia
Water Supply Pipeline Not Applicable
by Gunns Pty Ltd Workers Accommodation
File: M:\41\14346\gis\map\final\vol_2\ Effluent Pipeline Major Arterial Road Council Tidal Crown Land
fig2_3_land_tenure.mxd Quarry Arterial Road Crown Land
Landfill Boundary Unknown
Water Reservoir Access Road Freehold Title
Dam
2.3 Infrastructure and Services
2.3.1 Buildings
There are no buildings currently located on the proposed development site. Existing buildings directly
adjacent to the site include the two woodchip mills and associated administration buildings and
workshops. Two wharves are currently located at the existing north and south woodchip mills on the
Tamar River.
The location of the existing buildings and wharves is illustrated in Figure 2-4, Photographic Sheet 2-1.
2.3.2 Services
Three 220kV and one 33kV transmission lines dissect the site within a 50-metre wide transmission line
easement. The 220kV lines serve the Bell Bay industrial estate (in particular Comalco), with the 33kV line
servicing the existing woodchip mill.
A fibre optic cable is hung from the 33k Vline poles.
Infrastructure for all of the above, except gas, is provided to the existing woodchip mill. Details of this
infrastructure are included in Volume 1 Chapter 4.
2.4 Topography, Climate and Meteorology
2.4.1 Topography
Discussion of the topography in the Tamar Valley regions is included in the Regional Environment
section of Volume 1 of this Draft IIS. Climate and Meteorology are discussed in detail in the Air Quality
Assessment report provided in Appendix 16, Volume 9.
The topography within a 12-kilometre radius of the Bell Bay site ranges from the Tippogoree Hills down
to the banks of the Tamar River as shown in Figure 2-4.
The site has a maximum height of approximately 80 metres above sea level in the central portion of the
proposed footprint, with a general slope of approximately six to ten degrees towards to Tamar River to
the west (BFP Consultants Pty Ltd, 2005).
To the immediate south and north of the pulp mill, there are steep sloping gullies ranging from 10 to 20
degrees where out flowing streams originating in the neighbouring hills have deeply incised the
topographic surface (BFP Consultants Pty Ltd, 2005). The slope either side of Williams Creek near its
junction with the Tamar River is particularly steep.
The landfill, quarry and water reservoir will be constructed in the reaches of the Tippogoree Hills. The
Tippogoree Hills run north-west / south-east and are in the order of 100 metres to 200 metres above sea
level.
The lower reaches of the Tippogoree Hills, closer to the Tamar River, slope in a westerly direction and
form the river banks.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-1
480000 490000 500000
Bell Bay Pulp Mill

LO
W
Greens Beach
HE A
/
DR
OAD
0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5

G R EE
NS
B EA
CH R Kilometers
OA
D 1:65,000
5450000
5450000
George Town
B
EL Ti
L
B
pp
AD
AY
og
RO
LI
or
N
E
ee
O
LS
Bell Bay Hi
KE
lls
E
LIN
AY
LB
BEL
Ta
m
a rR
i ve
Beauty Point r Proposed Pulp Mill
AD
RO
RM
TA EA
W ES
_
^ S TT
AM
AR
HI
GH
YO
WA
RK
Y
TO
Y of Elevation Data
Extent
A
W
HW
N
RO
IG
A
RH
D
AM A
ST T
Rowella
WE
L D ST R E ET
WE
_
^
5440000
5440000
LAUNCESTON
Beaconsfield
HOBART
480000
Legend 490000 500000
Date: 16/06/06 Outfall Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
_
^
FIGURE 2-4
Projection: Map Grid of Australia Approximate Site Location
Zone 55, GDA94 Water Pipeline Value
National/State Highway
Source: Base data supplied by the List - Dam High : 540
TOPOGRAPHY
www.thelist.tas.gov.au, Major Road
all other infrastructure supplied by Gunns Pty Ltd Quarry
File: M:\41\14346\gis\map\final\vol_2\ Railway
Landfill Boundary Low : 0
fig2_4_topography.mxd River
Water Reservoir
Effluent Pipeline
Looking over the pulp mill site to Bell Bay. The Bell Bay Power Station can be seen centre back, with the Port of Launceston in the centre background.
The transmission line easement can be clearly seen to the east of the pulp mill site
Photosheet 2-1
2.4.2 Climate and Meteorology
The Tamar Valley extends some 60 km from the coast at Low Head inland in a south-east direction, and
the city of Launceston is located near the head of the Tamar River estuary. On the east flank of the
estuary, the valley walls are defined by the Tippogoree Hills, Dismal Range and Bocmer Hills. The west
flank is less abrupt, with the valley walls defined by the Asbestos Range, Dazzler Range, Bold Tier and
Grassy Hut Tier. This terrain encloses an air shed centred on the Tamar valley up to 300m above sea
level the Tamar Valley Air Shed (TVAS).
Under many conditions, surface winds in the TVAS are guided by the valley walls aligned on a south-
east/north-west axis. Winds are often cyclic, with an afternoon north-west sea breeze moving emissions
to the south-east, followed by evening south-east drainage airflows moving emissions towards the valley
mouth and out into Bass Strait.
A weather station operates at Low Head at the end of the Tamar Valley, and summary data from that
station is compared to a station at Ti Tree Bend near Launceston in Table 1. As expected for an inland
site, lower daily minimum and higher daily maximum temperatures are seen at Ti Tree Bend, compared
to Low Head where the coastal water mass dampens temperature fluctuations. Relative humidity is also
generally higher at the coastal site, particularly at the 3 pm reading when the sea breeze may not have
always reached Ti Tree Bend. The trend is reversed in the winter, where 9 am readings (when cool air
drainage flows at Ti Tree Bend) are closer to or exceed the dew point more frequently than at Low Head.
Mean annual rainfall differs little at each site (within 1%), although the mean number of rain days at Low
Head is slightly greater than at Ti Tree Bend.
Anemometer (wind) stations operated in the Tamar Valley between 1993 and 1995 as part of the Tamar
Valley Air Shed Study, and longer-term stations operate at Bell Bay (Comalco, 1980 present) and at Ti
Tree Bend (DPIW, 1991 - present). The Bell Bay data is more representative of the Bell Bay site, being
just 8 km to the north-west.
Wind Roses Bell Bay

Annual and seasonal wind roses for 2004 for Bell Bay are given in Figure 2-5 and Figure 2-6. The annual
wind rose shows a dominant wind direction axis north-west/south-east aligned to the Tamar Valley, and a
strong westerly component. The incidence of westerly winds is due to the exposure of the site to this
direction through the West Arm. In contrast, stations further inland in the valley are shielded by the
valley wall and show lowered incidence of westerly winds. Figure 2-7 shows wind direction at Rowella
for June 2005 to May 2006. The same dominant wind trends are observed for this site, with fewer winds
from the north-east.
Figure 2-6 shows the seasonal wind roses and the following features can be seen:
Down-valley winds predominate in autumn;
Up-valley winds predominate in spring and in summer;
Light winds are mainly oriented down valley for all seasons; and
Strong (>8m/s) winds are seen mainly from the west, north-west and are present in all seasons.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-4
Table 1: Climate Statistics for Low Head (1877 2001) and Ti Tree Bend (1980 2004)
Mean Daily Mean Daily Lowest Highest

Mean 9am Mean 3pm Mean Number of
Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Mean Rainfall
Relative Relative Rain Days (>
Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature (mm)
Humidity (%) Humidity (%) 0.1mm)
(oC) (oC) (oC) (oC)
Low Ti Tree Low Ti Tree Low Ti Tree Low Ti Tree Low Ti Tree Low Ti Tree Low Ti Tree Low Ti Tree
Head Bend Head Bend Head Bend Head Bend Head Bend Head Bend Head Bend Head Bend
January 12.9 12.0 20.3 24.0 4.4 2.5 29.5 35.4 73 70 68 49 37.2 51.8 7.6 8.2
February 13.3 11.9 20.9 24.4 4.4 3.4 29.5 34.4 75 74 68 48 35.0 28.9 6.6 6.1
March 12.2 9.9 19.7 22.3 1.1 0.5 28.0 32.3 78 76 69 48 43.3 34.7 8.7 6.6
April 10.3 7.4 17.2 18.8 1.7 -1.5 25.6 27.7 81 81 71 56 54.7 53.5 10.8 9.0
May 8.3 5.1 14.7 15.7 -0.6 -3.0 23.1 22.0 86 89 75 65 67.1 67.9 13.0 10.7
June 6.6 2.8 12.6 13.0 -1.2 -4.9 24.4 18.2 87 91 76 69 76.7 67.3 14.4 12.2
July 5.9 2.1 11.9 12.5 -2.8 -5.2 17.4 17.6 87 91 77 69 81.0 79.4 16.6 14.4
August 6.3 3.6 12.5 13.7 -1.1 -3.5 18.0 19.6 86 87 76 64 70.9 83.0 15.9 14.8
September 7.5 5.1 13.6 15.5 -0.6 -2.4 22.0 24.8 83 78 76 59 59.5 66.4 14.3 13.9
October 8.7 6.9 15.0 17.9 0.0 -0.6 23.2 28.7 79 73 75 54 58.7 55.7 12.7 12.1
November 10.1 8.7 16.9 20.2 2.9 -2.0 26.5 30.7 76 69 72 52 47.1 49.3 10.4 9.7
December 11.7 10.5 18.7 22.4 5.0 2.0 27.5 33.8 74 66 69 49 46.0 45.5 9.4 8.0
Annual 9.5 7.2 16.2 18.4 -2.8 -5.2 27.5 35.4 80 79 73 57 677.2 683.3 140.5 125.6
No. Years 106.9 20.9 106.8 20.9 106.0 20.9 106.0 20.9 105.2 21.0 973 21.0 119.8 23.6 105.8 23.5
Source: www.bom.gov.au, 2005

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-5
Figure 2-5 Annual Wind Rose, Bell Bay, 2004.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-6
Summer Autumn
Winter Spring
Comments:
Project No.:
31/16408
Figure 2-6 Seasonal Wind Roses, Bell Bay, 2004.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-7
GUNNS July 2005 to May 2006
Wind Rose
Station: Gunns
N
350 10
20%
330 30
310 50
10%
290 70
0%
270 90
> 20
10 to 20
250 110
5 to 10
3 to 5
2 to 3 230 130
1 to 2
210 150
.5 to 1
190 170
Magnitude(m/s)
2.9% calm
99.2% Valid Data present.
Figure 2-7 Wind Rose Rowella July 2005 to May 2006

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-8
Wind Speed
The frequency distributions of wind speed for the year 2004 from the Comalco anemometer and from the
synthesised air pollution model (TAPM) data of the mill site are given in Figure 2-8. The distributions
match well other than the incidence of light (less than 1m/s) winds is slightly higher at Bell Bay than at
the pulp mill site, while the reverse is the case for strong winds (greater than 7.5m/s).
Recorded Data - Comalco Anemometer Site

Wind Speed Frequency Distributions (2004)
TAPM Synthesised Data - Mill Site
35%
30%
25%
% Frequenc
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
0 - 1.0 1.1 - 3.0 3.1 - 5.0 5.1 - 7.5 7.6 - 10.0 10.1 - 15.0 >15
Wind Speed (m/s)
Figure 2-8 Wind Speed Frequency Distributions (2004)
2.5 Air Quality

Full details of the air quality investigations are provided in Appendix 16, Volume 9.
2.5.1 Background Studies
Tamar Valley Air Shed Study - TVAS

The first comprehensive study of airflows in the Tamar Valley was conducted in 1993-95 by Stephenson
EMF Consultants for the Tasmanian government. The purpose of the study was to gain a better
understanding of airflows in the valley and their implications for air quality. The context for this study was
that particulate emissions from domestic wood heaters in Launceston were giving rise to adverse air
quality in the air shed, and major industries were established in the Bell Bay area of the valley. This
Tamar Valley Air Shed (TVAS) study employed technical expertise from the following organisations;
University of Tasmania, Monash University Centre for Applied Mathematical Modelling and CSIRO
Division of Atmospheric Research. The study utilised computer models of meteorology (Nuatmos) and

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-9
dispersion (Citpuff, LADM). Wind fields in the air shed were monitored using a network of 16 weather
stations, and four two-day and one one-day campaigns were conducted to measure vertical profiles of
wind speed, direction, temperature and humidity.
The specific objective of the study was to develop a dispersion model for the air shed and an emissions
database so that the effect of existing and future proposed industry emissions on air quality in the air
shed could be determined.
The features of air movement from this study are summarised below:
Worst case air pollution conditions occur when synoptic winds are light, typically when an anti-
cyclonic (high pressure) weather pattern is centred over Tasmania;
Under light synoptic winds, the wind pattern in the air shed is thermally driven, with a land breeze -
sea breeze regime prominent in summer, and a nocturnal cool air drainage (katabatic) flow prominent
in autumn/winter;
These flows are generally aligned to the north-west/south-east axis of the Tamar Valley estuary, and
as a consequence, the degree of recirculation of pollutants in the valley will be a governing factor for
the presence of elevated concentrations of pollutants;
In these conditions, vertical mixing is also constrained, with mixing heights measured in the range of
130 to 300 m. At these heights the inversion `lid will intersect the valley sides sealing most of the
valley; and
The seasonal variation in this pattern of air shed flows was found to be:
Summer
Sea breeze onset is early (9am to 10 am) with a typical duration of up to 10 hours. Nighttime
south-east to south-south-east drainage flows are seen, and local slope flows from the north-west
to north-north-east are seen at Bell Bay.
Autumn
The incidence of south-east drainage valley flows increases, and the duration of sea breezes
reduces to 7 to 8 hours.
Winter
The sea breeze further wanes to a typical duration of < 3 hours. Drainage valley flows are
predominant.
Spring
Sea breezes increase in strength and duration, and valley drainage flows are still present.
Dr. Mike Power Thesis

The PhD thesis undertaken by Dr Mike Power formed an essential part of the TVAS knowledge, with
much of the modelling and data analysis being coordinated by Dr Power. This work was only partly
reported in the TVAS study, and a more extensive analysis was reported in his thesis, which was
published six years later in July 2001.
Of interest to the current study are the results of woodsmoke (particulate matter less than 10m -
referred to as PM10) modelling and the results of Bell Bay industrial pollution modelling.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-10
Woodsmoke Modelling
A detailed emissions inventory of PM10 (particulate matter less than 10 microns) from wood-fired home
heating was developed based on 1996 Census data and extrapolated to the year 2000. Three
categories of heaters (certified, non-certified and open fireplace) were considered and PM10 emission
factors were applied. Seasonal and diurnal variations in wood burning rates were determined and a
typical two-day poor dispersion meteorology for June was used to model the movement and dilution of
PM10 from all significant population centres (33 in all) in the Tamar Valley.
Five scenarios were examined, Scenario 1 being the base case for winter 2000 while Scenarios 2 to 4
looked at candidate strategies to reduce PM10 levels in the catchment in particular in Launceston.
Scenario 5 was aimed to determine the extent of advected PM10 emissions from the other population
centres into the Launceston region.
The results of Scenario 1 show that the smoke plumes from many population centres in the air shed
coalesce in a combined plume along the valley axis. Peak hourly PM10 levels were predicted in
Launceston with a maximum of 217 g/m3 at 5 pm and with evening values exceeding 150 g/m3. These
values were consistent with those measured at Ti Tree bend in winter under poor dispersion.
Scenario 5 was conducted by rerunning the base case but with the Launceston sources removed. The
comparison of results to Scenario 1 shows that the contribution of PM10 sources outside Launceston to
elevated levels within Launceston was small, with a mean contribution of 1-2 g/m3, which represents
approximately 4% of the levels, due to sources within Launceston. This result showed that measures
focussed solely on reducing PM10 emissions within the Launceston area would be effective. The plot of
PM10|24 hr contribution for Launceston sources shows a plume extending down the whole valley and well
out to sea, however the levels within the plume reduce rapidly with distance from Launceston, from 88
g/m3 in the city down to approximately 2 g/m3 on the coast.
Bell Bay Emissions Modelling

Two pollutants, SO2 and NOX were modelled for a typical two-day light wind event typical of each of the
four seasons, as characterised by NUATMOS.
In the case of SO2, the industrial emissions were spread over several Bell Bay industries with
comparatively low-level release points, but with the dominant source being the Bell Bay oil-fired Power
Station stack a release at approximately 107 m above sea level. As a percentage of total industry SO2
emission rate, Bell Bay Power Station emitted 87% and Comalco 12.5% (most from the 50 m dry
scrubber stack).
The NOX simulation considered only the power station main stack emission at ~48 g/s which, in contrast
to the SO2 modelling, was for gas-fired boilers.
The diurnal pattern of plume movement was dominated by the power station source for both
constituents. The predicted peak ground level concentrations within the air shed for each season
showed that:
Maximum peak ground level concentrations were generally seen at night, when light stable winds
predominate.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-11
Peak ground level concentrations were highest in spring, when recirculation formed due to absence of
a net advective flow up or down the valley. Next highest ground level concentrations were predicted
in winter, followed by autumn and summer.
As expected, the pattern of ground level concentration is more complex in the SO2 simulation where
the main sources are at different heights, and where approximately 0.5% of the SO2 emissions are at
low (approximately 12 m) elevations.
Peak ground level concentrations were seen when:
The power station plume strikes at Mt George or Tippogoree Hills; and
The power station plume fumigates to ground level.
Note that the power station has since been converted to be fuelled by natural gas, so that the SO2 load in
the air shed has been significantly reduced to approximately 1/7 of the original value.
Modelling of Woodheater Emissions in Launceston CSIRO

CSIRO recently reported a modelling study of woodheater emissions in Launceston for the
Commonwealth Department of Environment and Heritage (DEH) using The Air Pollution Model (TAPM).
Relevant findings in relation to the conditions for which PM10 levels are elevated at Launceston are
detailed below (CSIRO, 2005).
The study had the objectives to:

assess the effectiveness of the Launceston Wood Heater Replacement Program;
determine the carrying capacity of the air shed for PM10, PM2.5 (particulate matter less than 2.5
microns) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH); and
determine the future time at which National Environment Protection Measure (NEPM) for Air Quality
objectives for these constituents will be met based on the current uptake of the program.
PM10 data from the DPIW station at Ti Tree Bend (1 km north of Launceston) from 1992 to 2003 were
analysed to determine the pattern and trends of elevated PM10 concentrations. The 24 hr averaged
PM10 levels were found to exceed the NEPM criterion of 50 g/m3 in all years, with the number of
exceedances from 7 49 per year. As expected, the exceedances are mainly clustered in late autumn
to winter months when winds are light and stable drainage flows inhibit mixing and dilution, and when
source emissions are at a maximum.
2.5.2 Measured Air Quality at Launceston (Ti Tree Bend)
In 2004, it was documented that approximately 50% of Launceston households rely on woodheaters as
their main source of heating, a much greater level of woodheater use than for other major and regional
cities in Australia - (Natural Heritage Trust, 2004).
2.5.3 Measured Air Quality at Rowella
The requirements of the Emission Limit Guidelines have required Gunns to install an AQMS (Air Quality
Monitoring Station) for the Draft IIS. The site is located at Rowella, directly across the Tamar River from
the proposed mill site. The siting of this station was determined in consultation with DPIW in order to

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-12
monitor likely exposure to pulp mill emissions at the closest population centre, and the considerations of
its selection at the Rowella site are detailed in a position paper to DPIW (refer Appendix 16, Volume 9).
The station at Rowella has been in operation since July 2005, and twelve months of validated data are
available at the time of the Draft IIS. It should be noted that the AQMS data from this site will not be
representative of the background air quality in TVAS dispersion is required to determine the spatial
variation in background air quality.
Table 2 gives the monitoring data statistics for the three Class 1 pollutants, SO2, NO2 and PM10. The
data is compared against the air shed criteria given in the NEPM, the DPIW Environment Protection
Policy (EPP) for Air Quality and the Emission Limit Guidelines.
Table 2: Monitoring AQ Data Rowella (July June 2006)
Statistic SO2 , ppb NO2 , ppb PM10, g/m3
1 hr 24 hr 1 hr 24 hr
Maximum 11.7 5.6 51.3 34.2
90th percentile 0.9 0.7 5.4 20.3
70th percentile 0.2 0.3 3.1 15.6
Mean 0.2 0.2 2.5 13.6
NEPM Objective 200 80 120 50
RPDC 200 - 160 -
DPIW 200 - 160 150
As can be seen in Table 2, the twelve month record at shows peak SO2 levels at ~6 % of the RPDC
emission limit guidelines / Air Quality EPP criteria, while the maximum 24 hr averaged value is ~6 % of
the NEPM 24 hr criterion.
The peak NO2 levels are at approximately 32 % of the RPDC emission limit guidelines / Air Quality EPP
criteria and approximately 43 % of the NEPM criterion. The mean values for SO2 at 1 hour and 24 hour
averages are respectively 0.1 % and 0.4 % of the NEPM criteria, and the mean NO2 value at 1 hour
average is 2 % of the NEPM criterion. Hence, for these two parameters at this AQMS, the air shed
capacity is not noticeably consumed by existing sources, with levels less than 2 % of the NEPM criteria.
The situation is different for PM10. Here, the peak value of 34.2 g/m3 represents approximately 23 % of
the Air Quality EPP criterion, and approximately 68 % of the NEPM air shed criterion. As shown later, a
significant fraction of this value (approximately 12 g/m3) is thought to be sourced from sea salt under
winds.
The measured 1 hour NO2, SO2 and PM10 data is also shown in Figure 2-9 as a function of concurrent
wind direction. As expected, all traces show elevated levels when the wind direction aligns to the TVAS
axis of approximately 135 / 315o. Under these conditions, emissions from sources within the air shed
move in-line and mix in the up or down valley flow. The pattern for NO2 shows little differential in the

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-13
elevated levels between up valley and down valley flow. However, in the SO2 graph, there is a clear
elevation of levels under up valley flows suggesting that the industry sources of SO2 in Bell Bay are the
main source.
A similar trend is seen in the PM10 data, however, this is considered due only in part to industry
emissions, and partly from sea salt.
The directional distribution of NO2, SO2 and PM10 concentrations when wind speeds exceed 8 m/s are
given in Figure 2-10. The incidence of strong winds is almost entirely confined to the north-west (up
valley) quadrant, and both SO2 and NO2 show lowered peak levels compared to those in Figure 2-9.
This is what will be expected from upwind fixed emission rate sources the increase in wind speed acts
to dilute concentrations downwind. The PM10 data does not show a similar reduction in peak levels, and
in contrast, shows a lower limit value of approximately 12 g/m3. This feature is what will be expected
from an upwind source of sea salt fine particles. As wind speed increases PM10 emissions from
breaking waves will increase, and the lower limit of measured PM10 shown in Figure 2-9 could be taken
to be the minimum contribution of sea salt to the PM10 levels.
Gunns has also commissioned ANSTO to conduct monitoring for PM2.5 at the AQMS. To date
preliminary unvalidated analysis results have been obtained from ANSTO for the period 14 December to
29 January, giving fourteen samples. From this analysis, it can be seen that where there is an elevated
incidence of north-west winds greater than 5 m/s the sodium levels expressed as a percentage of total
particulate mass are more than double the mean value. Similarly, where the incidence of north-west
winds and incidence of wind speed greater than 5 m/s is low the percentage sodium levels drop to
typically one third of the mean value. The preliminary data support the conclusion that sea salt forms a
significant fraction of fine particulates and that for some samples the sample is almost entirely sea salt
(Appendix 16, Volume 9).
2.5.4 Existing Air Quality
Without long-term air quality monitoring data it is not possible to be conclusive about defining the local air
quality. Based on the 12 months data collected to date, which includes winter to summer months, air
quality within the Rowella area would be considered good. The emissions from existing industry at Bell
Bay would not appear to be adversely affecting air quality. Anecdotal evidence is that the area does not
suffer similar particulate levels to Launceston, and that the impact of wood burning stoves in the city is
localised.
It is recognised that historical air emissions from Comalco and Temco did create air quality impacts
within the local airshed. The dieback of eucalypts on the Tippogoree Hills around George Town is
credited to fluoride emissions from Comalco. The incidence of respiratory illness, including asthma, was
historically higher than current levels. The reduction in respiratory effects is in part credited to improved
emission controls at these sites and better treatment methods (Dr Tim Mooney pers. comm.).
The Human Health Risk and Toxicological Assessment ((Appendix 21, Volume 10) undertaken for this
project assessed existing air quality in George Town based on modelled baseline air quality (as there are
no air quality monitoring stations in George Town). The report concluded:
Individual concentrations of SO2, NO2 and PM10 currently in the existing air shed are individually
below their respective health standards. However at a location in George Town close to the

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-14
existing industry precinct, the accumulation of all three chemicals can exceed the hazard index
assessment criteria. This does not mean health effects are probable or imminent in George Town.
However, it does indicate a better understanding of existing emissions, and air quality in the
George Town area is warranted. In reaching this conclusion it is noted the air dispersion modelling
of existing industry emissions may have over-estimated ground level concentrations. The
modelling used 2004 data, but since then the local industry has fitted additional pollution controls
designed to significantly reduce emissions. A community air quality monitor is to be installed at
the edge of George Town near the industry precinct. This will provide further data for dispersion
model validation and reduce the uncertainty regarding the accuracy of present predictions.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-15
Figure 2-9 Recorded
: 1-Hour Averages of NO 2, SO2 and PM10 Versus Wind Direction
GUNNS AQMS (July 2004 to June 2005)
Air Flow Directions Along Tamar Valley Airshed Axis.
NO2 Versus Wind Direction Towards From Bass

Bass Strait Strait
0.02
1-hour NOx Concentration (ppm)
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
Wind Direction
SO2 Versus Wind Direction

0.01
1-hour SOx Concentration (ppm)
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
Wind Direction
PM10 Versus Wind Direction

80
1-hour PM10 concnetration (ug/m3)
60
40
20
0
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
Wind Direction
Figure 2-10:Recorded 1-Hour Averages of NO 2, SO2 and PM10 Versus Wind Direction
GUNNS AQMS (July 2004 to June 2005)
For Wind Speeds Greater Than 8 m/s
Air Flow Directions Along Tamar Valley Airshed Axis.

NO2 Versus Wind Direction for Towards Bass From Bass
Wind Speeds Greater than 8m/s Strait Strait
0.02
1-hour NOx Concentration (ppm)
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
Wind Direction
SO2 Versus Wind Direction for Wind Speeds Greater than 8m/s
0.01
1-hour SOx Concentration (ppm)
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
Wind Direction
PM10 Versus Wind Direction for Wind Speeds Greater than 8m/s
80
1-hour PM10 concnetration (ug/m3)
60
40
20
Sea Salt?
0
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
Wind Direction
2.6 Geology and Soils
2.6.1 Geology
Specific assessment of the pulp mill geology is provided in the Geotechnical Investigations in
Appendix 62, Volume 18.
The general geology of the area is summarised on the Bell Bay 1:25,000 and Beaconsfield 1:63,360
geological maps. The area is dominated by a northwest trending graben structure formed by large-scale
normal faulting in the Tertiary. A major normal fault lies along the eastern edge of the Tamar Graben and
separates Jurassic dolerite on the eastern side, from Tertiary sediments and basalt on the western side.
The landfill area is dominated by Jurassic dolerite and is overlain by Quaternary colluvium consisting of
clays, sands, gravels and angular cobbles. The thickness of the colluvium diminishes away from the gully
floor. Outcrops occur extensively on the gully walls (Pitt and Sherry, 2006a).
A geotechnical investigation of the Bell Bay site was conducted by BFP Consultants Pty Ltd (BFP) for
Gunns. A series of boreholes were drilled in order to identify foundation design parameters and provides
a basis for making general recommendations associated with the construction of the pulp mill and related
structures (BFP, 2005). The findings of the geotechnical investigation are described below.
Extremely weathered to fresh Jurassic dolerite is the dominant geological formation underlying the Bell
Bay site. Weathering is predominantly concentrated along joint and fracture planes, which were found to
extend to considerable depth in each of the investigation boreholes (BFP, 2005).
The extremely weathered rock grades to highly/moderately rock with increasing depth. Similarly variable
in terms of areal extent and depth, the surface rock is pervasively weathered orange-brown. The rock
layer exists between a depth of zero to ten metres below the ground surface, with obvious
secondary/clay mineral development and iron staining affecting the whole of the rock substance. The
maximum thickness of the weathering profile appears to be up to 18 metres in the central portion of the
site at 70m above sea level and higher (BFP, 2005).
The dolerite becomes increasingly more massive and crystalline with depth. The slightly weathered to
fresh bluish-grey dolerite represents a highly competent founding medium even though it is jointed and
occasionally displays slight weather along the joint and fracture surfaces. Outcrops of dolerite are most
visible in the gully areas towards the northern and southern extent of the proposed main building area.
Outcrops of dolerite occur over most of the site (BFP, 2005).
Geotechnical testing (May 2006) at the wharf site has failed to find founding rock at depths to 44 m.
Results from the testing were unavailable at the time of writing the Draft IIS.
Geoconservation Areas
No geoconservation areas are listed on or surrounding the proposed development site (Parks and
Wildlife Service 2004). The nearest sites are the Stony Head Sandstone Type Locality and the Fold
Structure Strike Ridge which are located approximately 5 kilometres to the north-east of the Bell Bay pulp
mill site.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-18
2.6.2 Soils
Soil Types
The soils in the immediate area of the pulp mill were identified as part of the geotechnical investigation
conducted by BFP Consultants. The soil types are highly characteristic of dolerite decomposition. The
subsurface profile generally consists of a thin and occasionally cemented sand layer between zero and
one metre in thickness overlying a silty clay residual layer. This is representative of highly weathered
dolerite rock (BFP, 2005).
Spot samples revealed remnant primary rock fabric even though the clay otherwise possessed soil-like
qualities. The clay is deepest across the central portion of the site above R. L 70 and is between 0.5
metres and 6 metres in thickness. A maximum depth of 12 metres of silty clay was identified in the
central northern section of the site (BFP, 2005).
Soil types typically occurring in the landfill and quarry area are a variable thickness of Quaternary
colluvium consisting of clays, some sands, gravels and angular cobbles. The thickness of the colluvium
diminishes rapidly away from the gully floor. A thin layer of Quaternary alluvium is associated with
some of the drainage lines (Pitt and Sherry 2006a).
At the southern end and lowest point of the site, 7 m of colluvium and 22 m of weathered dolerite
overlying fresh dolerite were identified. At least 2 m of medium plasticity clay occurs in the saddle on the
north-western corner of the site. Elsewhere on the site, the colluvial material in the gully floor contains
limited amounts of clay mixed with broken dolerite and some pisolitic layers (Pitt and Sherry, 2006a).
Land Capability
Land capability classes are based on the capability of the land for long-term sustainable agricultural
production (Noble, 1992). There are seven classes for Tasmania.
The majority of the land in the immediate vicinity of the pulp mill is under class 6:
Land marginally suitable for grazing because of severe limitations. This land has low levels of
production, high risk of erosion, low natural fertility or other limitations that severely restrict agricultural
use.
The landfill, quarry and water reservoir area also dominantly in land class 6 and land class E. Land Class
E is:
Exclusion Areas Land other than Private Freehold and Leased Crown land e.g. State Forests, State
Reserves, Conservation Areas, etc.
Contaminated Soils
No known land uses within the Bell Bay site have resulted in land contamination.
Land use history prior to the 1950s has been discussed in the heritage assessment (Section 2.18) and
primarily relate to occasional grazing. In the 1950s, the Bell Bay site was developed by the State as a
premier industrial estate for aluminium production.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-19
The pulp mill site is included as part of land which has been retained by Comalco as a buffer and wildlife
sanctuary for approximately 50 years, during which time it has remained unutilised. The only
anthropogenic activities evident to have occurred on the site included construction of transmission lines,
water supply pipeline, road upgrade and communication infrastructure including optic fibre cables. There
is no evidence of any stockpiles, waste disposal or storage of materials that could be considered likely to
cause contamination. The site has been well traversed on foot and no potential sites have been
identified. Aerial photographs dating from the 1950s through to 1980s show no evidence of
anthropogenic activities other than construction of the above infrastructure and the adjacent woodchip
mills.
As a consequence of the above, no specific contaminated sites were considered to exist on the Bell Bay
site.
It was considered that there may have been potential for possible contamination of soil from historic
airborne discharges from the Comalco smelter, particularly prior to improved emission controls being
implemented. To this end, a representative surface soil sample was collected and analysed to determine
if any such contamination has occurred. A sample was collected from site S2 (Figure 2-11), and all
parameters returned concentrations below the limit of recording (LOR) except for metal concentrations
that returned concentration below the NEMP Environmental Investigation Levels (EILs) (Table 3-4). All
data has been presented in Appendix 41, Volume 14. Four additional surface samples were collected for
the pulp mill and landfill site to assess background levels for later comparison against potential Kraft pulp
mill emissions. Full results from the sample analysis are provided below and in detail in Appendix 41,
Volume 14.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-20
495000
Bell Bay Pulp Mill

0 100
-
200 300 400 500
.
!
Metres
.
! 1:15,000
!
.
.
! .
!
5445000
5445000
EA
ST
TA
M
AR
HI
G
HW
AY
B
EL
L
.
!
B
AY
LI
N
E
.
!
.
! .
!
_
^
LAUNCESTON
BEL
LB
AY
LIN
E
HOBART
FIGURE 2-11
495000
Legend
SOIL SAMPLE and
Pulp Mill Project Site River Railway Roads
Date: 16/06/06
Projection: Map Grid of Australia Builtup Area Outfall Dam National/State Highway
GROUNDWATER
Zone 55, GDA94 Workers Accommodation Water Supply Pipeline Gas Pipe - Local Major Arterial Road
SAMPLE SITES
www.thelist.tas.gov.au,all other infrastructure supplied Quarry Effluent Pipeline Leachate Pipeline Arterial Road
by Gunns Pty Ltd Access Road
File: M:\41\14346\gis\map\final\vol_2\ Water Reservoir Landfill Boundary Transmission Line
fig2_11_soil_groundwater_sample_sties.mxd Groundwater Bore sites Mill Layout
.
!
Table 3: Soil Chemical Concentrations Recorded from the Pulp Mill Site
Analyte grouping / Analyte Units LOR EIL Guideline* S2
Total Metals
Aluminium mg/kg 50 3170
Antimony mg/kg 5 <5
Arsenic mg/kg 5 20 <5
Barium mg/kg 10 20
Beryllium mg/kg 1 <1
Boron mg/kg 50 <50
Cadmium mg/kg 1 3 <1
Calcium mg/kg 50 640
Chromium mg/kg 2 50 5
Cobalt mg/kg 2 <2
Copper mg/kg 5 60 5
Fluoride (soluble) mg/l 1 8
Fluoride (total) mg/l 40 <40
Iron mg/kg 50 21000
Lead mg/kg 5 300 <5
Manganese mg/kg 5 350
Magnesium mg/kg 50 190
Mercury mg/kg 0.1 1 <0.1
Molybdenum mg/kg 2 <2
Nickel mg/kg 2 60 2
Phosphorus mg/kg 50 <50
Potassium mg/kg 50 160
Selenium mg/kg 5 <5
Silver mg/kg 2 <2
Sodium mg/kg 50 80
Strontium mg/kg 2 10
Sulphur as S mg/kg 50 80
Tin mg/kg 5 <5

Titanium mg/kg 10 120
Vanadium mg/kg 5 36
Zinc mg/kg 5 200 <5
* (NEPC, 1999)

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-22
Table 4: Additional Soil Sampling
LOR Landfill Pulp Mill
Analyte SS1A SS2A SS3A SS4A EIL Guideline*
Sodium mg/kg 10 750 360 320 190
Antimony mg/kg 5 <5 <5 <5 <5
Arsenic mg/kg 5 <5 <5 <5 <5 20
Cadmium mg/kg 1 <1 <1 <1 <1 3
Titanium mg/kg 10 230 210 270 50
Mercury mg/kg 0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 1
Fluoride mg/kg 40 60 60 40 40
* (NEPC, 1999)
There are no EIL values for fluoride in soil. Elevated atmospheric fluoride is known to cause impacts to
sensitive vegetation species (Doley et al, 2004) and can affect some fauna grazing continually on
vegetation affected by airborne fluoride deposition. Fluorides in soils are however considered a low risk
to flora, fauna and humans dependant on the soil for food (Doley et al, 2004).
Potential Acid Sulphate Soils

Acid Sulphate Soils (ASS) occur mostly on coastal floodplains, black swamps, remnant saltwater lagoons
and lakes, typically in environments rich in sulphate, iron and organic matter (Gurung, 2001). They also
typically occur in coastal areas less than five metres average height datum (AHD).
The Distribution of Acid Sulphate Soils in Tasmania map (Gurung, 2001) indicates no ASS have been
recorded near the pulp mill, wharf and landfill site. The map also indicates that coastal sediments with
the potential to host ASS are not located in the pulp mill area.
2.6.3 Land Stability and Landslip
The landslip classification under the Tamar Valley Area is Class I Generally stable ground on "hard"
rocks; weathered hard rocks with thin soil cover (Mineral Resources Tasmania, 2002).
2.7 Water Quality and Hydrology
2.7.1 Groundwater
Groundwater occurs in fracture zones within the dolerite, particularly the faults and major joint planes.
Discharges from these deeper rock aquifers are likely to be into the Tamar River via the major fracture
systems associated with faults (Pitt and Sherry, 2006a). Groundwater is also likely to occur as seasonally
perched water within the sandy and gravelly layers in the colluvium and as unconfined aquifers in
hydrologic connection with associated drainage lines in the Quaternary alluvium and colluvium.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-23
In order to assess the nature of groundwater within the Bell Bay site, sample boreholes were established
within and around the pulp mill footprint and the proposed landfill site. The locations of these boreholes
are shown in Figure 2-11. Two of these boreholes were established as groundwater monitoring sites.
Logs from geotechnical investigations have also been utilised.
The following analysis is based on limited site investigations and a single comprehensive groundwater
sampling event at each site. The Draft IIS recognises that additional, long term, groundwater sampling
will be required to achieve a detailed temporal and spatial understanding of groundwater conditions. It is
also recognised that the initial geotechnical investigations in particular were undertaken during an
extended drought period and that, borehole observations will have been affected by these conditions. As
there are no groundwater users adjacent to the site, the spatial area of influence is limited and the
ecological implications of an appropriately managed site are minimal. These limitations are not
considered significant constraints to the impact analysis.
Groundwater Quality at the Pulp Mill Site

Based on findings noted during the geotechnical assessment undertaken in February 2005, groundwater
levels at the pulp mill site were observed as varied. Monitoring bore holes in the south east corner of the
site (north of Williams Creek) at 50 metres reduced level indicated groundwater depths ranging from 2.6
metres to 25 metres (BFP 2005) during drilling. Only one non-monitoring borehole encountered
groundwater.
Groundwater quality sampling of the pulp mill site was undertaken by GHD on 14 October 2005. Two
water samples were collected from two borehole sites located adjacent to the proposed eastern
boundary.
Water samples were analysed for the following contaminants:
Total Metals;
Nutrients;
Nonionic Surfactants;
Anionic Surfactants;
Triazines;
Monocyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons;
Oxygenated Compounds;
Sulfonated Compounds;
Fumigants;
Halogenated Aliphatic Compounds;
Halogenated Aromatic Compounds;
Trihalomethanes;
Naphthalene;
Phenolic Compounds;
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons;

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-24
Phthalate Esters;
Nitrosamines;
Nitroaromatics and Ketones;
Haloethers;
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons;
Anilines and Benzidines;
Organochlorin Pesticides;
Organophosphorus Pesticides; and
Phenoxyacetic Acid Herbicides.
Water samples returned concentrations below the limit of reporting (LOR) for all parameters except for
metals, nutrients and a phthalate ester compound. All data is presented in Appendix 41, Volume 14.
Parameters that recorded concentrations above the LOR are presented in Table 5.
Table 5: Groundwater Contaminant Concentrations Recorded from the Pulp Mill Site
Parameter Units LOR Site S1 Site S2
Total Metals
Aluminium mg/L 0.01 0.17 0.01
Antimony mg/L 0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Arsenic mg/L 0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Beryllium mg/L 0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Barium mg/L 0.001 0.004 0.044
Bismuth mg/L 0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Cadmium mg/L 0.0001 <0.0001 0.0004
Cerium mg/L 0.001 <0.001 0.003
Caesium mg/L 0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Chromium mg/L 0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Cobalt mg/L 0.001 0.001 0.019
Copper mg/L 0.001 0.001 0.004
Dysprosium mg/L 0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Erbium mg/L 0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Europium mg/L 0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Gadolinium mg/L 0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Gallium mg/L 0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Hafnium mg/L 0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-25
Holmium mg/L 0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Indium mg/L 0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Lanthanum mg/L 0.001 <0.001 0.001
Lead mg/L 0.001 <0.001 0.002
Lithium mg/L 0.001 0.016 0.02
Lutetium mg/L 0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Manganese mg/L 0.001 2.14 0.84
Molybdenum mg/L 0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Neodymium mg/L 0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Nickel mg/L 0.001 0.002 0.024
Praseodymium mg/L 0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Rubidium mg/L 0.001 0.006 0.024
Samarium mg/L 0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Selenium mg/L 0.01 <0.010 <0.010
Silver mg/L 0.001 <0.005 <0.005
Strontium mg/L 0.001 0.733 2.02
Tellurium mg/L 0.005 <0.005 <0.005
Terbium mg/L 0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Thallium mg/L 0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Thorium mg/L 0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Thulium mg/L 0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Tin mg/L 0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Titanium mg/L 0.01 <0.01 0.01
Uranium mg/L 0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Vanadium mg/L 0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Ytterbium mg/L 0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Yttrium mg/L 0.001 <0.001 0.002
Zinc mg/L 0.005 0.007 0.05
Zirconium mg/L 0.005 <0.005 <0.005
Boron mg/L 0.05 <0.05 <0.05
Iron mg/L 0.05 3.16 0.85
Mercury mg/L 0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-26
Nutrients
Nitrite + Nitrate as N mg/L 0.01 <0.010 0.039
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen

as N mg/L 0.1 1.9 0.8
Total Nitrogen as N mg/L 0.1 1.9 0.9
Total Phosphorus as P mg/L 0.01 4.54 0.53
Phthalate Esters
bis(2-ethylhexyl)
phthalate g/L 20 <20 40
Metals concentrations above the LOR were recorded for aluminium, barium cadmium, cerium, cobalt,
copper, lanthanum, lead, lithium, manganese, nickel, rubidium, strontium, titanium, yttrium, zinc and iron.
Total nitrogen exhibited relatively high concentrations, recording 0.9 and 1.9 mg/L from the two samples.
Interestingly, phosphorous recorded a large variation between the two sites, recording 0.53 and 4.54
mg/L for S2 and S1 respectively.
In addition, the phthalate ester, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was also recorded returning a concentration
of 40 g/L at site S2. This compound is a placticisers (makes plastic more flexible) and would not
typically be found in uncontaminated groundwater. This suggests that there may either be a localised
source of groundwater contamination, or more likely, cross-contamination during sampling or laboratory
analysis. Additional monitoring will establish if these values are repeated.
Groundwater Quality at the Landfill Site

Three groundwater monitoring bores (piezometers) were installed within the landfill site over the period
from the 9th to the 23rd March 2005. The bores are numbered PDH1 to PDH3. The locations of the
bores are shown in Drawing H05069-R1 in Appendix 55, Volume 16.
To date, water levels in the bores have been measured on three different occasions and yields have
been measured on two different occasions. The results are shown in Table 6.
The drilling contractors measured the rate of groundwater inflow into the piezometers on 12 April 2005.
The results of the testing indicated yields of 0.2 L/min in PDH1, 1.3 L/min in PDH2 and 0.3 L/min in
PDH3.
Pitt and Sherry undertook further yield testing in the three piezometers prior to water quality sampling on
14 April 2005. The method used involved pumping the water out and measuring the rate of recovery of
the groundwater inflow.
The results from this testing were similar to the initial yield testing in all the bores except for PDH2, where
the yield was estimated at approximately half the rate that it had been estimated from the initial yield
testing undertaken two days prior. This might be due to the methods used. With the first method of
blasting air into the bore, it may not be as easy to accurately monitor the flow rate compared to the
steady pumping method. In addition, the air blasting method could have had a temporary effect on the
flow rate by changing the pressure conditions within the borehole and hence temporarily altering flow
conditions. Because PDH2 encountered highly fractured zones, the air pressure applied from the first

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-27
method of yield testing is more likely to have had a temporary impact on the flow conditions within that
bore when compared with the other bores.
Table 6: Water levels and yields in site groundwater bores
Borehole Water level during Piezometer Water level below ground Yield
drilling screen depth surface
23/03/05 14/04/05 12/09/05 12/04/05 14/04/05
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (L/min) (L/min)
PDH1 12.45 15 30 12.45 16.18 9.35 0.2 0.01
(23/03/05)
PDH2 approximately 8 8.5 29.8 2.78 1.68 1.3 0.6
(12/04/05)
PDH3 5.0 5.0 8.0 2.97 1.60 0.3 0.2
(12/04/05)
The borehole investigations indicate that there was a strong gradient in the water table moving from the
upper end of the proposed landfill footprint to the lower end. At the upper end, groundwater was over
10 m below the ground surface, while at the lower end it approached closer than 2 m below the ground
surface. Groundwater yields at the lower end were an order of magnitude higher than they were at the
upper end.
These results suggest that groundwater flows much more freely through the more fractured rock
underneath the lower end of the site than it does through the less fractured rock at the upper end.
The yield investigations were undertaken during a period of dry weather. Total rainfall at the Low Head
meteorological station during the January to March quarter of 2005 (preceding the investigations) was 60
mm, compared with a long-term mean of 116 mm. In wetter conditions, groundwater flow, and hence
yields in the bores, could be expected to be greater than that observed during the site investigations.
The extent to which higher flows could lead to a raising of the water table is not known, and cannot be
known until a dataset of bore observations over a prolonged period and a wide range of weather
conditions have been collected. However, the relative difference in groundwater flows and levels
between the upper and lower ends of the landfill site could reasonably be expected to remain.
As will be described in Chapter 11, the conceptual design for the landfill is for a sequence of cells to be
progressively constructed from the upper end of the landfill to the lower end. The lower end cell will not
be built until approximately 8 years after the commencement of operations. During this time, there will be
regular monitoring of the water levels in the bores and a comprehensive dataset will have been
established. Should these data suggest a risk of the water table contacting the bottom liner of the
landfill, a drainage layer will need to be constructed underneath the liner.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-28
Comparison of groundwater samples from the site with ecosystem guidelines and drinking water
guidelines (ANZECC (2000), Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality
shows elevated aluminium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, manganese and conductivity. The heavy
metals were only elevated in the shallower PDH2, not PDH3. This difference has no ready explanation
on available data. Pre-operational monitoring will provide additional information on the concentration of
these metals over time.
Manganese is at or above the recommended limit for drinking water in both the shallow and the deep
bores. However, as noted in the guidelines, this is a common natural occurrence in Australian soils, and
the limit is set for aesthetics (taste) not toxicity.
The high TDS (810 3140 mg/L) of the bore water is difficult to explain, and is unexpected in dolerite.
Laboratory and field measurements concur, indicating that the results are unlikely to be measurement
artefacts. In the 14/04/2005 sampling analysis, there was a stoichiometric imbalance between the cation
and anion analytes, which accounted for less than 50% of the total dissolved solids (TDS). However, the
29/09/2005 sampling analysis showed a reasonable balance between the cations and anions.
Other bores in the George Town area to the north have recorded TDS levels of 582 and 320 mg/L but
bores in the Mount Direction area to the south have recorded TDS levels of 1330 and 830 mg/L. The
latter suggest that high TDS levels may be a feature of the groundwater in the hills on the eastern side of
the Tamar. However, a much more comprehensive dataset will be needed before this could be
confirmed (Pitt and Sherry 2006a).
The drinking water guidelines note that water with TDS levels below 500 mg/L is of good quality, water
with 500-1,000 mg/L TDS is acceptable based on taste but above 1,000 mg/L TDS, the taste may be
unacceptable. If the measured levels are true representations of the areas groundwater quality, the
potential use of the groundwater as a potable water supply may be limited by the naturally high salinity.
Naturally high background conductivity in the groundwater will also mean that any high conductivity
leachate leakage will represent a lower impact risk than if background conductivity was low.
A borehole at the southern end of the site intersected a highly fractured zone from 24 to 28 m, which is a
potential groundwater passage (Pitt and Sherry, 2006a).
Groundwater is also likely to occur as seasonally perched water within the sandy and gravelly layers in
the colluvium and as unconfined aquifers in hydrologic connection with associated drainage lines in the
Quaternary alluvium and colluvium (Pitt and Sherry, 2006a).
Table 7: Ground water contaminant concentrations recorded from proposed landfill site
Matrix: Units LOR Site L1 Site L2 Site L3
Total Metals
Aluminium mg/L 0.01 75.3 0.02 <0.01
Antimony mg/L 0.001 <0.010 <0.001 <0.001
Arsenic mg/L 0.001 <0.010 <0.001 <0.001
Beryllium mg/L 0.001 <0.010 <0.001 <0.001
Barium mg/L 0.001 0.197 0.039 0.032

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-29
Bismuth mg/L 0.001 <0.010 <0.001 <0.001
Cadmium mg/L 0.0001 <0.0010 <0.0001 <0.0001
Cerium mg/L 0.001 0.082 <0.001 <0.001
Caesium mg/L 0.001 <0.010 <0.001 <0.001
Chromium mg/L 0.001 0.441 <0.001 <0.001
Cobalt mg/L 0.001 0.215 0.025 0.02
Copper mg/L 0.001 0.124 <0.001 <0.001
Dysprosium mg/L 0.001 <0.010 <0.001 <0.001
Erbium mg/L 0.001 <0.010 <0.001 <0.001
Europium mg/L 0.001 <0.010 <0.001 <0.001
Gadolinium mg/L 0.001 <0.010 <0.001 <0.001
Gallium mg/L 0.001 0.014 <0.001 <0.001
Hafnium mg/L 0.01 <0.10 <0.01 <0.01
Holmium mg/L 0.001 <0.010 <0.001 <0.001
Indium mg/L 0.001 <0.010 <0.001 <0.001
Lanthanum mg/L 0.001 0.029 <0.001 <0.001
Lead mg/L 0.001 0.052 <0.001 <0.001
Lithium mg/L 0.001 <0.010 0.002 0.002
Lutetium mg/L 0.001 <0.010 <0.001 <0.001
Manganese mg/L 0.001 0.969 0.713 0.527
Molybdenum mg/L 0.001 <0.010 0.002 0.002
Neodymium mg/L 0.001 0.023 <0.001 <0.001
Nickel mg/L 0.001 0.245 0.014 0.012
Praseodymium mg/L 0.001 <0.010 <0.001 <0.001
Rubidium mg/L 0.001 0.043 0.003 0.003
Samarium mg/L 0.001 <0.010 <0.001 <0.001
Selenium mg/L 0.01 <0.050 <0.010 <0.010
Silver mg/L 0.001 <0.010 <0.005 <0.005
Strontium mg/L 0.001 0.157 0.52 0.505
Tellurium mg/L 0.005 <0.050 <0.005 <0.005
Terbium mg/L 0.001 <0.010 <0.001 <0.001

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-30
Thallium mg/L 0.001 <0.010 <0.001 <0.001
Thorium mg/L 0.001 <0.010 <0.001 <0.001
Thulium mg/L 0.001 <0.010 <0.001 <0.001
Tin mg/L 0.001 <0.010 <0.001 <0.001
Titanium mg/L 0.01 0.71 <0.01 <0.01
Uranium mg/L 0.001 <0.010 0.003 0.003
Vanadium mg/L 0.01 0.44 <0.01 <0.01
Ytterbium mg/L 0.001 <0.010 <0.001 <0.001
Yttrium mg/L 0.001 0.041 <0.001 <0.001
Zinc mg/L 0.005 0.164 0.007 0.009
Zirconium mg/L 0.005 <0.050 <0.005 <0.005
Boron mg/L 0.05 <0.10 <0.05 <0.05
Iron mg/L 0.05 84.1 0.53 0.28
Mercury mg/L 0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001
Nutrients
Nitrite + Nitrate as N mg/L 0.01 0.103 0.01 0.01
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen as N mg/L 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.2
Total Nitrogen as N mg/L 0.1 0.6 0.4 0.2
Total Phosphorus as P mg/L 0.01 0.4 0.15 0.09
Metal concentrations above the LOR were recorded for aluminium, barium, cerium, chromium, copper,
cobalt, gallium, lanthanum, lead, lithium, manganese, molybdenum, neodymium, nickel rubidium,
strontium, titanium, vanadium, yttrium, zinc and iron. Total nitrogen recorded concentrations ranging from
0.2 to 0.6 mg/L, and total phosphorous recorded concentrations of between 0.09 and 0.4 mg/L.
Additional Baseline data
Three additional water samples were collected to provide baseline data for operational leachate
monitoring. Samples LL1, LL2 and a duplicate LL3 were sampled from identical borehole locations to
ground water samples L1, L2 and L3. Samples were analysed for the following parameters:
pH Value;
Total Alkalinity;
Dissolved Major Anions;
Chloride;
Dissolved Major Cations;

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-31
Total Metals;
Fluoride;
Nutrients;
Total Organic Carbon;
Fumigants;
Halogenated Aliphatic Compounds;
Halogenated Aromatic Compounds;
Trihalomethanes; and
Phenolic Compounds.
Parameter concentrations that recorded above the LOR are presented in Table 7. All other data is
presented in Appendix 55, Volume 16.
Table 8: Parameter concentrations recorded from baseline water samples at proposed land
fill site collected for comparison with future operational leachate monitoring
Parameter Units LOR LL1 LL2 LL3
pH Value pH Unit 0.01 6.64 6.93 6.91
Total Alkalinity mg/L 1 43 266 267
Dissolved Major Anions
Sulphate as SO4 2- mg/L 1 9 56 56
Chloride mg/L 1 62 852 868
Major Cations
Calcium mg/L 1 8 116 114
Magnesium mg/L 1 9 153 153
Sodium mg/L 1 41 350 350
Potassium mg/L 1 <1 2 2
Total Metals
Manganese mg/L 0.001 0.03 1.07 0.753
Iron mg/L 0.05 <0.05 54.6 10.2
Fluoride mg/L 0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
Ammonia as N mg/L 0.01 0.02 0.07 0.182
Nitrite as N mg/L 0.01 0.042 <0.010 <0.010
Nitrate as N mg/L 0.01 <0.010 <0.010 0.032
Nitrite + Nitrate as N mg/L 0.01 0.051 <0.010 0.032
Total Organic Carbon mg/L 1 <1 9 7

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-32
2.7.2 Drainage and Catchments
The pulp mill and the majority of associated infrastructure are located within the Tamar Estuary
Catchment. The Tamar Estuary covers an area of approximately 10,000 square kilometres. The
freshwater source is predominantly from the South Esk River and this flows downstream to Trevallyn
Dam, Launceston, along the Tamar Valley and to the mouth of the river near Low Head, entering Bass
Strait (Figure 2-12).
The largest sub-catchment within the Tamar Estuary catchment is the South Esk Basin. This comprises
the Macquarie, Meander and South Esk Rivers.
The North Esk sub catchment occupies a considerably smaller area of approximately 500 600 km2.
The Tamar Estuary is predominantly semi-diurnal (with two high tides and two low tides per tidal day of
approximately 24 hours); and occasionally diurnal (with one low tide and one high tide per 24 hours) with
strong influences from tides within Bass Strait.
A more detailed discussion on the Tamar Estuary is provided in Volume 1, Chapter 4.
Filtered stormwater from the existing Gunns north and south woodchip mills is currently irrigated to
vegetated areas south of the mills. Stormwater was previously discharged to the Tamar River and has
been monitored as part of license agreements with DPIW.
The proposed landfill, quarry and water reservoir are located within the Williams Creek subcatchment
which drains the central portion of the Tippogoree Hills and flows south-east before changing direction, to
flow west into the Tamar River immediately north of the Gunns woodchip mills (Coffey, 1996), between
the woodchip mill and the pulp mill site.
The Bell Bay site drains entirely into the Tamar River.
2.7.3 Water Infrastructure
No dams are located on the pulp mill site or landfill area. The nearest sizable dam is the Lauriston Dam
located on the east of the East Tamar Highway approximately 4 km north of current access to the
woodchip mill. Numerous small farm dams are located across the river on the Rowella peninsula.
Trevallyn Dam is located approximately 40 kilometres south of the pulp mill site. Trevallyn Dam provides
water to the Launceston area. The capacity of Trevallyn Dam is 8.54 GL million m3. Esk Water have a
deep well vertical turbine pump station on the eastern abutment of Trevallyn Dam, which feeds water via
two 450 mm diameter steel mains to the Prospect and Reatta Water Treatment Plant (WTP).
The Curries River Dam provides raw water for industries at Bell Bay. Curries River Dam holds
approximately 12 GL and is sourced from the North Esk System. Water is drawn from the dam and is
pumped to Bell Bay via an 8 km pipeline. The capacity of the pumps is 40 ML per day. At Bell Bay, the
water can be distributed to industries without further treatment or can be diverted to the Bell Bay
Treatment Plant and distributed along the North Esk trunk pipeline to Bell Bay and George Town.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-33
2.7.4 Water Quality
Water quality monitoring programs have been conducted in the Tamar River by various stakeholders
since the early 1970s. These programs have generally been undertaken independently, with a focus on
specific water quality issues of interest to the stakeholder commissioning the study. Key stakeholders
responsible for conducting water quality investigations in the Tamar River have included:
DPIW (1971 2005);

Launceston City Council (1988 1996);
Industry (various); and
Tertiary education institutions (various).
The DPIW has been conducting long-term water quality monitoring programs at various locations
throughout the Tamar River since 1971.
Although the scope of these programs have varied over temporal and spatial scales, an overview of
water quality processes and status in the Tamar is provided through a review of the most recent
available water quality data supplied by DPIW for the period between 1990 2004 and the review
conducted by Pirzl and Coughanowr (1997). Other authors who have contributed to the understanding of
water quality in the Tamar include Ritz et al, (1980), Foster et al., (1986), Gawne and Richardson (1992),
Lara and Neira (2003) and Aquenal (2004).
The following sections provide an appraisal of water quality data supplied by DPIW for the period
between 1990 and 2004 (DPIW, 2005) and a summary of key findings identified by Pirzl and
Coughanowr (1997).

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-34
480000 490000
Bell Bay Pulp Mill

/
0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5
B
EL
L
Ti
B
pp
AY
og Kilometers
LI
N
o
E
re 1:65,000
e
Bell Bay Fo Hi
lls
urM
ile
E
LIN
AY
Cr
LB
ee
BEL
k
Ta
m
a rR
i ve
Beauty Point r Proposed Pulp Mill
_
^
AY
HW
HIG
AR
TAM
Rowella
ST
WE
Ea
st
Ta
arm
Hig
k
hw
re e
5440000
5440000
ay
eC
Appin Creek
as
ek
Pe
k
re
ee
C
Cr
y
Beaconsfield
nd
n
pi
ra
ek
Ap
B
ek
C re
C re
ndy
b ur y
B ra
Sa lis
Sa lis bury Cr
_
^
eek
LAUNCESTON
Jo hn s to
n Cree k
HOBART
FIGURE 2-12
MAJOR
480000 490000
Legend
WATER
Date: 16/06/06
Projection: Map Grid of Australia River Roads
Zone 55, GDA94 _
COURSES
Railway National/State Highway
Source: Base data supplied by the LIST - www.thelist.tas.gov.au, Effluent Pipeline
all other infrastructure supplied by Gunns Pty Ltd Water Pipeline Major Arterial Road
File: M:\41\14346\gis\map\final\vol_2\ Outfall
fig2_12_major_water_courses.mxd Arterial Road
Landfill Boundary
Water quality in the Tamar Estuary: 1990 - 2004
The following section provides an overview of the most recently available water quality data for the
Tamar River (DPIW, 2005). Water quality data comprising: total metals; nutrients total suspended solids;
chlorophyll-a; and physicochemical parameters were collected by DPIW between 1990 and 2004 from
several sites located along the Tamar River. Eight of these sites have been selected for this assessment
given their spatial relevance to the project. These locations were as follows (Figure 2-13):
Hebe Reef (located 2 km offshore from the Tamar River mouth);
Anchor Point;
Big Bay Point;
Batman Bridge;
Home Reach;
Yacht Club;
North Esk River; and
South Esk River.
Monitoring locations between Hebe Reef and Batman Bridge are considered estuarine. Water quality in
Home Reach is brackish, although during high flow events it may comprise entirely of fresh water (Pirzl
and Coughanowr, 1997). Graphical results of the analysis are provided in Appendix 55, Volume 16.
Water quality data for each parameter were grouped according to monitoring location and pooled over
the respective collection period for each parameter. Where relevant, water quality data was assessed
against both estuarine (marine) and low land rivers (freshwater) ANZECC / ARMCANZ (2000) National
Water Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Ecosystems (95% protection of species with a
50% confidence limit).
Key findings for total metals, nutrients, suspended solids, chlorophyll-a and physicochemical data are
summarized below.
Total Metals
Metal parameters monitored between 1990 and 2004 include aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, cobalt,
copper, chromium, lead, nickel, manganese, iron, manganese and zinc.
Elevated aluminium concentrations were detected from several monitoring stations in the upper and
middle reaches of the Tamar River, particularly the North Esk monitoring location. Median aluminium
concentrations downstream of this site to Batman Bridge exceeded the ANZECC (2000) freshwater
guideline value of 55 g/L. Estuarine guideline values for aluminium are not included in the ANZECC
(2000) guidelines.
Median concentrations of iron and manganese ranged between 135 1745 g/l and 7 - 106 g/l
respectively. Both contaminants were relatively elevated at the North Esk, Yacht Club and Home Reach
monitoring locations. ANZECC (2000) des not specify estuarine or freshwater guideline values for these
two contaminants.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-36
470000 480000 Five
490000 Mile Bluff 500000 510000 520000
Bass Strait
Bell Bay Pulp Mill

Hebe Reef
Low Head
?
!
0 1
/2 3 4 5
Kilometers
Greens Beach
George Town 1:200,000
5450000
5450000
B
EL
L
Y
BA
LIN
Anchor Point T E
ama Big Bay Point
?
! rR Proposed Pulp Mill
ive ?
!
r
Beauty Point _
^ RTH E AST ERN L INE
Rowella NO
5440000
5440000
Beaconsfield
Beaconsfield
Batman Bridge
?
!
NE
LI
R N
TE
AS
5430000
5430000
Gravelly Beach
E
R TH
NO
BE
LL
_
^
B AY
LAUNCESTON
5420000
5420000
LIN
E
HOBART Home Reach
?
! Tamar Street Bridge
Tamar Yacht Club !
FIGURE 2-13
?
First Basin-Sth Esk
?
!
WATER
Launceston
?
!
470000
Legend
480000 490000 500000 510000 520000
QUALITY
SAMPLE
Date: 16/06/06
Projection: Map Grid of Australia Outfall
Zone 55, GDA94
Source: Rivers supplied by the LIST - www.thelist.tas.gov.au,
_
Major Road
SITES
Roads and Rail data sourced from CData 2001, National/State Highway
all other infrastructure supplied by Gunns Pty Ltd.
Railway
Major Arterial Road
File: M:\41\14346\gis\map\final\vol_1\ Water Quality Sample Sites
fig2_13_water_quality_sample_sites.mxd Arterial Road ?
!
River
Elevated zinc concentrations were also detected in the upper reaches at the Yacht Club, North Esk and
Home Reach locations. Median zinc concentrations recorded from these locations exceeded the
ANZECC (2000) freshwater guideline value of 8 g/L. Median zinc concentrations for all locations
(excluding North Esk) met the ANZECC (2000) marine guideline value of 15 ug/L.
Cobalt, chromium and nickel concentrations generally remained low during the monitoring period.
Episodic elevated concentrations of cobalt (1185 ug/l) and chromium (66 ug/l) were recorded from the
North Esk and Batman Bridge monitoring locations respectively. Concentrations of chromium and nickel
exceeded ANZECC (2000) guideline values once during the monitoring period. ANZECC (2000) does not
specify estuarine guideline values for cobalt.
Concentrations of cadmium did not exceed laboratory limits of reporting of between 0.7 and 5 ug/l.
Copper and lead occasionally returned concentrations above the LOR of between 1 and 5 ug/l for copper
and between 5 and 10 ug/l for lead during the monitoring period. ANZECC (2000) guideline values for
these contaminants are less than the laboratory limits of reporting, except for the cadmium guideline for
marine water areas of 5.5 ug/l, preventing accurate compliance assessment for these contaminants.
Concentrations of mercury, manganese and arsenic ranged between <0.05 and 0.24 g/L, 1 and 518
g/L and <1 and <30 g/L respectively. Concentrations of these contaminants remained compliant with
relevant ANZECC (2000) guideline values at all monitoring locations except at two sites at Big Bay Point
and Anchor Point, which returned LOR concentrations above the ANZECC 2000 guideline of 24 g/L
(but below 30 g/L).
Dissolved Metals
Dissolved metal parameters monitored between 1990 and 2004 include aluminium, arsenic, cadmium,
cobalt, copper, chromium, lead, nickel, manganese, iron and zinc.
All median dissolved metal concentrations at all sites were found to be compliant with ANZECC 2000
guideline default trigger values, except for aluminium. Median dissolved aluminium concentrations
ranged from <20 (LOR) to 58 g/L. A median concentration of 58 g/L recorded at North Esk exceeded
ANZECC 2000 default trigger values of 55 g/L for freshwater systems.
Zinc exceeded the ANZECC guideline of 8 g/L and 15 g/L for freshwater systems and marine water
systems respectively at the Yacht Club during one sampling event.
Cobalt and copper occasionally exceeded guideline default trigger values for freshwater and marine
systems although ANZECC (2000) guideline values for these contaminants are less than the laboratory
limits of reporting of between 1 and 5 g/L, preventing accurate compliance assessment for these
contaminants. Cadmium and lead returned LOR concentrations above ANZECC (2000) guidelines for all
sites, again preventing accurate compliance assessment.
All remaining dissolved metal concentrations for arsenic, cadmium, chromium, manganese and nickel
were below ANZECC (2000) guidelines for all sites.
Nutrients
Nutrient parameters monitored between 1990 and 2004 include ammonium, total nitrogen, filterable
reactive phosphorous and total phosphorus.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-38
Concentrations of ammonia, total nitrogen, reactive phosphorus and total phosphorus generally
increased upstream from the estuary mouth.
Median ammonium concentrations ranged between 6 g/L at Hebe Reef to 87 g/L recorded from the
North Esk monitoring location. Excluding the South Esk monitoring location, median concentrations of
ammonium exceeded ANZECC (2000) guidelines for lowland river systems (20ug/l) and estuarine
systems (15 ug/l) systems upstream from Batman Bridge.
Median total nitrogen concentrations ranged between 239 g/l at Anchor Point and 675 g/L recorded at
the North Esk monitoring location. Median concentrations of total nitrogen exceeded ANZECC (2000)
guidelines for freshwater systems (500 ug/l) in the upper reaches between Home Reach and the Yacht
Club. Median concentrations of total nitrogen exceeded ANZECC (2000) guidelines for marine systems
(300 ug/l) at the Batman Bridge monitoring location.
Median reactive phosphorous concentrations ranged between 5 g/l at Hebe Reef and 37 g/l at South
Esk. Median concentrations of reactive phosphorous exceed ANZECC (2000) guidelines for lowland river
environments (20 g/l) at south Esk, the Yacht Club and North Esk monitoring locations. Median
concentrations of reactive phosphorous exceeded ANZECC (2000) guidelines for estuarine systems (5
g/l) at all sites except Hebe Reef.
Median total phosphorus concentrations ranged between 25 g/l at Anchor Point and 116 g/l recorded
from the South Esk monitoring location. Median concentrations of total phosphorus exceeded ANZECC
(2000) guidelines for lowland river systems (50 ug/l) in the South Esk, North Esk and Yacht Club
monitoring locations. Median concentrations of total phosphorus exceeded ANZECC (2000) guidelines
for estuarine systems (30 ug/l) at South Esk, North Esk, the Yacht Club, Home Reach and Batman
Bridge monitoring locations.
Total suspended solids
Total suspended solids recorded median concentrations ranging between 1 mg/L at South Esk and 48
mg/L at North Esk monitoring locations. Monitoring locations downstream of Batman Bridge recorded
median concentrations of 5 mg/L.
Chlorophyll-a
Chlorophyll-a concentrations were generally low across all monitoring locations, with median
concentrations for all locations meeting relevant ANZECC (2000) guideline values.
Physicochemical parameters
Physicochemical water quality parameters monitored between 1990 and 2004 include salinity, dissolved
oxygen, turbidity and pH.
Median salinity values decreased from 35 ppt, which is typical for seawater, at Hebe Reef, to 0 ppt (parts
per thousand) at Home Reach and the Yacht Club (no salinity data was available for North Esk and
South Esk sites). Salinity decreases with increasing distance from the river mouth.
Median dissolved oxygen concentrations ranged from 8 mg/l at Hebe Reef to over 10 mg/l at the South
Esk monitoring station. This indicates that dissolved oxygen concentrations are generally adequate for
the maintenance of aerobic processes in aquatic ecosystems. ANZECC (2000) guidelines only state

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-39
dissolved oxygen as % saturation. Data collected for dissolved oxygen as percent saturation for the
Tamar Estuary was not as complete as data gathered for dissolved oxygen as mg/L. Then latter has
therefore been presented below.
Median turbidity values ranged between 2 Ntu (nephlometric turbidity unit) at Hebe Reef to 54 Ntu at the
Home Reach monitoring station. Both the Yacht Club and Home Reach locations exceeded the low level
ANZECC (2000) guideline value (6 Ntu). Median turbidity recorded from Home reach exceeded the
upper level ANZECC (2000) guideline value of (50 Ntu) for lowland river systems.
Median turbidity values recorded from monitoring stations downstream of Batman Bridge remained
compliant to the upper level guideline value (10 Ntu) for estuarine systems despite exceeding the low-
level guideline value of 0.5 Ntu for estuarine systems.
The pH values ranged between 6.2 and 9 for freshwater sites. A median of 7.2 was recorded. Estuarine
pH values remained relatively constant at a pH value of 8. South Esk, Yacht Club, North Esk, Home
Reach and Batman Bridge met lower and upper ANZECC (2000) guideline limits for lowland river
systems. All sites met ANZECC Guidelines for estuarine systems.
Water quality in the Tamar Estuary: 1971 - 1996
Pirzl and Coughanowr (1997) reviewed water quality data from a range of studies for physicochemical
parameters, nutrients, total suspended sediments, heavy metals and organic compounds collected
between 1971 and 1996. This review assessed water quality data against the ANZECC (1992) National
water quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic ecosystems (ANZECC / ARMCANZ 1992). This
review has compared these results with the current ANZECC (2000) water quality guidelines.
Key findings of the Pirzl and Coughanowr (1997) investigation in relation to water quality in Long Reach
were subsequently assessed by DPIWE (2000) during the preparation of the Tamar Estuary Marine
Farming Development Plan (2000). This information is summarized in the following section. In brief:
Water temperature varies according to season with temperatures ranging from approximately 10C in
winter to approximately 20C in summer (Foster et al., 1986).
pH of waters in the upper estuary near Launceston ranges between 6 and 7, and is approximately 8
below the Batman Bridge (pH of seawater is typically 8) (DoE, 1971-1988; Launceston City Council
1988-1996 In: Pirzl and Coughanowr, 1997).
Between 1975 and 1988, DO (Dissolved Oxygen) concentrations ranging between 3.9 and 9.9 mg/l
were recorded in the lower reaches of the North Esk River, and Home Reach in the upper reaches of
the Tamar River. Poor DO was historically associated with organic point sources of pollution at these
locations. However, DO monitored from the lower and middle reaches of the Tamar River between
1971 and 1996 by the DoE and Launceston City Council was generally compliant with current
ANZECC (1992) guideline values of 6 mg/l (Pirzl and Coughanowr, 1997). DO has generally
improved since 1992 with mean values recorded from all monitoring stations exceeding 6 mg/l.
Suspended particulate matter in the lower estuary ranged between 5 and 10 mg/l and generally
increases with distance up the river. Flood events are a key driver of elevated suspended particulate
matter.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-40
Faecal coliforms and faecal streptococci have been monitored by the DoE and Launceston City
Council at 16 locations in the Tamar system since 1972. Waterborne pathogens within the Tamar
Estuary frequently exceeded ANZECC (2000) guideline values of 1000 cfu and 150 cfu for secondary
and primary contact respectively. Pathogen sources include sewage outfalls, abattoirs, and
agriculture (animal production operations);
E.coli levels recorded from Long Reach exceeded ANZECC (2000) Guidelines of 35 enterococci
organisms/100ml for primary contact. Upgrading of the Hoblers Bend WWTP in 1994 and
subsequent treatment of abattoir wastes has resulted in a drop in bacterial levels in the upper
Tamar (DPIWE MFDP, 2000).
Faecal Streptococci counts recorded from Long Reach were low compared with results recorded
from the middle to upper estuary (DPIWE MFDP, 2000);
Concentrations of ammonia recorded from 26 locations in the lower Tamar Estuary ranged between
70 and 140 g/L (Gawne and Richardson, 1992 In: Pirzl and Coughanowr, 1997). All monitoring
locations exceeded the ANZECC (2000) guideline value of 15 ug/L.
Concentrations of orthophosphate have been monitored from 16 locations in the Tamar River since
1972 by the DoE and Launceston City Council. Elevated concentrations in the upper reaches of the
estuary at Hoblers Bridge were common. Upgrade of STP facilities in 1979 1980 and improved
industry performance have resulted in an improvement in orthophosphate concentrations despite
episodic fluctuations in this parameter still being recorded in the upper reaches of the Tamar system.
Median orthophosphate concentrations recorded from Big Bay Point, Long Reach since 1972 were
compliant with ANZECC (2000) Guidelines of 5 mg/l for estuarine systems. Improvements in sewage
treatment facilities and industrial discharge processes have improved phosphate levels in the estuary.
Episodic elevations in orthophosphate are periodically recorded in the lower reaches of the estuary
(DPIWE MFDP, 2000).
Limited chlorophyll-a data was available for review during the Pirzl and Coughanowr, (1997) study.
Ritz et al., (1980) reported low concentrations of chlorophyll-a, ranging from 3-5 ug/l in the main
channel to 5 9 ug/l in Big Bay.
Fluoride concentrations detected in the lower reaches of the estuary reflect oceanic conditions while
concentrations detected from Big Bay Point, Long Reach were elevated compared with other
sampling locations.
DDT and Dieldrin were monitored in the Tamar Estuary from 1971 to 1981 and were found to be well
below DDT ANZECC (2000) guideline of 1 ng/L and 2 ng/l for dieldrin (ANZECC 1992) (DPIWE
MFDP, 2000).
At the time of the Pirzl and Coughanowr (1997) review, only two significant investigations into metal
contamination of the water column had been conducted by the DoE (1986) and Gawne and
Richardson (1992a and 1992b). Results from these studies indicated elevated concentrations of zinc,
manganese, aluminium, cadmium, lead and copper in the waters, from Bell Bay, Deceitful Cove (Long
Reach) and Launceston (DPIWE, 2000; Pirzl and Coughanowr, 1997).

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-41
2.7.5 Williams Creek
Williams Creek is an ephemeral drainage line that drains the Bell Bay site from the Tippogoree Hills to its
discharge to the Tamar River. No previous monitoring of water quality within this creek has been found
available.
Given the ephemeral nature of the creek and the drought conditions that were experienced during
scheduled survey events, no water quality data has been collected for this study. As the catchment is
predominantly undeveloped, water quality will be expected to reflect these conditions and be primarily
influenced by local geology and soils. No known sources of anthropogenic contamination are believed to
occur within the catchment. The existing woodchip mills drain to the south with a discharge to the Tamar
River.
2.7.6 Sediment Quality
Contaminated sediments within the Tamar Estuary have been recorded from hotspots associated with
past and present industry and mining activities. Contamination of the Tamar system by heavy metals
has been identified as one of the key factors attributing to the degradation of the Tamar River catchment
(Norris, 1979). In general, previous studies have detected:
elevated concentrations of zinc, manganese, aluminium, cadmium, lead, copper and barium in
sediments from Bell Bay, Deceitful Cove (Long Reach) and Launceston (DPIWE, 2000):
point sources of heavy metal contamination associated with industry at Bell Bay and Launceston, and
mining activities conducted in the South Esk catchment (Aberfoyle and Storeys Creek mines) and at
Beaconsfield (Pirzl and Coughanowr, 1997) and;
diffuse sources of heavy metal contaminants likely to include urban stormwater, runoff from
contaminated sites, and contaminated dredge spoil (Pirzl and Coughanowr, 1997).
2.7.7 Eco-toxicology
Limited eco-toxicology investigations have been undertaken on biota within the Tamar Estuary (Pirzl and
Coughanowr, 1997). A number of separate investigations conducted in the Tamar Estuary have identified
the following:
A study conducted on shell fish collected from Deceitful Cove detected elevated polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbon (PAH) and phenols concentrations in shell fish tissue (Pirzl and Coughanowr, 1997); and
Hydrocarbons in oyster tissue sampled from the lower Tamar Estuary in response to the Iron Baron
oil spill in 1995, were detected in relatively low concentrations.
2.7.8 Current Condition: Summary
The Tamar Estuary shows indications of environmental degradation in several areas, particularly near
Launceston and near major industrial and mining areas. These conclusions, however, are supported by
very limited information, as most monitoring programs and studies relating to the Tamar's environmental
quality are over 10 years old, were typically of short-duration, covered limited areas and rarely included
the full range of contaminants. Furthermore, the understanding of the processes which control

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-42
environmental quality in the Tamar River is poor, particularly with respect to estuarine circulation and
sedimentation (Pirzl and Coughanowr, 1997).
There have been a number of significant reductions in industrial and sewage pollution over the past 10
years, which have resulted in some observable improvements in water quality - particularly with respect
to faecal indicator bacteria and dissolved oxygen levels in the upper estuary.
As major point sources around the estuary are progressively upgraded, it is anticipated that diffuse
sources will become the major contributors of contaminants. These diffuse sources include urban,
agricultural and mining run-off, atmospheric inputs, ground-water contamination, and contaminated
sediments. Successful management of ecological condition will require the implementation of strategic
Catchment Management strategies to address these issues effectively (Pirzl and Coughanowr, 1997).
2.8 Estuarine Ecology

The focus of ecological investigations of the estuarine ecology for this project has been areas of potential
impact because of infrastructure construction and operation. In relation to the Tamar River, this
corresponds to the proposed wharf facility and the proposed effluent pipeline alignment crossing of
Donovans Bay to the north of the Bell Bay Power Station. The latter is addressed in Volume 3 of the
Draft IIS.
The results of several ecological surveys conducted in Long Reach at Bell Bay (DPIWE, 2000, Aquenal,
2002, 2004a, 2004b) comprise the basis of ecological condition assessment in following sections.
However, the principal study was the proposed wharf footprint investigation undertaken by Aquenal in
2005 (Appendix 25, Volume 11).
The following section focuses on estuarine ecology in areas directly adjacent to the proposed wharf
location at Long Reach, from Donovans Bay to south of the existing woodchip mill.
2.8.1 Baseline Surveys of Estuarine Habitat in Long Reach
An ecological survey examining current condition of estuarine ecology in the proposed footprint of the
wharf facility in Long Reach, Tamar Estuary, was undertaken in April 2005 (Aquenal 2005a). Full details
of the survey are presented in Appendix 25, Volume 11. This survey was designed and implemented to
assess:
key habitats and epi-benthic communities;
benthic infauna assemblages;
intertidal communities;
fish assemblages;
species with conservation status; and
sediment quality.
Assessment of estuarine habitats was undertaken with the use of a range of sampling techniques,
including towed video surveys, rocky intertidal transect surveys and collection of sediments for pollutant,
particle size, redox, sediment settling rate and benthic infauna analysis.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-43
An approximation of the underlying bathymetry near the proposed wharf site is presented in Figure 2-14.
5
15 10
20

5
10
15
20
0 100 200
metres
Figure 2-14 Bathymetry map for the proposed wharf site (Aquanel, 2005a)
2.8.2 Sub-tidal Benthic Habitats: Wharf Facility
Seabed habitats near the wharf facility comprised two main types:
soft sediments and fine sands between sub-tidal and 10m; and
dense oyster beds associated with encrusting biota at depths greater than 10m.
Shallow parts of the proposed wharf site from the sub-tidal to 5 and 10 m depth contour are dominated
by fine soft sediments, interspersed with shell grit and potted with benthic infauna burrows. A green
benthic algal mat was observed growing on the seabed, with surface cover ranging from 10 to 50%.
Isolated clumps of red algae were also observed on the seabed. Biota observed comprised flathead
(Platycephalus bassensis) communities of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and occasional
sponges.
In depths of 10-15 m, seabed habitat comprised dense communities of Pacific oysters (including dead
oyster shells), sea stars and encrusting species such as bryozoans and sponges growing on the oysters.
2.8.3 Sub-tidal Benthic Habitats: Big Bay
Seabed habitats recorded in neighbouring Big Bay (Figure 2-15) comprised:

soft sediment with dead bivalve shells and mound-forming burrows; and

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-44
seagrass (Zostera tasmanica) communities occurring in sparse to dense patches, with up to 90%
cover recorded in some areas;
benthic algal mat communities comprising up to 50% cover in places; and
intermittent red, green and brown algae communities.
The smooth toadfish (Torquigener glaber), was the most visible fish species recorded during survey in
association with the above-mentioned habitats.
2.8.4 Sub-tidal Benthic Habitats: Dirty Bay
In Dirty Bay, located upstream of the proposed wharf site (Figure 2-15), benthic habitats comprised:
fine sands mixed with dead bivalve shells and shell grit;
seagrass (Zostera tasmanica) communities recorded at between 30-80% cover; and
intermittent algal communities.
The smooth toadfish (Torquigener glaber), and the sand flathead (Platycephalus bassensis) were the
most visible fish species recorded during survey.
2.8.5 Benthic In-fauna Communities
A total of 56 families were recorded from the 12 samples analysed, which were represented by 984
individuals. Across all sites, the benthic in-fauna was dominated numerically by polychaetes (464),
followed by crustaceans (383) and molluscs (87), while echinoderms, sipunculids, ascidians and
nemerteans were represented by smaller numbers of individuals.
The largest number of families was recorded for crustaceans (24), followed by polychaetes (18) and
molluscs (8). Per sample, family numbers ranged from 11 to 30 while abundance ranged from 36 to 145
individuals.
The number of families per site ranged from 23 to 37, while animal abundance ranged from 98 to 250.
Multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) analysis reveals that benthic in-fauna assemblages vary according to
depth. Differences in benthic in-fauna communities are discernable between the 2.0 to 3.4 m depth
contour and the 4.7 to 7.1 m depth contour. This is attributable to subtle differences in ecological drivers
experienced between shallow and deeper habitats.
Quantitative assessment of benthic in-fauna communities sampled in the vicinity of the proposed wharf
indicates that a wide range of taxa are represented and these communities do not exhibit characteristics
of stress associated with environmental degradation. Descriptive statistics such as k-dominance curves
calculated for this survey are lower than recorded elsewhere by Aquenal in degraded and disturbed
habitats (Aquenal, 2005a).

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-45
492000 492500 493000 493500 494000 494500
Bell Bay Pulp Mill

0 0.1
/
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Kilometers
LR12
1:10,000
LR13
LR11
5445000
5445000
LR14
LR9
LR4 EA
S T
TA
LR8 LR2 M
AR
LR5 H IG
HW
5444500
5444500
LR7 LR6 AY
IT1 LR1
IT2 LR10
LR15 LR16
LR17
5444000
5444000
BE
LL
BA
Y
LI
N E
_
^
LAUNCESTON
5443500
5443500
HOBART
FIGURE 2-15
MARINE
HABITAT
492000 492500 493000 493500 494000 494500
Legend
SURVEY
Date: 16/06/06
Projection: Map Grid of Australia Marine Habitat Survey Locations Roads Mill Layout
Zone 55, GDA94
Source: Base data sourced from CData 2001and LIST- Effluent Pipeline National/State Highway Extent of Works
LOCATIONS
www.thelist.tas.gov.au,all other infrastructure supplied Water Supply Major Arterial Road
by Gunns Pty Ltd Pipeline
File: M:\41\14346\gis\map\final\vol_2\ Arterial Road
fig2_15_marine_habitat_survey_locations.mxd River
Access Road
Railway
One introduced species, the east Asian bivalve Theora lubrica, was recorded in four of the 12 samples
analysed during the benthic infauna survey. Numbers of this species per sample were low, varying from
1 to 8. T. lubrica was not dominant in the samples and, while it may have contributed to the even smaller
numbers of native species belonging to the same family, it is unlikely to be significantly affecting benthic
infauna diversity at the wharf site.
Previous benthic in-fauna surveys in Long Reach, Bell Bay

Aquenal has previously surveyed benthic infauna communities at a range of sites in Long Reach,
including Donovans Bay, Cummings Creek, Dirty Bay and sites just upstream of the woodchip wharf
operated by Gunns. The latter sites were surveyed from 2002 to 2004 to monitor the estuarine
environment near a small outfall (now disused) associated with Gunns woodchip operations, and
continued on from a previous monitoring program that had been implemented since 1997. The
monitoring design was revised by Aquenal to include sites at varying distances from the outfall and at
two more distant control sites, so that the program was able to assess impacts of the outfall as well as
describe temporal variation. In the most recent survey of the outfall (Aquenal 2004a), 658 individuals,
representing 45 species, was collected from eight sampling sites, six in the vicinity of the outfall and two
at more distant control locations. The communities were dominated by polychaetes (46% of species,
73% of individuals), with smaller numbers of molluscs, crustaceans and other taxa, a result that was
consistent with previous surveys of the outfall.
Based on diversity indices, K-dominance plots and multi-dimensional scaling analysis, the study
concluded that there was no clear relationship between benthic infauna composition and distance from
the outfall. Similarly, the communities observed did not exhibit characteristics of stressed communities,
suggesting that the impact of outfall discharges is low. However, the prevalence of woodchips on the
seabed was raised as a separate issue, since it is possible that communities in the area, including those
at the control sites, have been altered due to substrate modification.
2.8.6 Intertidal Communities
Rocky intertidal habitat at the wharf site is dominated by boulders and rocks, underlain with soft muddy
sediments (Photographic Sheet 2-2).
A total of 34 species was recorded during the survey, with 28 species recorded at each transect site.
Species were dominated by molluscs (18 species) and crustaceans (12 species), with individual
echinoderm, polychaete, cnidarian (anemone) and urochordate (ascidian) species also identified
(Photographic Sheet 2-2).
None of the species recorded are listed as threatened, but one species, the Van Diemens Land siphon
shell (Siphonaria diemenensis), belongs to a family of limpets that is protected under the Fisheries
(General and Fees) Regulations 1996, established through provisions of the Tasmanian Living Marine
Resources Management Act 1995.
The New Zealand half crab (Petrolisthes elongates) and the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), are both
introduced species, which occur within the intertidal zone. The feral Pacific oyster is classified as a target
pest.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-47
Whilst the diversity of intertidal species at the wharf site is relatively high, the intertidal habitat is
considered highly modified. This is primarily due to the high abundance of Pacific oysters in the mid and
low parts of the shore where clusters of oysters dominate the site visually (Photographic Sheet 2-2) and
have altered the structure of the intertidal habitat.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-48
Photographic Sheet 2-2. Rocky intertidal habitat at the proposed wharf site
Previous intertidal surveys in Long Reach, Bell Bay
Previous studies conducted in nearby areas of Long Reach have revealed intertidal habitats and
communities very similar to those at the wharf site, with relatively diverse faunas recorded despite high
oyster densities. Intertidal species include some limpets listed as protected under the Tasmanian Living
Marine Resources Management Act 1995, such as the Van Diemans Land siphon shell (Siphonaria
diemenensis).
The Asian bag mussel (Musculista senhousia), also a target introduced marine pest species, have been
recorded to occur in more protected muddy intertidal habitats in adjacent bays.
Table 9: Rocky intertidal species recorded at two transect sites (IT1 and IT2) surveyed at the
proposed wharf location.
Species IT1 IT2
Crustacea
Alpheus euphrosyne X
Brachynotus spinosus X X
Cyclograpsis granulosis X X
Elminius covertus X X
Heloecius cordiformis X
Ibla quadrivalvis X X
Macrophthalmus latifrons X
Paragrapsus gaimardii X X
Paragrapsus quadridentatus X
Petrolisthes elongatus X X
Pilumnopeus serratifrons X X
Tetraclitella purpurascens X X
Mollusca
Agnewia tritoniformis X X
Austrocochlea concamerata X X
Austrocochlea constricta X
Bembicium auratum X X
Bembicium melanostomum X X
Bembicium nanum X X
Chiton pelliserpentis X X
Cominella eburnea X X

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-50
Species IT1 IT2
Cominella lineolatus X
Crassostrea gigas X X
Lasaea australis X X
Nerita atramentosa X X
Nodilittorina praetermissa X
Nodilittorina unifasciata X
Notoacmea flammea X
Onchidella patelloides X X
Siphonaria diemenensis X X
Xenostrobus inconstans X X
Echinodermata
Patiriella exigua X X
Cnidara
Anthothoe albocincta X
Polychaeta
Galeolaria caespitosa X
Urochordata
Pyura stolonifera X
TOTAL SPECIES 28 28
2.8.7 Introduced Marine Pests
In addition to introduced marine species recorded during the current survey, previous surveys have
revealed a range of introduced species occurring on wharf pylons and in sediments at Long Reach and
the Bell Bay Port. It is possible that these species will invade new wharf structures or colonise sediments
that are disturbed during construction. It is notable that the proposed wharf development does not
present a new risk in relation to introduced species.
2.8.8 Sediment Characteristics: Particle size from Grab Samples
Sediment samples were collected from grabs and cores. Grab samples were consistent in their particle
size distributions across the six sites surveyed (Figure 2-16). Negligible volumes of coarse material
(gravel, shell grit >2 mm) and coarse sand (>0.25 mm) were recorded with all samples dominated by
medium sands, silts/clays and, to a lesser extent, fine sand. The well-sorted fine to medium sediments in
the samples suggests relatively constant, moderate levels of water movement across the study area.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-51
100
LR1 Grab samples 0-10cm depth

80 LR2
LR3
Cumulative Volume (%)
LR4
60
LR5
LR6
40
20
0
4 2 1 .5 .250 .125 .063 <.063
Particle S ize (mm)
Figure 2-16 Particle size distributions for sediment samples collected using the grab (top 10 cm)
2.8.9 Sediment Characteristics: Particle Size from Cores
Results for the top 50 cm of cores mirrored those for the grab samples at all sites except two of the
deeper sites, LR5 and LR6. At LR5, the main difference was the inclusion of 20% coarse material in the
form of dead shells and shell grit, which replaced a portion of the medium sands. In contrast, 0-50 cm
depth sediments at LR6 were characterised by a larger portion of silts/clays (<0.063 mm, fines) than
shallow surface sediments collected from the same site. The 0-50 cm sediments at LR6 included 73% of
silts/clays, compared with 32-42% at the other sites surveyed. These results reflect historical variation in
patterns of sedimentary deposition, and subsequent entrapment of deeper sediments that differ in
composition to those near the surface at LR5 and LR6 (Figure 2-17
Similar results were obtained for the >50 cm samples collected using cores, with sediments closely
resembling those recorded in the 0-50 cm sediments, with the exception of small increases in volumes of
coarse shell material and coarse sands at sites LR2, LR3 and LR4. Much of the shell material belonged
to native oysters and associated bivalves. This suggests that either these species were historically
common in the area than they are now or that the area was influenced by different deposition patterns
(Figure 2-17).

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-52
100
LR1 Core samples 0-50cm depth
LR2
80
LR3
LR4
60 LR5
LR6
40
20
0
4 2 1 .5 .250 .125 .063 <.063
Particle S ize (mm)
100
LR1 Core samples >50cm depth
LR2
80
LR3
LR4
60 LR5
LR6
40
20
0
4 2 1 .5 .250 .125 .063 <.063
Particle S ize (mm)
Figure 2-17 Particle size distributions for sediment samples collected using cores (0-50 cm and
>50 cm).
Sediment surveys indicate that sub-tidal soft sediments at the proposed wharf site are dominated by
well-sorted medium sands to fine silts/clays, reflecting fairly constant, moderate levels of water
movement. Sediments were surveyed up to 90 cm depth, with particle size distributions in deeper
sediments resembling those of surface sediments in most cases. There were some exceptions however,
with increased coarse material in deeper sediments at a number of sites, as well as a large increase in

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-53
silts/clays with depth at one site. Similar conditions were encountered on the opposite side of the river
during the Van Diemen Aquaculture baseline survey, which indicated that sediments were typically of
medium-fine silt/clay with a surface layer of flocculent matter (sand, shell grit and gravel) (DPIWE, 2000).
The increase in coarse material is the result of dead shells from native oysters and other bivalve species,
suggesting that these species were once more common at the wharf site than they are now.
Alternatively, or additionally, the accumulation of shell debris in deeper sediments may be the result of
historically different deposition patterns, with deposition since altered because of channel modification
works and other disturbances in the estuary.
The large increase in silts/clays with sediment depth at one site located at the southern end of the
proposed wharf site, in a depth of 7.1 m, supports the suggestion that deposition patterns have been
modified over time.
2.8.10 Redox Potential
The redox potential is a measurement of the state of oxidation of a system. A redox measurement serves
to determine the reduction-oxidation status of a solution, that is, it indicates the electron activity. The
growth of micro-organisms is highly dependent on the redox level of the medium in which they exist.
Thus, anaerobic micro-organisms require a low redox potential where they are found whilst aerobic
micro-organisms require a high redox potential.
Results of redox potential measurements are presented in Table 2. Redox values generally declined with
increasing sediment depth, reflecting reduced oxygen levels further from the water/sediment interface.
However, anoxic conditions (that is, reflected by negative redox values) were not recorded from any
sample. This suggests that disturbance to those depths will not result in anoxic or hypoxic conditions in
the water column because of the redox state of sediments.
Table 10: Corrected redox potential of sediments in core samples from the proposed wharf
location (sites LR1 to LR6).
Redox (mV)
Core length (cm)
Site = bottom depth 0cm 50cm Bottom
LR1 60 254 19 60
LR2 50 136 113 (113)
LR3 70 204 113 91
LR4 62 283 104 110
LR5 55 125 105 113
LR6 90 100 69 61
Redox potential measurements indicate that anoxic conditions do not occur at the site at sediment
depths up to 90 cm.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-54
2.8.11 Sediment Settling Rates
Settling rate experiments indicate that sediments at the wharf site contain a significant colloidal fraction.
These fine colloidal particles have the potential to remain in suspension for protracted periods following
disturbance.
It is expected that the top 90 cm of sediment represents the majority of the deposition influenced by
anthropogenic inputs of contaminants, and that concentrations recorded are representative of similar
habitats in Long Reach. It is considered that the disturbance due to pile driving of sediments below 90
cm will be minimal.
2.8.12 Heavy Metals
Sediment samples were collected from 6 sites in the immediate vicinity of the proposed wharf as part of
the April 2005 survey (Aquenal, 2005a). The following parameters were monitored: arsenic (As),
beryllium (Be), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni),
vanadium (V), zinc (Zi), and mercury (Hg). The concentrations of each parameter were assessed against
the ANZECC 2000 sediment quality guidelines where relevant.
Compliance to ANZECC Guidelines

The ANZECC guidelines comprise lower and upper guideline compliance values.
The ANZECC (2000) lower guideline level known as the Interim Sediment Quality Guideline Low value
(ISQG Low) represents a contaminant threshold, which if exceeded, provides environmental managers
with an indication that sediment quality may require closer assessment and further monitoring.
The corresponding upper guideline value, labelled the Interim Sediment Quality Guideline High value
(ISQG High), represents a contaminant threshold, which if exceeded provides environmental managers
with an indication that contaminant concentrations detected in sediment are likely to pose an ecological
threat. Concentrations above the ISQG High threshold indicate that sediment requires a management
action (remediation). In this instance, contaminated sediment should not be disturbed or disposed of at
sea due to the risk of ecological impact.
Compliance assessment
Concentrations for most metals were detected below the ISQG low trigger value, although there were
several exceptions relating to mercury, arsenic and nickel. In the case of mercury, three samples each in
the top 10 cm (grab) and 0-50 cm (core) contained concentrations exceeding the ISQG-Low trigger
value. In the grab samples, these elevated concentrations were found at sites LR2, LR3 and LR6, while
in the 0-50 cm core samples, they were found at sites LR2, LR4 and LR6 (Appendix 25, Volume 11).
One 0-50 cm sample from site LR6 contained an arsenic concentration exceeding the trigger value,
whilst the same sample recorded a nickel concentration equivalent to the trigger value. Each of the
parameters assessed have been graphically presented in the following section to easily enable
assessment of guideline compliance for each parameter.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-55
70
20
10
0
Arsenic (mg/kg)
LR1 LR2 LR3 LR4 LR5 LR6 LR1 LR2 LR3 LR4 LR5 LR6
Gra b (0-10 c m) Core: T (0-50 cm)
70
20
10
0
LR1 LR2 LR3 LR4 LR5 LR6
Core: B (>50 cm)

Site
Figure 2-18 Arsenic concentrations in sediment samples collected from six sites (LR1 to LR6) at
the proposed wharf location.
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Beryllium (mg/kg)
Grab (0 -10 cm) Core: T (0-50 cm)

3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Core: B (>50 cm)

Site
Figure 2-19 Beryllium concentrations recorded in sediment samples collected from six sites (LR1
to LR6) at the proposed wharf location.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-56
10
0
Cadmium (mg/kg)
Gra b (0-10 c m) Core: T (0-50 cm)
10
0
Core: B (>50 cm)

Site
Figure 2-20 Cadmium concentrations recorded in sediment samples collected from six sites (LR1
380
370
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Chromium (mg/kg)
Grab (0-10 cm) Core: T (0-50 cm)

380
370
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Core: B (>50 cm)

Site
Figure 2-21 Chromium concentrations recorded in sediment samples collected from six sites
(LR1 to LR6) at the proposed wharf location.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-57
280
270
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Copper (mg/kg)
Grab (0-10 cm) Core: T (0-50 cm)

280
270
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Core: B (>50 cm)

Site
Figure 2-22 Copper concentrations recorded in sediment samples collected from six sites (LR1 to
LR6) at the proposed wharf location.
230
220
50
40
30
20
10
0
Lead (mg/kg)
Sample: Grab (0-10 cm) Sample: T (0-50 cm)

230
220
50
40
30
20
10
0
Sample: B (>50 cm)

Site
Figure 2-23 Lead concentrations recorded in sediment samples collected from six sites (LR1 to

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-58
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
Manganese (mg/kg)
0
L R1 LR2 L R3 LR4 L R5 LR6 LR1 L R2 LR3 L R4 LR5 L R6
Sample: Grab (0-10 cm) Sa mple : T (0-50 cm )

1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
L R1 LR2 L R3 LR4 L R5 LR6
Sample: B (>50 c m)
Site
Figure 2-24 Manganese concentrations recorded in sediment samples collected from six sites
(LR1 to LR6) at the proposed wharf location.
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Nickel (mg/kg)

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Sample: B (>50 c m)
Site
Figure 2-25 Nickel concentrations recorded in sediment samples collected from six sites (LR1 to

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-59
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Vanadium (mg/kg)

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Sample: B (>50 c m)
Site
Figure 2-26 Vanadium concentrations recorded in sediment samples collected from six sites (LR1
420
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Zinc (mg/kg)
Sample: Grab (0-10 cm) (mg/kg) Sample: T (0-50 cm)
420
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Sample: B (>50 cm)

Site
Figure 2-27 Zinc concentrations recorded in sediment samples collected from six sites (LR1 to

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-60
1.05
1.00
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
Mercury (mg/kg)
Sample: Grab (0-10 cm) Sa mple : T (0-50 cm )

1.05
1.00
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
Sample: B (>50 cm)

Site
Figure 2-28 Mercury concentrations recorded in sediment samples collected from six sites (LR1
The very fine, deep sediments at this site were also linked to elevated heavy metal concentrations,
although ANZECC and ARMACANZ (2000) sediment trigger values were only slightly exceeded or
equalled for three metals. In samples from other sites, only the trigger value for mercury was exceeded,
with values of 0.2 mg/kg recorded in a number of surface and 0-50 cm sediment samples, compared with
a trigger value of 0.15 mg/kg. While recommended trigger values do not exist for many of the metals
analysed, based on available guidelines, levels of heavy metal contamination at the site are regarded as
low.
Particle size and metals concentration
When examining the distribution of elevated heavy metal concentrations in light of particle size data,
there is no clear relationship between percentage of fines (silts/clays) and mercury concentration in the
grab samples, since samples from all six sites had similar proportions of fines.
However, the elevated concentrations of mercury, arsenic and nickel in the 0-50 cm core sample from
site LR6 are consistent with particle size data. At this sediment depth, LR6 contained a much higher
proportion of fines than all other sediment samples collected, reflecting a higher surface area for
absorption of contaminants such as heavy metals. The heavy metal results indicate that low levels of
contamination occur in some sections of the proposed wharf site, particularly where fine sediments are
trapped beneath surface layers.
2.8.13 Summary of Key Findings from the Baseline Survey: Wharf Facility
Key findings from the Aquenal investigation are summarised below.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-61
Key habitats and communities:
Seagrass species Zostera tasmanica and Z. Muelleri are present in Big Bay and Zostera tasmanica is
present in Dirty Bay and Donovans Bay. Seagrass communities were not detected within the
proposed wharf footprint or directly adjacent;
Intertidal communities at the proposed wharf site are dominated by the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea
gigas), which has highly modified this environment. However, relatively diverse faunas were recorded
from the intertidal zone; and
Subtidal habitats comprise soft sediment on the shallow 0-5 m shelf, extending into the 5-10 m depth
zone, and dense oyster beds with associated encrusting biota at greater depths. Benthic infauna
communities recorded from the proposed wharf facility are comparable to those recorded in nearby
areas of Long Reach and do not indicate characteristics of ecological stress.
Key species:
The native Van Diemans Land siphon shell (Siphonaria diemenensis) occurs in the intertidal zone of
the proposed wharf facility. This species is a limpet listed as protected under the Tasmanian Living
Marine Resources Management Act 1995.
The threatened Gunns screw shell (Gazameda gunnii) was not recorded at the wharf site and is
unlikely to occur in this area due to adjacent disturbances and distance from the estuary mouth.
The introduced East Asian bivalve (Theora lubrica) occurs in sub-tidal sediments in low densities near
the proposed wharf facility.
The Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), an introduced target pest, inhabits the intertidal and sub-tidal
environments in high densities of the proposed wharf facility
The introduced New Zealand half crab (Petrolisthes elongatus) occurs in the intertidal zone of the
proposed wharf facility.
The introduced target marine pest species Asian bag mussel (Musculista senhousia) occurs in more
protected muddy intertidal habitats in adjacent bays.
The presence of other introduced species in neighbouring port facilities is likely to facilitate their
recruitment and colonisation of the pulp mill wharf. The proposed wharf development does not
present a new risk in relation to introduced species. The wharves already located in Long Reach
receive shipping from temperate parts of Asia, which contain species of the highest risk to Tasmania.
Key ecological values:

The Tamar Estuary is an important shark pupping ground, while Bell Bay may also be significant in
facilitating shark recruitment.
Larvae of the threatened Australian grayling (Prototroctes maraena) may occur near the wharf site in
late spring/early summer. Juveniles are believed to migrate upstream to freshwater environments 4-5
months later.
Cetaceans (with calves) and pinnipeds have been recorded in the vicinity of Bell Bay and Long
Reach.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-62
Key sediment quality characteristics:
Concentrations of arsenic (1 sample), and mercury (6 samples) exceeded ANZECC 2000 ISQG Low
level guidelines. The concentration of Nickel (1 sample) was reported to be equivalent to the ISQG
Low level trigger value. All parameters remained compliant to ANZECC 2000 ISQG High level'
guideline values.
Redox potential results of sediments assessed to depths of 90 cm indicate that they are aerobic not
anoxic or hypoxic.
Sediments have a significant colloidal fraction. These fine colloidal particles have the potential to
remain in suspension for many hours following disturbance.
Sub-tidal soft sediments at the proposed wharf site are dominated by well-sorted medium sands to
fine silts/clays. Evidence of significant fraction of fine colloidal particles at 1 location indicates that
disturbed sediments have the capacity to remain re-suspended for protracted periods.
2.8.14 Fisheries Resources in Long Reach, Bell Bay
Ecological values
Fish species recorded from the proposed wharf site during the baseline survey include a range of
marine/estuarine species as well as migratory species that utilise both fresh and marine waters during
different stages of their life cycle.
For the migratory species, movement between fresh and marine habitats occurs primarily in spring,
making them particularly vulnerable during this period. Summer is an important period for shark species
that enter the estuary to give birth. Shark pups have been recorded in Bell Bay (CSIRO 1993).
Aquaculture (marine farming)

Marine Farming (aquaculture) within Tasmania is regulated under the Marine Farming Planning Act 1995
(MFPA). The MFPA was enacted with the objective to ensure that sustainable development of
aquaculture practices throughout Tasmanias coastal zone is a key priority of marine farming ventures
(DPIWE, 2004a). Under the Tamar Estuary marine farming development plan (MFDP), the area zoned
as suitable for marine farming extends south of an imaginary straight line between West Head and Low
Head to a parallel boundary at Haystack point in the upper reaches of the Tamar River.
The Tamar Estuary is currently utilised by several aquaculture enterprises, which are regulated under the
MFPAs auspices under the 2001 Tamar Estuary Marine Farming Development Plan. They include:
Van Diemen Aquaculture in Rowella (opposite the Gunns Tamar Woodchip Mill);
AbTas Seafoods located at Garden Island in the lower reaches of the estuary; and
Seahorse Australia Pty Ltd at Beauty Point.
The commercial production of finfish is permissible within Zone 1 of the Tamar Estuary MFDA, which
encompasses the western waters of Long Reach between an imaginary line from Big Dragon Rock to
Little Dragon Rock (Figure 2-29). Van Diemen Aquaculture Pty Ltd, which occupies approximately 6.45
hectares, was granted a lease in 2001 (DPIWE, 2000a) and is the only venture currently licensed to
operate within Zone 1 (under marine farming lease number 178 - MF 178). This operation produces

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-63
Atlantic salmon and Ocean trout and is situated directly opposite the existing Gunns north and south
wood chip loading facilities. Van Diemen Aquaculture has been operating since 1997 and harvests 800
tonnes of Ocean trout and Atlantic salmon annually for national and international trade. They export to
South East Asia, Japan and Korea.
AbTas Seafoods are a land-based venture situated on Garden Island in the lower Tamar estuary
specialising in the production of juvenile abalone (NTRDB, 2002).
Zone 2 of the Tamar Estuary MFDA is located at the Inspection Head Wharf at Beauty Point situated on
the western bank of the Tamar River (Figure 2-29). This Zone comprises waters underneath the northern
and eastern section of the wharf facility, extending through to the inside edge of the southern section of
the wharf and the waters enclosed by the wharf to the foreshore (DPIWE, 2004a).
This area is zoned for the culture of Sygnathids (seahorses, sea dragons and pipefish) and plankton,
which is currently undertaken by Seahorse Australia Pty Ltd as a land based venture. Seahorse Australia
produces seahorses for the aquarium trade and for Asian medicinal markets (Northern Tasmanian
Regional Development Board, 2002). Seahorse Australia is permitted to harvest Sygnathid brood stock
from the wild, which are grown to maturity in a strictly controlled environment. This requires daily intake
of fresh saline waters from the Tamar Estuary in addition to the wild harvest of plankton, crustaceans
and zooplankton as feedstock.
This venture has entered into a 30-year lease with the Bell Bay Port to utilise buildings and facilities
currently occupied by this company at the Inspection Head Wharf. Although current operations do not
require deployment of sea cages within this zone, future expansion of this operation may result in
utilisation of waters in this manner within the lease boundary.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-64
Tamar Estuary Marine Farming Development Plan Environmental Impact Statement
Figure 2-29. Marine Farm Plan Area for Zone 1 and 2
Department of Primary Industries, Water & Environment Page 3

Wild fisheries resources
Fisheries resources that utilise the Tamar Estuary either partially or entirely during life history processes
are largely poorly understood (Lara and Neira, 2003). A detailed investigation conducted by Lara and
Neira (2003) between October 2001 and January 2002, investigating the diversity of larval fishes in the
Tamar Estuary, revealed the following key findings:
Larval fishes of the family Gobiidae (gobies) were dominant among samples and comprised 68% of
the total catch;
Larval fishes of the family Clinidae (weed fishes) comprised 9.9% of the total catch;
Larval fishes of the family Blenniidae (blennies) comprised 7.9% of the total catch;
Larval fishes of the family Engraulidae (anchovy) comprised 3.8% of the total catch;
Larval fishes of the family Scorpaenidae comprised 2.2% of the total catch;
Assessment of larval abundances and distribution throughout the estuary indicate that fish species
within the Gobiidae, Clinidae, Blenniidae, Engraulidae and Scorpaenidae families spawn within the
estuary and probably spend their entire life cycles within this system; and
Larvae of sand flathead (Platycephalus bassensis) Australian salmon (Arripis trutta), yellow-eye
mullet (Aldrichetta forsteri) and slimy cod (Pseudophycis bachus) were either rare or totally absent,
indicating that these species do not spawn in the estuary but enter this system as juveniles.
Commercial Fisheries
There are currently five commercial fishing licences, which permit harvest of finfish species in the Tamar
Estuary and adjacent coastal waters (DPIWE, 2005). The Department indicate that confidentiality
requirements prevent the disclosure of information pertaining to targeted species and the associated
individual catch rates. However, annual catch weights for all fisheries harvested from the Tamar Estuary
and adjacent coastal waters between 1994 and 2004 are presented in Figure 2-30.
Commercial fishers are permitted to use nets in the lower estuary up to an imaginary line drawn between
Sheeptail Point and Point Rapid (at the southern end of Long Reach). Species harvested with nets
include trevally pike, yellow-eyed mullet, salmon and cod (DPIWE, 2000). Flounder are also harvested
along the shallow mudflats on the western side of the Tamar Estuary, particularly from Middle Island to
Little Dragon Rock.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-66
140000
120000
100000
kg Fish harvested
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Year
Figure 2-30 Annual commercial fisheries harvest (kg) for the Tamar Estuary and adjacent coastal
waters between 1995 and 2004. Source: DPIWE, 2005
Recreational Fisheries
One hundred and ten finfish species have been documented to occur in the Tamar Estuary (Pirzl and
Coughanowr, 1997). Their distribution is correlated to salinity tolerance and the availability of suitable
habitat. The most common fish species known to inhabit the estuary are mullet (Aldrichetta forsteri),
pufferfish (Sphareroides hamiltoni), garfish (Hemiramphus melanochir), flounder and cod (Pirzl and
Coughanowr, 1997).
A paucity of data exists on the population status of non-commercial species targeted throughout
Tasmanian waters (SoE, 2003). The current condition of fisheries resources targeted by recreational
fishing pressure and the associated economic value of this activity within the Tamar Estuary is largely
unknown.
Results of the Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute 2000-2001 recreational fishing survey
indicate that recreational fishing pressure in the Tamar was almost entirely attributable to line fishing in
estuarine waters (Lyle, 2005). Minimal spear fishing activity is undertaken, while shore based fishing
effort was found to be more important than boat-based fishing. Residents from the surrounding region
including Launceston and the north-eastern region accounted for the vast majority of the fishing
pressure. Species which dominated the recreational harvest are: flathead (Platycephalus bassensis)
followed by Australian salmon (Arripis trutta), cod (Pseudophycis bachus) and flounder (Lyle, 2005).

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-67
2.8.15 Occurrence of Marine Mammals in Long Reach, Bell Bay
Although not recorded during the Aquenal 2005 survey, marine mammals enter the lower reaches of the
Tamar Estuary. These species include pinnipeds (Australia sea lions, seals) and cetaceans (dolphins,
Humpback whales and Southern Right whales). The List database records the following observations for
the Tamar River:
southern bottlenose whale (Hyperoodon planifrons) between Low Head and George Town;
short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus) - just off the river mouth; and
southern right whale (Eubalaena australis).
Australian fur seals are known to regularly frequent the river, being attracted to the Van Diemen
Aquaculture salmon farm directly opposite the Tamar woodchip mills.
2.8.16 Ecological Values
The Tamar Estuary is an important natural asset given the variety of environmental values associated
with its unique geophysical setting, diversity of botanical and zoological assemblages, and key habitats
that support these species. Key habitats within the Tamar Estuary include; seagrass meadows, soft
sediments, wetland communities and sandy beaches (DPIWE, 2001). The environmental values
associated with these resources have been formally recognised through the establishment of a number
of reserves and sanctuaries throughout the estuary system.
Key Habitats: Seagrass

Seagrass species recorded in the Tamar Estuary include Posidonia australis, Heterozostera tasmanica,
Halophila australis and Amphibolis antarctica in addition to species mentioned above, Zostera muelleri
and Zostera tasmanica (Rees, 1994). Most seagrass beds are located near the mouth of the estuary,
extending upstream to waters off George Town.
Low Head, located on the eastern point of the estuary mouth, provides habitat for two seagrass species.
Large seagrass beds of Amphibolis antarctica are found here, a species that occupies other areas of the
estuary but not in such high densities (Barrett and Wilcox, 2001). A second seagrass species Posidonia
australis, has also been identified here. As part of a state-wide estuary survey, Low Head was the only
estuarine site found to support Posidonia (Edgar et al., 1999), although this species has previously been
recorded from other sites in northern Tasmania (Rees, 1994). Posidonia was also identified covering
extensive areas in Pilots Bay and Lagoon Bay intermixed with low densities of Heterozostera tasmanica
and Amphibolis Antarctica (Barrett and Wilcox, 2001).
Two additional species, Z. muelleri and Z. tasmanica are the only seagrass species that occur in Long
Reach, located further upstream of the estuary mouth. The seagrass Zostera muelleri is also known to
exist on the mudflats of the intertidal zone in the lower reaches of the Tamar Estuary, and represent an
important resource for marine biota (Pirzl and Coughanowr, 1997).
The seagrass beds in the Tamar Estuary, particularly those near the estuary mouth, provide an important
breeding ground for many commercially fished and non-commercial species, and are an important
source of food and shelter for juvenile fish (Pirzl and Coughanowr ,1997).

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-68
Key Habitats: Kelp Forests
One kelp species, Macrocystis angustifoli (string kelp), inhabits the Tamar Estuary. Extensive string kelp
beds exist on the eastern and western shore of Low Head including Barrel Rock located on the eastern
point of the estuary mouth (Barrett and Wilcox 2001). Here the high profile reef environment provides
suitable habitat for the species to colonise areas down to seven metres in depth (Barrett and Wilcox
2001).
Kelp forest communities represent areas of high biodiversity and productivity. They provide important
habitats for a diverse range of species. Kelp communities provide habitat for the recruitment of fish and
invertebrate species associated with rocky shore environments including the recruitment of important
fisheries species such as the rock lobster and abalone. Drift plants that become detached from the rock
substrate also provide ecological benefit to the environment. Plant fronds provide an important food
source for a range of species, they assist in the dispersal of invertebrate species by transporting
attached individuals in coastal currents and finally, plants that are left exposed on the shoreline from tide
action become important nesting and foraging habitat for migratory shorebirds.
Key Habitats: Tamar Wetlands

The Tamar Island Wetlands reserve is approximately 60 hectares of mud flats, lagoons and islands,
including Tamar Island. Zoological and botanical assemblages that occur within this system include
migratory species, species with scheduled conservation significance. Approximately 60 species of
avifauna, including several species of duck, black swan, egrets, cormorants, swamp harriers, and
occasional itinerants including the white-bellied sea eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster), and migratory
species from the northern hemisphere such as the common greenshank (Tringa nebularia) periodically
utilise resources within the Tamar Wetlands 1 . The wetland system is also an important breeding ground
for the amphibians and reptiles including the nationally vulnerable green and gold frog (Litoria raniformis)
and the rare glossy grass skink (Pseudemoia rawlinsoni). Other reptile species that occur in this
environment include the metallic skink (Niveoscincus metallicus) and lowland copperhead snake
(Austrelaps superbus).
The Tamar Wetlands also comprise one of the largest remaining areas of vegetation dominated by
Phragmites australis, the common reed. Swamp paperbark communities are also present in the wetlands
while tidal mudflats surrounding Tamar Island and Lucks Flats are colonised by Phragmites australis,
Juncus krausii and Schoenoplectus pungens.
Avifauna
In addition to the Tamar Wetlands, the Tamar Estuary in general also provides critical habitat, breeding
and feeding grounds for waterfowl and a variety of seabird species. This includes a colony of fairy
penguins located at Low Head at the mouth of the Tamar Estuary.
Sharks
The lower reaches of the Tamar Estuary provide critical recruitment grounds for sharks that use the
estuary as a breeding and refuge area. The waters south of a line between West Head and Low Head
1
http://www.parks.tas.gov.au

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-69
have therefore been protected as a Shark Refuge Area under the Living Marine Resources Management
Act 1995.
Macro-invertebrates and benthic infauna

Soft sediment habitats within the Tamar Estuary are dominated by polychaetes and molluscs while other
common species that occur in the littoral zone, include the crab Helograpsus haswellianis, the gastropod
Bembicium auratum and the barnacle Elminius modestus (Pirzl and Coughanowr 1997).
The Tamar Estuary has been classified as a Class A estuary, which signifies the highest conservation
ranking prescribed to Tasmanian estuarine systems, due in part to its exceptionally high diversity of
macro-invertebrates (Edgar et al., 1999). Species diversity of these assemblages generally decreases
with increased distance from the river mouth as evidenced by the findings of several studies (Edgar et
al., 1999; Miedecke and Partners, 1993; Aquenal 2004a).
During the Edgar et al. (1999) study, 116 macro-invertebrates were recorded from Low Head, which
exceeds the number of species recorded at all other Tasmanian estuaries sampled, with the exception of
North East Inlet (120 species). A large portion of the species found were not recorded from any other
sites and were considered predominantly marine in origin.
In a separate study, 81 species of intertidal macro-invertebrates were recorded at Deceitful Cove, which
is considered relatively high and is despite elevated concentrations of metals in the sediments (Miedecke
and Partners, 1993). Forty-five species were recorded by Aquenal (2004a) near the existing Gunns
woodchip wharf, while approximately 30 species of macro-invertebrates were recorded from Paper
Beach, just upstream of the Batman Bridge. These findings are consistent with the general trend that
reduced species diversity is associated with increased distance from the estuary mouth.
2.8.17 Threatening Processes
A variety of historical and current anthropogenic processes continue to influence the ecological condition
of the Tamar Estuary. These include point and diffuse sources of pollution, sedimentation and
colonisation of the Tamar Estuary by exotic species.
Point source and diffuse sources of pollution

Both point and diffuse sources of pollution have resulted in the export of a wide range of contaminants
into this system (DRN Report; Tamar Region NRM Report). Until the late 1980s to early 1990s, the
majority of urban, industrial and mining emissions were subject to limited treatment prior to discharge.
Subsequently, it has been suggested that these activities have been responsible for elevated
concentrations of a wide variety of contaminants detected in waters, sediments and biota in the Tamar
Estuary. These contaminants have included:
suspended solids;
nutrients;
pathogens,
toxicants;
hydrocarbons, and

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-70
heavy metals.
Contaminants have historically entered the Tamar River through a range of industrial, agricultural and
municipal processes. These have included:
smelter, foundry and metal plating operations;

railway yard operations;
ship yards and dock operations;
tannery, textile, fellmonger (wool and skin stores) operations;
abattoir operations;
sewage discharges;
dredging;
mine drainage;
industrial discharges and emissions,
oil spills; and
urban, forestry and agricultural runoff (DRN Report; Tamar Region NRM Report).
There have been significant decreases in most end-of-pipe emissions over the past 5 to 10 years,
particularly due to sewage treatment plant upgrades and improved wastewater treatment at Temco and
Comalco.
Sedimentation
Sediment deposition in the upper reaches of the Tamar Estuary is a result of broad-scale catchment
development, underlying catchment geomorphology and strong tidal currents (Tamar Region NRM
Report; DPIWE, 2000). The estuary receives sediments from both the South and North Esk Rivers,
which tend to accumulate as fine-grained silt deposits in the upper reaches of the Tamar River through
the action of tidal currents. The inter-mixing of sediment flows from the North and South Esk Rivers with
the estuary leads to the deposition of sediment that also serves as an effective mechanism to trap heavy
metals (A. Seen et al, 2004).
Sedimentation in the upper reaches is of ongoing concern given that this process poses difficulties for
vessel navigation and increases flood risks along the North and South Esk Rivers. Dredging campaigns
have been historically conducted to enable safe passage for boating traffic. However, management of
the dredge spoil in the upper reaches of the Tamar River is also becoming a difficult environmental issue.
Elevated concentrations of heavy metal (cadmium, zinc and chromium) have been detected from dredge
spoil removed during dredging campaigns undertaken during the last 50 100 years. In addition,
ongoing management of maintenance dredge spoil is constrained by a limited existing stockpile capacity
and few alternative disposal options (Pirzl and Coughanowr, 1997).
Ecologically, sedimentation within the upper reaches of the Tamar is also likely to negatively affect tidal
mudflat habitats through deposition and potential exposure of marine biota to heavy metal contamination.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-71
Introduced species
The introduction of exotic species into the Tamar Estuary is a key threatening process. Several exotic
species have been declared as target pest species by DPIW due to their invasive capacity and
associated potential for displacement of native species. DPIW has listed some species as noxious fish
under the Living Marine Resources Management Act 1995. Exotic species recorded from the Tamar
Estuary include:
Rice Grass - Spartina anglica;
East Asian Bivalve - Theora lubrica;
New Zealand Half Crab - Petrolishtes elongates;
Green Algae - Codium sp. Tomentosoides;
East Asia Bag Mussel - Musculista senhousia;
Feral Pacific Oyster - Crassostrea gigas; and
Mosquito fish - Gambusia holbrooki (DPIWE, 2001 and Aquenal Pty Ltd, 2002).
Potential exists for the establishment of other exotic pest species including toxic dinoflagellates and the
northern Pacific seastar.
Rice grass
Rice grass (Spartina anglica) is a salt marsh plant that typically inhabits the upper intertidal zone of
temperate estuaries. It was introduced to the Tamar in 1947 with the objective of stabilising mudflats and
assisting in the reclamation of intertidal lands. Rice grass communities facilitate the reclamation process
by increasing the rate of sediment deposition due to its dense growth habit and root network. As a result,
rice grass communities have the capacity to stabilise shorelines and riverbanks. However, this species
can eventually form rice grass terraces and marsh islands, which impacts on estuarine hydrodynamics,
ecology and amenity. Wind and currents readily disperse the fertile seeds and consequently colonisation
of new areas is easily facilitated. This species has spread throughout the Tamar estuary, and now
represents Tasmanias (and Australias) largest infestation (Pirzl and Coughanowr 1997).
Tidal mud flats along the banks of most of the Tamar Rivers middle and upper reaches have become
heavily colonised by rice grass. Efforts are currently focussed on containment of this species using
herbicides.
Pacific oyster
The Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) was first introduced in Tasmania by the CSIRO to Pittwater in
southern Tasmania after the collapse of the native oyster fishery (Mitchell et al 2000). The first shipments
of oysters arrived in 1947 and 1948, and were supplemented in 1951 and 1952. The Pittwater population
performed poorly so Port Sorell was selected as an alternative introductory location and the oysters
flourished. Oyster spats spread from Port Sorell to the Mersey River (west of Port Sorell) and the Tamar
River estuary (to the east) due to the general tidal movement of water along the north coast of Tasmania
(Mitchell et al 2000). In 1955, the first Pacific oysters appeared on rocks in West Arm in the Tamar River,
and by 1959 had replaced a large proportion of existing native oyster (O. angasi) populations in that
area.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-72
The Tamar Estuary now forms a key area of the Tasmanian oyster growing industry. This species
dominates the intertidal areas throughout most of the lower and middle reaches of the Tamar Estuary.
The oysters prefer brackish waters in sheltered estuaries where they settle on hard substrates in the
intertidal zone. The Pacific oyster is a prolific breeder and forms dense populations in many areas along
the Tamar shorelines. They are also known to out compete many species of native shellfish (Pirzl and
Coughanowr 1997). The Pacific oyster is considered to be a target marine pest (Aquenal, 2005).
Mosquito fish
Mosquito fish (Gambusia holbrooki) were discovered in the Tamar wetlands in 2001 and are found in
most mainland states and territories of Australia. In Tasmania, this species extends as far south as the
Kingston and Snug areas. G. holbrooki has an aggressive nature and it is a voracious predator of other
fish species, frog ova, larvae, juveniles and aquatic invertebrates. The fish thrive in shallow, warm, slow
moving to still water and are tolerant of large fluctuations in salinity levels, low dissolved oxygen
concentrations and generally poor water quality. The species has been declared a controlled fish under
the Island Fisheries Act 1995. The main source of spread of this species includes accidental or
deliberate release from captive environments into the wild or dispersal from existing populations.
2.8.18 Existing Local Point Source Discharges into Long Reach
An existing stormwater outfall from the Gunns Tamar woodchip mills currently discharges into the Tamar
River at Long Reach and is monitored annually. This reach of the River also receives cooling water
discharges from the Bell Bay Power Station. No other industrial or sewage discharge points are located
at Long Reach, although Van Diemens Aquaculture operation is situated 1.7 km upstream on the
opposite bank of the Tamar woodchip mills. Finfish farms deposit organic waste under their fish cages.
Sewage discharges from the George Town Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) and industrial sources
at Bell Bay into Deceitful Cove and Big Bay north of Long Reach occur. All the WWTP and industries
operate under permit conditions from DPIW, and are required to meet targets and objectives set out in
Environmental Improvement Programs (EIP) (Meander Valley Natural Resource Management Strategy,
2000).
2.8.19 Summary of Current Ecological Condition
The site of the proposed wharf development in Long Reach retains a range of natural features and
values, although it has been modified by various historical and present-day disturbances. Nearby parts of
Bell Bay have been reclaimed and support large-scale shipping operations. Land-based industrial and
stockpile sites bordering the estuary, as well as activities further upstream in catchments, provide
additional sources of wind- and water-born inputs. While industrial activities are regulated under
environmental legislation, the cumulative effect of past and present disturbances has resulted in some
modification of habitats and biological community structure near the proposed wharf site.
2.9 Terrestrial Flora

Full details of the terrestrial flora survey and assessment are provided in Appendix 29, Volume 12.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-73
Objectives, methodology and limitations of the flora assessment are provided below. This applies to the
assessment for the flora assessment of all infrastructure components, not just the pulp mill site, with the
exception of the survey dates for each component.
A summary of key details is provided in the following section.
2.9.1 Objectives
The purpose of the detailed botanical survey undertaken for the Draft IIS was to:
Detail the flora species and Ecological Vegetation Communities within the vicinity of the proposed Bell
Bay site;
Identify any threatened ecological values within the study areas listed under the:
Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBCA);
Tasmanian Threatened Species Protection Act 1995 (TSPA);
Tasmanian Nature Conservation Act 2002;
Tasmanian Regional Forest Agreement 1997;
Forest Practices Act 1985 and Forest Practices Regulations 1999; and
Natural Heritage Trust 2 Bilateral Agreement between Commonwealth and Tasmanian
Governments.
Outline the potential impacts of the pulp mill and associated infrastructure on ecological values;
Evaluate the development of the pulp mill and associated infrastructure against relevant local, state
and commonwealth government legislation and policy, and international agreements;
Outline potential management measures and legislative requirements to minimise potential impacts
on botanical values; and
Provide recommendations on permits and processes required to facilitate the approval of the pulp mill
and associated infrastructure.
2.9.2 Methodology
A detailed discussion of the survey methodology is provided in Appendix 29, Volume 12. The following
provides a summary of the approach and details of survey timing and limitations.
Background Review
Background reviews included the following sources:
TASVEG Mapping;
GTSpot;
EPBC Act Protected Matters Search Tool;
Threatened Flora CD;
Land Information System Tasmania; and
Literature review:

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-74
Tasmania Natural Gas Project Botanical survey, Stage 1: Five Mile Bluff to Bell Bay (Tasmania)
(Greening Australia Tasmania, 2001);
Basslink Tasmanian Section Thematic mapping, options and impact assessment: Biological
values (A.J. North and Associates, 2000);
Basslink Tasmanian Section, Four Mile Bluff to Bell Bay Botanical survey and fauna habitat
assessment (A.J. North and Associates, 2001);
Botanical and Zoological Study, Four Mile Creek Wildlife Sanctuary (Environmental and Technical
Services, 1989); and
Ecological study of Big Bay and its environs, N. Tasmania (Zoology Department, University of
Tasmania, 1980).
Site assessments
For the purposes of field work descriptions, the following areas are referred in this and subsequent
sections:
Bell Bay site the project site as defined in Figure 2-1 and containing the pulp mill, landfill, quarry and
water supply reservoir;
Pulp mill site the section of the Bell Bay site west of the East Tamar Highway; and
Landfill, quarry and water reservoir site - the section of the Bell Bay site east of the East Tamar
Highway.
Timing
Site assessments at the pulp mill site were initially undertaken during autumn 2005. As the scope of the
project changed, additional assessments were required in these areas and along the effluent and the
water supply pipelines. These additional assessments were undertaken between mid autumn and early
winter 2005.
Due to the seasonal dormancy of many species, spring surveys for the project were also undertaken
from 19-30 September 2005, 24-28 October 2005 and 7-11 November 2005, in order to detect any
species that were not evident during the initial survey.
Survey dates of the pulp mill site include:
2-4 March 2005 (11 person days);

11-13 April 2005 (6 person days);
2-6 May 2005 (10 person days);
9-10 May 2005 (3 person days);
19-21 September 2005 (5 person days);
26-28 September 2005 (6 person days);
24 October 2005 (2 person days); and
9-11 November 2005 (5 person days).

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-75
Flora surveys were conducted in accordance with permit conditions (Authority No. FL 05039, expiry 28
February 2006; Permit No. TFL 05255, expiry 1 December 2006).
Determination of vegetation sampling sites

Prior to the field assessment of the various survey areas were assessed. As different photo patterns are
likely to indicate distinct vegetation communities, each photo pattern was identified and preliminary
mapping unit boundaries determined. Subsequently, quadrat locations were determined using a stratified
random sampling procedure (Kent and Coker, 1992), whereby quadrats were allocated to each photo
pattern based on the total area of each photo pattern, with each photo pattern allocated a minimum of
one quadrat.
Vegetation sampling methods

The vegetation of the study area was assessed using a combination of quadrat sampling, transects (for
proposed linear infrastructure corridors) and the collection of incidental records. Notes on geology and
soils were also taken during the assessment to assist in the identification of EVCs and the determination
of boundaries between EVCs.
Ecological Vegetation Community mapping

Mapping of EVCs was undertaken at a scale of 1:10,000 using the GDA 94 datum. The first step in the
process was to ascribe a particular EVC to each quadrat or defined area species list, based on the
TASVEG keys and comparing the vegetation within the quadrat to descriptions in Harris and Kitchener
(2005) where the latest EVC names are given. Boundaries between EVCs were then determined based
on a combination of aerial photography, changes in geology/soil type and ground truthing.
Threatened species survey

Species classified as threatened at the national or state level were surveyed and mapped using a
number of techniques including quadrat sampling, recording of incidental observations, comprehensive
sampling within a given region and sampling along transect lines.
Most of the threatened species recorded within the study area prefer open habitats such as grassland,
slashed easements, track margins, swampy depressions, wetlands and heathlands. These habitats were
specifically targeted during spring surveys.
Sensitivity analysis
The ecological (flora) sensitivity of the study area was determined according to the State conservation
status of ecological vegetation communities, their bioregional conservation priorities, their potential to
have a critical ecological function and the presence of threatened species. Sensitivity was determined at
three levels:
1. Low sensitivity
Non-native vegetation that has low conservation value (e.g. Agricultural land, Plantations for
silviculture); and
Permanent easement (FPE) native vegetation that undergoes regular disturbance (e.g. slashing).

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-76
2. Medium sensitivity
Native vegetation that is adequately reserved in Tasmania and in the region (Forest Practices
Authority 2005);
Regenerating cleared land (FRG) abandoned pasture with native species regeneration; and
Marram grassland (FMG) sensitive coastal dune habitat, although dominated by the weed,
Ammophila arenaria.
3. High sensitivity
Ecological Vegetation Communities of State conservation status;
Native vegetation that may be inadequately reserved in Tasmania, and/or may have a very high
conservation priority in the region (Forest Practices Authority, 2005);
Ecological Vegetation Communities that have a critical ecological function (e.g. coastal dune
vegetation); and
Sites supporting populations of State or nationally listed threatened flora species.
2.9.3 Limitations
This ecological assessment covers vascular plant species (ferns, conifers and flowering plants). Non-
vascular flora (e.g. mosses, liverworts, lichens) and fungi were not sampled as part of this assessment,
as this is not routinely undertaken as part of flora surveys such as this.
Limitations of the vegetation survey and assessment are outlined in detail below.
Timing of Survey
The entire study area was initially assessed from early autumn to mid winter. This is generally not
considered the optimal time for conducting complete flora surveys in the Tamar area, as it is not possible
to locate or identify many native flora species at this time of year due to a lack of reproductive material.
Therefore, additional spring surveys were undertaken from 19-30 September, 24-28 October and 7-11
November 2005 in order to identify spring-flowering seasonal species such as orchids, lilies and annual
forbs, and confirm the identity of other non-flowering species that were previously identified to genus
level.
Despite the large number of additional species recorded during the spring surveys (including many
threatened species), it is possible that a few late spring or summer flowering species may have been
overlooked or not observed. Based on GTSpot records from within 5 kilometres of the entire study area,
only three species (Corunastylis nuda, Euphrasia scabra, Orthoceras strictum) that flower exclusively
over late spring/summer are threatened. None of these species has been recorded within 5 km of the
study area since 1945. Therefore, it is unlikely that any of these species persist within the study area.
However, if any of these species were present, it is unlikely that they would significantly alter the
conclusions of the Draft IIS, unless large populations were recorded in areas proposed to be subject to
direct disturbance.
It should also be noted that additional areas (Tamar woodchip mill access road area and proposed
woodchip conveyor belt, mill power supply and a small area near Windermere Road on the water supply

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-77
pipeline) were surveyed on 5-6 January 2006. Each of these areas supported suitable habitat for a
number of spring-flowering threatened species, which were recorded nearby at the pulp mill site. Based
on the presence of suitable habitat for these threatened species (e.g. Aphelia pumilio, Hypoxis vaginata
var. brevistigmata, Stylidium despectum/inundatum), their presence within these locations cannot be
discounted.
2.9.4 Existing Environment
Species
A total of 367 plant taxa (306 indigenous, 61 introduced) was identified for the pulp mill site. The area
surveyed for the site is shown in Figure 2-31 and Appendix 29, Volume 12.
Ecological Vegetation Communities
TASVEG mapping
A total of 11 Ecological Vegetation Communities (EVCs) have been previously mapped within the Bell
Bay site area according to the TASVEG database. These communities are Eucalyptus amygdalina
coastal forest and woodland (DAC), Eucalyptus amygdalina forest and woodland on dolerite (DAD),
Eucalyptus viminalis grassy forest and woodland (DVG), Permanent easements (FPE), Extra-urban
miscellaneous (FUM), Allocasuarina verticillata forest (NAV), Bursaria Acacia woodland and scrub
(NBA), Melaleuca ericifolia swamp forest (NME), Inland heathland (undifferentiated) (SHU), Melaleuca
squarrosa scrub (SMR) and Coastal Scrub (SSC). Photographs of many of these EVCs are included in
Appendix D of Appendix 29, Volume 12.
Current assessment
The mapping generally corresponded with the TASVEG mapping; however, there were some differences
in terms of the classification of vegetation communities and the boundary between communities, largely
owing to the finer resolution of mapping that was undertaken during this project (1:10,000). The current
assessment indicated that 23 Ecological Vegetation Communities were present, based on the TASVEG
classification system.
Boundaries between communities were usually readily identifiable. However, in some instances, it was
difficult to determine actual boundaries for mapping purposes because of the ecotonal nature of the
boundary between some communities. For instance, the boundary between Eucalyptus amygdalina
forest and woodland on dolerite (DAD) and Eucalyptus viminalis grassy forest and woodland (DVG)
was difficult to determine in some areas, owing to the gradually shifting dominance in the eucalypt
canopy.
Along the Tamar River boundary of the pulp mill and wharf sites, a narrow coastal vegetation community
is present. This community is actually a complex of two coastal vegetation communities and has been
mapped and described accordingly as Saline sedgeland/rushland (ARS) Coastal grass and herbfield
(GHC) complex in the Draft IIS.
Other mapping complexities occurred within the pulp mill site, particularly in poorly drained areas where
the eucalypt canopy was relatively sparse and the understorey comprised a dense scrub. These areas

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-78
were mapped as accurately as possible based on eucalypt canopy cover, with areas of greater than 5%
canopy cover being mapped as woodland.
The location of these communities within the pulp mill site is shown in Figure 2-31. A list of Ecological
Vegetation Communities recorded during the site assessment is given in Figure 2-31. General EVC
descriptions are provided in Appendix 29, Volume 12, while photographs of most EVCs are shown in
Appendix D of Appendix 29, Volume 12. Quadrats and specific survey points recorded within the pulp
mill site are outlined in Appendix E of Appendix 29, Volume 12.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-79
491000 492000 493000 494000 495000
5446000
5446000
Bell Bay Pulp Mill

FPE
-
FPE
OAQ
DAD FUM
DAD
FPE
SMR
DAD GRP NAV
0 75 150 300 450
FPE DAD
GRP DOV
Metres
FUM SMR DAD
1:15,000
NAV
DAD SRI NAV
FUM SRI FPE
DAD
FPE ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
DAD
FUM DAD ! !GSL
! ! !
! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! NAL FUM
! ! ! ! ! DVG DOV
! ! ! ! ! SMR
ORO FSM
DAD NAV NAV
DAD
SMR
FSM
5445000
5445000
! ! !
NAV ARS_GHC NAV
FUM
FPE
OSM
! ! ! ! !
FSM DAD
! ! ! ! ! DAD
! ! ! ! ! DAD
DOV
! ! ! !
SMR
NBA ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! FPE
! ! ! !
NAV
EA
GSL
DAD
FPE S T
DAC TA
M
NAL
NAL
DAD
AR
HI
G
DAD
FPE
! ! ! !
NBA
HW
! ! ! ! DAC
AY
! ! ! !
GSL ! ! ! ! FPE NAL
FPE FUM FUM
ORO
! ! ! ! ! !
DAC
! ! ! ! DAC
! ! ! ! FPF DAD c/o
GSL DAC
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
GHC
NAL
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! GSL
! ! ! !
SMR
! ! ! ! ! !
DAD FPE ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! FUM DAD
ARS_GHC ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
FPE FPE NAV
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
OSM ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
DAC c/o
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !DAC
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
GSL
5444000
5444000
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! DAD c/o
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! GRP ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
DAC DAD
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
ORO ! ! ! ! ! GSL
NAL BE SMR DAD
LL
BA
FPE
ORO
Y
LI
DAD
N E
DAD
! ! !
Q11 NAD
! ! ! NAV
GRP
FPE
! ! !
! ! ! GSL FPE
NNP
DAD
! ! !
GSL! ! ! ! ! ! ! GSL
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! DAD
! ! ! ! ! NAD
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! DAD
DVG
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
ORO ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
FPE
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !NAV
! ! !
NAV
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
_
^
LAUNCESTON
ARS_GHC
OSM
BEL
LB
DAD
SRI
ARS_GHC AY
LIN
FUM
E
NBA
ORO
5443000
5443000
HOBART
LL
BE
B AY
L INE
FIGURE 2-31
ECOLOGICAL
491000 492000 493000 494000 495000
Date: 16/06/06 Legend Ecological Vegetation Communities
VEGETATION
! ! ! ! !
Zone 55, GDA94 Water Pipeline AHL ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! !
DAC c/o DVG FPL FWU NAL Not Assessed SCH SMR (modified)
Source: Base data sourced from Effluent Pipeline ARS_GHC DAD FAG FRG GHC NAV OAQ
! ! ! ! !
SHL SRI
the LIST- www.thelist.tas.gov.au.
! ! ! ! !
COMMUNITIES
All other infrastructure supplied by National/State Highway ASF DAD c/o FMG FSM GRP NBA ORO SHW WVI
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
Gunns Pty Ltd Railway
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
File: M:\41\14346\gis\map\final\ DAC DAS FPE FUM ! ! ! ! GSL NME OSM SHW (modified) EVC codes are outlined
vol_2\fig2_31_veg_communities_ in the Ecological Vegetation
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
DAC (modified) DOV FPF FUR NAD ! ! ! ! !
NNP SAC SMR
mill_site.mxd ! ! ! ! ! Communities section of the
report for each site
! ! ! ! !
491000 491500 492000 492500 493000 493500 494000 494500 495000 495500
5446000
5446000
Bell Bay Pulp Mill

!
(
!
(
!
( !
( !
( !
( !
( !
(
*
# (!
!(
(!
!
!
(!
( #
(!
(!
*
(
!
( !
(
0 100
/
200 300 400 500
^ !(
_ !
(
!
( !
(
! Metres
( !
(
!
(
!
(
!
(
5445500
5445500
!
( !
(
1:15,000
!
(
!
( ! !
(!
( !
(
( !
(
(!
! ( !
(!
(#
*
!
( !
(
!
(
_
^ !
(
(!
!( !
(
!
(! (!
(!
(
!
(
!
( !
(
!
( !!
( !
(
(#
* *
#
!
( !
(
!
( !
(
!
5445000
5445000
( !
(
! (
(( !
! !
(
(!
! ( !
!
(
(
!
(
!
(!
(
!!
( (
!
(!( !
(
!
(
!
(
(!
!(
!
(!
(
!
(
!
(
5444500
5444500
!
(
Ta !
( !
((
! !
(
!
(
m
!
( !
( !
(
(!
! ( !
ar
((
! !
(
!
( !
(
R
!!
(( ! !
( !
(
( (
!
iv
!
( !
( !
(
!
(
er !
(
!
( !
( !
(
!
((
! !
(
(!
! (
!
( !
( !
(
!
( !
(
!
( !
(
!
( !
(
!
(!
5444000
5444000
(
*
# !
((
! *
# !
(( (!
! (
!
!!
(
(!(
!
(
!
(
!
( !
(
!
( !
(
!
(
!
(
!
(
!
( !
(
!
(
!
(
!
Threatened Species
(
5443500
5443500
Aphelia pumilio (rare) _
^
Hypoxis vaginata var. brevistigmata (rare)
Pimelea flava subsp. flava (rare)
Stylidium despectum (rare)
_
^
LAUNCESTON Threatened Species Waypoints
( Aphelia pumilio (rare)
!
( Arthropodium strictum (rare)
!
( Hypoxis vaginata var. brevistigmata (rare)
!
*
# Hypoxis vaginata var. brevistigmata (rare), Aphelia pumilio (rare)
5443000
5443000
( Juncus amabilis (rare)
!
HOBART
( Lepidosperma viscidum (rare)
! !
(
!
(
( Pimelea flava subsp. flava (rare) !
( !
(
! !
(
*
# Pimelea flava subsp. flava (rare), Hypoxis vaginata var. brevistigmata (rare)
FIGURE 2-32
_ Pimelea flava subsp. flava (rare), Lepidosperma viscidum (rare), Hypoxis vaginata var. brevistigmata (rare)
^
*
# Tricoryne elatior (vulnerable), Hypoxis vaginata var. brevistigmata (rare), Stylidium despectum (rare)
_ Veronica plebeia (rare)
LISTED
^
VEGETATION
491000 491500 492000 492500 493000 493500 494000 494500 495000 495500
Legend
Date: 16/06/06 Threatened Species Transects
SPECIES
Projection: Map Grid of Australia Effluent Pipeline
Zone 55, GDA94 Water Supply Pipeline Aphelia pumilio (rare)
Source: Base data sourced from the River Lepidosperma viscidum (rare)
LIST- www.thelist.tas.gov.au,all other
infrastructure supplied by Gunns Pty Ltd. Railway Pimelea flava subsp. flava (rare)
File: M:\41\14346\gis\map\final\vol_2\ National/State Highway Pimelea flava subsp. flava (rare),
fig2_32_listed_vege_species.mxd Major Arterial Road; Arterial Road; Access Road Lepidosperma viscidum (rare)
Pulp Mill - Extent of Works Transect
491000 492000 493000 494000 495000
Bell Bay Pulp Mill

5446000
5446000
0
-
75 150 300 450
Metres
1:15,000
5445000
5445000
EA
S T
TA
M
AR
H IG
HW
AY
5444000
5444000
BE
LL
BA
Y
LI
N E
_
^
LAUNCESTON
BEL
LB
AY
LIN
E
5443000
5443000
HOBART
L
BE
LB
AY L IN E
FIGURE 2-33
491000 492000 493000 494000 495000
Date: 16/06/06
VEGETATION
Zone 55, GDA94 Legend Flora Sensitivity
Source: Base data sourced from Water Pipeline Sensitivity Rank 1 (low)
the LIST- www.thelist.tas.gov.au.
SENSITIVITY
All other infrastructure supplied by Effluent Pipeline
Sensitivity Rank 2 (medium)
Gunns Pty Ltd National/State Highway
File: M:\41\14346\gis\map\final\
Railway Sensitivity Rank 3 (high)
vol2\fig2_33_vege_sensitive.mxd
Note: Refer to report for sensitivity rank descriptions
Table 11: State conservation status and bioregional conservation priorities of vegetation communities, Pulp Mill
TASVEG TASVEG Ecological Floristic community RFA community Bioregional Conservation priority State
code Vegetation Conservation
Community Floristic RFA status
ARS-GHC Saline NA NA NA NA -
complex sedgeland/rushland
Coastal grass and
herbfield complex
#
DAC Eucalyptus amygdalina DRY-hAM (Heathy E. AC (Coastal E. np N -
coastal forest and amygdalina forest) amygdalina forest)
woodland
DAD Eucalyptus amygdalina DRY-gAM (Grassy E. AD (E. amygdalina forest np N -

forest and woodland on amygdalina on dolerite)
dolerite forest/woodland)
DAD Eucalyptus amygdalina DRY-sdAM (Sedgy E. AD (E. amygdalina forest np N -

DAD Eucalyptus amygdalina DRY-scAM (Scrubby E. AD (E. amygdalina forest np N -

DOV Eucalyptus ovata forest DRY-scOV (Scrubby E. OV (Shrubby E. ovata A# Y e

and woodland ovata forest/woodland) E. viminalis forest)
DOV Eucalyptus ovata forest WET-OV00 (E. ovata OV (Shrubby E. ovata A Y e

and woodland Leptospermum species E. viminalis forest)
Melaleuca species
wsf)

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-83
DVG Eucalyptus viminalis DRY-gVIM (Grassy E. V (E. viminalis grassy A Y -

grassy forest and viminalis forest/woodland)
woodland forest/woodland)
FPE Permanent easement NA NA NA NA -
FPF Pteridium esculentum NA NA NA NA -

fernland
FPL Plantations for NA NA NA NA -

silviculture
FRG Regenerating cleared NA NA NA NA -

land
FSM Spartina marshland NA NA NA NA -
FUM Extra-urban NA NA NA NA -
miscellaneous
GRP Rockplate Grassland NA NA NA NA e*
GSL Lowland sedgy NA NA NA NA -

grassland
NAD Acacia dealbata forest OTHER-10 (Acacia SI (Acacia dealbata np N -

dealbata forest) forest)
NAL Allocasuarina littoralis DRY-LIT (Allocasuarina NA A NA r

forest littoralis forest)
NAV Allocasuarina DRY-VERT coastal AV (Allocasuarina A Y -

verticillata forest (Coastal Allocasuarina verticillata forest)
verticillata low forest)

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-84
NAV Allocasuarina DRY-VERT inland AV (Allocasuarina A Y -

verticillata forest (Inland Allocasuarina verticillata forest)
verticillata low forest)
NBA Bursaria Acacia OTHER-12 (Acacia NA A NA -

woodland and scrub mearnsii
forest/woodland)
NME Melaleuca ericifolia SWAMP-C2 ME (Melaleuca ericifolia A Y r,e

swamp forest (Depauperate coastal coastal swamp forest)
paperbark swamp
forest)
NNP Notelaea Pomaderris OTHER-3 (Pomaderris NP (Notelaea ligustrina A Y r,e

Beyeria forest apetala Beyeria and/or Pomaderris
viscosa Asterotrichion apetala closed forest)
discolor closed
forest/scrub)
ORO Lichen lithosere NA NA NA NA -
OSM Sand, mud NA NA NA NA -
SMR Melaleuca squarrosa NA NA NA NA -

scrub
SRI Riparian scrub NA NA NA NA v

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-85
Conservation priorities for floristic communities
A Community may be inadequately reserved in Tasmania, and/or may have a very high conservation priority in the region
np (non-priority) Community is adequately reserved in Tasmania and in the region
NA Not applicable
#
Community highly susceptible to Phytophthora cinnamomi (commonly known as root rot)
Conservation priorities for RFA communities
Y The RFA has identified that additional Statewide conservation is required for the community (oldgrowth and non-oldgrowth)
N (non-priority) The RFA has not identified that additional Statewide conservation is required for the community
NA Not applicable
State conservation status
E Endangered in Tasmania
V Vulnerable in Tasmania
R Rare in Tasmania
* Community is a facies of Lowland Themeda grassland (GTL), which has a conservation status of endangered in Tasmania

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-86
Vegetation Condition
The majority (approximately 99%) of the pulp mill site (within the Bell Bay site) is dominated by native
forest, woodland, scrub and grassland/sedgeland vegetation.
Vegetation condition within the pulp mill site varies according to disturbance history. Previous reports
have indicated that parts of the site have been burnt relatively frequently (Environmental and Technical
Services 1989). Evidence suggests that this is the case, with few mature and senescent trees now
remaining (although there are frequent stags and dead trees throughout the site). However there is no
evidence of fire at the site within at least the last 5-10 years. The largest trees within the study area occur
on the protected south facing slopes above William Creek, the gully at Q19 and the Eucalyptus
amygdalina coastal forest and woodland (DAC) north of Q31. Trees in these areas reach heights up to
30 m. The remainder of the forest and woodland within the study area is dominated by regrowth up to
20 m in height, where most trees have a diameter at breast height of less than 60 cm.
Clearing of native vegetation for the HEC transmission line easement, firebreaks, roads, tracks, gas
pipeline, railway and the existing Tamar woodchip mill has also led to fragmentation of the extant
vegetation, including waterways and vegetation along drainage lines. The degree of fragmentation is
indicated on Figure 2-31, where many of these disturbances have been mapped as Permanent
easement (FPE). Almost all of these easements contain grassland/sedgeland, bracken dominated or
scrub vegetation depending on geology. Sites on well-drained dolerite generally support species-rich
grassland/sedgeland communities with affinities to Lowland sedgy grassland (GSL). Sites on poorly
drained dolerite are usually dominated by scrubby vegetation with affinities to Melaleuca squarrosa
scrub (SMR). Sites on sand deposits are commonly dominated by Pteridium esculentum or heathy
shrubs.
It appears as if logging has also been previously undertaken at the site, as evidenced by the prevalence
of cut stumps, particularly within Eucalyptus amygdalina dominated communities. These areas now
appear either as a dense scrub with scattered emergent/regrowth eucalypts, or as grassland/sedgeland
with scattered regrowth/mature eucalypts. Areas such as this have been mapped with the suffix c/o to
indicate that they have been cut over (Figures 1-2). Other areas mapped as eucalypt-dominated forest
may have also been logged in the past.
The area dominated by Bursaria Acacia woodland and scrub (NBA) to the south of Big Bay (Figures
1-2) was previously cleared and used as unimproved pasture for livestock grazing. Judging by the
degree of native species recolonisation in this area, grazing is likely to have ceased at least 40 years
ago. This area is now effectively functioning as woodland dominated by Acacia mearnsii, with minimal
eucalypt regeneration. The understorey is dominated by native species and contains few introduced
species.
The cover of introduced species is characteristically very low (<1%) across the site, with areas of native
vegetation supporting only occasional weed species such as the ubiquitous Hypochoeris radicata. The
only areas where weeds are relatively abundant are highly disturbed areas near access points to the
East Tamar Highway and areas within the existing Tamar woodchip mill. Small areas at the existing mill
site (near the proposed additional woodchip stockpile area and along the access road) have also been
planted with either Tasmanian blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus subsp. globulus) or non-indigenous
Australian natives.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-87
Based on the fact that most of the vegetation is structurally intact (presence of overstorey, midstorey and
ground layer vegetation) and has a very low cover of introduced species, the general condition of native
vegetation within the pulp mill site (Figures 1-3) is considered to be good, despite the fact that past
clearing, logging and high fire frequencies have resulted in some degree of habitat modification.
Vegetation condition within the Tamar woodchip mill (Figure 3) ranges from poor to good, largely based
on the degree of disturbance associated with the construction and continuing operation of the mill.
Conservation Significance
An outline of the definition of national, state, regional and local significance is provided in Appendix 29,
Volume 12.
Previous assessments
An assessment of the western portion (west of the East Tamar Highway) of the study site by
Environmental and Technical Services (1989) classified the site as being of local conservation
significance. This survey recorded two species of state conservation significance, Eryngium ovinum and
Pimelea flava, although they were not noted as being of state significance in the report. This report also
indicated that apart from William Creek, the flora species and their associations were of negligible
botanical interest.
The assessment of Big Bay and its environs by Ritz et al. (1980) did not attribute a level of significance to
the site.
Current assessment
In addition to the appraisal of the Bell Bay site, this assessment also separately addresses areas within
the Tamar woodchip mill which will be potentially impacted by new infrastructure (such as the conveyor)
and changes to the woodchip mill layout as a result of plant upgrade as described in Volume 1.
For assessing conservation significance of the pulp mill, it has been divided into two sections, which are
outlined below. Sections are generally based on similar broad land use types (e.g. Section 1 large area
of native vegetation; Section 2 industrial site with patches of native vegetation).
1. Pulp Mill site (Pulp Mill, Wharf, Landfill, Quarry and Water Reservoir areas)
Part of the pulp mill site (between the highway and the Tamar River) has been previously assessed as
having local conservation significance (Environmental and Technical Services 1989). However, results of
the current survey suggest that the previous level of significance attributed to the site should be
upgraded.
The current site assessment suggests that it has state significance, owing to the presence of:
Five species of state significance (rare) with large populations (estimates ranging from 11,400 to
162,300 plants);
Five species of state significance (rare) with small populations (estimates ranging from <10 to 100
plants);
One unconfirmed species of state significance (vulnerable) with a small population (estimate <10
plants);

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-88
One previously recorded species of state significance (vulnerable) on the HEC transmission line
easement near Big Bay;
Potential habitat for one species of national significance;
Potential habitat for six species of state significance;
Two Ecological Vegetation Communities of state significance (endangered);
One Ecological Vegetation Community (Rockplate grassland) with an affinity to an EVC (Lowland
Themeda grassland) of state significance (endangered);
One Ecological Vegetation Community of state significance (vulnerable); and
One Ecological Vegetation Community of state significance (rare).
Although the known ecological values at the site suggest that it is of state conservation significance
(according to the criteria outlined in Appendix A of Appendix 29, Volume 12), many of the threatened
species present at the site are also present in the local/regional area. Due to the generally less intensive
nature of surveys in the surrounding area, the accurate distribution of these species is poorly known and
population estimates are difficult to make. If further detailed surveys were undertaken in the
local/regional area (and across the state) a more complete picture of threatened species distribution and
abundance would be available, which would enable a more accurate determination of whether a
population of a given species on site constituted a state significant (at least 1%) proportion of that
species. However, such an assessment was beyond the scope of this study. Therefore, this
assessment of significance is based on the known distribution and population estimates for threatened
species, which indicate that the site has state conservation significance.
2. Pulp Mill site (existing Tamar Woodchip Mill and access road)
The current site assessment suggests that this section of the pulp mill has local significance, owing to the
presence of:
One species of State significance, Pimelea flava subsp. flava (rare), with a moderate to large
population (estimate of 170 plants);
Potential habitat for two species of National significance;
Potential habitat for up to 15 additional species of State significance; and
One Ecological Vegetation Community of State significance (endangered).
Nationally significant species
Species recorded within the study area
No nationally significant species have been recorded within the Mill Site during this study or any previous
study (e.g. Environmental and Technical Services 1989) (according to the authors knowledge).
A number of orchid specimens were recorded (i.e. Caladenia sp., Pterostylis sp., Thelymitra sp.), which
were unable to be identified to species level due to the absence of fertile material. Subsequent spring
surveys found numerous species from each of these genera; however, none was threatened at the
National level. It is possible that some of these unidentified Caladenia specimens may be the nationally

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-89
significant species, Caladenia caudata, as some of the leaves had the morphology of spider-orchids and
this species has been recorded within 5 km of the pulp mill.
Species recorded within 5 kilometres of the study area or with habitat predicted to occur in the local area
The GTSpot database contains records of one nationally significant species, Caladenia caudata, from
within 5 km of the pulp mill site (Table 11).
In addition, the EPBC Act Protected Matters Search Tool predicts the occurrence of, or suitable habitat
for, three species of National significance in the 5 km radius search area that encompasses the study
area. The likelihood of occurrence for these species is listed in Table 11. In summary, there is suitable
habitat for one of these species, Glycine latrobeana, which is outlined below.
Caladenia caudata (Vulnerable)
This species occurs in heathy and grassy open eucalypt forest and woodland, often in association with
Allocasuarina spp. Although it has not been recorded within the local area since 1961, there is potentially
suitable habitat for this species within the pulp mill site. The lack of fire within the past 3-4 years would
also serve to make identification of this species at the site very difficult, as it is usually only recorded
within 3-4 years of fire. Therefore, it is possible that the species persists at the site.
Glycine latrobeana (Vulnerable)
This species occurs in dry sclerophyll forest, native grassland and woodland, usually on flat sites with
loose, sandy soil (Lazarus et al., 2003). Potentially suitable habitat exists for this species across much of
the pulp mill site, although it was not recorded despite intensive surveys across multiple seasons.
State significant species

Species recorded within the study area
A number of orchid specimens were recorded (i.e. Caladenia sp., Calochilus sp., Chiloglottis sp.,
Corybas sp. s.l., Microtis sp., Pterostylis sp., Thelymitra sp.), which were unable to be identified to
species level due to the absence of fertile material. Subsequent spring surveys found numerous species
from many of these genera; however, none was threatened at the State level. It is possible that some of
these unidentified Caladenia specimens with the spider-orchid leaf morphology may be the fire-
dependent State significant species, Caladenia patersonii, as this species has been recorded within 5 km
of the pulp mill. However, this is considered unlikely, given the habitat requirements of this species and
the fact that it has not been recorded in the local area for 60 years.
Species descriptions of all threatened species recorded within the pulp mill site are provided in Appendix
29, Volume 12.
Aphelia pumilio (rare)
Aphelia pumilio is restricted to two tracks/firebreaks and two open grasslands at the pulp mill site (Figure
2-32), where it is locally abundant. It has not been recorded anywhere else within the broader study area.
However, its tiny size makes it very difficult to observe in the field, implying that some individuals or
patches may have been overlooked.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-90
It occurs in open areas of Lowland sedgy grassland (GSL) near the coast and along tracks, usually in
seasonally moist patches of bare earth between grass tussocks. Populations near the coast occur on
moist, mossy rockplates, in association with a range of tiny forbs less than 5 cm in height. The soil
surface is often characterised by algal growth, which is likely to dry out in summer, leaving a flaking,
crusty surface.
Aphelia pumilio is sensitive to competition and requires bare ground (TPLUC 1996). Although it
commonly grows along infrequently used tracks, it is uncertain whether this species would respond
positively to soil disturbance.
This species can occur in massive numbers in small areas, owing to its tiny size and high density.
Population densities were often over 100 plants per m2, with one large patch containing approximately
1 000 plants per m2 in certain areas (Patch site 18).
Based on the number of individuals recorded, the total population estimate for this species is 162,300
plants within the pulp mill site (Table 3.3 of Appendix 29, Volume 12).

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-91
Table 12: Vascular flora species of national or state conservation significance recorded, or predicted to occur within, 5 kilometres of the Pulp Mill
Scientific name Common name Aust. Tas. Source Likelihood of occurrence No. sites Population size
status status estimate
Aphelia pumilio dwarf fanwort - r CS Present 21 162,300
Arthropodium strictum chocolate lily - r CS Present 1 <10
Brunonia australis blue pincushion - v GT Possible. Occurs in grassy woodlands and dry - -
sclerophyll forests dominated by Eucalyptus
amygdalina, or less commonly E. viminalis or E.
obliqua. It can persist in disturbed sites such as
roadside cuttings (Lazarus et al. 2003). Nearest known
occurrence recorded in 2003, <5 km away (GT).
Caladenia caudata tailed spider- V r GT, Unlikely. Occurs in heathy and grassy open eucalypt - -
orchid PMST forest and woodland, often with Allocasuarina spp., and
in heath on sandy and loamy soils (Jones et al. 1999).
Nearest known occurrence recorded in 1961, <5 km
away (GT).
Caladenia patersonii Patersons spider- - v GT Unlikely. Occurs in low shrubby and sedgy heath in - -
orchid moist to well-drained sand and clay loams (Jones et al.
1999). Nearest known occurrence recorded in 1947, <5
km away (GT).
Epacris exserta South Esk heath E v PMST Unlikely. Occurs on lower slopes and swamp edges in - -
dry scrub/dry sclerophyll forest between 10-575 m
above sea level, and on the banks of several rivers
(Keith 1998).
Epilobium pallidiflorum showy willowherb - r GT Possible. Occurs in wet habitats such as riparian areas - -
and wet herbfields (Lazarus et al. 2003). Nearest
known occurrence recorded in 2002, <5 km away (GT).
Eryngium ovinum blue devil - v ETS Present. Recorded in 1989 on stony ground under Unknown Unknown
transmission lines near Big Bay. Assume that the
species persists given that land use has not changed in
this area in the past 16 years.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-92
Glycine latrobeana clover glycine V v PMST Possible. Occurs in dry sclerophyll forest, native - -
grassland and woodland, usually on flat sites with
loose, sandy soil (Lazarus et al. 2003).
Glycine microphylla small-leaf glycine - v GT Possible. Occurs in dry sclerophyll forest and woodland - -
(Lazarus et al. 2003). Nearest known occurrence
recorded in 2002, <5 km away (GT).
Hypoxis vaginata var. sheathing - r CS, GT Present 48 17,400

brevistigmata yellowstar
Hypoxis vaginata var. sheathing - r GT Possible. Occurs in unimproved pasture and - -

vaginata yellowstar swampy/poorly drained areas (Lazarus et al. 2003).
Nearest known occurrence recorded in 2003, < 5 km
away (GT).
Juncus amabilis gentle rush - r CS Present 1 <10
Lachnagrostis aequata even blowngrass - r GT Unlikely. Occurs in coastal habitats (Lazarus et al. - -
2003). Nearest known occurrence recorded in 2000, <5
km away (GT).
Lepidosperma viscidum sticky - r CS Present 26 31,600

swordsedge
Limonium australe yellow sea- - r GT Possible (on margins of Tamar River). Occurs in - -
lavender saltmarsh and coastal mudflats. Nearest known
Pimelea flava subsp. flava yellow riceflower - r CS, ETS, Present 181 14,200
GT
Ranunculus sessiliflorus rockplate - r CS, GT Present 1 <10

var. sessiliflorus buttercup
Spyridium parvifolium var. coast dustymiller - r CS, GT Present 1 <10

parvifolium

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-93
Stylidium despectum swamp - r CS Present 2 11,400

triggerplant
Tricoryne elatior yellow rushlily - v CS Present (unconfirmed) 1 <10
Veronica plebeia trailing speedwell - r CS, GT Present 1 c. 100
Wilsonia rotundifolia roundleaf - r GT Possible (on margins of Tamar River). Occurs in - -

wilsonia coastal and inland saltmarsh. Nearest known
Xanthorrhoea arenaria sand grasstree V v PMST Not present no suitable habitat. - -
E endangered in Australia Note: Likelihood of occurrence is assessed on a 4-tier scale:

V vulnerable in Australia 1: Present (individuals recorded within the study area during the
v vulnerable in Tasmania current or any previous assessment)
r rare in Tasmania 2: Possible (suitable habitat occurs within the study area)
CS current study 3: Unlikely (suitable habitat unlikely to occur within the study area,
or suitable habitat present but species not recorded for over 30
ETS Environmental and Technical Services (1989) years within 5 km of the site)
GT GTSpot database 4: Not present (no suitable habitat present within the study area)
PMST EPBC Act Protected Matters Search Tool

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-94
Arthropodium strictum (rare)
Only one individual of Arthropodium strictum was recorded at the pulp mill site (Threatened species
waypoint 235), where it was found on the margin of a track in Eucalyptus amygdalina forest and
woodland on dolerite (DAD) (Figure 2-32). Active searching in the nearby area suggested that no further
plants were present. Therefore, the total population estimate for this species is < 10 plants at the pulp
mill site over an area of less than 0.1 ha.
Evidence from the Water Supply Pipeline suggests that Arthropodium strictum responds positively to
periodic biomass reduction. However, it is uncertain how the species would respond to soil disturbance
associated with the proposed development.
Eryngium ovinum (vulnerable)
Eryngium ovinum was previously recorded in 1989 on stony ground under the HEC transmission lines in
the vicinity of Big Bay (Environmental and Technical Services 1989). Although detailed searches at
various times of the year failed to relocate this species, it is assumed that the species still persists within
the pulp mill site as land use has not changed in this area since it was discovered at the site.
This species may tolerate a certain degree of disturbance, as it tends to reduce competition from other
species (TPLUC 1996).
Hypoxis vaginata var. brevistigmata (rare)
Hypoxis vaginata var. brevistigmata is scattered throughout the pulp mill site, particularly on tracks and in
open grassy areas to the south of the HEC transmission line easement where it is locally abundant
(Figure 2-32). Its small size and cryptic nature (non-flowering specimens are extremely difficult to detect
in the field) implies that some individuals or patches may have been overlooked during the field
assessment. It should be noted that all areas of potential habitat were surveyed during the brief flowering
season for this species.
This species has a strong affinity with seasonally moist disturbed areas associated with infrequently used
tracks and easements in Eucalyptus amygdalina forest and woodland on dolerite (DAD). Periodic
biomass reduction via slashing appears to favour the persistence of this species by maintaining available
light at sufficient levels and helping to minimise competition from grasses and sedges (T. Wills pers.
obs.). Hypoxis vaginata var. brevistigmata also commonly occurs in native grasslands such as Lowland
sedgy grassland (GSL) and Rockplate grassland (GRP), usually in seasonally moist patches of bare
earth between grass tussocks.
This species can occur in large numbers in small areas, owing to its small size and relatively high
density. Sampling indicated that in any given population, approximately 20% of individuals were
flowering in unison. Because plants were extremely difficult to find when not in flower, population was
estimated by multiplying the number of flowering individuals by five (the approximate ratio of flowering to
non-flowering plants). Based on the number of individuals recorded, the total population estimate for this
species is 17 400 plants within the pulp mill site (Appendix 29, Volume 12).

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-95
Juncus amabilis (rare)
Only one individual of Juncus amabilis was recorded at the pulp mill site (Point location 236, refer to
Figure 2-32), where it was found in a poorly drained area on the margin of a track in Eucalyptus
amygdalina forest and woodland on dolerite (DAD) (Figure 2-32). Active searching in the nearby area
suggested that no further plants were present. Therefore, the total population estimate for this species is
< 10 plants at the pulp mill site.
Evidence from the Effluent Pipeline suggests that Juncus amabilis commonly occurs in disturbed
environments such as pasture. However, despite the rhizomatous nature of the species, it is uncertain
how the species will respond to any form of soil disturbance.
Lepidosperma viscidum (rare)
Lepidosperma viscidum is restricted to the HEC transmission line easement and a few open grasslands
at the pulp mill site, where it is locally abundant on dolerite (Figure 2-32). It has not been recorded
anywhere else within the local area.
This species occurs in open grassy/sedgy areas of Permanent easement (FPE) and Rockplate
grassland (GRP), thriving in regularly disturbed areas (e.g. slashing, fire) where there is an absence of
trees and a low cover of shrubs.
plants within the pulp mill site (Appendix 29, Volume 12).
Pimelea flava subsp. flava (rare)
Pimelea flava subsp. flava occurs primarily on tracks and easements at the pulp mill site and along the
access road to the Tamar woodchip mill, where it forms large populations on dolerite bedrock (Figure
2-32). The species responds positively to soil disturbance, with mass germination from the soil seed
bank along the edge of tracks and in easements, given the appropriate environmental conditions.
However, there is evidence that the species is drought intolerant (Adamzewski 2001 in Lazarus et al.,
2003), with large numbers of seedlings often dying in the first year or two following germination (T. Wills
pers. obs.).
Pimelea flava subsp. flava also occurs as scattered individuals in: a) Eucalyptus amygdalina forest and
woodland on dolerite (DAD) where it generally favours more protected aspects of moderate fertility, b)
the margins of Eucalyptus ovata forest and woodland (DOV), and c) Eucalyptus amygdalina coastal
forest and woodland (DAC).
plants within the pulp mill site (Appendix 29, Volume 12).
Ranunculus sessiliflorus var. sessiliflorus (rare)
Ranunculus sessiliflorus var. sessiliflorus was recorded at Q91 (Threatened species waypoint 50) in the
landfill area of the pulp mill site, where four plants were found in a grassy variant of Eucalyptus
amygdalina forest and woodland on dolerite (DAD) (Figure 2-32). Active searching in the nearby area
< 10 plants at the pulp mill site over an area of less than 0.1 ha.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-96
The response of this species to disturbance is unknown.
Spyridium parvifolium var. parvifolium (rare)
Only one individual of Spyridium parvifolium var. parvifolium was recorded at the pulp mill site
(Threatened species waypoint 251), where it was found on the margin of a track in Eucalyptus
amygdalina forest and woodland on dolerite (Figure 2-32). Active searching in the nearby area
less than 10 plants at the pulp mill site over an area of less than 0.1 ha.
This species is likely to respond positively to fire-induced disturbance. However, its response to substrate
disturbance is unclear.
Stylidium despectum (rare)
Stylidium despectum is restricted to two populations at the pulp mill site, where it is locally abundant
(Figure 2-32). Its tiny size and short flowering season makes it very difficult to observe in the field,
implying that some individuals or populations may have been overlooked.
This species occurs in open areas of Lowland sedgy grassland (GSL) near the coast, usually in
seasonally moist patches of almost bare earth. Populations near the coast occur on moist, mossy
rockplates, in association with a range of tiny forbs less than 5 cm in height, including Aphelia pumilio
(rare). The soil surface is often characterised by algal growth, which is likely to dry out in summer,
leaving a flaking, crusty surface. Stylidium despectum is a sensitive species that grows in a specialised
habitat within the study area. Any disturbance to the substrate is likely to be detrimental to the species.
However, appropriate fire frequencies may aid the persistence of this species (Lazarus et al. 2003) by
repressing the growth of nearby shrubs and tussock grasses.
This species can occur in massive numbers in small areas, owing to its tiny size and high density. Based
on the number of individuals recorded, the total population estimate for this species is 11,400 plants
within the pulp mill site (Appendix 29, Volume 12).
Tricoryne elatior (vulnerable)
A non-flowering specimen closely resembling Tricoryne elatior was recorded at Q34 (Point location 1) on
the pulp mill site in Lowland sedgy grassland (GSL) near the coast (Figure 2-32). Subsequent site visits
in spring failed to relocate the plant. Therefore, owing to a lack of fertile material and the fact that the
species has not previously been recorded from the local area, its identification cannot be confirmed with
certainty. The total population estimate for this species is less than 10 plants at the pulp mill site.
Disturbances such as fire and light grazing are unlikely to be detrimental to the persistence of Tricoryne
elatior as they reduce competition from the dense grass sward. However, it is unknown what the impact
of direct soil disturbance will be upon this species.
Veronica plebeia (rare)
Veronica plebeia was recorded in Eucalyptus amygdalina forest and woodland on dolerite (DAD) at the
Mill site (Threatened species waypoint 171), where 10 plants were found (Figure 2-32) over an area of
less than 0.1 ha. Active searching in the nearby area suggested that no further plants were present.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-97
However, based on similar habitat nearby, the total population estimate for this species may be up to 100
plants at the pulp mill site. Suitable habitat for this species occurs across much of the site.
It is unknown how this species responds to disturbance.
Species recorded within 5 kilometres of the study area or with habitat predicted to occur in the local area
The GTSpot database contains records of seven additional state significant species from within 5 km of
the pulp mill site. The likelihood of occurrence for each of these species is outlined in Table 11. In
summary, six of these species have the potential to occur within the study site, due to the presence of
suitable habitat.
Brunonia australis (vulnerable)
This species occurs in grassy woodlands and dry sclerophyll forests dominated by Eucalyptus
amygdalina, or less commonly E. viminalis. It can also persist in disturbed sites such as roadside
cuttings. It is possible that this species occurs within the study site, particularly given that most flowering
specimens are collected from November to January (field survey was only conducted in November
during this period).
Caladenia patersonii (vulnerable)
This species occurs in low shrubby and sedgy heath in moist to well-drained sand and clay loams (TSU
2001a). It usually only flowers in the first 3-4 years following fire. It is possible (albeit unlikely) that this
species is present in marginal habitat within the study site (e.g. within the HEC transmission line
easement). However, the overall probability of this species occurring within the site is low, especially
given that the most recent record of this species within 5 km of the pulp mill was from 1947. Furthermore,
no individuals were recorded despite the survey being undertaken during each month of the flowering
period for this species (September to November).
Epilobium pallidiflorum (rare)
This species occurs in wet habitats such as riparian areas and damp herbfields. Numerous gullies,
drainage lines, small creeks and wet depressions provide potential habitat within the study site.
Epilobium pallidiflorum is a perennial species and despite extensive survey effort, no Epilobium plants of
any form were found within the site. In summary, it is still possible that this species occurs within the
study site.
Glycine microphylla (vulnerable)
Glycine microphylla occurs in dry sclerophyll forest and woodland, which is the dominant habitat type
within the pulp mill site. Despite intensive surveys in suitable habitat during the flowering time of this
species (September-November), no individuals were recorded. Therefore, it is unlikely, but still possible
that this species occurs on site, owing to the presence of large areas of potentially suitable habitat.
Limonium australe (rare)
Limonium australe has been previously recorded from the edges of the Tamar River outside the study
area, where it occurs in saltmarsh and coastal mudflats, often growing in association with species such
as Austrostipa stipoides. A thin band of potential habitat is present along the banks of the Tamar River at

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-98
the pulp mill site. Most of the coastline (c. 80%) was traversed on foot during the field surveys, with no
sighting of the species. However, there is a possibility that small numbers may occur on sections of the
coastline that were not covered on foot.
Wilsonia rotundifolia (rare)
Wilsonia rotundifolia occurs in coastal and inland saltmarsh. A thin band of potential habitat is present
along the banks of the Tamar River at the pulp mill site. Most of the coastline (c. 80%) was traversed on
foot during the field surveys, with no sighting of the species. However, there is a possibility that small
numbers may occur on sections of the coastline that were not covered on foot.
2.9.5 Vegetation Communities
Six state significant Ecological Vegetation Communities are present within the pulp mill site. These are
listed below:
Eucalyptus ovata forest and woodland (DOV) (endangered)
This EVC is restricted to the headwaters of William Creek in the landfill/quarry/water reservoir area of the
pulp mill site. It occupies an open valley floor and comprises a dense shrubby understorey, with an open
Eucalyptus ovata canopy to 25 m in height. It appears that parts of this EVC may have been previously
cut over in the past.
Rockplate grassland (GRP) (endangered)
Remnant lowland grasslands are considered one of the most threatened ecosystems in Tasmania
(Barker 1999). Although Rockplate grassland is not listed as a threatened community, it has strong
affinities with Lowland Themeda grassland (GTL) and could be considered a facies of this community,
which is endangered within Tasmania. However, until a statewide survey of this community is
undertaken, the conservation status of this EVC will not be fully understood (L. Gilfedder pers. comm.).
This EVC is restricted to four small, isolated patches (each less than 1 ha) on rocky spurs and open
areas within Eucalyptus amygdalina forest and woodland on dolerite (DAD) within the pulp mill site.
Allocasuarina littoralis forest (NAL) (rare)
Allocasuarina littoralis forest is restricted to three localised patches within the study area. The largest
patch (> 4 ha) occurs at the pulp mill site on sandy soils immediately adjacent to the HEC transmission
line easement. This patch is fragmented by two access tracks/fire trails. The remaining patches occur on
dolerite and are small (<1 ha), with one occurring on the shore of the Tamar River (Big Bay) and the
other near the proposed Water Reservoir.
Melaleuca ericifolia swamp forest (NME) (rare, endangered)
This EVC is confined to a small patch (<1 ha) on the edge of the Tamar River at the Tamar woodchip mill
(between the Tamar River and woodchip stockpile areas no. 1 and 3). The patch is surrounded by
heavily modified industrial land and is proposed to be used for the installation of a wood chip conveyor
belt. Despite the surrounding land use, the patch is in moderate to good condition, with low levels of
weed invasion.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-99
Notelaea Pomaderris Beyeria forest (NNP) (rare, endangered)
This EVC is restricted to a narrow band along William Creek in the south of the pulp mill site. It has
previously been recognised as being of botanical interest in the local area as a relic example of a
previously more widespread vegetation community (Environmental and Technical Services 1989). This is
a fire-sensitive community that has persisted in the deeply incised William Creek gully, owing to the high
degree of topographic protection, which has helped safeguard the site from fire.
Riparian scrub (SRI) (vulnerable)
Riparian scrub is confined to two small creek lines within the pulp mill site; one in the north of the site
and the other in the south of the site (tributary of William Creek). Both sites are terminated by the HEC
transmission line easement, which dissects each creek line. This EVC effectively continues underneath
the transmission lines in both cases; however, these areas have been mapped as Permanent easement
(FPE) for the length of the pulp mill site.
Sensitivity
The majority of the pulp mill site contains areas of high to medium sensitivity (Figure 2-33). Most areas
have at least medium sensitivity owing to the presence of well reserved vegetation communities;
however, the presence of threatened species acts to increase the sensitivity of many of these areas to
high.
2.10 Terrestrial Fauna

Full details of the terrestrial fauna survey and assessment are provided in Appendix 29, Volume 12. A
summary of key details are provided in the following sections. The marine assessment and terrestrial
environment associated with the effluent pipeline, ocean outfall and shore crossing are addressed in
Volume 3 of the Draft IIS.
For the purposes of the Draft IIS, terrestrial fauna are defined as all reptiles, amphibians, terrestrial and
semi-aquatic mammals, non-aquatic invertebrates and non-pelagic birds.
All work was undertaken under the auspices of the Department of Primary Industries, Water and
Environment Permit To Take Threatened Fauna for Scientific Purposes No. TFA 05038 and Animal
Ethics Committee approval number DPIWE 62-0405.
2.10.1 Methodology
A detailed discussion of the survey methodology is provided in Appendix 29, Volume 12. The following
provides a summary of the approach and details of survey timing and limitations.
A number of tasks were undertaken to assess the terrestrial fauna and associated habitats in the
proposed development area and to provide an overall evaluation of the study area and it terrestrial fauna
value. The main tasks included:
Desktop Review fauna record database searches, literature reviews and species reviews;
Habitat Assessments; and

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 2-100
Targeted Field Surveys fauna trapping, observation and identification.
Desktop Review
A desktop review was undertaken to determine the occurrence of threatened and migratory species in
the study area and study region. Fauna records from within at least 500 m (study area) of the project
footprint and 5 km (study region) of the project footprint were obtained from the following databases:
Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service and Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment
GIS (Natural Values Report) (GTSPOT) (2005);
The Commonwealth Department of the Environment and Heritage EPBC (2005) Protected Matters
Search Tool (EPBC Act Protected Matters Report);
The DPIW Threatened Species Unit database;
The Birds Australia Atlas of Australian Birds;
Threatened Fauna Handbook (Bryant and Jackson, 1999); and
Forest Practices Authority (FPA) Threatened Fauna Manual.
In addition, the available previous studies undertaken within or adjacent to the study area were reviewed
and these included:
Botanical and Zoological Study, Four Mile Creek Wildlife Sanctuary (Environment and Technical
Services Pty Ltd, 1989);
Tasmanian Natural Gas Project (Duke Energy International, 2001); and
Supporting Study #8, Vegetation, Flora and Fauna (Tas) (Basslink) (AJ North and Associates, 2000).
The desktop review formed the basis of the habitat assessments and field surveys.
2.10.2 Objectives
The specific aims of the fauna study were to conduct fauna investigations in relation to the construction
and maintenance of the project. These investigations aim to:
Provide an overview of the terrestrial vertebrate fauna present on or that may utilise the study area
and surrounding areas, including species lists and significance status under the Tasmanian
Threatened Species Protection Act 1995 (TSP), Appendix 7 of the Tasmanian DPIWE Consultants
Brief (DPIWE, 2004), the Tasmanian Regional Forestry Agreement (RFA) and the Commonwealth
Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC) including migratory species
protected under the Japan-Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (JAMBA), the China-Australia
Migratory Bird Agreement (CAMBA) and the Bonn Convention;
An evaluation and comment on the actual or potential presence or absence of any threatened,
migratory or otherwise significant species of fauna known or predicted to occur in the study area and
surrounding areas;
An assessment of, map of, and comment on, the potential for habitats of listed fauna species within
the study area;

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Identification of potential short and long term impacts of the project on significant fauna and
associated habitat; and
Recommendations for the management and management of potential fauna impacts, including advice on
any further assessments that may be required.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
460000 470000 480000 490000 500000 510000 520000 530000 540000
Bell Bay Pulp Mill

BRIDPORT
5460000
5460000
Five Mile Bluff
Bass Strait
Low Head
LO
W 0 2
- 4 6 8 10
HE
AD R
Kilometers
Greens Beach
OA
George Town 1:250,000

D
5450000
5450000
B
AD
Ti
E
LL
RO
Y
BA
LI N
po
SO
E
Ta
L
go
m
KE
ar
re
R i ve
e
r
Beauty Point
Hi
_
^ SC
lls
Rowella NO
R TH E A S T E R N LIN E
5440000
5440000
Beaconsfield
Beaconsfield
Proposed Pulp Mill
N E
LI
RN
TE
5430000
5430000
AS
Gravelly Beach
HE
RT
NO
W
T
ES
TA
M
AR
IG
HW
H
AY
BE
L LB
AY
5420000
5420000
LIN
E
BA
SS
HI
H
W
G
AY
S M AN H I G H
TA WA
Y
Launceston
5410000
5410000
FIGURE 2-34
460000 470000 480000 490000 500000
HADSPEN
510000 520000 530000 540000 DESKTOP
Date: 16/06/06
Legend
DATABASE
SEARCH
Projection: Map Grid of Australia Pipeline
Zone 55, GDA94
Source: Rivers supplied by the LIST - www.thelist.tas.gov.au,
_
Builtup Area
River
Roads and Rail data sourced from CData 2001,
AREAS
500m search buffer
all other infrastructure supplied by Gunns Pty Ltd. National/State Highway
File: M:\41\14346\gis\map\final\vol2\ 5km search buffer
fig2_34_desktop_search_areas.mxd Major Road
Railway
491000 491500 492000 492500 493000 493500 494000 494500 495000 495500
5446000
5446000
Bell Bay Pulp Mill

0 75
-
150 300 450
Metres
1:15,000
5445500
5445500
5445000
5445000
EA
ST
TA
M
AR
5444500
5444500
HI
G
HW
AY
5444000
5444000
5443500
5443500
_
^
LAUNCESTON
5443000
5443000
HOBART
FIGURE 2-35
491000 491500 492000 492500 493000 493500 494000 494500 495000 495500
Date: 8/3/05 Legend
TRANSECT
Zone 55, GDA94 Roads Effluent Pipeline Vegetation DAD FAG FSM NAD NNP SMR
Source: Base data sourced from supplied by the LIST-
National/State Highway Water Supply Pipeline ARS DAD c/o FMG FUM NAL SAC SRI
LOCATIONS
www.thelist.tas.gov.au,all other infrastructure supplied
by Gunns Pty Ltd Major Arterial Road Bell Bay Transects ASF DOV FPE FWU NAV SCH Not Assessed
fig2_35_transect_locations.mxd Arterial Road Quarry Transects DAC DSC FPF GHC NBA SHL
Access Road DAC c/o DVG FPL GSL NME SHW
Habitat Assessment Methods
Floristic and structural features of vegetation form a habitat type that provides resources to support
communities of fauna. Habitat types correspond broadly to vegetation communities but habitats do not
represent rigid boundaries, as many species move between habitats or utilise more than one habitat,
according to changing conditions or seasons. An assessment of the habitat value present in a local,
regional and national context, when linked with the fauna recorded at the site, provides an integrated and
more accurate assessment of the potential for the habitat listed fauna species than field surveys alone.
This method also allows the assessment of the magnitude of impacts associated with loss of habitat.
Habitat Assessment Criteria
2.10.3 Habitat Assessment Criteria
The value of a habitat was determined by a number of features, including:

Habitat status;
Size/connectivity;
Condition;
Significant flora species; and
Other features such as its value as a habitat corridor, or the presence of remnant communities, or
unusual ecology or community structure.
Three categories were used to evaluate habitat value:
High: Ground flora containing a high number of indigenous species; vegetation community structure,
ground, log and litter layer intact and undisturbed; a high level of breeding, nesting, feeding and roosting
resources available; a high richness and diversity of native fauna species.
Moderate: Ground flora containing a moderate number of indigenous species; vegetation community
structure, ground log and litter layer moderately intact and undisturbed; a moderate level of breeding,
nesting, feeding and roosting resources available; a moderate richness and diversity of native fauna
species.
Low: Ground flora containing a low number of indigenous species, vegetation community structure,
ground log and litter layer disturbed and modified; a low level of breeding, nesting, feeding and roosting
resources available; a low richness and diversity of native fauna species.
The assessments considered a number of habitat features during the assessment to classify habitat
types and value, including:
the presence of nesting / shelter sites such as tree hollows, litter, fallen timber, hollow logs,
decorticating bark and logs;
cover abundance of ground, shrub and canopy layers and flowering characteristics of shrubs and
trees;
emergent vegetation within and around water bodies and the presence of free water;

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
rocks and basking sites for reptiles; and
extent and nature of previous disturbances.
Habitat Usage
Habitat usage by fauna was documented through analysis of tracks, scats, diggings and other traces.
Traces of threatened and significant species that might occur within the subject site were the focus of the
surveys. Searches were conducted during the entire survey period and included:
searches for owl and other raptor pellets;
scats;
raptor nests;
tracks and diggings;
identification of road kills; and
other indicators of fauna such as scratches on trees and runways through vegetation.
Field Survey
The aim of the fauna surveys was to identify fauna assemblages, distribution and abundance of fauna
(including threatened or significant species) across a range of habitat sites within the study area.
Timing and Weather

Fauna surveys were undertaken at the Bell Bay Site (pulp mill and mill facilities area) from 21 February
2005 - 10 March 2005. Weather conditions in February-March spanned a full range of climatic conditions
(warm and sunny, cold and rainy, cold and windy) throughout the study period, with a daily mean
temperature range of 8.9 23.3 C
Detailed descriptions of the weather conditions experienced throughout the study period are provided in
Appendix B of Appendix 29, Volume 12.
Permits
All work was undertaken under the auspices of the Department of Primary Industries, Water and
Environment Permit To Take Threatened Fauna for Scientific Purposes No. TFA 05038 and Animal
Ethics Committee approval number DPIWE 62-0405.
Development of Methodologies
The methodologies utilised for the field surveys were based on a combination of generally accepted
ecological field methods (advocated by State agencies) and consultation with zoologists from the
University of Tasmania. The NSW Department of Environment and Conservation has a draft Threatened
Biodiversity Survey and Assessment: Guidelines for Development Activities (DEC, 2004) that outlines
recommendations for flora and fauna survey designs. In the absence of detailed guidelines for Tasmania,
this document was used as a guide for the survey design. Specialist advice relating to method design,
including survey techniques, frequency and duration particular to Tasmanian conditions was sought from
representatives from the University of Tasmania, in the absence of responses from DPIWE zoologists. Dr

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Peter McQuillan provided advice regarding invertebrates, Dr Erik Wapstra provided advice regarding
reptiles and amphibians, and Associate Professor Randolph Rose provided advice regarding mammal
species.
The survey was designed to sample representative faunal habitats on the study sites (identified from the
desktop review and the habitat assessments), with particular emphasis on targeting any threatened or
otherwise significant species potentially located within the study area.
Details on elliot and cage trapping, hair funnels, vertebrate pitfall traps, diurnal bird surveys, eagle nest
searches, diurnal reptile and herpetofauna searches, spotlighting surveys, call back: birds; and
invertebrates are provided in Appendix 29, Volume 12
2.10.4 Existing Environment
Threatened species are those listed as protected, migratory or of conservation significance under the
Tasmanian TSP Act 1995, the Tasmanian RFA, Appendix 7 of the Tasmanian DPIWE Consultants Brief
(DPIWE, 2004), the Action Plans produced by Environment Australia and/or the Commonwealth EPBC
Act 1999. Migratory species are those protected under the auspices of the Commonwealth EPBC Act
(1999). Table 12 shows the species of threatened and conservation significant status identified from
within 500 metres (study area) of the boundaries of the project footprint (including pipelines).
Table 13 details the migratory and marine species, (avian species that may overfly marine areas), that
are not also listed as threatened from within the study area. The full lists for all species identified within
both 500 metre and 5 km of the study area (including non-threatened species) are included in Appendix
29, Volume 12.
Invertebrates
None of the families identified contain threatened species in either the study area or study region; hence
identification to genus and species was not required to elucidate the presence of threatened species.
No threatened invertebrates were identified from the desktop searches to have been recorded within the
Bell Bay area (including the pulp mill, wharf, landfill and quarry sites).
Desktop Summary
The desktop analysis considered species at both a local context (at least 500 m buffer from the project
footprint) and a regional context (at least 5 km buffer). The desktop results are a combination of actually
recorded species and species predicted to occur based on bioclimatic modelling and other inferences.
The study region (5 km buffer) searches have been summarised below in Table 12, Table 13 and Table
14. The full 500 m (study area) and 5 km (study region) searches are presented in Table 15 and Table
16.
The desktop search results for the Bell Bay site include the pulp mill, wharf, landfill, quarry and water
reservoir due to their close proximity to one another.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 13: Threatened species protected under the State and Commonwealth legislation previously recorded or predicted to occur within 5
km of the Bell Bay site (including the pulp mill, wharf, landfill, quarry and water reservoir areas)
TAS Forestry
EPBC Act TPS Act Agreement Conservation Location Location
#
Class Family Scientific Name Common Name Status Status Status Significant Recorded* Predicted
Birds Accipitridae Aquila audax fleayi wedge-tailed eagle EN e A.1 yes P
Haliaeetus
Birds Accipitridae leucogaster white-bellied sea-eagle Mi, Ma v B P
Birds Psittacidae Lathamus discolor swift parrot EN, Ma e A.1 yes P
Tyto novaehollandiae masked owl (Tasmanian Nominated

Birds Tytonidae castanops subspecies) for listing e A.3 yes P
Dasyurus maculatus
Mammalia Dasyuridae maculatus spotted-tailed quoll VU r A.1 yes P
Nominated
Mammalia Dasyuridae Sarcophilus harrisii tasmanian devil for listing v yes P
Pseudomys
Mammalia Muridae novaehollandiae New Holland mouse e P
Mammalia Peramelidae Perameles gunnii eastern barred bandicoot VU yes P

Species with common names underlined are species that have been recorded from within the study area (that is, 500 m search).
* This column gives results of species recorded from both previous studies and the field assessment for this project.
# This column gives the results of species not recorded from previous field studies, but instead those that are predicted to occur on site based on bioclimatic modelling and other
inferences. Predicted locations presented in normal font are derived from the EPBC online search, the Tasmanian Threatened Fauna Handbook and the Tasmanian Threatened
Fauna Manual.
EN = endangered under EPBC Act; VU = vulnerable under EPBC Act; Mi = migratory under EPBC Act; Ma = marine under EPBC Act; e = endangered under TSP Act; v = vulnerable
under TSP Act; r = rare under TSP Act; A.1 = ; A.2 = ; A.3 = ; B = ; NT = Near Threatened as listed in the Action Plan for Australian Birds (Garnett and Crowley, 2000), for Australian
Frogs (Tyler, 1997) and for Australian Marsupials and Monotremes (Maxwell et al. 1996). C = species listed in Appendix 7 of the Tasmanian DPIWE Consultants Brief (DPIWE, 2004)
as being of conservation significance. Nominated for listing = currently nominated for listing under the EPBC Act (1999), see
http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/nominations/index.html
E = Efffluent outfall area, effluent pipeline corridor and workers accommodation facility; P = Bell Bay site; WP = water supply pipeline corridor.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 14: Fauna species considered of conservation significance in Tasmania previously recorded or predicted to occur in the Bell
Bay section of the study region
TAS
Forestry
EPBC TAS Agreement Conservation Location Location
#
Circus approximans
Birds Accipitridae gouldi swamp harrier Ma yes P
Aegotheles cristatus
Birds Aegothelidae tasmanicus australian owlet-nightjar yes P
Calyptorhynchus
funereus
Birds Cacatuidae xanthanotus yellow-tailed black cockatoo yes P
Birds Dicruridae Myiagra cyanoleuca satin flycatcher Mi, Ma yes P
Haematopus
longirostris
Birds Haematopodidae longirostris pied oystercatcher yes P
Birds Laridae Sterna caspia caspian tern Mi,Ma yes P
Pelecanus
Birds Pelecanidae conspicillatus australian pelican Ma yes P
Birds Petroicidae Petroica phoenicea flame robin Ma yes P
Platycercus
Birds Psittacidae caledonicus green rosella yes P
Platycercus eximius
Birds Psittacidae diemenensis eastern rosella (tasmanian) yes P
Arenaria interpres
Birds Scolopacidae interpres ruddy turnstone Mi, Ma yes P

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
TAS
Forestry
EPBC TAS Agreement Conservation Location Location
Class Family Scientific Name Common Name Status Status Status Significant Recorded* Predicted#
Birds Scolopacidae Calidris ruficollis red-necked stint Mi, Ma yes P
Birds Scolopacidae Gallinago hardwickii latham's snipe Mi, Ma yes P
Birds Turnicidae Turnix varia varia painted button-quail yes P
Mammalia Dasyuridae Dasyurus viverrinus eastern quoll A.1 yes P
Isoodon obesulus
Mammalia Peramelidae affinis southern brown bandicoot yes P
Mammalia Potoriodae Bettongia gaimardi tasmanian bettong A.2 yes P
Potorous tridactylus
Mammalia Potoriodae apicalis long-nosed potoroo yes P
Fauna Manual.
Mi = migratory under EPBC Act; Ma = marine under EPBC Act; A.1 = ; A.2 = ; A.3 = ; B = NT = Near Threatened as listed in the Action Plan for Australian Birds (Garnett and
Crowley, 2000) and for Australian Marsupials and Monotremes (Maxwell et al. 1996).

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 15: Additional migratory and marine overfly species previously recorded or predicted to occur in the Bell Bay section of the
study region
EPBC TAS Forestry

Act TSP Act Agreement Conservation Location Location
#
Amphibia Hylidae Litoria raniformis green and gold frog VU v P
Accipiter faasciatus
Birds Accipitridae fasciatus brown goshawk Ma P
Birds Apopidae Hirundapus caudacutus white-throated needletail Mi, Ma P
Coracina
Birds Campephagidae novaehollandiae black-faced cuckoo-shrike Ma P
Corvus tasmanicus
Birds Corvidae tasmanicus forest raven Ma P
Cacomantis
Birds Cuculidae flabelliformis prionurus fan-tailed cuckoo Ma P
Larus novaehollandiae
Birds Laridae novaehollandiae silver gull Ma P
Birds Laridae Sterna bergii crested tern Ma P
Neophema
Birds Psittacidae chrysostoma blue-winged parrot Ma P
Zosterops lateralis
Birds Zosteropidae lateralis silvereye Ma P
Fauna Manual.
Mi = migratory under EPBC Act; Ma = marine under EPBC Act.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 16: Number of species from each of the fauna groups from the 500 m desktop search
(study area)
Fauna Group # of Species Additional Threatened in Additional Additional

previously species State and/or species of migratory
recorded predicted to national conservation and marine
occur significance species
Amphibians 3 1 1 0 0
Birds 82 6 6 18 10
Invertebrates
- Insects 5 0 0 0 0
- crustaceans 0 1 1 0 0
- gastropods 0 1 1 0 0
Non-marine 14 1 4 4 0
Mammals
Reptiles 3 0 0 0 0
TOTAL 107 10 11 17 10
Table 17: Number of species from each of the fauna groups from the 5 km desktop search
(study region)
Fauna Group # of Species Additional Threatened in Additional Additional

previously species State and/or species of migratory
recorded predicted to national conservation and marine
occur significance species
Amphibians 8 0 1 1 0
Birds 153 0 8 38 23
Invertebrates
- insects - 21 1 1 4 0
arachnids 1 0 1 0 0
- crustaceans 0 1 1 0 0
- gastropods
1 0 1 0 0
Non-marine 20 1 4 4 0
Mammals
Reptiles 11 1 1 0 0
TOTAL 216 4 18 43 27

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Amphibians
Eight amphibian species were revealed within the study region by the searches and reviews. Of these,
one, the green and golden frog is protected (vulnerable) under both Tasmanian and Commonwealth
legislation and has been recorded within both the study area and region. One other frog of conservation
significance, the Tasmanian froglet, has been recorded in the study region, but not within the study area.
Birds
Desktop analysis revealed 153 bird species have been previously recorded in the study region. Eighty-
two of these have been recorded in the study area, with six additional species predicted to occur. Of the
153 species, eight species are listed under State or Commonwealth legislation (masked owl
(Tasmanian), eastern curlew, swift parrot, great crested grebe, fairy tern, white-bellied sea-eagle, wedge-
tailed eagle, grey goshawk). Six of these have been recorded within the search area.
Thirty-eight of the 153 species recorded from the study region are conservation significant within
Tasmania. Eighteen of these have been recorded in the study area.
Migratory or marine species are listed as threatened under Tasmanian or Commonwealth legislation or
considered conservation significant in Tasmania made up 27 of the species revealed in the study region
search. Ten of these have been recorded in the search area.
Invertebrates
Twenty-three invertebrate species have been previously recorded in the study region. Of these, four are
listed as threatened under State or Commonwealth legislation (one insect - the broad-striped ghost moth,
one arachnid - the cataract gorge spider, one crustacean the Mt Arthur burrowing crayfish (Engaeus
orramakunna) and one gastropod the cataract gorge snail (Pasmaditta jungermanniae). The Bell Bay
site is well outside the known range of both species and unlikely to result in impact.
Mammals
Twenty mammal species were identified from the desktop assessment (excluding marine mammals)
within the study region. Four of these species are listed under State Or Commonwealth legislation
(spotted tailed quoll, Tasmanian devil, New Holland mouse, eastern barred bandicoot) and four have
been designated as being of conservation significance (Tasmanian bettong, long nosed potoroo,
southern brown bandicoot, eastern quoll). Of the species listed under state or commonwealth legislation
all have been previously recorded within the study area except the New Holland mouse, but this latter
species has been predicted to occur. All four species of conservation significant have been recorded in
the study area.
Reptiles
Eleven reptiles were identified within the study region by the desktop search. None of these species are
listed under State or Commonwealth legislation, or are considered conservation significant in Tasmania.
One species protected under State legislation the glossy grass skink - is predicted to occur in the study
region (but not the study area).

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Habitat Assessment
Habitat assessments were conducted for the entire study area. Seven habitats were differentiated for the
Bell Bay site and these are described briefly below. A more detailed description including mapping and
photographs can be found in Appendix 29, Volume 12.
Habitat mapping does not necessary correspond to the vegetation classifications, as habitat, and not the
finer attributes of vegetation communities, was the basis of the assessment. The habitat type in adjacent
areas was also a factor in the habitat classification. For example, some sections along road edges that
have been classified as easement in the vegetation assessment have been classified as open woodland
in the habitat assessment as they contain the edge of large contiguous patches of woodland. In addition,
the names given to the habitat types are reflective of habitat attributes and not the land use. For
example, some areas on private land with a grazed under-storey, no mid-storey and scattered large
eucalypts were classified as parkland, as the habitat attributes they contain are most closely aligned to
those predominantly found in parkland areas. Due to the large size of the study area, some smaller areas
of similar habitats are considered as one (for example, drainage lines and intermittently waterlogged
areas) (Figure 2-36).
Permanent easement
Location: Occurs intermittently throughout the entire study area.
Habitat Features: Consists of regularly slashed low vegetation, generally to around a metre in height,
which is most often a modified subset of the intact vegetation immediately adjacent, but also contains
weed species. Most often these are powerline easements, with utilities above the vegetation.
Characteristic Fauna: A subset of the fauna utilising the adjacent habitats would be expected to occur
in permanent easements. A number of woodland bird species were observed foraging in the shrubs
found in this habitat. Where grassy, other fauna species may use these areas to feed at night (e.g.
wallaby, pademelon, wombat). Where shrubs are allowed to grow, vegetation may assist movement of
fauna between adjacent intact habitat areas. These open areas may also represent potential foraging
habitat for birds of prey such as the masked owl or eagles.
Habitat Value: Low.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
491000 491500 492000 492500 493000 493500 494000 494500 495000 495500
5446000
5446000
Bell Bay Pulp Mill

0 75
-
150 300 450
Metres
1:15,000
5445500
5445500
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
5445000
5445000
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
EA
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
ST
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
TA
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
M
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
AR
5444500
5444500
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
HI
G
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
HW
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
AY
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
5444000
5444000
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
5443500
5443500
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
_
^
LAUNCESTON
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
5443000
5443000
HOBART
491000 491500 492000 492500 493000 493500 494000 494500 495000 495500 FIGURE 2-36
Date: 16/06/06
Legend LOCAL
HABITAT
Zone 55, GDA94 Roads Habitat Grassland Coastal dune mosaic Weed dominated Unvegetated area
Source: Base data sourced from supplied
National/State Highway Creeks and wet gullies Native grassland Heathland Plantation Permanent easement
by the LIST - www.thelist.tas.gov.au,
CLASSIFICATION
all other infrastructure supplied by Gunns Pty Ltd Major Arterial Road Drainage line Grassland bordered by Coastal marshland and!
! ! ! !
Tall forest Not assessed
File: M:\41\14346\gis\map\final\vol_2\ woodland species in road verge! ! ! ! ! sedgelands
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
fig2_36_habitat_map.mxd Arterial Road ! ! ! !
Riparian weed infestation
! ! ! !
Woodland
! ! ! !
Grassland interspersed with Sand beach
Access Road Parkland and gardens weed dominated vegetation Rock
Rock
Location: This habitat is located in small patches along the coastal strip of the Bell Bay pulp mill site.
Habitat Features: This habitat is comprised of loose rocky substrate, comprised mainly of boulders with
some cobble, which is tidally affected and has no vegetative cover.
Characteristic Fauna: Unlikely to provide core habitat for any terrestrial species.
Habitat Value: Low.
Drainage lines
Location: A number of drainage lines and poorly drained and/or intermittently waterlogged areas and
associated limited riparian vegetation occur throughout the study area. All are characterised by low
vegetation (less than 12 metres).
Habitat Features:
Type 1: Drainage Lines
Drainage lines are often highly modified, with no or very limited riparian zone. The vegetation is
mostly low (less than three metres high) paper bark, tea-tree and sedges with occasional larger
individuals. Some roadside drains also contain these habitat features. Whilst some of these areas are
modified natural watercourses, along both pipeline routes several drains/ditches are man-made as a
result of road engineering. There is limited ground cover, vertical structure or woody debris.
Type 2: Waterlogged Areas
The vegetation in this habitat type is most often pure to almost pure stands of Melaleuca ericifolia with
a dense, uniform canopy. A large patch, (around 30 m x 1.2 km) exists along the water supply
pipeline, whilst a triangular shaped patch around 120 m wide occurs in the construction camp
footprint. A small stand of M. squarrosa also occurs within the workers accommodation facility
footprint.
Type 3: Wet Heathland
This habitat type occurs within the workers accommodation facility footprint and is comprised of low
wet heathland species with interspersed waterlogged areas.
Characteristic Fauna: The drainage lines and some of the waterlogged areas may be used as a source
of drinking water for fauna occurring within the surrounding grassland and woodland habitats. The
vegetation provides some protective cover and foraging resources for a variety of ground-dwelling fauna
including small mammals, lizards, snakes and some bird species, but, given the wet nature, the often
dense vegetation and the lack of structure in the form of tree hollows and woody debris, are unlikely to
provide core habitat for species other than semi-aquatic and amphibious species. When wet, some of the
more open waterlogged areas may provide resources for waterbirds. Pure stands of Melaleuca ericifolia
can provide a forage resource for the grey goshawk. Common froglets, banjo frogs and spotted marsh
frogs were heard calling from some of these areas. In particular, the wetlands, steams and farm dams

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
on the northern side of George Town, in the vicinity of the effluent pipeline, have the potential to support
populations of the green and gold Frog.
These drainage lines may also be potential breeding sites for a variety of aquatic macro-invertebrates
(depending on how permanent the water is), thus providing food resources for insectivorous birds, frogs
and possibly fish.
Habitat Value: Low to Moderate
Coastal marshland and sedgelands

Location: It is located in small patches in the coastal region of the Bell Bay site.
Habitat Features: This habitat type consists of coastal marshland and tidal mudflats with limited
vegetation cover or sedgeland dominated by saline tolerant species.
Characteristic Fauna: Relatively few vertebrate species other than intertidal birds (including migratory
bird species) would utilise or rely on this habitat type.
Habitat Value: Moderate to high (seasonally variable).
Native grassland
Location: This habitat is located in small patches throughout both the pulp mill and mill facilities area.
Habitat Features: It is composed of native grasses and herbs, or occasionally is a sedge-dominated

grassland. There is no over-story of trees or shrubs.
Characteristic Fauna: As this habitat type occurs in patches interspersed amongst woodland, the fauna
utilising this habitat is likely to be a subset of those occurring in the surrounding woodland habitats.
These patches are not large enough to support grassland dependant vertebrates, however, macropods
and other browsers may utilise these areas for forage resource.
Habitat Value: Moderate to High.
Woodland
Location: A number of woodland areas occur throughout the study area and surrounding larger study
region. This habitat type dominates the pulp mill and mill facilities area and numerous large patches are
found throughout the water supply pipeline corridor. There are fewer patches of this habitat type along
the effluent pipeline, however, one relatively large area occurs just south of Cimitiere Creek.
Habitat Features: Woodland habitat encompasses a variety of vegetation communities that share
common habitat attributes. These areas are characterised by a relatively high floristic and structural
diversity compared to some of the other habitat types encountered throughout the study area footprint.
They have an over-storey dominated by mature eucalypts, most often Eucalyptus viminalis and E.
amygdalina. Within the mill facilities area an area dominated by E. ovata occurs. There are occasional
patches of Allocasuarina spp. In some areas this habitat type is degraded and may be dominated by
successional species such as acacias.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
In general, the trees are mostly less than 20 metres in height, and some trees contain hollow-bearing
trunks or limbs. The mid-storey comprises shrubs and eucalypt saplings, in varying degrees of density.
Sedges (e.g. Lomandra longifolia), bracken fern, exotic and native grasses and herbs, with occasional
scattered low shrubs and Poa tussocks mostly dominate the ground layer vegetation, also in varying
degrees of density. Shrubs, acacias and eucalypt saplings mostly comprise the mid-storey, also in
varying degrees of density. There is mostly a low to medium density of coarse woody debris, and a
moderate density of finer woody debris such as twigs and leaves. Soil type is variable and some areas
are comparatively open and rocky with very sparse under-storey and mid-storey. The largest trees within
this section of the study area occur in the vicinity of fauna transects 3 and 4 assessed on the Bell Bay
pulp mill site and fauna transects 1 and 2 near the proposed quarry and landfill. Trees in these areas
reach heights up to 30 m, and as such are likely to harbour larger hollows than their smaller counterparts
and are considered to represent greater habitat values for fauna that require hollows. Transects 3 and 4
on the Bell Bay Site (pulp mill) are close to the vicinity of the masked owl 2 sighting (see Figure 2-35). The
remainder of the forest and woodland within the Bell Bay Site is dominated by regrowth up to 20 m in
height, where most trees have a diameter at breast height of less than 60 cm.
Habitat condition within the Bell Bay site varies according to disturbance history. Previous reports have
indicated that parts of the pulp mill site have been burnt relatively frequently (Environmental & Technical
Services, 1989). Evidence suggests that this is the case, with few mature and senescent trees now
remaining (although there are frequent stags and dead trees throughout the site). It appears as if logging
has also been previously undertaken at the site, as evidenced by the prevalence of cut stumps,
particularly within Eucalyptus amygdalina dominated sections of the Woodland habitat (see flora report).
Based on the fact that most of the habitat displays good structural characteristics (i.e. has intact
overstorey, midstorey and ground layer vegetation) and has a very low level of introduced vegetation
species, the general condition of the habitat within the site is considered to be moderate to high.
Moderate areas displayed greater evidence of past clearing, logging and high fire frequencies that have
resulted in some degree of habitat modification, whilst areas displaying lesser degrees of disturbance
and larger habitat trees were considered high quality habitat.
Characteristic Fauna: In the larger areas within the Bell Bay pulp mill site and mill facilities area and
along the water pipeline corridor, the structure and diversity of this habitat type is likely to support a
diverse range of woodland species. This habitat provides nesting tree hollows, dens and other breeding
environments as well as a range of foraging resources for birds, mammals and reptiles.
It is expected that the larger tracts of this vegetation in the Bell Bay site and water supply pipeline
support a diverse number of woodland species and are large enough to support the home ranges of
threatened species that utilise woodland, such as Tasmanian devils and quolls, wedge-tailed eagle and
masked owl. Along the effluent pipeline corridor, woodland is usually restricted to smaller patches,
generally considered too small to support viable populations of many fauna species on their own.
However, in conjunction with other larger areas of grassland and native grassland habitats that often
adjoin them, these areas may assist in supporting species with larger home range requirements such as
Tasmanian devil and quolls. Scats of a spotted-tailed quoll were found along the effluent pipeline
corridor, around 200 m south of the Bridport road turn off on the East Tamar Highway. In addition, two
road kill spotted-tailed quolls were observed nearby, along Bridport Road in woodland habitat. Other
2
See footnote 4 on page 120.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
fauna species may use the protective cover provided by the relatively dense ground-level vegetation
during the daytime, and move onto the adjacent grassy paddocks to feed at night (e.g. wallabies,
pademelon, wombat).
A variety of small woodland birds would be expected to feed on invertebrates found on the leaves,
trunks, branches and bark of the trees. When in flower, the eucalypts would attract a variety of
indigenous birds to feed on the nectar resources. The ground-layer vegetation provides protective cover
and foraging resources for a variety of ground-dwelling fauna including small mammals, lizards, snakes
and some bird species. The rocky areas within the mill facilities area were observed to support a high
number of reptiles including, Whites skinks, ocellated skinks and metallic skinks.
A variety of fauna could use the small number of hollows that are present within this habitat, including
potentially possums, bats, parrots, black cockatoos and owls. The trees within the woodland may be
used as roosting sites by diurnal and nocturnal birds of prey. The ground-dwelling fauna and small
woodland birds may become prey items for the diurnal and nocturnal raptors. A Tyto spp. (likely a
masked owl) was flushed from a roost site in the Bell Bay pulp mill site 3 , whilst a wedge-tailed eagle nest
occurs close to the mill facilities area (see Figure 2-35).
Habitat Value: Moderate (disturbed areas) to high (intact areas).
Creeks and wet gullies

Location: A number of creeks occur within the Bell Bay pulp mill site and along the water supply pipeline
corridor.
Habitat Features: These habitats are characterised by moist vegetation, most often within a gully or
steep setting. The vegetation is a mixture of the surrounding vegetation and moisture tolerant/riparian
species. There is a high floristic diversity, with all height stratums well represented, and a low incidence
of weeds. An important feature of this habitat type is the presence of water resources for drinking by
fauna.
Characteristic Fauna: These areas are likely to contain a subset of the surrounding fauna and may be
used as a refuge or source of drinking water for species that occur in adjacent habitats. In addition, these
habitats may also support habitat specific fauna such as amphibians.
Habitat Value: High.
2.10.5 Field Surveys
Vertebrates
Seventy-seven (77) species of vertebrates were identified in the study area during the field assessment
(4 amphibians, 49 birds, 18 mammals and 6 reptiles).
Among these species, 12 are listed under State or Commonwealth legislation or are of other
conservation significance:
3
See footnote 4 on page 120

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
no amphibians, invertebrates or reptiles;
eight birds (wedge tailed eagle, Australian owlet-nightjar, yellow-tailed black-cockatoo, pied
oystercatcher, tawny-crowned honeyeater, green rosella, red-necked stint, masked owl 4 ); and
four mammals (spotted-tailed quoll, Tasmanian devil, Tasmanian bettong, long-nosed potoroo).
One species of conservation significance, the tawny-crowned honeyeater, was recorded additional to the
threatened or conservation significant species identified in the desktop assessment for the study region.
Fauna recorded during the survey of the Bell Bay site are summarised below Table 17, (those in bold are
threatened species and species of conservation significance).
Table 18: Fauna recorded during the survey of the Bell Bay site
Amphibia -
Aves Australian magpie, black currawong, grey currawong, black-faced cuckoo shrike,
forest raven, grey fantail, laughing kookaburra, welcome swallow, superb fairy
wren, yellow-throated honeyeater, Tasmanian masked owl
Mammalia swamp antechinus, cat, rabbit, Bennetts wallaby, house mouse, swamp rat,
bandicoot, Tasmanian bettong, long nosed potoroo, brushtail possum,
common wombat
Reptilia mountain dragon, three lined skink, Whites skink, metallic skink, blotched blue
tongue lizard
Invertebrates
The field surveys sampled 22 groups of invertebrates (annelids, arachnids, insects and gastropods see
Appendix H of Appendix 29, Volume 12). Fifteen groups were identified within the Bell Bay Site (pulp mill,
landfill, quarry, water reservoir). None of the families identified contain threatened species recorded in
either the study area or study region. Hence identification to genus and species was not required to
elucidate the presence of threatened species. The full results of the invertebrate assessment are
presented in Appendix I of Appendix 29, Volume 12.
2.10.6 Summary of Results
Habitat Assessment
Six habitats were differentiated and assessed as potentially affected by the project development. Of
these two are considered to represent low habitat values for native fauna. The area of habitat considered
low quality to be cleared or otherwise impacted is approximately 8 ha. 1.4 ha of habitat was considered
low to moderate quality. Three habitat types were considered moderate to high quality of which 88.32 ha
of will be impacted, with the majority from the Woodland habitat type.
4
See footnote 4 on page 120.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Threatened species
Table 12, Table 13 and Table 14 present summaries of the Tasmanian and Commonwealth listed,
conservationally significant and migratory and marine overfly species recorded from both the desktop
and field assessments from within 5 km of the study area.
2.11 Reserves and Protected Areas
2.11.1 Formal Reserves
The following sites are the formal reserves located within the vicinity of the Bell Bay site which could
potentially be affected. Additional reserves are considered in Volume 3 in relation to the proposed
pipeline alignments.
Long Reach Private Sanctuary (and Long Reach Conservation Area)
The Long Reach Private Sanctuary was formerly known as the Four Mile Creek Private Sanctuary. The
Australian Aluminium Production Commission (AAPC, now Comalco) proposed 1,365 hectares south of
Bell Bay at Long Reach on the eastern side of the Tamar River, for gazettal as a wildlife sanctuary on 19
December 1952 under the Animals and Birds Protection Act 1928. The sanctuary also incorporated
Crown land components of the coastal strip and the rail line through the middle of the block.
Part of the sanctuary was revoked in 1958 (Statutory Rules #154, 1958) to establish better management
boundaries following the construction of the new Launceston-George Town Road (East Tamar Highway).
Following the enactment of the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1970 (NPW Act), the reserve
automatically became a wildlife sanctuary, known unofficially as Four Mile Creek Wildlife Sanctuary.
The area was also listed on the Register of the National Estate in 1980, primarily because of the nature
conservation values associated with the private reserve.
In 1986, Comalco approached the then National Parks and Wildlife Service (PWS) with a view to
revoking particular areas that no longer had conservation values (particularly the Gunns woodchip mill,
Bell Bay thermal power station and the Bell Bay golf course). A period of boundary clarification and
discussions ensued, with proclamation documents drafted.
Following the rezoning of the land to Major Industrial in 1990, Comalco requested the PWS to not
proceed with the earlier request, but revoke the entire reserve under the NPW Act. Comalco also
approached the then Australian Heritage Commission to remove the lands listing on the then Register of
the National Estate, but as yet this has not occurred.
With the enactment of the Tasmanian Regional Forest Agreement (Land Classification) Act 1998, and
subsequent amendments to the NPW Act, two classes of private reserves were created under the NPW
Act: private nature reserves and private sanctuaries. Therefore, whilst the private part of the reserve is
now a private sanctuary, the Crown lands (coastal strip and rail line) are Conservation Areas. The
unofficial names for these classes should have automatically defaulted to Four Mile Creek Private
Sanctuary and Four Mile Creek Conservation Area, reflecting the two tenures. However, as there is
already an existing, formally named, Four Mile Creek Conservation Area near Falmouth, the reserves
have now been informally named Long Reach Private Sanctuary and Long Reach Conservation Area.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Tippogoree Hills State Forest
Areas of State Forest are also found within the Tamar Valley near:
Long Reach;
York Town;
Beaconsfield;
Exeter;
Underwood;
Mount Direction; and
Lefroy.
These areas of Crown Land were gazetted in 1973 under the Forestry Act 1920 and are now managed
under the Forest Practices Act 1985, in accordance with the Forest Practices Code and such activities,
as the Forest Practices Board considers compatible with establishing forest, or growing or harvesting
timber.
A small area of Tippogoree Hills State Forest will need to be acquired to allow construction and operation
of the proposed landfill, as detailed in Appendix 55, Volume 16.
Tippogoree Hills Forest Reserve

Located to the north of the Bell Bay site, this forest reserve was gazetted under the Forestry Act (1920)
in 1973. This reserve is not directly impacted by the project or any associated infrastructure.
2.11.2 Informal Reserves
There are no informal reserves in the immediate vicinity of the Bell Bay site (DAFF, May 2005).
2.11.3 Other Protected Areas
Tamar River Shark Refuge

In accordance with the Living Marine Resources Management Act 1995, the Scalefish Fishery Policy
Document (1998) and the Scalefish Fishery Management Plan (2004), there are restrictions on
commercial and recreational fishing in areas of special conservation significance or particular
vulnerability such as shark refuges. The Tamar River, from a line between Low Head and West Head in
the north to the end of estuary at Launceston (see map below) is a shark refuge, and therefore is set
aside as an important habitat where all species of sharks and rays can breed and find refuge. Within this
area, there are restrictions on fishing activities

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
(www.dpiwe.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/ WebPages/ALIR-4YA7GL?open)
Figure 2-37 Tamar River Shark Refuge
2.12 Road and Rail Transport Infrastructure, Traffic and Access
2.12.1 Site Access
Access to the subject site is currently via a Type B t-junction 5 that connects to the East Tamar Highway.
The access is situated approximately 3.5 kilometres north of the Batman Highway junction with the East
Tamar Highway. East Tamar Highway has two northbound lanes adjacent to the access junction, and an
outside passing lane for the southbound lane for vehicles to pass stationary right turning vehicles
entering the woodchip mill access.
A private sealed rural access road approximately 1.2 kilometres in length provides the primary access to
the existing woodchip mill. The access road is two-lane/ two-way configuration and has a posted speed
limit of 60 kilometres per hour. The access junction is shown in Figure 2-38.
Two existing wharfs provide water vessel access to the existing woodchip mills from the Tamar River.
5
Austroads Guide to Traffic Engineering Practice, Part 5, Intersections at Grade. Separate left turn or shoulder bypass lane for
right turning traffic.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
To George Town
EAST TAMAR HWY
To Tamar Woodchip Mill

To Launceston
Figure 2-38 Tamar Woodchip Mill Access from East Tamar Highway (source: LIST Database,
DPIW)
2.12.2 Tamar Woodchip Mill Parking
The existing woodchip mill at Tamar contains two main car parks for staff and visitors for approximately
200 vehicles.
Log truck deliveries are separated from staff, delivery and visitor traffic at a t-junction towards the
western end of the access road. There is a large amount of log truck storage within the existing site.
2.12.3 Existing Log Truck Unloading
On arrival at the Tamar woodchip mill the wood trucks queue for access to the weighbridge. The
incoming holding area allows for approximately 12 loaded trucks. The trucks move from the
weighbridge to either the north or south mill detwitching stations, which provides swinging bollards that
lay against the load to allow the log binding chains to be removed safely before moving to the unloading
bay. Once the truck is in position in the unloading area the driver moves to safety cabin clear of the truck
where he has radio contact with the loader operator. The load will be removed by a Rago Wagner which
has a lifting capacity of 40 tonnes. The loader operator moves into position and clamps the load under
the guidance of the truck driver.
The turn around time for unloading varies due to the many different trailer configurations from 2 axle
drive with 2 axle trailers (27 tonne pay load) to the B-doubles with 2 axle drives and 2 x 3 axle trailers (45

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
tonne pay load) which may mean 1 to 3 lifts per truck. The average turn around time for each truck from
weighing in to weighing out is 11 minutes again depending on truck configuration.
2.12.4 Existing Gunns Tamar Woodchip Mill Light Vehicle Movements
From general observations, the current Tamar woodchip mill generates approximately 105 light vehicle
movements per day.
Approximately one third of the existing light vehicle movements are entering or leaving the site during
typical morning or afternoon peak hours (35 vehicles per hour).
2.12.5 Existing Gunns Woodchip Mills Log Freight Movements

Gunns currently operate four woodchip mills in Tasmania from three sites. These are located at
Hampshire, Tamar (two mills) and Triabunna (as shown in Figure 2-39).
Wood for the operation of Gunns Woodchip Mills is sourced from three major regions in the State and
transported on Tasmanias road network. This is broadly outlined as follows:
Southern Region. All wood resource within this region is transported to the Triabunna Woodchip Mill;
North West Region. All wood resource within this region is transported to the Hampshire Woodchip
Mill near Burnie; and
North East Region. All wood resource within this region is transported to the Tamar Woodchip Mill.
These regions are generally shown in Figure 2-39.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Figure 2-39 Gunns State Resource Regions
For the purposes of this Transport Study, these three regions have been further broken down to reflect a
notional 35 catchment areas within Tasmania. Each of these geographic zones contains forest resource
(plantation and native forest) where wood is available for harvest. These catchment areas and the
existing road transport routes to the three Gunns operated woodchip mills is shown in Figure 2-39.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Figure 2-40 Resource Catchment Zones
The resource catchment areas are defined in Table 18.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 19: Gunns Resource Zones
Northeast Region Northwest Region
Label Location Label Location
BL Blessington IT Irish Town
CB Campbell Town LP Lapoinya
DM Dismal M1 Merged Block 1
DT Devonport M2 Merged Block 2
FG Fingal M3 Merged Block 3
HI Highlands M4 Merged Block 4
LL Lilydale M5 Merged Block 5
LZ Liffey M6 Merged Block 6
M7 Merged Block 7 RO Roland
M8 Merged Block 8 WN Woolnorth
MQ Meander
RV Rosedale Southern Region
SN Snake Bank AB Adventure Bay
SQ Sheffield DW Derwent
SZ Scottsdale EH Eaglehawk
TR Targa GN Glamorgan
WK Winkleigh GT Geeveston
KG Kingston
NG Nugent
TT Ti Tree
2.12.6 Tasmanian Freight Overview
Freight in Tasmania is transported across its road, rail and port facilities 6 . Road freight utilises
Tasmanias Federal, State, Local and private road network and forms the bulk of the transport task in
terms of mass. Tasmanias roads infrastructure is relatively mature. ABS census data indicates that in
2001, road freight accounted for 2,712 million tonne-kilometres on Tasmanian roads, with an average of
70 tonne kilometres per vehicle. Articulated vehicles accounted for 1,504 million tonne-kilometres of this
freight, which equates to 21 million tonnes of freight for 2001.
Being an island state, Tasmania relies heavily on sea freight transport. There are five major seaports in
Tasmania:
6
This report does not consider air freight as it is not directly relevant to the transport component of the pulp mills development.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Burnie;
Devonport;
Bell Bay;
Triabunna; and
Hobart.
In 2003-03, Tasmania imported 0.9 million tonnes of freight, and exported 7.7 million tonnes from/to the
overseas market. Similarly, Tasmania received 3,745 million tonnes of freight from other Australian
origins, and shipped 6,177 million tonnes to other Australian destinations in 2002-03 7 .
Tasmanias rail network connects between the major ports and operates solely as a freight corridor. Rail
infrastructure in Tasmania is also relatively mature and is anecdotally not generally considered to be in
good condition.
2.12.7 AusLink Considerations
Australias future freight task has been forecast under AusLink. According to AusLink, the total freight
task is forecast to almost double in the next 20 years in Australia. Different growth rates of bulk and non-
bulk freight are projected to have significant implications for transport infrastructure planning and
investments for the respective land transport modes.
Domestic non-urban bulk freight is expected to grow at 2.2 per cent per annum between 2000 and 2020
to 375 billion tonne-kilometres. This part of the transport task is heavily geared towards rail and coastal
shipping. Much of this is carried on private or purpose built intrastate rail lines. Despite this, road's share
of the bulk market is expected to grow with road traffic doubling to approximately 84 billion tonne-
kilometres by 2020 in Australia 8 .
AusLink also identifies that non-bulk freight transport (in tonne-kilometres) is expected to increase at a
significantly higher rate than overall traffic - vehicle kilometres travelled by both cars and trucks. The
lower growth rate in overall traffic reflects the slowing of growth in the car passenger transport task as
population growth slows and as the growth in vehicle ownership levels stabilises. In contrast, the higher
growth in non-bulk transport freight according to AusLink is related to:
Continued economic growth;
The ongoing shift to just in time delivery as a replacement for point of sale inventory;
Increased specialisation of production, making manufacturing in particular more transport-intensive;
Increased differentiation of consumer tastes making retailing more transport-intensive;
The concentration of warehousing resulting in more and longer trips; and
Increased use of freight services as their prices continue to fall in real terms.
7
(Source: Bureau of Transport and Regional Economics, Australian Sea Freight, 2002-03).
8
(Source: AusLink http://www.auslink.gov.au/policy/overview/background/whitepaper/1.aspx)

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
It is expected that Tasmanias road transport freight task will follow the national trends, and
developments such as the pulp mill will contribute to this increase in freight transport on Tasmanias
roads.
2.12.8 Existing Road Network Characteristics
Timber freight transport between resource catchment areas to respective woodchip mills is conducted on
the existing road network throughout Tasmania. The road network consists of State roads, local roads
and private roads. The main freight transport routes are shown in Figure 2-39.
State Road Network

The State Road network consists primarily of arterial roads connecting between major regions. They
total 3,604 kilometres in length and, for the purposes of the Draft IIS, include the National Highway
between Burnie and Hobart (DIER Draft Road Hierarchy and Targets, 1999).
Based on objective measurements of level of use and type of use, State roads have been categorised
into a draft road hierarchy. Targets are given for each road category to allow them to be used safely,
efficiently, and with appropriate levels of user comfort and convenience.
The State Road Hierarchy as outlined in the DIER document Draft Tasmanian Road Hierarchy and
Targets, 1999, has been developed to achieve the following:
Creates the basis for a single road management system;
Provides roads that perform a similar function with comparable target standards throughout
Tasmania;
Facilitates the strategic allocation of road funding;
Maximises transport efficiency;
Provides appropriate road safety design for the numbers and mix of vehicles; and
Provides consistency of road service.
Tasmanias road hierarchy consists of the following Categories:
Category 1 Trunk Roads These are the most important strategic roads interconnecting Tasmanian
regions and areas;
Category 2 Regional Freight Routes These are Tasmanias major regional roads for carrying
heavy freight between regions and areas;
Category 3 Regional Access Roads These roads are the main access roads to Tasmanias
regions, but carry less heavy traffic than Regional Freight Roads;
Category 4 Feeder Roads These roads allow safe travel between towns with more than 1,000
people and between major tourist destinations; and
Category 5 Other Roads These roads make up the remainder of the State roads.
The State road network road hierarchy as well as the main rail freight routes are shown in Figure 2-41.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Bass
Hwy
Midland
Hwy
Lyell Tasman
Hwy Hwy
Road Hierarchy
Map provided by
DIER
Figure 2-41 Tasmanian Road Hierarchy

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Local Government Road Network
In terms of overall length, the local road network represents the majority of roads within the state, much
of which are not used by log truck road freight. A total of 14,075 kilometres of roads are owned and
maintained by Local Government organisations in Tasmania.
Private Road Network

Gunns currently manage and maintain approximately 5,100 km of private roads within Tasmania.
Forestry Tasmania own approximately 3,946 km of roads in Tasmania (source: DIER). Many of these
roads are accessed by log trucks to cart timber resources out of Forestry areas. The majority of these
roads are gravel construction and are not typically accessed by the public.
Other privately owned roads include Hydro Tasmania roads, which account for approximately 366 km of
roads in Tasmania.
2.12.9 Tasmanian Rail Network
The Tasmanian rail network consists of approximately 900 km of track that is primarily utilised as a
freight system. No regular passenger services operate on the rail network other than for individual small
tourist railways.
Tasrail, formerly a subsidiary of the Commonwealth Government owned Australian National Railways
(ANR), previously operated the Tasmanian rail system which linked all major ports and cities. In
November 1997, it was sold to the Australian Transport Network, a partnership of Tranzrail and
Winsconsin Central Railways.
Pacific National purchased the Australian Transport Network, whose operations include Tasrail and ATN
access in Victoria, in February 2004. Pacific National is currently owned by Toll Holdings Ltd.
The main cargo carried by Tasrail is cement, which is carried from Railton to the port at Devonport.
Other major commodities carried are coal, logs, containers and newsprint. Tasrails freight task, as
measured by the total tonne kilometres of goods carried, decreased by about 15%, from 450 million net
tonne kilometres in 1989 to about 380 million net tonne kilometres in 1995. Whilst the freight task has
not been measured since 1995, reports suggest that since privatisation the amount of freight carried by
Tasrail has increased.
Gunns do not currently utilise the rail network for log freight transport for their existing woodchip mill
operations.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 20: Tasrail Freight Goods Carried (000 Tonnes)
Commodity 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 (a) 1995-96
Logs 354.2 347.5 n.a. 234.0
Coal 261.1 307.4 n.a 314.0
Cement 527.5 685.5 n.a. 806.0
Containers 265.7 313.8 n.a. 317.0
Other Goods 247.1 288.5 n.a 77.0
Total 1,655.6 1,942.7 n.a. 1,748.0

Source: ABS
(a) Not available for 1994-95
The main rail network in Tasmania is shown in Figure 2-41.
2.12.10 Sea Freight
Bass Strait is Australias busiest navigation route, with trans-Bass Strait traffic between the mainland and
northern Tasmania, trade into the Port of Melbourne (Australias busiest port) and eastwest shipping
(Source: NSR Environmental Consultants Pty Ltd, 2001).
Shipping destinations on the northern Tasmanian coast include Bell Bay (within the Tamar estuary),
Devonport and Burnie.
In the 2002-03, there were 15.5 million tonnes of sea cargo throughput from Tasmanias four main
seaports (Hobart, Launceston, Devonport and Burnie). The Bell Bay Port had the greatest cargo mass
tonne throughput in 2002-03, with 5,297,470, followed by Burnie with 3,883,532 9 .
2.12.11 Road Safety
DIER maintains a database of road traffic accidents (RTA) reported to Police in Tasmania. In Tasmania,
it is a legal requirement that all RTAs that involve a fatality, injury or RTA requiring a vehicle to be towed,
are reported to the Police.
In order to assess the likely impacts to road safety as a result of changes to log freight modes of
transport and log truck movements throughout the State, five years of truck RTAs and rail level crossing
RTAs have been investigated in this Draft IIS and is covered in the following sections.
9
(Source: ABS AusStats -
http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/665cb2c85cec7ff4ca256c3200241593!OpenDo
cument)

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Log Truck and B-double RTAs
One of the data fields recorded in the DIER RTA database is a record of vehicle types involved in
Tasmanian RTAs. For the purpose of this Draft IIS, log truck and b-double vehicle types have been
investigated.
Whilst the DIER RTA database should capture all semi-trailer log truck RTAs, the way the database is
structured makes it unclear whether b-doubles are log trucks or other freight commodities. For this
reason, b-double RTAs have been included to ensure that all RTAs that may involve log trucks has been
captured, although it is acknowledged that some over reporting is likely to occur with the inclusion of non-
log truck b-double RTAs in the analysis.
A summary of the reported RTA history of all log truck and b-double RTAs on all Tasmanian roads was
obtained from DIER, for the past five years between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2004. The data
was summarised and the following key findings were obtained:
Of all Tasmanian road accidents reported over the past 5 years, a total of 51 RTAs involved log trucks
and b-doubles (0.12% of all reported road RTAs in Tasmania);
2.2% of all heavy vehicle RTAs involved log trucks and b-doubles in Tasmania during this time;
Almost half of all log truck and b-double RTAs involved only the truck and no other vehicle(s) involved
(49.0%);
Only 0.7% of all reported RTAs on Tasmanian roads result in a fatality compared to 11.5% of all log
truck and b-double RTAs resulting in a fatality;
The most common outcome of a log truck RTA was property damage without any vehicles being
towed; and
RTAs involving log trucks and b-doubles were widely dispersed throughout the State, with the
Tasman Hwy and the Midland Hwy recording the most RTAs.
The distribution of log truck and b-double RTAs is shown in Figure 2-42.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Figure 2-42 Log truck RTAs within council municipalities
The Launceston City Council municipal area had the highest rate of log truck and high productivity
vehicle RTAs with 9 RTAs reported. The Hobart City Council municipal area had the next highest
incidence of log truck and high productivity vehicle RTAs, with 6 reported RTAs. Glamorgan Spring Bay
Council and Derwent Valley Council municipal areas each had 4 reported RTAs.
Southern Midlands Council, Devonport City Council, Kentish Council, West Coast Council, and Latrobe
Council each had no recorded log truck or high productivity vehicle RTAs during this timeframe.
Log truck and b-double RTAs occurring on various roads and by road owner is shown in Table 20.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 21: Road Location RTA Summaries
Road Number of b-double and Road owner Number of b-double

log truck RTAs and log truck RTAs
Tasman Highway 5 State 33
Midland Highway 4 Hobart City Council 5
Huon Highway 3 Launceston City Council 4
Gordon River Road 3 Meander Valley Council 2
Bass Highway 3 Circular Head Council 2
Macquarie Street 2 Burnie City Council 2
Lyell Highway 2 Central Coast Council 1
Davey Street 2 Break ODay Council 1
Bridport Main Road 2 Glamorgan Spring Bay 1

Council
Murchison Highway 1 TOTAL 51
East Tamar Highway 1
Domain Highway 1
Brooker Highway 1
Arthur Highway 1
Other 20
TOTAL 51
It can be seen from Table 21 tthat the majority of log truck and high productivity vehicle RTAs occurred
on State owned highways, accounting for 65% of all these RTAs. Of these State roads, Tasman
Highway and Midland Highway had the highest number of reported RTAs, with 5 and 4 reported
respectively. Huon Highway, Gordon River Road and Bass Highway all had 3 reported RTAs.
The higher incidence of log truck and high productivity vehicle RTAs recorded on Tasman Highway can
most likely be attributed to its length, as it is the longest State road in Tasmania.
Hobart City Council and Launceston City Council had the highest number of log truck and high
productivity vehicle RTAs on council owned roads, with 5 and 4 RTAs recorded respectively. This is
consistent with higher total RTAs across all road users within these municipalities, being the most
populated and heavily trafficked regions in Tasmania.
Only one RTA was reported on the East Tamar Highway, which provides the sole road access to the
subject site.
The distribution of RTA severity is shown in Table 22. This compares the RTA severity of all Tasmanian
road RTAs with all log truck and high productivity vehicle RTAs

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 22: Five Year RTA Severities
RTA severity Log truck and b-double All Tasmania road RTAs Difference between log
RTAs (percentage and (percentage and total) truck/ b-double and all
total) RTAs percentage
Fatality 11.8% (6) 0.7% (218) + 11.1%
Serious injury 3.9% (3) 5.4% (1,769) - 1.5%
Minor injury 29.4% (15) 16.3% (5,359) + 13.2%
First aid only at scene 2.0% (1) 5.0% (1,664) - 3.0%
Major property damage 11.8% (6) 20.9% (6,891) - 9.1%
Minor property damage 41.2% (21) 51.8% (17,077) - 10.6%
TOTAL 100% (51) 100% (32,978)
It can be seen that log truck/ high productivity vehicle RTAs result in higher proportions of fatalities and
minor injury RTAs compared to all road users. Conversely, log truck/ high productivity vehicle RTAs
resulting in minor and major property damage were lower compared to all road users. The general
overall higher severities of log truck/ high productivity vehicle RTAs is most likely linked to the
substantially higher mass of the trucks compared to the majority of other vehicles. The higher mass
leads to substantially greater kinetic energy that must be dissipated during a collision and hence greater
damage/ injury as a consequence.
Historic Log Truck RTA Trends

Summary RTA data was obtained from DIER for log truck only RTAs between 1 January 1998 and 31
December 2004 to determine any longer term trends involving log trucks. It should be noted that prior to
1998, log truck RTAs were not differentiated from articulated truck RTAs in the DIER database (it was
not a vehicle category recognised in the Police RTA reports). It is further noted that from 2005 onwards,
heavy vehicle RTA data is recorded by Gross Vehicle Mass, not by truck type.
The log truck trends for these seven years are presented in Figure 2-43, showing the breakdown of RTA
severities over this timeframe.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Figure 2-43 Log Truck Accident Severities (7 Years Data)
Whilst there appears to be a general decline in total log truck RTAs between 1998 and 2001, followed by
a large decrease in 2001 and then a progressive increase between 2001 and 2004, the variation in RTA
rate is more likely due to random fluctuations with no specific identifiable trends. It was attempted to
compare log truck RTAs to seasonal variations in forestry freight movements, however no specific annual
forestry freight movement data was available from ABS or DIER over this timeframe.
Given that log truck RTAs were not specifically recorded in Police records prior to 1998, longer-term
trends in articulated heavy vehicle RTAs were investigated to determine any seasonal variation of these
heavy vehicle RTAs in more detail. RTA data of articulated trucks were obtained from DIER between
1986 and 2004. These RTAs include semi-trailers, high productivity vehicles and log trucks. The total
articulated heavy vehicle RTAs are shown in Figure 2-44.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Figure 2-44 Long Term Articulated Heavy Vehicle RTA History
There appears to be a general reduction of articulated truck RTAs over this eighteen-year timeframe
although a strong degree of variation is present between individual years. This is despite an overall net
increase in vehicle registrations in these vehicle categories over the same timeframe.
Rail Level Crossing RTAs

As outlined in later sections of the Draft IIS, Gunns preferred operation of the pulp mill proposes to utilise
the rail transport network as a method of freighting resources to the subject site. Due to the likely
increase in rail freight resulting from this strategy, RTAs occurring at railway level crossings have been
examined.
Five years of summary railway level crossing RTA data was provided by DIER between 1 January 2000
and 31 December 2004. This data is provided in Appendix 43, Volume 15. The key findings from the
RTA data are summarised as follows:
40% of all RTAs at rail-level crossings involved trains (with the remaining 60% involving only vehicles
and no involvement with a train);
Of the 8 RTAs recorded that involved trains, 3 resulted in the occupants being admitted to hospital, 1
resulted in serious injury, 3 were minor property damage, 1 involved major property damage. No fatal
RTAs were recorded;
The railway level crossing on Derwent Park Road was the only location where multiple RTAs were
recorded in the five year timeframe all three RTAs at this location involved trains;
Only 3 RTAs occurred on the State road network, none of these RTAs involved trains, and none of
these RTAs involved personal injury; and
One RTA involved a log truck at West Parade in Deloraine this RTA did not involve a train.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
The findings indicate that RTAs occurring at rail level crossings are relatively infrequent and do not
always involve a train.
Heavy Vehicle Truck Safety Report

DIER commissioned a detailed assessment of heavy truck safety in Tasmania with particular reference
to vehicle stability. Transport Engineering Research New Zealand (TERNZ, 2005) undertook the study
which investigated the following:
Analysis of RTA data for heavy truck/ combinations;
Analysis of Tasmanian heavy vehicle RTA reports and investigation of the possible causes;
Analysis of the inherent stability characteristics of heavy truck/ combinations; and
Recommendations to reduce RTA severity risks.
It is important to note that the TERNZ report is critical of the road RTA data available in Tasmania, citing
that is it difficult to work with and of mixed quality. Added to this is the fundamental difficulty of the size of
Tasmania and the relatively small number of RTAs resulting in relatively large statistical variability.
Consequently, a relatively high level of uncertainty can be expected from results derived from this data.
The study investigated RTA trends of large heavy vehicles with a GVM greater than 22.5 tonnes. The
major findings of the report can be summarised as follows.
16.3% of all heavy truck RTAs were identified as rollover RTAs.
The rollover RTA rate for log trucks, woodchip trucks and stock trucks was significantly higher than
that of the rest of the large heavy vehicle fleet.
The distance travelled by trucks as a proportion of the distance travelled by all vehicles is similar to
other Australian States.
A fatality rate of 2.2 per 100 million km for heavy vehicle operations was calculated (the rate for truck-
involved fatal RTAs is the same as the rate for truck-involved fatalities).
The overall road RTA fatality rate on a population basis is slightly higher than the three neighbouring
Australian States.
The truck-involved fatality rate per distance travelled for Tasmania is similar to the other Australian
States but the proportion of fatal RTAs involving a heavy vehicle is lower.
Semi-trailers are over represented in the RTA statistics. B-doubles have a lower rollover rate
compared to other heavy truck types.
Of the 42 commodities in DIER freight movement data, log freight was the single largest sector,
accounting for 25% by vehicle-kilometres of the total freight movements. Furthermore, log trucks
make up 32% of the vehicle-kilometres by large heavy freight vehicles and are even more dominant
as the single largest freight commodity.
Log trucks have slightly more RTAs than would be expected from their proportion of the traffic
volume, but the difference is not statistically significant. When log trucks, woodchip trucks and stock
trucks are grouped, the rollover RTA rate is three times higher than the rest of the large heavy vehicle
fleet. The rollover RTA rate for log trucks alone is at least 2.5 times that of the other large heavy
vehicles.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
The report made a number of recommendations that are relevant to log truck freight movements. These
are outlined as follows:
The imposition of load height restrictions on log trucks and woodchip bins to address the issue of
rollover stability;
Utilisation of legislation to require heavy vehicles to achieve some minimum defined level of rollover
stability;
Review current roading standards (road seal width, lane width and shoulder requirements) to ensure
they are satisfactory for the large heavy vehicles that are operating in Tasmania; and
Facilitation of the establishment of an industry-based safety advisory groups to undertake research
and promote safety initiatives.
The TerNZ report is the most comprehensive study regarding heavy vehicle RTAs that has been
undertaken in Tasmania. As such the findings of the TerNZ study have been utilised within this report to
determine potential road safety implications of the pulp mill.
It should also be noted that the TerNZ report made a number of recommendations relating specifically to
truck design, standards and loading. These particular issues are beyond the scope of this study, but it is
considered that changes to these factors may affect the findings of this study.
Overview of Road Safety Findings

Log truck and b-double RTAs accounted for 0.15% of all reported RTAs and 2.75% of all fatal RTAs in
Tasmania for the five-year period between 2000 and 2004.
The minimal RTA history associated with rail level crossings makes it very difficult to determine any
specific identifiable trends on a statewide basis. Furthermore, the lack of recent rail freight data (for all
freight commodities) makes it difficult to determine the likely road safety implications of increased rail
freight. If rail freight is to be utilised for the pulp mill, the increase in rail freight is unlikely to trigger any
specific rail related road safety upgrades.
The 2005 TERNZ report provides a recent and comprehensive review and analysis of Tasmanian heavy
vehicle RTA data and measures to reduce the RTA risk. As such, the conclusions and recommendations
of the report are useful for understanding the current road safety issues and the actions that are
potentially required to improve road safety associated with heavy vehicle movements in Tasmania. Three
key findings of the TERNZ report are highlighted below which have particular relevance to this report:
Statistical analysis of the Tasmanian road RTA data is difficult and has a relatively high level of
unreliability, which is consistent with the findings of this report.
The safety performance of heavy trucks in Tasmania relative to overall level of road safety is no
worse than a number of other Australian states analysed and is possibly slightly better.
A fatality rate of 2.2 per 100 million km for heavy vehicle operations was calculated (the rate for truck-
involved fatal RTAs is the same as the rate for truck-involved fatalities). This rate will be used to
review the heavy vehicle RTA risk associated with the proposed development.
The overall road crash fatality rate on a population basis is slightly higher than the three neighbouring
Australian States.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
The truck-involved fatality rate per distance travelled for Tasmania is similar to the other Australian
States but the proportion of fatal crashes involving a heavy vehicle is lower.
Semi-trailers are over represented in the crash statistics. B-doubles have a lower rollover rate
compared to other heavy truck types.
Of the 42 commodities in DIER freight movement data, log freight was the single largest sector,
accounting for 25% by vehicle-kilometres of the total freight movements. Furthermore, log trucks
make up 32% of the vehicle-kilometres by large heavy freight vehicles and are even more dominant
as the single largest freight commodity.
Log trucks have slightly more crashes than would be expected from their proportion of the traffic
volume, but the difference is not statistically significant. When log trucks, woodchip trucks and stock
trucks are grouped, the rollover crash rate is three times higher than the rest of the large heavy
vehicle fleet. The rollover crash rate for log trucks alone is at least 2.5 times that of the other large
heavy vehicles.
2.12.12 Base Transport Network
In order to adequately assess the implications of the pulp mill on the transport network, it is important to
consider the existing road transport network that will be utilised for the operation of the development.
Existing Road Traffic Volumes

The existing operation of the three Gunns' woodchip mills requires resources to be sourced from various
regions across the State using the road transport system. Development of the pulp mill will have the
impact of modifying Gunns operational freight and other transport requirements on a statewide basis.
Traffic and transport data is therefore required across Tasmania, starting with roads in close proximity to
the site, and other Gunns woodchip mills working outwards to include relevant major arterial and
collector roads throughout Tasmania.
George Town Region

The location of the pulp mill is within the George Town municipal area. The relevant major roads in this
region are shown in Table 23.
Table 23: Primary George Town Road Network
Road Road Owner Comments
Tamar Woodchip Mill Access Road Gunns Sole vehicular access to subject site
East Tamar Highway State Sole arterial road access to subject site
Batman Highway State Links eastern and western shores of the Tamar
River near subject site
George Town Main Road George Town Main Road corridor through George Town centre
Council linking to Low Head

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Traffic volumes for major roads near the proposed site were obtained from DIER. This traffic data is
summarised in Table 23.
Table 24: George Town Traffic Data
Location Date of Average weekday Percent HV Level of Service

survey traffic volume
East Tamar Hwy, north May 2004 4,276 vehicles per day 20.1% B
of Batman Hwy
East Tamar Hwy, south May 2004 4,414 vehicles per day 14.6% B
of Bridport MR
Batman Highway 2003 2,013 vehicles per day 10.2% A
East Tamar Highway

The site of the pulp mill is accessed from East Tamar Highway. East Tamar Highway is a DIER owned
Category I arterial road link that connects Launceston to the north-eastern areas of Tasmania. The road
corridor provides primary access to areas such as Bell Bay, George Town and other commercial and
industrial land uses in the northeast region of Tasmania. The speed limit of the Highway is 100 km/h
near the subject site access junction.
East Tamar Highway is generally a two-lane, two-way road with frequent overtaking areas provided
along its length. Lane widths are generally 3.5 metres with sealed shoulders of approximately 1 metre
on each side of the road near the existing Longreach woodchip mill.
Batman Highway
The Batman Highway provides a high-level arterial connection between East Tamar and West Tamar
Highways. The Highway crosses the Tamar River at the Batman Bridge.
The Batman Highway connects to the East Tamar Highway at a t-junction with an Austroads Type C
configuration with a dedicated left and right turn lanes from East Tamar Highway into Batman Highway.
Batman The Highway carries roughly half the traffic volume compared to East Tamar Highway.
State Road Network Traffic

Traffic volume summary data on the majority of the State road network that carry substantial log truck
freight is summarised in Appendix 43, Volume 15. This data has been compiled from DIERs 2003 traffic
volume database and is the most recent statewide traffic data available for DIERs road network.
Existing Truck Movements

An indication of the truck movements on the State road network is shown in Figure 2-45. This indicates
that the roads that carry the highest heavy vehicle volumes (reportedly in excess of 700 trucks per day)
are:
Sections of the Midland Highway;
Sections of the Bass Highway;

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Sections of East Tamar Highway;
Sections of the Channel Highway;
Sections of the Huon Highway;
Section of the Tasman Highway near Hobart;
Bathurst Street (Launceston)
Brooker Highway; and
Macquarie Street (Hobart).
It should be noted that the information provided in Figure 2-45 was for the years 1997 and 1998 and
some increase in truck movements may have occurred on other roads since this time. It is unlikely that
heavy vehicle traffic volumes would have reduced below 700 trucks per day in the roads listed above
under current (2006) conditions.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
East
Tamar
Hwy
Bass
Hwy
Midland
Hwy
Lyell
Hwy
Tasman
Hwy
Figure 2-45 Tasmanian Road Freight Transport (source: DIER)

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Existing Road Network Level of Service
Level of Service (LOS) is defined as qualitative measure describing the operational conditions within a
traffic stream, and their perception by motorists and/or passengers. A Level of Service definition
generally describes these conditions in terms of factors such as speed and travel time, freedom to
manoeuvre, traffic interruptions, comfort and convenience, and safety. In general terms, the Austroads
Guide to Traffic Engineering Practice, Part 2 Roadway Capacity defines six levels of service,
designated from A to F, with LOS A representing the best operating condition (being ideal free-flow
conditions) and LOS F the worst (being forced or break-down traffic flow). These Austroads levels of
service are defined below:
LOS A. Generally free flow conditions with operating speeds usually about 90% of the free flow travel
speed for the particular class of arterial. Vehicles are unimpeded in manoeuvring in the traffic stream
and stopped delay at intersections is minimal.
LOS B. Relatively unimpeded operation with average travel speeds about 70% of the free flow speed
for the particular arterial class. Manoeuvring in the traffic stream is only slightly restricted and
stopping delays are low.
LOS C. Stable operating conditions but with manoeuvring becoming more restricted and motorists
experiencing appreciable tension in driving, longer queues and/or adverse signal coordination may
contribute to lower average travel speeds of about 50% of the free flow speed for the arterial class.
LOS D. Conditions border on a range in which small increases in flow can significantly increase
intersection delay and reduce travel speed. Travel speeds are about 40% of the free flow speed.
LOS E. Conditions are characterised by significant intersection delays and travel speeds of 33% of
free flow or lower. A contributing factor may be extensive queuing at critical intersections (that is,
saturated intersection conditions).
LOS F. Traffic flow at this level is very low speed below 25% to 33% of the free flow speed for the
arterial class.
The existing LOS of roads identified with heavy vehicle volumes in excess of 700 vehicles per day along
with other key sections of these roads are also provided in Table 24, determined by Austroads
guidelines. It should be noted that where appropriate, roads with more than two roadway carriageways
have been converted to two-lane, two-way equivalents.
It is further noted that the DIER traffic counts may not include the exact locations corresponding to the
road links indicating truck movements in excess of 700 trucks per day in Table 21, and that traffic
volumes usually vary along a road corridor at each point of access.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 25: High Heavy Vehicle Volume Roads, Traffic Data and Level of Service
Road 2003 AADT Heavy Vehicle % Heavy LOS

Volume Vehicles
Midland Highway near Epping Forest 5,292 vpd 460 trucks per day 8.7% B
Midland Highway north of Breadalbane 11,113 vpd 345 trucks per day 3.1% C
Midland Highway north of Bridgewater 13,137 vpd 473 trucks per day 4.0% C/D
Bass Highway east of Burnie 15,188 vpd 744 trucks per day 4.9% B
Bass Highway west of Devonport 14,897 vpd 700 trucks per day 4.7% B
Bass Highway west of Launceston 13,100 vpd 328 trucks per day 2.5% B
Tasman Highway at Triabunna 2,377 vpd 112 trucks per day 5.0% A/B
Tasman Highway, Tasman Bridge 61,184 vpd 3,120 trucks per day 5.1% D/E
Channel Highway at Kingston 12,536 vpd 539 trucks per day 4.3% C
Huon Highway at Summerleas Rd, 7,803 vpd 499 trucks per day 6.4% C
Kingston
East Tamar Highway, south of Batman 4,510 vpd 248 trucks per day 5.5% B
Highway
East Tamar Highway, north of Batman 3,770 vpd 460 trucks per day 12.2% B
Highway
Brooker Highway, Risdon Road, Hobart 47,581 vpd 557 trucks per day 1.1% D/E
The LOS analysis in Table 25 has been conducted using Section 3.4 of Austroads Part 2, Roadway
Capacity (Analysis for Planning Purposes). It should be noted that more detailed analysis of LOS
including various adjustment factors specified in Section 4.2 of the Austroads Guide has not been
undertaken due to the unknown factors and assumptions required for analysing long sections of road
corridors.
Local Government Road Network Traffic

Traffic data relating to local government owned roads featuring in the log truck and high productivity
vehicle RTA data have been investigated. Other main arterial local government roads have also been
included that do not have a substantial RTA history. These roads have been included based on their
main log freight-carrying role and their role in providing connectivity with the State road freight network.
This traffic data is provided in Table 26.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 26: Local Government Roads Traffic Data
Location Municipality Date of survey Average daily % HV

traffic volume
Davey Street Hobart City 2005 estimated volumes 35,000 vpd N/A
Council from historic traffic data (estimated)
Macquarie Street Hobart City 2005 estimated volumes 35,000 vpd N/A
Bathurst Street Hobart City 2005 estimated volumes 10,000 vpd N/A
Harrington Street (between Hobart City August 2004 11,500 vpd 3.3%
Brisbane and Patrick Sts) Council
Bathurst Street Launceston City N/A N/A N/A

Council
Goderich Street Launceston City N/A N/A N/A

Council
Wellington Street Launceston City N/A N/A N/A

Council
Brooker Avenue Hobart City 2005 estimated volumes 45,000 vpd 1.5%
Council from historic traffic data (estimated) (est)
(N/A = Not Available)
Historical Traffic Growth

Background traffic growth occurs on most roads in Tasmania that have a collector role function. The
actual growth rate per annum varies for each road depending on the level of existing traffic, and land use
development connecting to the road corridor, to name but two.
For this reason, DIER supplied 2003 statewide traffic data has been utilised for the purposes of
assessing traffic impacts arising from the pulp mill. Only growth rates for the East Tamar Highway have
been considered in detail in the Draft IIS, as the performance of the intersection of the pulp mill access
has been analysed at a more micro level compared to the remainder of Tasmanias road network.
It should be noted that no consistent growth rate that can be applied across whole road network. Some
high traffic growth can equate to relatively low increase in traffic volume due to existing low volumes.
Conversely, some roads with low traffic growth may experience a relatively high traffic volume increase
each year due to the existing high traffic volumes.
Base Road Network Performance Forecasts

It can be seen that several sections of main road corridors are operating at a low LOS. These include:
Midland Highway, north of Bridgewater;

Tasman Bridge; and

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Brooker Highway near Risdon Road.
Continued traffic growth on these sections of road will result in a further deterioration of the LOS at these
locations. It is further noted that Channel Highway, and Midland Highway (north of Breadalbane) are
currently operating at the upper level of LOS C. Further increases in traffic volume on these roads may
result in a reduced LOS D.
Rail Network
A north-south freight-only railway line connects Bell Bay to Hobart via Launceston. The Bell Bay
extension of the Hobart-Launceston line was constructed in 1974 to the serve the Bell Bay Industrial
area.
This rail line currently passes through the pulp mill site, with an existing spur line extending from the main
line to the existing woodchip mills owned by Gunns. The rail line continues northward in a meandering
fashion, crossing over the East Tamar Highway at a number of locations, to the outskirts of George Town
where it diverts into Bell Bay and finishes at the Bell Bay Port facility.
This rail line is not currently utilised by the existing Gunns woodchip mill operation at Tamar.
2.13 Port Infrastructure, Traffic and Access
2.13.1 Bell Bay Industrial Estate
The proposed wharf facility will be constructed within the greater Bell Bay Port, which is encompassed by
the existing Bell Bay Industrial Estate. Bell Bay is situated approximately 3 km south of George Town
and is a strategically significant focal point for both Tasmanian and national industry and commerce. The
co-location of the Bell Bay Industrial Estate and the Bell Bay Port ensure that Bell Bay is an important
commercial centre established to facilitate domestic and international trade.
The Bell Bay Industrial Estate is an area of approximately 2,000 hectares and is zoned for major and
heavy industry under the George Town Municipality planning scheme. Major tenants operating within the
estate include: the Bell Bay Port, Comalco, TEMCO, Bell Bay Power, Ecka Granules Australia, Gunns
Ltd, CHH Pinepanels, ARTEC, Tas Fibre P/L, SVP Industries, FEA Timber, the Mobil Fuel Depot and a
range of supporting industries (Figure 2-46). The Estate has recently been connected to natural gas,
through the Bass Strait sub-sea pipeline, and to the national electricity grid, via BassLink in 2005. The
Bell Bay Power Station is also situated within the Bell Bay Industrial Estate.
2.13.2 Bell Bay Port
The Bell Bay Port is Tasmania's largest port. This facility handled over 470 vessels and 5.28 million mass
tonnes of cargo in 2003/04, including 88,202 twenty-foot equivalent units (teus) of container freight.
Forest products (woodchip) consigned by Gunns, Artec, and the Tasmanian Fibre Company, comprise
the dominant commodity exported through the port during 2003/04 (POL, 2004).
The Bell Bay Port coordinates shipping operations from nine berths situated within the Bell Bay Industrial
Estate including Gunns existing woodchip export berths. The Bell Bay Port will provide services for

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
shipping into and out of the pulp mill wharf facility. Specifications for each of the existing wharf facilities
under Bell Bay Port management are detailed below:
1. No. 1 Comalco Berth (152.4 metres in length, 5.4 metres high, 10.8 metre draft);
2. No. 2 Berth (86.6 metres in length, 5.03 metres high, 8.4 metre draft);
3. No. 3 Berth Bulk and General (152.5 metres in length, 5.18 metres high, 11.8 metre draft);
4. No. 4 Bulk Liquids Berth (54.5 metres in length, 5.00 metres high, 12.0 metre draft);
5. No. 5 Container and General Berth (206 metres in length, 5.00 metres high, 12.0 metre draft);
6. No. 6 Multi-purpose Berth (313.6 metres in length, 5.05 metres high, 9-12.0 metre draft);
7. Inspection Head: Two Berths for aquaculture, tourism and cruise vessels (334.3 metres in
length, 5.33 metres high, 9.9 metre draft).
8. Thermal Power Station Berth (26.2 metres in length, 5.66 metres high, 12.3 metre draft);
9. Gunns North Woodchip Berth (217 metres in length, 5.64 metres high, 11.5 metre draft); and
10. Gunns South Woodchip Berth (229 metres in length, 6.86 metres high, 11.2 metre draft).

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
George Town
GTC WWTP
Pinepanels
Te
No. 6 Multipurpose Berth
m
co
No. 5 Container Berth
No. 4 Bulk Liquids Berth
No. 3 Berth
No. 2 Berth
No. 1 Comalco Berth
Comalco
Rowella
Bell Bay
Power Station
Gunns Tamar
Woodchip Mill
Berths
Figure 2-46. Commercial Berths and other Major Wharf facilities in the Bell Bay Port
Bell Bay Port EMS
The Bell Bay Port has recently gained certification for their Environmental Management System (EMS) to
ISO 14001. Certification of the EMS provides the port with a recognised management tool designed to
identify and prioritise the management of potential and actual environmental impacts associated with
cargo handling, maintenance, general port operations, emergency response and staff training (Port of
Launceston, 2004).
The EMS comprises an important component of the ports Integrated Management System (IMS), which
also includes Occupational Health and Safety (certified to AS 4801) and a Quality Management System
(certified to ISO 9001) (Port of Launceston, 2004).
AQIS Quarantine and Biosecurity
The Australian Quarantine Inspection Service (AQIS) are chartered with the responsibility of
implementing Federal and State Government biosecurity management regulations for the control of
exotic pests and diseases. Federal quarantine regulations are enforced by AQIS under the
Commonwealth Quarantine Act 1908. An AQIS office is located within the Bell Bay Port estate, where
biosecurity compliance assessment of all shipping activities associated with the port is undertaken.
The Quarantine Act 1908 does not cover all of the domestic quarantine requirements. Under Tasmanias
quarantine import requirements within the Plant Quarantine Act 1997 and the Animal Health Act 1995,
some fruits, vegetables, plant material and fish products are restricted under State legislation, but are not
restricted under the Commonwealth legislation. Other State legislation that has quarantine linkage
includes the Seeds Act 1999, Inland Fisheries Act 1995, and the Genetically Modified Organisms Control
Act 2004.
From the above, a vessel calling to another Australian port, for example, and refuelling before coming on
to Tasmania, could be still carrying or have unsecured quarantinable material when it arrives in
Tasmania. When the First Port Inspection was undertaken interstate, it is quite possible that restricted
items listed above would not be placed under bond.
In view of this situation, it has been a long term mandatory requirement that all vessels visiting
Tasmanian ports are subject to at least a surveillance check even if they have been cleared under
Commonwealth legislation in another State or Territory.
In Tasmania, both international and domestic quarantine functions are undertaken by Quarantine
Tasmania, Department of Primary Industry and Water, on behalf of AQIS, under a Memorandum of
Understanding arrangement.
Prior to berthing at the Bell Bay Port facilities, all shipping vessels are required to submit a mandatory
Pre-Quarantine Arrival Report (Pratique) to AQIS for review. The Pratique details the following:
Vessel particulars;
Human health status;
Pets / livestock onboard; and
Recent shipping itinerary to determine risk of pest species translocation from known sources and
countries of origin.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
The vessel is also required to send a separate Ballast Water Report, detailing the ballast water
management particulars undertaken by that vessel prior to entering the port. This activity is also
undertaken by Quarantine Tasmania on behalf of AQIS.
If the Bell Bay Port is the first port of call in Australian waters for the incoming vessel, certified AQIS
personnel are required to undertake a First Port Inspection. This requires a targeted inspection for
quarantine risk material (such as food stores from certain countries) and the presence of onboard exotic
pests and diseases. AQIS staff inspect the following facilities: ships galley, stores, mess rooms, holds,
engine room, forecastle, crew quarters, mast houses, and other areas on board the vessel.
AQIS have authority to implement a range of management strategies to ensure compliance to Australian
quarantine regulations. These include:
Onboard quarantine of risk material (such as food stores) are sealed and isolated under bond by
AQIS. These goods are not to be tampered with until exiting Australias territorial waters;
Fumigation for pests;
Incineration of wastes; and
Deep burial of wastes / product at an approved waste handling facility.
Each ship must also produce a current De-ratting Certificate, which is a requirement under Article 53 of
the International Health Regulations (1969). De-ratting certificates are valid for six months and can be re-
issued by at any international port by a designated health authority as defined under Article 17 of the
regulations. AQIS are authorised to re-certify this certificate if appropriate.
For international vessels entering the Bell Bay Port, which have previously been engaged in domestic
trade between ports within Australian waters (cabotage) a Second Port Inspection may be required.
This requirement is triggered if quarantine issues that warrant continual monitoring in Australian waters
have been identified and documented by AQIS at the preceding Australian port of call. The Second Port
Inspection is conducted at the Bell Bay Port to confirm that the ship has complied with all AQIS
requirements outlined to the vessel at the port of departure.
If it is intended to apply for Phytosanitary Certification to accompany the mill product to its destination,
then vessels will be subject to an empty hold inspection before any cargo is loaded into the vessel. This
requirement comes under the Commonwealth Export Control Act (1982). This inspection would be
undertaken by Quarantine Tasmania staff on behalf of the Commonwealth.
Ballast Water Management
It is a mandatory Australian Government requirement that all international shipping operators comply with
ballast water management protocols stipulated in the Government policy document - Australian Ballast
Water Management Requirements. The Australian ballast water management requirements are also
consistent with the International Maritime Organisation guidelines for minimising the translocation of
introduced marine pests in ships ballast water (AQIS, 2001).
All vessels entering and exiting the Bell Bay Port, including those commissioned to export woodchip and
pulp from Gunns loading facilities are required to comply with the Australian Ballast Water Management
Requirements implemented by AQIS.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Details of the ballast water management protocols implemented by each vessel are faxed through to the
AQIS office at the Bell Bay Port prior to their arrival. This report details the time and coordinates where
ballast water exchange was undertaken. AQIS then cross check this information with the ships log to
verify these details.
Tasmania has a ballast water monitoring/surveillance system whereby 10% of all vessels carrying ballast
water are sampled and the sample forwarded to an approved laboratory for analysis.
International shipping traders will be required to utilise one of the following ballast water management
options available under Australias mandatory ballast water management requirements:
Implement a Ballast Water Decision Support System (BWDSS) to determine if ballast water onboard
is low risk;
Non-discharge of high risk ballast water in Australian ports or waters;
Internal transfer of high risk ballast water from tank to tank within the ships hull; or
Full ballast water exchange at sea - conducted outside the Australian 12 nautical mile perimeter and
at a depth greater than 200m;
Discharge of high-risk ballast water anywhere inside Australian waters (12 nautical miles from the
coastline) is prohibited.
2.13.3 Shipping Movements
Figures from the Bureau of Transport and Regional Economics (BTRE) for Port movements into the
south Eastern Australia Region 2004-05 show the following inward and outward freight movements at
Bell Bay to and from Australian and overseas ports (Table 27).
Table 27: Freight Movements to Bell Bay
Vessel Cargo Australian Inward Australian International International

Outward Inward Outward
Dry Bulk 23 53 91 81
Gas 6 1 0 0
Tanker 8 0 0 0
General 20 34 23 16
Other 9 0 0 2
Livestock carrier 0 2 0 0
Chemical Tanker 0 1 0 0
Subtotal 66 91 114 99
Total Freight 370

movements
Source: Bureau of Transport and Regional Economics supplied 2005

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
An additional 206 movements were recorded for non-freight vessels listed as either liners or passenger
vessels.
Shipping traffic associated with the export of woodchip from the Gunns Tamar operation in 2002/2003
(2,200,000 t) and 2003/2004 (2,400,000 t) was approximately 60 vessels per annum (Table 27).
Table 28: 2002-2005 shipping movements associated with Gunns export of woodchip at Bell
Bay
Year No. Vessels Export (t)/pa Mean Minimum (t)^ Maximum

(t)/ship^ (t)^
2004/2005 49 2,105,967 42,979 15,930* 56,389
2003/2004 60 2,123,142 35,385 37,375 56,914
2002/2003 59 2,290,419 38,820 34,667 56,437
Average (2002/03 -
2004/05) 56 2,173,176 39,061 36,021 56,580
* Part loading (2 holds) only; ^ Figures rounded up; (t) = tonnes; pa = per annum; Source: Gunns, pers.comm 2005
2.14 Waste Management

The following has been derived primarily from Regional Waste Management Strategy (Region North,
2005).
2.14.1 Waste Disposal Sites
Waste disposal facilities servicing areas near the water supply pipeline are provided in Launceston
(Remount), Beaconsfield and George Town.
Domestic garbage collected from the Launceston City Council area, West Tamar Council area,
Blackstone Heights, Prospect Vale, Hadspen and Dorset area are deposited at Remount Refuse
Disposal Area. Domestic waste collected in George Town is disposed of at the Mt George Refuse Site
2.14.2 Controlled Wastes
In addition to receiving domestic waste, the Remount Refuse Area is a level 2 landfill which typically
receives asbestos, contaminated soils (low levels), and general low-level hazardous materials. In
2001/02, the total quantity of controlled waste to this landfill was estimated as 1,175 cubic metres placed
in purpose-dug pits, recorded and surveyed. Permanent records of all disposals are kept on site.
2.14.3 Waste Transfer Stations
There are two small waste transfer stations near George Town, located at Exeter and Pipers River.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
2.14.4 Domestic Refuse Collection
George Town Council currently provides weekly kerbside domestic garbage collection services to
approximately 97% of its population (based on 2000 figures). Launceston City and West Tamar Councils
provide kerbside domestic collection to 100% of rural and urban residents, as shown in the table below.
Table 29: Refuse Collection
Municipal Area Population Contractor2 Contract Frequency Volume Options

1
with Service Expiry
Launceston City 100% Jones 2008 Weekly 85L, 140L and 240L bins
West Tamar 100% Jones 2006 Fortnightly 85L, 140L and 240L bins
George Town 97% Clinton Weekly 2 Standard garbage bags

Notes
1. Based on 2000 figures
2. Jones = Jones Waste Management; Collex = Collex Waste Management; Clinton = Clinton Waste Management Services.
In addition, kerbside recycling collection services is offered to approximately 65% of George Town
residents and all residents of the Launceston city and West Tamar Council areas.
All councils provide kerbside collection for recyclables with the exception of George Town Council, which
does not recycle paper and cardboard products from the following:
Glass Liquid paperboard

Aluminium cans Newspaper
PET bottles Cardboard
HDPE bottles Magazines
PVC bottles
2.15 Noise
2.15.1 Pulp Mill Rowella and Long Reach
The Environmental Management and Pollution Control (Miscellaneous Noise) Regulations 2004 are the
only noise guidelines currently ratified by the Tasmanian Department of Tourism, Arts and Environment
(DTAE). The Regulations contain provisions on neighbourhood noise sources such as off-road
vehicles, lawn mowers, power tools and heat pumps. Hence, for this study NSW Department of
Environment and Conservation (DEC) publications, Environmental Noise Control Manual ENCM and the
Industrial Noise Policy (INP) have been used as a frame of reference.
The Site is located within a generally hilly landscape, currently covered in mature vegetation. The
nearest sensitive noise receiver (house) is located on the opposite (western) side of the Tamar River
approximately 1,000 m from the wharf facility and 1.5 km from the pulp mill.
The site is located in an existing, dispersed heavy industrial area, with an existing power station and
other industry and commercial premises located within a 5 km radius of the site. The community at

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Rowella, located approximately 2.5 km across the Tamar River (further west of the closest residence) is
the nearest cluster of residential dwellings to the proposed site.
Noise Monitoring Methodology

The key tasks undertaken in assessing the existing noise environment included:
Unattended noise monitoring at locations representative of the local noise environment while the
woodchip mill was not operating to establish the rating background levels in the vicinity of the pulp
mill;
Unattended noise monitoring at locations representative of the local noise environment while the
woodchip mill was operating to establish the background levels in the vicinity of the pulp mill while the
woodchip mill is in operation;
Attended noise measurements to determine primary noise sources in the vicinity of the site; and
Analysis of the data and comparison of existing noise levels to noise criteria in the NSW DEC INP.
Background Noise Monitoring

Where an industry is seeking to expand its operations, the INP recommends that background noise
monitoring be undertaken while the industry is not operating, or in an area representative of the local
noise environment but not influenced by the industry in question.
Unattended noise monitoring was undertaken over the period from 4 May 2005 to 8 May 2005 while the
woodchip mill was not operating at the two closest residences (Locations 1 and 2, see Figure 2-47), and
also between the period 8 May 2005 to 13 May 2005, while the woodchip mill was operating. Monitoring
was undertaken at Location 2 while the existing woodchip mill was operating between 16 May 2005 and
20 May 2005.
A site inspection was conducted to determine appropriate long-term noise monitoring locations for the
assessment. Location 1 is located opposite the Site, across the Tamar River and is currently subject to
noise from the existing surrounding industry (Bell Bay Power Station and current woodchip mill).
Location 2, also located across the Tamar River to the south west of the Site experiences a similar noise
environment. As such, both noise monitoring locations were deemed sites indicative of the local noise
environment and a noise logger was placed at these locations.
Background noise monitoring was carried out during operation of adjacent industries, which area all
considered part of the ambient background noise environment. As specified above, the industry in
question (Gunns' woodchip mill), was not operational for a period of the monitoring.
Additionally, noise data obtained from the Tasmanian DPIWE was utilised in this assessment to further
describe the ambient noise environment in the region.
Two Acoustic Research Laboratories Pty Ltd Type 2 continuous noise loggers were used to monitor the
noise environment at the following locations:
Location 1 - Residence at Blackwood Hills across the Tamar River; and
Location 2 Residence at salmon farm, located across the Tamar River.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
The instruments were programmed to accumulate environmental noise data continuously over sampling
periods of 15 minutes for the entire monitoring period. Internal software then calculated and stored the Ln
percentile noise levels for each sampling period, which was later retrieved for detailed analysis. The
instruments were calibrated before and after the logging periods. Table 30 provides details of the noise
loggers and their locations.
Table 30: Continuous Background Noise Logger Details
Measurement Title Location 1 Location 2
Monitoring Location Blackwood Hills Salmon Farm Residence
Measurement Started at 14:30 4 May, 2005 (mill shutdown) 17:15 3 May, 2005 (mill shutdown)
22:00 8 May, 2005 (mill operational) 11:30 16 May, 2005 (mill operational)
Measurement Stopped at 21:45 8 May, 2005 (mill shutdown) 23:45 7 May, 2005 (mill shutdown)
10:30 13 May, 2005 (mill operational) 12:45 20 May 2005 (mill operational)
Frequency Weighting A A
Time Response Fast Fast
Engineering Units dB(A) SPL dB(A) SPL

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
N
Noise Logger
Location 1
PROPOSED
PULP MILL
SITE Existing
Chip Mill
Noise Logger
Location 2
Noise Logger Location

Date: 7 September 2005 Noise Monitoring Locations
File Name: 2212261_LTN_02.cdr Proposed Bleached Kraft Pulp Mill, Northern Tasmania - Noise Assessment Figure
Figure 2-472
Noise Monitoring Results
Figure 2-48 provides a statistical summary of the monitoring at Location 1 and Location 2 during the
shutdown of the mill.
Figure 3: 15 Minute Statistical Noise Location 1 - Mill Shutdown
L10 L90 Leq
65
60
55
50
45
SPL Db(A)
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
14:30
19:30
10:30
15:30
20:30
11:30
16:30
21:30
12:30
17:30
22:30
0:30
5:30
1:30
6:30
2:30
7:30
Time: 2:30pm 4th May 05 to 9:45pm 8 May 05
Figure 4: 15 Minute Statistical Noise Location 2 - Mill Shutdown
L10 L90 Leq
65
60
55
50
45
SPL Db(A)
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
14:30
19:30
10:30
15:30
20:30
11:30
16:30
21:30
12:30
17:30
22:30
0:30
5:30
1:30
6:30
2:30
7:30
Time: 5:15pm 3rd May 05 to 11:45pm 7 May 05
Figure 2-48 15 Minute Statistical Noise Results Location 1 (top) and Location 2 (lower) Mill
Shutdown

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Figure 2-49 provides a statistical summary of the monitoring at Locations 1 and 2 during operation of the
existing woodchip mill.
Figure 5: 15 Minute Statistical Noise Results Location 1 - Mill

Operational
L10 L90 Leq
65
60
55
50
45
SPL Db(A)
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
22:00
13:00
18:00
23:00
14:00
19:00
10:00
15:00
20:00
11:00
16:00
21:00
3:00
8:00
4:00
9:00
0:00
5:00
1:00
6:00
2:00
7:00
Tim e: 10:00pm 8 May 05 to 10:30am 13 May 05
Figure 6: 15 Minute Statistical Noise & Weather Results Location 2 - Mill

Operational
L10 L90 Leq
65
60
55
50
45
SPL Db(A)
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
11:30
16:30
21:30
12:30
17:30
22:30
13:30
18:30
23:30
14:30
19:30
10:30
2:30
7:30
3:30
8:30
4:30
9:30
0:30
5:30
Time: 11:30am 16 May 04 to 12:45pm 20 May 04
Figure 2-49 15 Minute Statistical Noise Results Location 1 (top) and Location 2 (lower) Mill
Operational

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Calculated background LA90 day, evening, and night noise levels for Locations 1 and 2 during both
operation and shutdown of the existing woodchip mill, are provided in Table 31 to Table 32.
Table 31: Noise Monitoring Results Background (LA90) Noise Levels (dB(A)) at Location 1
(Chip Mill Shutdown
Day Evening Night
Date
7 am to 6 pm 6 pm to 10 pm 10 pm to 7 am
4/05/05 39.2 39.4 40.8
5/05/05 38.4 37.5 38.7
6/05/05 39.6 37.5 36.8
7/05/05 35.2 41.5 36.2
8/05/05 39.2
Rating Background
39.2 38.4 37.7
Level
(Chip Mill Shutdown)
Day Evening Night
Date
3/05/05 40.8 36.2
4/05/05 41.4 40.0 40.2
5/05/05 37.3 34.9 39.8
6/05/05 38.7 33.8 35.8
7/05/05 33.4 39.1 34.3

Rating Background
38.7 36.2 37.8
Level
(Chip Mill Operational)
Day Evening Night
Date
8/05/05 43.2 38.7
9/05/05 43.3 42.4 41.7
10/05/05 42.7 44.5 47.2
11/05/05 38.1 35.1 39.6
12/05/05 39.4 41.0 33.7

Rating Background
41.1 42.4 39.6
Level

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
(Chip Mill Operational)
Day Evening Night

Date
16/05/05 41.5 37.7
17/05/05 38.0 40.4 37.7
18/05/05 39.1 36.7 40.4
19/05/05 38.7 38.1 36.7
20/05/05 38.1
Rating Background
38.9 37.9 37.9
Level
Previous Background Noise Levels

Background sound pressure levels were reported for a number of additional locations in a report
prepared by the Tasmanian DPIWE in April 2005 (DPIWE, 2005) for measurements undertaken since
March 2002. A report was prepared for the distribution of sound from the existing Tamar woodchip mill
to the nearest township of Rowella. The following table, Table 35, outlines the measured background
levels for a number of locations in the vicinity of the present study area.
Table 35: Background Noise Levels, Rowella and surrounding area
Location Date Day dB(A) Evening dB(A) Night dB(A)
Deceitful Cove March 2002 33.5 30.9 31.9
Wilmores Bluff February 2003 34.0 31.5 28.8
Wilmores Bluff March 2003 34.9 37.7 33.6
Wilmores Bluff November 2003 35.0 35.8 34.0
Brodies Road March 2003 29.5 36.5 29.5
Waterton Hall January 2005 28.8 28.1 27.1
Tamar Mills January 2005 45.5 44.9 41.2
Background noise levels provided in the above table were sourced from the Tasmanian DPIWE report,
however locations of the noise monitoring were not available. As a result, these locations were not
included in further assessment or noise modelling..
However, Environmental and Technical Service Pty Ltd (ETS, 1991 and ETS, 1998) undertook 2
acoustic surveys of the existing noise environment of the Rowella region in 1991 and 1998 respectively.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Background noise monitoring was undertaken during day, evening and night time periods at various
locations in Rowella during both pulp mill operation and pulp mill shutdown.
As the locations for each monitoring point was provided in the reports, these locations were used for
further modelling and assessment. Background noise levels as reported in the ETS reports are provided
in the following table.
Table 36: ETS reported Background Noise Levels1
Location Day dB(A) Evening dB(A) Night dB(A)
W0 40 46 33
W1 39 38 28
W2 38 39 30
W2A 35 37 30
W3 34 37 31
W4 33 38 30
1
Note Day, evening and night time periods are classified between 7 am 6 pm, 6 pm 10 pm and 10 pm to 7 am respectively.
Where more than one background noise level was provided in the report for a location, the median was obtained and used as the
background noise level, in which is consistent with the NSW INP guidelines. Where only one background noise level was
available for either a day, evening or night time period for any respective location, this was used as the background noise level.
2.15.2 Tamar Woodchip Mills
There has been a small number of noise complaints associated with operation of the existing woodchip
mills since inception. The small number of complaints may be due to the fact that the mills have been
operating since 1972 and residences have become accustomed to the mills noise levels being part of
background noise.
Noise complaints have typically related to specific noise sources which have included:
Reversing beepers on machinery;

Clanking of bulldozer tracks when they are reversing;
Trucks using air brakes when descending to the mill area from the East Tamar Highway; and
Clanging of ships hatches when they are opened or closed.
Some systems have been put in place to mitigate some of the noise sources. Trucks are required not to
use air brakes as they approach the mill. Reversing beepers on some vehicles have been replaced with
strobe lights for night work.
2.15.3 Transport Network
In considering the existing noise environment for areas potentially impacted because of changes to the
transport network as a result of the pulp mill, it is necessary to consider the three main transport modes
being road, rail and shipping.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Road and Rail
Noise generation along transport networks (both road and rail) is determined by a wide range of factors
which include:
the network hierarchy;
transport mode (road, rail or ship);
types, numbers and frequency of vehicles/vessels;
pavement type;
road/rail maintenance;
road grades (affecting acceleration/deceleration); and
movement controls (traffic lights or other signage which requires vehicles to accelerate or brake in
certain areas).
The existing transport network for road and rail is discussed in Section 2.12.
There are limited numbers of freight movements in Tasmania and on lines of relevance to the project.
Regular movements include:
A daily train from Launceston to Bell Bay and return, usually 6 days a week.
The weekly paper train from Boyer Paper Mill can deliver to either Burnie or Bell Bay;
A daily container train from Burnie to Hobart;
Railton to Devonport cement train subject to shipping;
Weekday coal trains to Devonport from Fingal; and
Up to four trains arriving or departing from Hobart each day.
Rail speed is relatively slow given the steep and winding network.
Whilst the number of existing train movements in Tasmania is small, the infrequency of movements may
contribute to a higher level of annoyance than might otherwise be expected. People tend to become
accustomed to regular noise events, but infrequent and/or irregular events can be more disturbing.
On busy lines such as the Railton to Devonport line, early morning and night movements can cause
disturbance. On the Bell Bay line, a daily return trip on a regular timetable is less likely to cause
disturbace, particularly when they occur in daylight hours. The train to Bell Bay typically departs
Launceston at approximately 7.00 am, and departs Bell Bay at about 7.00 pm, although the return time is
variable. The evening paper train from the Boyer Paper mill arrives at Bell Bay on a Wednesday and
returns on Thursday morning.
There have been some complaints about train movements on the Bell Bay line, generally relating to
nighttime trains (DTAE pers. com.).
Noise impacts from existing rail operations on the Bell Bay line are primarily limited to those irregular
services which run late in the evening or early mornings.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Shipping
The Port of Launceston (Bell Bay) has no records of noise complaints from port operations or shipping
movement. This may be in part because the port is separated from residential areas by approximately 3
km. In addition, residents may have become accustomed to port operation noises.
Records indicate that on one occasion during 2004 a group of concerned residents of the region
requested that ships, (associated with the Gunns existing Tamar woodchip wharf facilities), shut down
engines as soon as they are safely docked. Ships have always shutdown main engines after docking.
However generators are operated. Ship Captains have been directed to minimise noise during night time
activities (per comms Gunns).
Arrival and departure times are influenced by a number of factors including tides and as such, can occur
at most times of the day or night.
Shipping movements are discussed in Section 2.13.
2.16 Vibration
There are no significant existing sources of ground vibration within the Bell Bay site or surrounds.
Localised vibrations from trucks and log moving equipment do not affect the pulp mill site or surrounding
lands.
Anecdotal evidence from the Bell Bay Port suggests that whilst they have not received any complaints
regarding vibration as a result of ship movements, some residences have commented that they have felt
such vibrations at some time.
There are no working quarries within the immeadiate vicinity of the pulp mill site.
2.17 Visual Amenity
2.17.1 Introduction
The visual assessment for this volume has concentrated on the pulp mill site (which includes the landfill,
quarry and water supply reservoir) given that the key permanent visual impacts will be associated with
the mill rather than related off-site infrastructure. Whilst the construction phase impacts from the
proposed pipelines will create a noticeable visual impact in some areas, these are considered to be short
term, as the pipeline will be buried along its complete length and all easements will be rehabilitated
consistent with surrounding land uses where permissible. Much of the alignments will not be visible to the
public as they will be on private land with a limited number of potential viewers. Visual impacts
associated with pipeline construction will therefore be minimal and have been addressed accordingly in
Volume 3.
A detailed visual assessment of the Bell Bay Industrial Zone was undertaken by de Gryse in 1994. As the
dominant features of this area have not significantly altered since then, this assessment has been used
as a basis for describing the visual environment for the mill site and surrounds. The following
assessment utilises the finding of that report, supplemented by current observations and by the

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
preparation of a photographic record, viewshed assessment, GIS viewshed modelling, development of
photomontages and 3D modelling of the mill. Observations of the area were made over a period from
January to November 2005.
A number of terms are frequently used in this assessment:
View what can be seen

Vantage points a specific location from which a view can be obtained. This term is referred in the
GIS modelling when comparing current views to modelled views.
Viewshed the areas from which a specific location can be seen. For this assessment, the locations
from which the pulp mill, or sections of it, can be seen.
Landscape a subjective context of a view the physical appearance and perception of factors such
as naturalness, scenic beauty.
For the purposes of this assessment, the area immediately opposite the proposed mill site has been
referred to as the Rowella Peninsula in order to differentiate this area from the grouping of residences at
the end of Rowella Road which is referred to as the Rowella community.
Where possible, this assessment has attempted to be objective and to incorporate multiple sources of
visual characteristic and values. It is, however, recognised that visual assessment is highly subjective
and individuals will associate different visual experiences to the study area. The use of computer-
generated imagery has therefore been included in the assessment (more specifically Section 4.17) to
minimise the reliance on written assessment and to reduce the subjective element.
2.17.2 Landscape Characteristics
The visual characteristics of the Bell Bay Industrial Zone and surrounding areas are dominated by:
The Tamar River and valley;
Infrastructure associated with various industrial uses;
The East Tamar Highway;
Native and plantation forests; and
The Tippogoree Hills.
The characteristics of the Tamar River Valley are seen to be a broad river estuary edged by a low rolling
landscape and bound by low hill to the east and west with elevations varying to a maximum of 200
metres. Residential settlement is mixed with agriculture and forestry land uses (de Gryse, 1994).
At Bell Bay, south of George Town, the presence of a belt of existing heavy industrial activity already
gives this area an industrial characteristic.
de Gryse (1994) describes the bounding hills of the area to be not particularly remarkable, although long
vistas can be gained from Bradys Lookout (near Exeter approximately 18 km from the proposed mill site)
and Mt George Lookout. From these elevated positions, the broad expanses of the Tamar River can be
seen against agricultural or industrial landscapes that are ringed by the treed hillsides of the enclosing
valley walls.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Landscape features determined and/or influenced by physical, biological and cultural factors include
topography, geology and soils, vegetation, land use and built form and that impact the visual setting are
discussed below.
Physical Factors (de Gryse, 1994) include:
1. Climate: The proposed site of the pulp mill has an temperature range of 5 20C throughout the
year with an rainfall range of 750-1,000 mm, the higher rainfall occurs during the winter months
of April through August.
2. Geology, Geomorphology and Landform: The geography of the region surrounding the pulp mill
consists of rolling hills (approximately 50-300m) and low broad terraces (0-50m). The Tamar
River and the Tippogoree Hills border the site of the pulp mill. The Tippogoree Hills are
comprised of a series of dissected ridges with relatively narrow and steep drainage lines.
Williams Creek and its tributaries are a primary example of interaction between faulting and
landform.
3. Soils: The Tippogoree land system is comprised mainly of Jurassic dolerite. The quality ranges
from gravely clay loam with outcropping bedrock frequently occurring. The soils of the
Tippogoree land system are frequently prone to severe sheet erosion.
Biological Factors (de Gryse 1994) included:
1. Vegetation Type: Vegetation along the East Tamar Highway shows two patterns of development.
The East side of the highway contains eucalypt forest with rocky ground and some scrub
understorey. The west side vegetation appears more disturbed with extensive areas of rocky or
bare ground with some scrub cover and young eucalypt regrowth.
2. Health and Vigour of Vegetation: The forestry areas surrounding the proposed site of the pulp
mill have varying grades of health. There are numerous trees that are dead or have dying
canopy. Due to regular burns, a weakening of the canopy is evident as well as substantial
dieback.
3. Conservation: The Tippogoree Hills State Forest is an area nominated for designation as a
Recommended Area for Protection (at the time the report was published).
The vegetation along roadways provides visual screening that is, the road users view of industrial uses
is screened and the vegetation provides a contrast to the built environment.
Vegetation screening potential and pattern exert a strong influence on the capacity of the landscape to
visually absorb development and exerts a strong influence on the cultural perception of the areas visual
value. (de Gryse, 1994).
Cultural Factors (de Gryse, 1994) include:

1. Historic Planning: The visual significance of the Tamar Land Region was recognised decades
ago and concerted efforts have been made to ensure longevity of the region. Duffy et al. 1975:5
(cited in de Gryse 1994) stated
The Tamar still retains a scenic value of significant proportions which is enjoyed by both the local
population and visitors. Much of this due to the retention of wooded skylines and foreshores which
is important in providing a varied and scenic landscape.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Land mapped as having visual significance includes much of the foreshore, or areas immediately
adjacent, of the southern end of the Tamar Region. Duffy et al (1975) recommends the retention
of as much natural vegetation as possible, buffer planting along the riverbank where clearing has
taken place and a high standard of industrial architecture.
2. Current Land Use: The proposed site of the pulp mill is located directly north of the existing
woodchip mill. Of the existing woodchip mill, de Gryse (1994) states
that whilst not necessarily aesthetically beautiful, industrial landscapes have a place in the
visual landscape for their interest, that is for the fascination found in their workings and the
outward expressions of those working which are reflected in their form and visible by-
products..this fascination suggest that industry not be hidden totally from view
The proposed site has limited visual quality and existing areas that are able to act as visual
buffer zones.
2.17.3 Scenic Value
In studies by Williamson and Chamber (cited in Scenic Spectrum, 2004), the measure of naturalism
(absence of human alterations) was the most significant factor in determining scenic quality rating. Other
Australian studies for water side communities (Green 2000, Green 2000a) concluded that the sea and
natural vegetation were the strongest elements which helped define high scenic quality and naturalness;
beauty, distinctiveness and historic buildings where the qualities which best defined town character.
Green (2000a) also concludes that a towns character, as defined by the community, is critically defined
by environmental aesthetics, naturalness, change, uniqueness, community sentiment and identity.
Given the above, it is reasonable to conclude that the scenic quality and town/locality character within the
Tamar Valley are closely linked to the views over the river and the natural backdrop of the surrounding
hills. This assessment recognises that the regional area has high scenic values for both residents and
visitors and that such values are an important reason people chose to live in and visit the area.
The assessment has also considered the existing industrial land use concentrated within the Bell Bay
Industrial Zone. Some viewers will consider the industrial areas as a visual blight, whilst others will
consider it characteristic of the area and of visual interest.
2.17.4 Defining the Visual Values
Specific to the pulp mill site, de Gryse (1994) undertook to define the visual setting for unused lands
within the Bell Bay Industrial Zone, including the proposed mill site. He classified the site as having the
following characteristics:
Moderate scenic quality (based on landform, vegetation and water form). The Tippogoree Hills are of
High Scenic Quality due to the long, low ridgelines tending northwest and southeast, ridges forming
distinctive boundaries to the broad river valley, major river reaches and well managed landscapes.
The existing woodchip mills have low scenic interest (scattered buildings of limited architectural
character, disturbed open stockpiles of industrial nature, common industrial developments such as
towers).

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
High public sensitivity (based on the importance of transport corridors and tourism routes, the fact that
the Tamar River is a premier recreational river, proximity to residential areas and passing traffic and
the visibility from holiday destinations and residential areas).
Landscape Priority Zones (based on the scenic quality class, distance from vantage points and
sensitivity level and ranked A, B and C, with A being the highest). These were assessed from five key
viewing areas:
East Tamar Highway - A
Tamar River - A
Beauty Point - B
Rowella - B
Batman Bridge B
Corresponding Landscape Management Objectives were associated with the above priority zones
which concluded that development within the proposed mill site should look to restrict views from the
East Tamar Highway and retain foreshore character as far as possible; and
The capacity of the site to visually absorb large or dispersed industrial complexes ranges from low to
high across the site as slope and vegetation screening capacity varies.
The study specifically looked at three areas of interest to this assessment, being the Tamar 1, Tamar 2
and Williams Creek sites. These correspond to the north-western end of the proposed mill site, south-
eastern end of the proposed mill site and the landfill/quarry/water reservoir sites respectively (Figure
2-50). The analysis for each of these areas is provided below.
Tamar 1 The site is relatively well screened along the southern approaches of the East Tamar
Highway by vegetation and landform. It is more visible from the northern approaches of the Highway and
the River. Driving south from George Town, vegetation screens the site in many areas but it will be
visible at various times. The site is very exposed from the river, particularly from the north. From the
south along the river, the site is screened by vegetation and landform. The site will be visible from Beauty
Point and Rowella, with the most problematic views being the close views from Rowella. Views from
Beauty Point should sit well within the landscape if appropriately screened.
Tamar 2 This site itself is well screened from the East Tamar highway ,but the elevation of the site will
mean tall structures will be visible from the highway, river and distant views. A small number of residents
in Rowella will be directly affected and little can be done to mitigate this impact.
Williams Creek A relatively large area of this site will be unseen. Careful design and staged
development and rehabilitation will limit the visual impacts in developing this area.
2.17.5 Municipality of George Town Planning Scheme
The Municipality of George Town Planning Scheme (1991) identifies the Tippogoree Hills as a Skyline
Protection Area. Under the Scheme:
5.10.6.3 ii) A lot shall not be located such that the resulting residential use or development could
significantly alter, or have an adverse impact on the environment, flora and fauna habitats,
watercourses, skyline and tree and particularly areas where defined as Skyline Protection Areas.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
6.4.1 (i) For the purpose of securing or of preserving the amenity in any Village, Low Density
Residential, or Tourist Facility Zone, or Skyline Protection Area, no person hall ringbark, cut down,
top, lop, remove, injure or wilfully destroy any tree or trees, except with the consent of the planning
authority given with or without such conditions as the planning authority deems necessary.
The landfill, quarry and water supply reservoir fall within this area.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Figure 2-50 Proposed Development Sites considered by de Gryse (1994). Areas Tamar 1, Tamar 2 and Williams Creek are relevant to this assessment
32/11709/335662
1
Photographic Sheet 2-3. Night photos from Beauty Point (top) and Bell Bay Port lookout (bottom)
2.17.6 Night Views
Night views of the area differ significantly from daytime views in that all scenic elements, other than
perhaps reflections on the water, are removed from the view through lack of illumination. Subject to
weather and lunar cycles, long views are dominated by moonlight and human lighting.
Lighting from residential dwellings, streetlights, the port and major industrial facilities dominates any
views over the River from Rowella, Beauty Point, Clarence Point or Bell Bay as shown in the series of
night photos in Photographic Sheet 2-2.
The photograph from Beauty Point clearly shows the lighting (moving from left to right over the photo) of
the Bell Bay Port, Bell Bay Power Station (centre photo) and the Tamar Woodchip Mills on the far right.
Whilst the Mt George lookout is not set up for nighttime viewing (there are no lights to or on the viewing
tower), the fore and middle ground night view is dominated by the industrial facilities within the industrial
estate. Sufficient light is generated from these facilities to illuminate low cloud or mist, giving an orange
glow over the estate when such conditions exist. Longer views are characterised by an urban lighting
pattern from George Town, Beauty Point and other smaller residential clusters. Rural and rural
residential areas have a much more scattered lighting pattern.
The lighting from ship loading or unloading facilities varies with activities at the Port or woodchip mill
wharves. As both facilities can operate throughout the night, the berths may be illuminated all night
during such periods. Tower lights designed to illuminate vessels have the greatest off-site light spill.
2.18 Aboriginal and Cultural Heritage
2.18.1 Aboriginal Heritage
The following assessment is based entirely on the Aboriginal Heritage report provided in full in Appendix
14, Volume 8.
2.18.2 Types of Sites
The types of Aboriginal site which have been recorded previously in northern Tasmania and which might,
therefore, be expected to occur in the areas proposed for development of the pulp mill are described
below.
Open campsites
Open campsites are one of the most commonly occurring types of Aboriginal site in the region. These
sites are represented by scatters of stone artefacts lying on the ground surface. The remains of fire
hearths may also be associated with the artefacts. In rare instances, open campsites which were used
over a long period may accumulate sediments and become stratified. That is, there may be several
layers of occupation buried one on top of another.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Open campsites are almost invariably located near permanent or semi-permanent water sources. Local
topography is also important in that campsites tend to occur on level, well-drained ground elevated
above the local water source. In northern Tasmania, they are commonly located along rivers and creeks
or around lakes and lagoons.
Shell middens
These range in thickness from thin scatters to stratified deposits of shell and sediment up to 2m thick. In
addition to shell that has accumulated as food refuse, shell middens usually contain other food remains
such as bone from fish, birds and terrestrial animals and humus from the decay of plant and animal
remains. They also commonly contain charcoal and artefacts made from stone, shell and bone.
On the coast of northern Tasmania the major shellfish species likely to be represented in middens are
the edible mussel Mytilus edulis, the rock whelk Cabestana spengleri, the turbo or warrener Subninella
sp. and abalone Notohaliotis ruber.
Rockshelter sites
Caves or shelters in cliff lines and beneath boulder overhangs were often used by Aboriginal people as
campsites. Because of the confined area in these shelters and because of repeated Aboriginal
occupation of such sites, the occupation deposits that they contain are often richer than open campsites
and are usually stratified.
Rockshelters will only be found where suitable geological formations are present. They may occur as
sandstone overhangs, shelters beneath granite tors or as limestone caves.
Rock art sites

Rock art consists of paintings, drawings and/or engravings on rock surfaces. In most instances, rock art
is related to the distribution of rockshelters but it may also be found on freestanding rocks.
Quarry sites
These are locations where Aboriginal people obtained raw material for their stone tools or ochre for their
art and decoration. Materials commonly used for making flaked stone tools include chert, chalcedony,
silcrete, quartz and quartzite. These materials were obtained from exposed sedimentary rock formations
or picked up as cobbles on the surface. Stone quarries may also be associated with volcanic or
metamorphic rock outcrops.
Burial grounds
Aboriginal burial grounds may consist of a single interment or a suite of burials. Along the Tasmanian
coastline skeletal material is regularly found eroding from calcareous sand deposits but in the
mountainous terrain of the hinterland, burial sites are rarely found because conditions for the
preservation of bone are usually poor. Burial sites are extremely important to the Tasmanian Aboriginal
community and under revised coronial legislation, the Tasmanian Aboriginal Land and Sea Council must
be contacted immediately a suspected Aboriginal burial is located.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Stone arrangements and special places
Tasmanian Aboriginal stone arrangements may be stones aligned along the surface or excavated
hollows in cobble beaches. Some stone arrangements were probably used for ceremonial purposes.
Others were constructed in the intertidal zone and probably functioned as traps for marine animals such
as fish or seals. Sites of special significance to Tasmanian Aboriginal people are also present in the
landscape. These need not show any archaeological traces.
2.18.3 Statutory Protection
All registered and unregistered Tasmanian Aboriginal sites are protected by the State Aboriginal Relics
Act 1975 (administered by the Aboriginal Heritage Office) and the Commonwealth Aboriginal and Torres
Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 1984. These Acts prohibit the wilful destruction or disturbance of
any cultural heritage site, place or object, whether on private or public land. These places are considered
to have significance according to the guidelines of The Burra Charter.
The DTPHA is the Tasmanian State Government instrumentality that administers the Aboriginal Relics
Act 1975. All legislation relevant to the discovery of human remains is subordinate to the Coroners Act
1995.
2.18.4 Environmental Setting
The region between Four Mile Bluff and Launceston is dominated by the estuary of the Tamar River and
Port Dalrymple. The estuary is a ria or drowned river valley formed by coastal submergence
approximately 6,000 years ago. The coastline of the Tamar Estuary is characterized by rolling dolerite
hills, Tertiary basalt flows and sedimentary deposits. The hills are dissected by creeks that flow into
muddy embayments. Some are fringed by sandy beaches but most are eroded with rocky shores.
European occupation has greatly altered the original landscape of the Tamar River region. Most of the
tree cover of the region has been felled for building material and fuel or to create pasture. Swamps have
been drained to further enhance agricultural capacity. The development of urban hubs such as George
Town and Launceston has also transformed the region with suburban sprawl, roads and other
infrastructure. The Bell Bay Thermal Power Station on the outskirts of George Town and Gunns Tamar
woodchip mills are major developments associated with this industry.
2.18.5 Setting of the Pulp Mill Survey Areas
Survey Area 1
Survey Area 1 is located on the eastern side of the Tamar Estuary between Big Bay and the Tamar
woodchip mill (Figure 2-51). It covers an area of 195 ha, from the shore of Long Reach to the inland
power line easement. A secondary easement runs from the power line easement to the Long Reach
shore. This has vehicle tracks across the area but no other infrastructure. A network of access tracks has
also been created between the secondary easement and Big Bay to facilitate geotechnical investigations.
Geologically, Survey Area 1 is composed of Jurassic dolerite. This outcrops along the rocky shore and
inland as boulders, sheet rock and rubble. The higher slopes are mantled by sand sheets (or drifts) of

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
more recent origin. These could be relict Tertiary deposits or Aeolian coversands of late Quaternary age.
Either way, the sand deposits are relatively thin (<1 m) and patchily developed.
Weathering of the dolerite has produced rolling terrain, with two prominent ridge tops overlooking the
Tamar Estuary. The dolerite ridges are drained by a series of westerly-flowing ephemeral creeks that
debouch into the small tidal inlets of Big Bay, Dirty Bay and an un-named bay close to the woodchip mill.
The Big Bay shore appears badly eroded. Much of the intertidal zone has been colonized by Pacific
oysters.
Most of Survey Area 1 appears to have been disturbed in the past, possibly by clearing or fire. The area
currently supports Eucalyptus amygdalina dominated by dry sclerophyll forest. The sandier soils support
Casuarinas with an understorey of lomandra bushes and bracken fern. Marine grasses grow in Big Bay.
Survey Area 2
This survey area adjoins Survey Area 1 on the eastern side of the powerline easement (Figure 2-51). It is
land-locked apart from a small stretch (approximately 600 m) of coast along Big Bay. The area extends
to the upper catchment of Williams Creek, covering a u-shaped area of 237 ha. Additional to this area is
a proposed easement approximately 700 m long, running down-slope from the Williams Creek watershed
to the East Tamar Highway.
Survey Area 2 is much more developed than Survey Area 1. The East Tamar Highway and railway from
Launceston to George Town have been constructed through the area, leaving a series of road and rail
cuttings. Secondary roads have also been constructed through the area, particularly in the Williams
Creek catchment, presumably for logging.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
495000
Bell Bay Pulp Mill

0 90
-
180 270 360 450
Metres
1:15,000
5445000
5445000
EA
ST
TA
M
AR
HI
G
HW
AY
B
EL
L
B
AY
LI
N
E
_
^
LAUNCESTON BEL
LB
AY
LIN
E
HOBART
FIGURE 2-51
HERITAGE
Legend 495000
Builtup Area River Railway Roads
SURVEY
Date: 16/06/06 National/State Highway
Quarry Outfall Dam
Zone 55, GDA94 Water Reservoir Water Supply Pipeline Gas Pipe - Local Major Arterial Road
AREAS
Heritage Survey Area Mill Layout Leachate Pipeline Arterial Road
by Gunns Pty Ltd Effluent Pipeline Transmission Line Access Road
fig2_51_heritage_survey_sites.mxd Landfill Boundary
The power line easement between the two survey areas continues through Survey Area 2 behind Big
Bay. The Tasmanian Natural Gas Pipeline also traverses this area, which comes close to the Bell Bay
Thermal Power Station.
The geology of Survey Area 2 is similar to Survey Area 1 being dominated by Jurassic dolerite. However,
surficial sand sheets appear to be absent. The dolerite ridges of the Williams Creek catchment are steep
and rugged, with abundant rock outcrop. These form the lower slopes of the Tippogoree Hills, which are
the backdrop to the area. The slopes closer to Survey Area 1 and Big Bay are more undulating. Steep-
sided ephemeral creeks feed into Big Bay through Survey Area 2.
Like Survey Area 1, this area also appears to have been disturbed in the past, possibly by clearing or
fire. The area currently supports Eucalyptus amygdalina dominated by dry sclerophyll forest, which was
probably its natural cover.
2.18.6 Background Archaeology
Archaeological excavation of limestone cave deposits in the Maxwell Valley of southwest Tasmania has
demonstrated Aboriginal occupation dating back 35,000 years (Cosgrove, 1995). This period of
occupation includes the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) or Ice Age of 20,000 years ago. It was during this
period that cooler temperatures reduced the forest cover of the region (Kiernan et al, 1983). Late
Pleistocene cave sites are also known in the valley of the Weld River, the Cracroft Valley and the Ida
River karst (Jones et al., 1988; Cosgrove, 1989; McGowan, 1990). Some of these caves have paintings
preserved on the cave walls.
Aboriginal people also occupied the Tasmanian Highlands during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) when
ice sheets covered most of the Central Plateau. This is demonstrated by the site of ORS 7 in the upper
valley of the Shannon River, which drains the plateau (Cosgrove, 1995a). Beginners Luck Cave in the
Florentine River Valley is another significant Ice Age site. It has stone artefacts and the remains of
butchered animals dating back 20,000 years (Murray et al., 1980).
The LGM lowered sea levels by 150 m causing a land bridge to form between Tasmania and the
Australian mainland. In northern Tasmania, Aboriginal people occupied rockshelters on Hunter Island
and King Island when the islands were joined to the mainland (Bowdler, 1977; Sim, 1994). The
Parmerprar Meethenar rockshelter in the Forth Valley was also occupied at this time (Cosgrove, 1992).
Another early Aboriginal site in northern Tasmania is the Warragarra rockshelter in the Upper Mersey
Valley below the Great Western Tiers (Lourandos, 1983). This shelter contains evidence of Aboriginal
hunting from before 9,000 years ago.
Most coastal sites in Tasmania (and the Australian mainland) date from 6-7,000 years ago when global
sea levels stabilized following the melting of the glaciers and ice-caps. Shell middens in the Furneaux
Group of islands are the oldest dating to 9,000 years ago (Sim, 1994). The Carlton Bluff midden in the
Derwent region began forming 8,000 years ago (Brown, 1986; 1991).
One of the longest, continuous cultural sequences in Tasmania has been excavated at Rocky Cape,
some 20 km east of Smithton (Jones, 1971). Rockshelters containing stratified midden material show
Aboriginal occupation dating back 8,000 years. About 3,500 years ago, the people at Rocky Cape
seemed to have stopped eating fish. Stone tool technology also changed during this period of

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
occupation. Bone points and undifferentiated quartzite flakes characterize the early assemblages but
around 5,500 years ago bone points disappear from the tool kit to be replaced by stone artefacts made
from a wider range of raw materials.
Studies of the Tamar Estuary region

Ethnohistoric observations made in the 18th and 19th centuries suggest that the Aboriginal people of the
Tamar Estuary region were members of a distinct group referred to as the North Midlands Tribe (Jones,
1974). This language group is estimated to have been composed of between 300 and 500 people. In
1799, the English explorer John Bass wrote of the Aboriginal population of the north coast of Tasmania:
This country is inhabited by men; and if any judgement could be formed from the number of huts
which they met; in about the same proportion as New South Wales (Collins, 1971:168).
One of the earliest reports of an Aboriginal site on the Tamar River was that of David (1923) who located
approximately 100 stone artefacts in a loosely cemented raised beach deposit at Regatta Point on the
east bank of the river. Sutherland (1972) re-interpreted this site as a stone quarry or raw material source.
According to Kee (1990), the site has since been obscured by residential development.
Brimfield (1968) went about the region collecting stone artefacts mostly from coastal sites in the north.
He described a bipolar technology whereby the raw material was anvil-rested before being reduced.
Sutherland (1972) recognized that the raw materials used by Aborigines for stone artefact manufacture
reflected the local geology and that exotic stone was also used suggesting networks of trade. He also
concluded that west of Bridport these raw materials were procured largely from local beach deposits as
many of the artefacts retained their waterworn cortex.
Gill (1968) obtained the first (and only) radiocarbon date for the region 7,080 years Before Present (BP),
obtained on charcoal from a fossil bone bed found in a limestone cave at Flowery Gully south of
Beaconsfield. According to Gill, the deposit was a midden formed by human agency. He claimed that one
of the bones was actually an Aboriginal bone implement.
The wider distribution of Aboriginal sites in the region remained poorly understood until systematic
surveys undertaken by Kee (1990, 1991) and Bourke (1998) identified the general site pattern. Shell
middens were located in coastal dunes and along estuarine shorelines near the mouth of the Tamar
River. Open campsites and rockshelters were found inland along rivers and creeks and around
freshwater lakes. Stone quarries followed the distribution of suitable stone sources. The most commonly
used raw material for stone tools was cherty hornfels. Overall, site density is highest in coastal areas and
around lowland lakes and lagoons.
The results of Stone and Stantons (1998) survey of the Stony Head Training Area (SHTA) near
Beechford are also relevant because this landscape is dominated by the Ainslie Sand Formation. Their
survey located twelve Aboriginal sites within 400 m of the Bass Strait coastline. These were mostly stone
artefact scatters located in the linear dune field close to wetlands. Stone and Stanton determined that
Aboriginal sites would be encountered in the SHTA wherever the dune podsol of the Ainslie Sand
Formation was exposed. The much younger coastal dunes of the Waterhouse Sand Formation appeared
less likely to contain Aboriginal sites on the surface.
The sites recorded by Stone and Stanton displayed a variety of artefact types. These included worked
beach cobbles with cortex, straight-edge scrapers, steep-edge scapers, round-edge scrapers, notched

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
scapers, a small stone pick, basalt pounders, possible grinding or anvil stones and hammerstones.
Many of the flaked tools were retouched or had delicately trimmed edges. These were made from a wide
range of raw materials including quartz, quartzite, chert, silcrete, jasper, petrified wood, siltstone, breccia
and basalt. Three of the sites contained pieces of ochre.
The stone artefact assemblages recorded in the SHTA are large and diverse with evidence of microblade
technology, which contradicts Mulvaneys (1975:161) claim that delicate blade production is unknown in
Tasmania. The microblades of the SHTA were mostly quartz but one chert and one quartz crystal
microblade were also recorded. However, none of the blades had any clear evidence of backing. A small
quartz core with three parallel blade scars was also recorded.
2.18.7 Aboriginal Sites in the Pulp Mill Survey Areas
The Tasmanian Aboriginal Site Index (TASI) lists 14 Aboriginal sites in Survey Area 1 and 8 in Survey
Area 2 Table 37). Of these 22 sites, 14 are stone artefact scatters and the remainder isolated artefacts.
Most of these sites were located along vehicle tracks where ground surface visibility was high. One
(TASI 9904) was located below the high water mark in Big Bay.
Culturally sensitive information including the location of known or identified sites has not been disclosed
in the Draft IIS as requested by the Aboriginal Heritage Office DTPHA. Details of specific sites will be
provided to RPDC in order to allow full assessment of the project.
Table 37: Registered Aboriginal Sites in Pulp Mill Survey Areas 1 and 2
Site Locality Site Type Recorder Year

TASI 7485 Tippogoree Hills Stone Artefact Scatter Moore 1997
TASI 7486 Tippogoree Hills Isolated Artefact Moore 1997
TASI 9896 Power line Easement Isolated Artefact Graham 2005
TASI 9897 Vacant Easement Stone Artefact Scatter Graham 2005
TASI 9898 Vacant Easement Isolated Artefact Graham 2005
TASI 9900 Dirty Bay Upslope Isolated Artefact Graham 2005
TASI 9902 Big Bay Upslope Stone Artefact Scatter Graham 2005
TASI 9903 Big Bay Stone Artefact Scatter Graham 2005
TASI 9905 Power line Easement Stone Artefact Scatter Graham 2005
TASI 10001 Off East Tamar Hwy Isolated Artefact Graham 2005
TASI 10003 Off East Tamar Hwy Stone Artefact Scatter Graham 2005

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
TASI 10008 Power line Easement Stone Artefact Scatter Grhama 2005
TASI 10009 Williams Creek Stone Artefact Scatter Graham 2005
Notes
1. The site details are those used by the Aboriginal Heritage Section of the DTPHA
2. The set of sites is derived from the digitised TASI database.
3. The first three and TASI 10001-10003, 10007 and 10009 are in Survey 2.
The Tippogoree Hills was one of 29 Recommended Areas for Protection (RAPs) surveyed by Moore
(1997) for Forestry Tasmania. Moore and Aboriginal Heritage Officer Dean Summers located TASI 7485-
7487 along a vehicle track crossing of Williams Creek. TASI 7487 contains four quartz artefacts, TASI
7485 two artefacts and TASI 7486 one artefact. Unfortunately, Moores (1997) report and the individual
site recording forms contain little more information than this. For TASI 7487, Moore and Summers
entertain some doubt about their finds:
One of the quartz artefacts is clearly cultural. No quartz occurs naturally here 10 , so the other three
quartz pieces are probably cultural also (TASI 7487 Site Recording Form).
Graham (2005) located a further 19 sites in Survey Areas 1 and 2. The 19 in the TASI are either stone
artefact scatters or isolated finds. Most were located along the edge of the transmission line easement or
along the cleared, vacant easement running perpendicular to the sea. The artefacts appear to be flakes
made from quartz, quartzite and chert. Two large cobbles were also recorded as artefacts.
Three of these sites (TASI 10004, 10005 and 10006) have the same, or very similar, grid references, in
which case they seem to be multiple listings of the one site. TASI 9905 and TASI 10008 are also close
and may be duplicate recordings.
Discussion
The results of the survey undertaken for this study confirm that proximity to the coastline (either open
coast or sheltered estuary) is a prime determinant of Aboriginal site location in the Tamar Estuary region.
A pattern emerges of large stone artefact scatters located at bay heads with reliable sources of
freshwater close by. Such sites include Big Bay 1 (TASI 9903) and the East Arm site (TASI 6589).
Smaller stone artefact scatters and isolated artefacts are associated more with ephemeral drainage lines
(e.g. TASI 9905 and 9900), hinterland swamps (e.g. TASI 9942) and the high-energy coast (e.g. TASI
8743). Other sites are of less certain origin (e.g. TASI 9713).
TASI 9903 at the head of Big Bay was the largest site encountered. It is optimally located next to a creek
fed by three drainage lines, overlooking Big Bay. The stone assemblage at this site contains a diverse
assortment of raw materials (quartz, quartzite, chert and siltstone) but little variety in artefact type. All
were waste flakes or flaked pieces <3 cm. No cores were recorded. This suggests that the imported
stone was highly valued and reduced with maximum efficiency.
10
This site is located in the Tippogoree Hills and is not located within the Bell Bay site

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Previous surveys by Moore (1997) and Graham (2005) resulted in the recording of a large number of
exclusively quartz artefact sites, quite different to TASI 9903 (Table 1). These artefacts could either not
be re-located or when found showed no diagnostic features of worked stone. The common denominator
with these quartz artefact sites is their location on tracks used by light and heavy vehicles. Few quartz
pieces, worked or otherwise, were observed off these vehicle tracks.
Appendix 14, Volume 8 shows a possible origin for these quartz artefacts. The quartz outcrop protrudes
through a track in Survey Area 1. It has been fractured by machinery, which has produced sharp pieces
of quartz that could be easily mistaken for artefacts. Examples of this were also seen in Survey Area 2
where there is actually a mullock heap of quartz rubble used for surfacing the tracks. As noted above
Moore and Summers have already entertained such doubts about their finds.
Only one site in Survey Areas 1 and 2 breaks with the pattern of location adjacent to drainage lines. This
is TASI 9896 located on an elevated ridge top overlooking Dirty Bay and Big Bay in the distance.
Although only three stone artefacts were recorded at this site, it is suggested that these are the visible
signs of a possibly more extensive site that covers all of the north side of the ridge top. This northerly
aspect would have made it favourable for Aboriginal occupation. Sub-surface excavation is required to
test this hypothesis because of the thick vegetation at the site.
Assessment of Significance
The significance of archaeological sites such as those found during this study is usually assessed in
terms of their importance to archaeologists (that is, their scientific significance) and their importance to
Aboriginal people. Once the significance of a site has been assessed, it can be ranked against others
and specific recommendations formulated. Criteria for assessing scientific significance are set out below.
The values used in this assessment have been the subject of some discussion in the archaeological
literature and the information provided is drawn from a number of sources (e.g. Bowdler, 1983). In
making each assessment, it should be noted that degrees of significance are a guideline only and may
vary between site types.
Four Aboriginal sites are the subject of this assessment of scientific significance. They are TASI 9900,
9903, 9905 (Survey Area 1) and 10001 (Survey Area 2). These are all the sites where it was possible to
identify Aboriginal cultural material either in, or close to, areas of proposed impact. Another is TASI 9896,
located in Survey Area 1. The scientific significance of this site is not assessed at this stage because not
enough is known about the site.
Scientific Significance
A number of criteria are used to assess the scientific significance of a site. These include the integrity of
a site, its structure and contents. All of these criteria combine to give a site its value as a research tool for
archaeologists. In addition to the above criteria, a site may also be of scientific significance because of its
representativeness. It is a basic tenet of archaeology that any site which is not represented elsewhere is
ipso facto of great value because archaeologists are concerned with preserving a representative sample
of all site types for future generations.
Site Integrity refers to its state of preservation or condition. A site can be disturbed through a number of
factors including natural erosional processes, destructive land use practices or repeated use of a site in
the past by both humans and animals.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Site integrity can be classified as:
low - highly disturbed or poorly preserved with little research potential.
moderate - some disturbance but remaining cultural material allows for some research potential.
high - little or no disturbance to site, good preservation and considerable research potential.
In terms of site integrity, all seven of the Aboriginal sites would rate low. The three in Survey Area 1
(TASI 9900, 9903 and 9905) have been severely damaged by construction of the transmission line
easement and access tracks, with the integrity of TASI 9903 and 9905 being further compromised by
collection of the artefacts. The remainder, which are isolated artefacts, have been disturbed by
agricultural practices (TASI 8473 and 9942), transmission line construction (TASI 9713) and the
construction of a secondary road (TASI 10001). These sites have little research potential, although the
largest, TASI 9903, may be of some interest.
Site structure refers to the physical dimensions of a site that is, its area and depth or stratification. A
large site or a site with stratified deposits usually has more research potential than a small site or surface
scatter. In some instances, however, specific research questions may be aimed at smaller sites in which
case they would be rated at a higher significance than normal.
low - small surface scatters with no stratified deposit.
moderate - medium to large surface scatters with or without stratification.
high - large in situ surface scatters, any site with stratified deposit.
The stone artefact scatter TASI 9903 would rate moderate according to the site structure criterion. This is
because it is a medium to large surface scatter albeit without stratification because it is on an erosional
surface. However, the other stone artefact scatter (TASI 9905) and the five isolated artefacts (TASI 8473,
9713, 9900, 9942 and 10001) rate low because all are small sites, with no sign of stratification in any of
the exposures. In fact, the surfaces of all these sites are degrading and the artefacts in them are present
at or near the surface.
Site content refers to the range and type of occupation debris found in a site. Generally, sites that contain
a large and varied amount of organic and non-organic material are considered to have greater research
potential than those sites with small, uniform artefacts.
low - small amount and low diversity of cultural material.
moderate - medium amount and diversity of cultural material.
high - large and diverse amount of cultural material.
The stone artefact scatter TASI 9903 contains a medium amount of cultural material, with a limited range
of artefact types (flakes and flaked pieces) struck from a wide variety of raw materials. It therefore rates
moderate by the site contents criterion. Conversely, the other six stone artefact sites contain only small

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
amounts of worked stone and little variety in artefact type. For this reason, these sites rate low according
to this criterion.
Representativeness refers to how often a particular site type occurs in an area and requires some
knowledge of the background archaeology of the area in which the study is being undertaken. Sites that
are representative of the local and regional archaeological record may have value for that reason and if a
site is rare or unique in some way then it is ipso facto significant (Bowdler, 1983).
low - many of the same site type occurring in a single area or region.
moderate - site type occurs elsewhere but not in great quantity or with good preservation.
high - site type is rare or unique.
Based on the results of previous archaeological investigations (e.g. Kee, 1990; Kee, 1991; Moore, 1997)
and information held in the TASI it is clear that stone artefact scatters and isolated artefacts are common
in northern Tasmania, particularly along the coast and inland waterways. The stone artefact sites located
during this study therefore are not unique and are well represented outside the study area. Their
significance is therefore low.
Supplementary Investigations
Towards the end of the Aboriginal site investigation, Gunns Limited requested that the archaeological
survey team of Tim Stone and Steve Stanton also survey some additional areas proposed for
development. These additional areas were either variations of previously surveyed corridors or new
areas proposed for the expansion of Gunns existing Tamar woodchip mill.
The additional areas investigated were:

Two 20 m wide corridors running from the western boundary of Survey Area 1 to the transmission line
substation adjacent the George Town golf course, a total distance of approximately 1.5 km.
A 100-150 m wide corridor centred on the road that runs from the East Tamar Highway to the Tamar
woodchip mill, a distance of approximately 1.8 km.
The shoreline of the Tamar woodchip mill, which is proposed for a conveyor belt, a distance of
approximately 500 m.
A proposed Outside Chip Storage (OCS) located between existing OCSs.
An additional 20 m wide corridor approximately 200 m long near the intersection of the East Tamar
Highway and Windermere Road.
According to the Tasmanian Aboriginal Site Index (TASI), no Aboriginal sites have been located
previously in any of these additional investigation areas.
Results
George Town golf course substation corridors: No Aboriginal sites were located along the two corridors
that link Survey Area 1 with the transmission line substation. Most of this distance follows existing
transmission line easements through heavily modified rolling terrain. Ground cover was mostly grass,

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
blackberry bushes and low scrub with ground surface visibility limited to vehicle tracks and disturbed
patches of soil. The potential for Aboriginal sites along these two corridors is very low because of the
extent of disturbance to the original landscape.
Tamar woodchip mill: No Aboriginal sites were located along the road corridor that enters the Tamar
woodchip mill, or along the Long Reach shoreline including proposed OCS site. The road corridor
straddles steep, dolerite hillsides where evidence of Aboriginal occupation would be extremely unlikely.
The shoreline of the woodchip mill proposed for a conveyor belt is also highly unlikely to contain
Aboriginal sites because it is has been completely modified by the construction of breakwater walls,
access roads and wharves. The proposed OCS site, which is set back from the shoreline, has a sealed
road running through it and is also an unlikely Aboriginal site location.
East Tamar Highway/Windermere Road corridor: No Aboriginal sites were located along this small length
of corridor. The area traversed is a lightly-timbered ridgetop with a cover of grass and bracken. Ground
surface visibility was available through patches of sheet-eroded soil and estimated at approximately 10
%. The absence of Aboriginal sites on this ridgetop probably reflects its distance from potable water.
Statement of Aboriginal Significance

All land, irrespective of its current tenure or the presence of Aboriginal sites and other values, is
considered by the Aboriginal community to have high cultural significance, for individual Aboriginal
people and for the Aboriginal community collectively.
The northern region of Tasmania is widely recognized as having very high cultural significance for the
Tasmanian Aboriginal community. The region contains a wealth of Aboriginal sites, special places, and
areas of cultural importance to Aboriginal people. The Aboriginal community in conjunction with the
Tasmanian government, and private landowners and developers, is actively involved in the management
of many of these culturally significant areas.
Aboriginal sites and other landscape values help to strengthen the links between Aboriginal people and
the land. For this and other reasons, all Aboriginal sites are significant irrespective of their size or the
integrity of the landscape in which they are currently located. Long-term Aboriginal use of the Tamar
River is clearly evident in Survey Area 1. This is shown by the presence of extensive campsites such as
TASI 9903, which result from Aboriginal use of the area and its resources over many generations. Due to
the Aboriginal significance of these sites and the surrounding landscapes in which they occur, and of
other Aboriginal sites which have been identified during this study the Aboriginal Heritage report
concludes that the sites should not be disturbed by the proposed development. The proponents of the
proposed development should recognize Aboriginal interests by ensuring that these sites are avoided
and protected.
Aboriginal Community Consultation

There is a recognized need to inform and consult with the Tasmanian Aboriginal community on all
matters concerning Aboriginal cultural heritage. The TALSC, as Aboriginal community representatives,
have established protocols to ensure that the cultural heritage interests of the Aboriginal community are
maintained and protected. These protocols also assist in ensuring that matters pertaining to Aboriginal
cultural heritage are dealt with in a culturally appropriate manner, in compliance with the relevant State
and Commonwealth legislation.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
The TALSC were informed of the study and authorized access to the TASI prior to the commencement of
fieldwork. The results of the assessment were discussed with the Manager of the TALSC at a meeting
held on 30 November, 2005. The management measures described in Section 4 of this Volume were
developed in close consultation with the TALSC Manager and accord with those discussions.
2.18.8 Historic Heritage
In order to assess architectural and historical values, including heritage places listed under the Interim
List or in the Register of the National Estate or in any Planning Scheme, a detailed historic heritage
assessment of the study area was undertaken in three stages from February 2005. The full text of these
reports is provided in Appendix 13, Volume 8.
Summary of site based sources

The following table summarises the various agency databases and other sources consulted for site
based information prior to the commencement of fieldwork.
Table 38: Sources for desktop heritage study
Agency/Source Data base/document Historic sites

identified
DTPHA THPI register None
DTPHA State Heritage Register None
DTPHA Various Lands Titles None
Mineral Resources Tasmania MIRLOC None
Mineral Resources Tasmania Discontinued/archived County Charts None
Australian Heritage Commission Register of National Estate None
Forest Practices Board Archaeological Site register None
State Archives Office Various historic maps None
No historic sites were identified by any cited source prior to the commencement of fieldwork.
Historical Context
This section summarises the principal historic themes and related activities known to have occurred near
the survey area between initial Aboriginal/European contact and the present.
Exploration and settlement (1805-1820)

In late November 1798, the explorers Bass and Flinders navigated up the Tamar River as a part of their
voyage designed to prove the separation of Van Diemens Land from the Australian mainland. An
incidental result of this diversion was the naming of Long Reach and other nearby promontories such as
Point Rapide. The first European settlement occurred in 1805, when Colonel William Paterson

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
established a cattle-grazing station at Point Rapid(e) as part of the northern regions first European
settlement at Yorktown after the cattle failed to thrive at that locality. In 1812, Governor Lachlan
Macquarie established George Town as a proposed new northern capital for the colony. The first official
land sub division and settlement outside of George Town did not occur until 1817. However, local
historians imply that unofficial squatters camps had spread up river prior to that date and these
presumably were the sole European occupational presence along the river until the early 1830s, when
the riverside acreages were initially surveyed and sold off by the Crown.
Pastoralism (1830-1940)
The earliest known land purchases in the Long Reach vicinity appear to have occurred further up river at
Big Bay and Donovans Bay (the location of the Bell Bay thermal power station) in 1834. That year saw
surveys carried out for the subdivision of the land there into 640-acre blocks selected by one Arthur F.
Collett. In 1840, the land around Long Reach including the subject allotment was sub divided into similar
640-acre allotments and selected by William Effingham Lawrence who established a large homestead at
Point Effingham and a pastoral property that stretched from George Town south to East Arm. A notable if
short-term visitor to Long Reach at this time was the naval frigate HMS Beagle whose crew beached the
vessel there and careened her bottom before completing their global voyage of scientific discovery. By
the early 1900s, coastal land between George Town and East Arm had become acquired by the Archer
Family who built their homestead Lauriston at the site of the present golf course.
Industrial developments (1950-present)

The Archers retained the land until 1950 when the Bell Bay site was developed by the State as a premier
industrial estate for aluminium production. In due course, the Comalco facility, Temco plant and Bell Bay
power station were established. The Four Mile Creek Wildlife Sanctuary was proclaimed over remaining
coastal land which included Long Reach and the adjacent subject allotment in 1958. In 1972, the Long
Reach woodchip mill and the Bell Bay railway line were constructed and all of these facilities have
operated to the present day.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Figure 2-52 Original Crown surveys dated 1834 showing initial selection of nearby lands
surrounding Donovans Bay and Big Bay
Significance Assessment
This section summarises the various assessment criteria used in the assessment of historic sites and the
collective application of these to individual sites in order to determine their relative significance.
Significance assessment criteria

The values used in the significance assessment are those ratified in the Australia ICOMOS Charter for
the Conservation of Places and Cultural Significance or Burra Charter. The charter's definition of a place
is a broad one, covering buildings, areas, sites and structures together with their affiliated contents and
surroundings. In order to address such a broad range of sites, this protocol further defines the four
sources of cultural significance as historic, scientific/technological, aesthetic and social value. Three of
these are deemed applicable to sites in the study area.
The historic value of a site or place is related to the story behind its establishment, evolution and
abandonment. Factors in this 'history' that may affect its significance can include an association with a
famous person, activity or event. A site's comparative age and the length and intensity of its use may
also be considered significant.
Social value is the importance placed on a site by the community at large. This may be motivated by
spiritual, political or other sentiments that cannot be defined or articulated readily by any of the more
traditional values.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Scientific/technological value relates to the processes or artefacts of technology manifested by a site
or feature. These may be unusual, novel or ambitious, which serves to contrast them with similar sites
and increase their significance accordingly.
Figure 2-53 Earliest known Crown Survey of the relevant land dated April 7th, 1840. The arrow
indicates the subject allotment
Significance assessment approach

There are various models available for the professional to establish an assessment system for a specific
survey. Some models apply numerical or fractional values to significance, while others attribute brief
single sentence statements. For the purpose of this survey, the following model has been used.
A site is considered to be of High Significance if it:
reflects an important part of the history of Australia or Tasmania or

is unique or an outstanding example of its type or
is considered to be of importance to the wider Tasmanian community.
A site is considered to be of Medium Significance if it:

will increase our understanding of the history of a region or
is a very good example of its type or
is considered to be of importance to the local community.
A site is considered to be of Low Significance if it:

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
does not refer to any significant historical event or
is not well preserved.
A site is considered to be of Minimal Significance if it:

has no known historical association or
is very poorly preserved.
Nomination of sites for statutory protective registers

Sites of which meet the criteria for entry at a regional, state or federal level may be protected by laws or
other legislative protocols such as significant site registers. For example, the register of the National
Estate is a federal protocol which highlights listed sites and to prevent their damage until extensive
review processes regarding the development have been undertaken. The Tasmanian Heritage Act also
allows for listing at the State level, whereby a site can be directly protected by legislation from any
damage or development. No sites examined during this assessment are deemed relevant to any of these
statutory processes.
Summary of Results
This section summarises the total suite of sites located/recorded during the survey.
Sites located during survey

The following table summarises the identity and significance of all sites located/recorded during the
survey. Their locations are marked on Figure 2-54 and are discussed in further detail in Appendix 13,
Volume 8. Details of sites of high and medium significance are provided in the following sections.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
492000 492500 493000 493500 494000 494500
Bell Bay Pulp Mill

Big Bay Creek stone mound
0 0.1
-
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Kilometers
1:10,000
5445000
5445000
Big Bay sea wall
Big Bay tree stump
Big Bay stone piles 1
Stone circle/remnant stone fence
Big Bay house site 1
EA
S T
TA
M
AR
H IG
HW
5444500
5444500
AY
Big Stone wall
Big Stone wall
Stone pile on road line
Big Bay House site 2
Dirty Bay stone piles
Dirty Bay building footing
Dirty Bay stone wall 1
Dirty Bay hut site
Dirty Bay linear stones
5444000
5444000
BE
LL
BA
Y
LI
N E
_
^
LAUNCESTON
5443500
5443500
HOBART
Long Reach hut site Williams Creek boat wreckage
Long Reach Bay felled tree and stump
B E LL B
FIGURE 2-54
AY
L IN
E
HERITAGE
492000 492500 493000 493500 494000 494500
Legend
SITES -
Date: 19/10/05
Zone 55, GDA94 Effluent Pipeline Roads Heritage Sites Medium Significance
Source: Base data sourced from CData 2001and LIST- Water Supply National/State Highway Significance Rating Low Significance
EUROPEAN
www.thelist.tas.gov.au,all other infrastructure supplied Pipeline
by Gunns Pty Ltd Major Arterial Road High Significance Low
File: M:\41\14346\gis\map\final\vol_2\ River
fig2_52_european_heritage_sites.mxd Arterial Road Medium Minimal
Railway
Access Road
Table 39: Summary of Significant Sites
Site name Site AMG grid Historic Significance Recommendations

No. reference theme rating
Long Reach hut site 01 E 0493445 Riverine Medium Protect from all impacts
occupation
N 5443224
Williams Creek boat 02 E 0493692 Riverine Minimal None made

wreckage occupation
N 5443214
Dirty Bay linear stones 03 E 0492856 Riverine Low Protect from all impacts
occupation
N 5443958
Dirty Bay hut site 04 E 0492886 Riverine Medium Protect from all impacts
occupation
N 5444051
Long Reach Bay felled 05 E 0493457 Riverine Low None made

tree and stump occupation Significance
N 5443117
Big Bay sea wall 06 E 0492714 Riverine Medium Protection from all impacts
occupation Significance required.
N 5444841
Big Bay house site 1 07 E0492235 Riverine High Protection from all impacts
N 5444530
Big Bay stone piles 1 08 (North end) Riverine Medium Protection in association
occupation Significance with adjacent house site
E 0492257 N required.
5444613
(South end)
E 0492290 N
5444546
Stone circle/remnant 09 E 0492282 Riverine Medium Protection in association

stone fence occupation Significance with nearby house site
N 5444581 required.
Big Bay tree stump 10 E 0492180 Riverine Low None made

occupation Significance
N 5444718
Big Bay House site 2 11 E 0492519 N Riverine High Protection from all impacts
5444182 occupation Significance required.
Dirty Bay stone wall 1 12 E 0492906 Riverine Medium Protection in association

occupation Significance with nearby house site
N 5444069 required.
Dirty Bay building 13 E 0492888 N Riverine High This site should be

footing 5444108 occupation Significance protected in association
with the nearby coastal
remains at Dirty Bay

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Site name Site AMG grid Historic Significance Recommendations
No. reference theme rating
Dirty Bay stone piles 14 E 0492865 Riverine Medium Protection in association

occupation Significance with adjacent house site
N 5444145 required.
Stone pile on road line 15 E 0492829 Riverine Low None made

occupation Significance
N 5444194
Big Stone wall 16 (west end) Riverine High Protection from all impacts
E 0492694
N 5444274
(east end)
E 0492921
N 5444193
Big Bay Creek stone 17 E 0492237 Riverine Medium This site is situated on the
mound occupation Significance Bell Bay power station
N 5445214 property. However, the site
should still be flagged and
protected from any impact.
Statement of Cultural Significance

Of the sites and features recorded during this survey, 13 are considered sufficiently significant to warrant
further management related consideration. These are:
Long Reach hut site
Dirty Bay linear stones
Dirty Bay hut site
Big Bay sea wall
Big Bay house site 1
Stone circle/remnant stone fence
Big Bay House site 2
Dirty Bay stone wall 1
Dirty Bay building footing
Dirty Bay stone piles
Big Stone wall
Big Bay Creek stone mound
As ephemeral coastal settlements, these sites appear to be very poorly represented in either the
statutory or data management registers. Certainly, for the Tamar River region, this type of riverine
encampment will appear to have so far escaped investigation by archaeologists. Their numbers, origins

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
and ultimate significance remain to be adequately determined. Until such time, these sites must be
considered unusual and significant remnants of 19th century use of the Tamar River valley and treated
accordingly.
The sites listed above also continue to display a high degree of physical integrity, having lost little of their
definition or contents since their abandonment over a century ago. This physical intactness further
enhances their significance.
Furthermore, the sheer density of features is indicative of a sustained occupational presence that over an
extended period substantially altered the landscape
In summary, these sites are considered to have considerable Local significance. Further research might
feasibly find this threshold to have Regional implications also.
Predictive Modelling
This section discusses the potential for further unknown historic sites to be situated within the subject
allotment.
High potential zoning

Coastal inlets appear to have been the most likely venues for settlement in this riverine environment.
Maritime access was the most ready means of movement and the conveyance of goods until the post
war completion of the East Tamar Highway and settlement patterns are expected to reflect this. The
results of fieldwork for the purposes of this survey support this model, with all four of the located sites
being situated within the same environment which possessed the following attributes:
A sheltered inlet
Fresh potable water
Readily available construction materials (stone and timber)
Medium potential zoning

Precipitous coastal settings were obviously a less desirable venue for settlement than flat foreshore
environments unless extreme competition for space occurred. Sites involving less arduous movement
and passage of goods between buildings and the boat landing were preferentially selected. The lack of
shelter from prevailing winds and more dangerous landings by watercraft generally precluded such
venues until access by track or road made them less dangerous occupational prospects.
Low potential zoning

Inland areas at the subject site were sub divided for settlement. However, this appears to have related to
pastoral activities undertaken from one nearby property only. The likelihood that any sustained credible
occupation or non-pastoral activities were undertaken is negligible. The Old George Town coach road on
the approximate alignment of the present highway is likewise well away from the subject property.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
2.19 Health Status
To define the potential health risks from the pulp mill, both local and regional populations have been
considered. These local communities are George Town, West Tamar (primarily the larger communities of
Beauty Point and Beaconsfield, but also including Rowella and Kayena closest to the mill site) and
regionally the largest population centre in North Tasmania, Launceston (refer to Table 40). These areas
are consistent with the local and regional airshed definitions used in Section 2.5 when discussing
potential air quality impacts.
Table 40: Population Demographics for the Regional Population Centresa
Age group b Launceston George Town West Tamar Tasmania

Total population 60,488 6,256 19,292 456,652
% % % % %
09 13 16 14 14
10 19 15 14 16 15
20 29 15 11 10 12
30 39 14 15 13 14
40 49 14 15 16 15
50 59 12 12 13 12
60 69 8 8 8 8
70 79 6 6 7 6
80 + 4 2 3 3
Tamar Valley Health Profile Summary, Department of Health and Human Services 2005
a Data is percentage of total population from the 2001
b Male and female combined.
2.19.1 Health Data
The definition of the health status of a community is a complex and variable undertaking, which requires
both subjective and objective inputs. For this study, information was available from a number of sources,
including hospital admissions figures and related data, scientific research relating particularly to air
quality and health related impacts, community well-being survey results from 1998 and anecdotal
information from local medical practitioners. The majority of this data has been provided by Tasmanian
Department of Health and Human Services. This information is presented in the following sections. The
most recent publicly available census data is from the 2001 Census.
Hospitalisation Data
A Local Government Area breakdown of the local and regional study areas was gained from the
Tasmanian Department of Health and Human Services, and provided hospitalisation data for
Launceston, West Tamar and George Town (see Table 41 below) between 1999 and 2003. The
Department cautions that there are many factors affecting hospital admission rates other than the actual
health status or disease patterns in a community, including demographic factors such as population
aging and socio-economic status.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 41: Summary Hospitalisation Statistics for the Tamar Valley by Condition, 1999-2003
(Tasmanian Department Health, 2005)
Cause of George Town Launceston West Tamar

Hospitalisation
ASR# Compared to ASR# Compared to ASR# Compared to

Tasmania* Tasmania* Tasmania*
All causes 227.8 Lower 260.5 Higher 239.2
Respiratory 14.3 Higher 16.8 Higher 11.8 Lower

diseases
Asthma 2.3 Higher 2.4 Higher 1.9
Acute upper 2.5 4.7 Higher 3.0

respiratory
infection
Influenza and 2.3 2.7 Higher 1.8

pneumonia
Chronic lower 4.3 Higher 4.7 Higher 3.1

respiratory
diseases
Ischaemic heart 4.4 4.9 4.3 Lower

disease
Mental disorders 7.9 Lower 10.0 Lower 10.0 Lower
Cancer 11.6 Lower 13.1 Lower 12.8 Lower

# Age Standardised rate
*Local Government Area rates compared to Tasmanian rates, resulting in statistically significant higher or lower rates than Tasmania. If cell
empty, then LGA rate is not significantly different from Tasmanian rate.
The Department of Health also provided a breakdown of cancer statistics for the Tamar Valley as shown
in Table 42 below. The all-causes cancer incidence rates for both George Town and West Tamar over
the period 1997-2001 were significantly lower than the Tasmanian rate.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 42: Summary Cancer Statistics for the Tamar Valley by Condition 1997-2001 (Tasmanian
Department Health, 2005)
George Town Launceston West Tamar
Type of Cancer ASR Compared to ASR Compared to ASR Compared to

All causes 238.4 Lower 347.4 Higher 166.3 Lower
Lung cancer 31.6 35.8 Higher 16.7 Lower
Female breast 31.6 Lower 101.1 Higher 46.0 Lower

cancer
Prostate 46.8 85.6 Higher 42.5 Lower

Cancer
Digestive 57.7 66.4 28.6 Lower

organs and
peritoneum
Mortality statistics given by the Tasmanian Health Department showed all-causes mortality for George
Town over the period 1999-2003 was significantly higher than the Tasmanian rate, and conversely, the
West Tamar rate was significantly lower than the Tasmanian rate (see Table 43 below).
Table 43: Mortality Statistics for the Tamar Valley by Condition, 1999-2003 (Tasmanian
Department Health, 2005)
George Town Launceston West Tamar

#
ASR Compared to ASR# Compared to ASR# Compared to
All-causes 481.9 Higher 431 347.7 Lower
Cancer 141.6 130.7 100.3 Lower
Ischaemic heart 98.1 77.5 63.3

disease
Respiratory 51.1 40.5 24.9 Lower

diseases
Injury and 32 33.1 26.6 Lower

poisoning
conditions

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Tasmanian Healthy Communities Survey (1998)
A sample of 25,000 adult Tasmanians was randomly selected from the Tasmanian electoral roll in 1998
in a project to collect a self-assessed survey of community health. In order to ensure that the sample
was representative of adult Tasmanians as a whole, the electoral roll was divided (that is, stratified) into
age by gender groups within 43 Tasmanians Statistical Local Areas (SLAs). A sample of persons was
randomly selected from within each of the 516 resultant strata, the stratum sample sizes calculated using
a mathematical allocation process.
Of the 25,000 Tasmanian adults in the sample 15,112 responded, a response rate of approximately 60%.
Given the initially large sample size, this reasonably high response rate provided a good basis for
estimation. Because of the use of the electoral role, those surveyed were all over 18 years of age.
Participants were surveyed on a range of questions relating to their overall health, physical and mental
health, health problems and health behaviours (smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity). The
results from regional Local Government Areas (LGAs) are provided below.
The survey asked respondents to indicate whether their health in general is excellent, very good,
good, fair, or poor. George Town and Break ODay reported the worst self-assessed health status, with
high proportions of fair/good health reported by both LGAs.
Table 44: Ranking of LGA by Fair/Poor and Excellent/Very Good Self-Assessed Health Status
LGA Fair and Poor Health LGA Excellent and Very

Good Health
% of Population % of Population
Break ODay 27.4 Meander Valley 45.5
George Town 22.8 West Tamar 44.1
Dorset 22.4 Dorset 43.6
Launceston 19.7 Launceston 42.2
Northern Midlands 18.8 Break ODay 40.5
Meander Valley 17.4 Northern Midlands 39.0
West Tamar 17.4 George Town 38.7
Flinders Island 11.5 Flinders Island 33.8

Healthy Communities Survey, Tasmania 1998
The survey required respondents to report health conditions in a number of categories. George Town
had the highest rate of arthritis and depression, and West Tamar had the highest rate of back, neck and
shoulder problems, for example (see Table 45).

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 45: Self-Reported Health Problems Experiences during Preceding 12 months, 18 years
and over
Rate per 1,000 Population
George Town Launceston West Tamar Tasmania
Back, neck and Shoulder 420.4 402.6 476.3 429.6
Arthritis 275.6 230.3 196.8 214.6
Sleeping Disorders 187.5 197.9 169.0 193.9
Depression 207.6 183.9 152.4 167.2
Anxiety 169.0 170.5 150.1 164.8
High Blood Pressure 147.6 163.6 142.7 158.3
Asthma 92.1 107.9 96.8 95.7
High Cholesterol 106.7 75.8 97.3 87.0
Angina 18.4 34.5 24.4 32.6
Osteoporosis 39.9 30.9 36.4 30.0
Diabetes 30.6 32.6 29.3 29.6

The table below ranks northern region LGAs by the prevalence of two major self-reported conditions:
asthma and arthritis. Launceston had the third highest self-reported rates per 1,000 population for
asthma. For arthritis, rates were the highest in George Town.
Table 46: Ranking of LGAs by Self-Reported Asthma and Arthritis, Northern Region, 1998
LGA Asthma LGA Arthritis
Rate per 1,000 Population Rate per 1,000 Population
Break O'Day 137.3 George Town 275.6

Meander Valley 111.1 Break O'Day 242.2
Launceston 107.9 Launceston 230.3
Flinders Island 100.3 Flinders Island 222.4
West Tamar 96.8 Northern Midlands 223.6
George Town 92.1 Meander Valley 221.7
Dorset 74.0 Dorset 209.7
Northern Midlands 68.0 West Tamar 196.8

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
2.19.2 Existing Health Facilities
The northern district of Tasmania has 11 public hospitals.
The George Town Hospital has 15 beds and is serviced on a part-time basis by the Anne Street Medical
Centre, adjacent to the Hospital. The Anne Street Medical Services Centre has six fulltime and two part
time doctors. The hospital does not have any emergency services facilities. The Hospital is currently
scheduled for redevelopment by way of a replacement 15-bed facility which will include a dentist surgery
and a treatment room. It is expected that construction could commence in the second half of 2006.
In addition to the resident doctors, the Anne Street Medical Centre also provides services for the Asthma
Foundation, diabetes education and a foot-care clinic on a regular basis. An optometrist visits George
Town weekly. An x-ray department is also located in George Town, and the area has a full-time
physiotherapist.
The Launceston General Hospital is a 24-hour facility and has 300 beds providing acute medical
facilities. In addition, Launceston also has two private hospitals the St Vincent and St Lukes
Hospitals. The hospitals provide a broad range of health services. Launceston is fortunate to have all the
medical and health services provided in most large cities of Australia. These include optometrists,
dentists and orthodontists, physiotherapists and chiropractors.
Statistics from 2002 shows that all beds in George Town Hospital and Launceston General were used for
acute purposes only (Public Hospital Beds, Tasmanian regions - 30 June 2002, ABS 2005)
A multi-purpose medical centre, providing general practitioner services, residential aged care, and other
community health services operate in Beaconsfield.
2.19.3 Specialist Health Services
Child Health Facilities

A paediatrician visits the George Town Hospital monthly. In addition to this service, a Child Health Centre
operates three times per week and has a Child Dental Service.
The hospitals in the Launceston area have specialised medical services for children. In addition, the
Child Health Centre provides counselling, support and health/practical parenting information for families,
growth/development assessments for children, and referrals to other health services. The Child and
Family Services Centre also provides services to improve the safety and well-being of children, young
people, families and adults in need of advice, information or support.
Aged care
Aged care services provided in the local area operate out the George Town Hospital and include a
community health nursing service, home care, Meals on Wheels (Red Cross), and a continence nurse.
The council, with applied fees, provides a community car for community use. A nursing home is located
at Low Head. The George Town Community and Health Welfare Care Committee also provide exercise
services for the aged.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
There are a large number of Aged Care Facilities servicing Launceston and the surrounding area (Table
47). Twenty organisations are listed in the Federal Department of Health and Aging website, generally
being residential facilities. In addition, there are many other organisations operating to assist elderly
members of the community in the regional study area, including the Red Cross, and the Dementia and
Alzheimers Association Tasmania Inc.
Table 47: Aged Care Facilities
Northern Acute Other Total beds

available
Launceston General General 288 - 288
Beaconsfield District 4 - 4
Campbell Town District 6 20 26
Deloraine District 20 - 20
Flinders Island MPC(a) District 3 - 3
George Town District 15 - 15
North East Soldier's District 27 - 27
Memorial
St Marys District 4 - 4
St Helens District 10 - 10
Toosey Memorial District 2 - 2
Total .. 379 20 399
2.19.4 Wood Heaters
Air quality and associated respiratory illness is a highly topical issue in Launceston given elevated
particulate level in the local airshed, particularly in autumn and winter months. Wood heaters have been
identified as the major contributor to air borne particulates in the Launceston airshed.
Wood heaters are the major source of particle emissions in many regions of Australia during the colder
months and have been responsible for exceedances of the ambient air quality standard for particles, as
set out in the National Environment Protection Measure for Ambient Air Quality (Air NEPM) (Natural
Heritage Trust, 2004).
The use and impacts of wood heaters within the Tamar Valley becomes topical each winter as the
associated air quality impacts, particularly in Launceston, become noticeable.
In 2004, it was documented that approximately 50% of Launceston households rely on woodheaters as
their main source of heating, a much greater level of woodheater use than for other major and regional
cities in Australia - (Natural Heritage Trust, 2004). From 1992 until 2001, the Launceston City Council
conducted small scale, low profile woodheater use education campaigns. In 2001, the Federal
Government allocated $2.05M to improving winter air quality in Launceston. In that year, a woodheater
incentive scheme was introduced offering up to $500 for residents to change from wood heating to
another cleaner heating type. The buy-back scheme ceased in 2004.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Council records show that despite a steady decrease in the number of wood heaters used in the city per
year, the number of public complaints with regard to air quality has grown (Ling, 2005). In 2002, there
were 63 complaints made about nuisance woodsmoke, in 2003 there were 79, and in 2004, there were
88. Ling (2005) says that anecdotally, this increase can be attributed to a decrease in the tolerance level
of public to nuisance woodsmoke and an increased awareness of the existence of the targeted education
program. Air quality and particulate matter levels are also discussed in Section 2.5
(from http://www.dpiwe.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/Images/LBUN-5XC8DS?open)
Figure 2-55 PM10 levels 1992-2004
2.19.5 PM2.5 in Tamar Valley
In addition to the installation of a PM2.5 monitor at the Gunns Air Quality Monitoring Station at Rowella,
PM2.5 monitoring within the Tamar Valley has also been undertaken at daily Ti Tree Bend since July
2005.
In May 2003 PM2.5 advisory reporting standards were introduced into NEPM. The advisory reporting
standards and goals for particulates as PM2.5 are outlined in Table 48.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 48: Advisory Reporting Standards and Goal for Particles as PM2.5
Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4
Pollutant Averaging Period Maximum Goal

Concentration
Particles as PM2.5 1 day 25 ug/m3 Goal is to gather sufficient

data nationally to facilitate
1 year 8 ug/m3 a review of the Advisory
Reporting Standards as
part of the review of this
measure scheduled to
commence in 2005.
2.20 Natural Hazards Risk Assessment
2.20.1 Seismic Activity
The Tippogoree Hills are marked by lineations, some of which parallel the major normal fault along the
Tamar River (Pitt and Sherry, 2006a). Any reactivation of these structures at the landfill site is considered
unlikely as there are no known active faults in Tasmania, although there are some that are suspected of
having been active in the last thousand years of so, such as the Lake Edgar fault in southwest Tasmania
(Pitt and Sherry, 2006a).
Seismic activity in the Tamar Valley is well established by the Australian Geological Survey Organisation
(AGSO) and the University of Tasmania School of Earth Sciences. The Tamar Valley is considered an
area of moderate seismic hazard risk, however all of Tasmanias largest recorded earthquakes occurred
before the Tasmanian seismic network was installed in 1970. Earthquakes that occurred between 1884
and 1994 and caused damage in Launceston have all had their epicentres in the West Tasman Sea.
Whilst a considerable distance from Launceston, these earthquakes are able to have such an effect
because of the unconsolidated sediments found in the Tamar Valley (Hydro Tasmania, 2001). The
average recurrence interval for large earthquakes (with a Richter magnitude 6 or greater) in this zone is
approximately 70 years (Leibe, 2000).
Earthquakes do however continually occur within the region. In January 2006 an earthquake of
magnitude 3.6 was recorded off Devonport. Another of magnitude 2.2 was recorded in April 2006 at
George Town 11 .The potential risk from seismic events is seen as relatively constant throughout the state
but features such as unconsolidated sediments and pre-existing faults may however contribute to high
magnitudes and amplified seismic waves (Michael-Leiba and Gaull, 1989).
The probability of large seismic events causing various types of damage in Launceston is summarised in
Table 49 (Leiba, 2000).
11
Geosciences Australia online database www.ga.gov.au/bin/listquakes accessed 07/06/06

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 49: Probability of earthquakes in Tasmania (Leiba, 2000)
Expected Damage Zone Probability of earthquake

occurring in any one year
Widespread minor damage to West Tasman Sea Negligible
structures on firm ground. Western Tasmania 1 in 95 000
Amplification of seismic waves in Within 20 km of Launceston 1 in 23 000
areas of sediments may seriously
damage structures on sediments.
Shaking on firm ground, breaking West Tasman Sea 1 in 1 600
windows and crockery, some plaster Western Tasmania 1 in 6 100
damage and minor damage to weak Within 20 km of Launceston 1 in 3 000
buildings. Minor to serious damage
of structures on sediments can be
expected.
2.20.2 Flooding
Flood maps for the Tamar River at Bell Bay were not available from either DPIW or George Town
Council. Anecdotal information from the Gunns Tamar River woodchip mill operators is that there have
been no identified flood incidents at the woodchip mill site.
2.20.3 Fire
No Tasmanian specific guidelines were identified for assessing fire risk.
Guidelines used elsewhere in Australia typically consider a combination of site characteristics such as
slope and vegetation cover, and to a lesser extent aspect and vegetation type. Frequency of fuel
reduction burns (or time to last fire) is another key factor in assessing the risks of bushfire. Other factors
which may also be considered are the connectivity of the site, the potential source of fire and prevailing
wind direction.
For the purposes of this assessment, the Bell Bay site has been considered as two parts given
topographic differences between the pulp mill site and the landfill/quarry/water supply reservoir site.
Pulp Mill Site

The pulp mill site is located on the top of a narrow ridgeline with slopes of eight to ten degrees sloping
down to the Tamar River. Other than firebreaks and the transmission line easement, the site is fully
vegetated. Aspect is generally to the south-west. Evidence from site inspections is that the site has not
been subject to fire for several years.
The site is highly fragmented and isolated by the transmission line easement with is a cleared corridor
approximately 90 metres wide. Only a narrow vegetated strip around Big Bay connects with areas to the
north-west and similarly to the south-east. Williams Creek separated the site from the woodchip mill.
Slopes over 30 degrees characterise the banks of the creek.
Potential fire sources are primarily from the existing woodchip mills, the East Tamar Highway and
lightning strikes.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Prevailing winds are from the north-west.
Based on the above, the site has low risk given slope and aspect, but has not had fuel reduction burns
for several years. Fuel loads are consequently high. The site has moderate protection from fire given the
substantial fire break offered by the transmission line easement. Williams Creek, while directly
connecting the pulp and woodchip mill sites, will act as a fire barrier as it is a moist area, less conducive
to sustaining fire than the woodlands on the balance of the site. This isolation negates most risk from
sources at the woodchip mill and Highway.
Prevailing winds will direct any fires from the woodchip mill and Highway away from the site, further
minimising risks.
Overall the site is considered to have a low to moderate fire risk.
Landfill/Quarry/Water Supply Reservoir Site

The landfill/quarry/water supply reservoir site is located in a narrow valley which forms the catchment of
Williams Creek. Other than the cleared flats along the creek, the site is fully vegetated. The creek runs
towards the south-east. Evidence from site inspections is that the site has not been subject to fire for
several years.
The site is contiguous with surrounding vegetation which covers the Tippogoree Hills. Other than access
tracks, which are narrow dirt tracks, there is no break from surrounding vegetation in all directions. The
East Tamar Highway borders the site to the south-west.
Potential fire sources are primarily from the East Tamar Highway and lightning strikes. Given the
extensive vegetation cover over the Tippogoree Hills, fires could originate from numerous sources,
particularly to the north-west towards George Town.
Prevailing winds are from the north-west.
Based on the above, the site has low risk given slope and aspect, but has not had fuel reduction burns
for several years. Fuel loads are consequently high. The site has low protection from fire given the
connectivity with surrounding vegetation and no separation from the Highway.
Prevailing winds may direct fires toward the site from the Highway or other sources.
Overall the site is considered to have a moderate to high fire risk.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
470000 480000 490000 500000 510000 520000 530000
BRIDP
5460000
5460000
Bell Bay Pulp Mill

Bass Strait
Five Mile Bluff
/
0 0.8 1.6 2.4 3.2 4
Low Head
LO Kilometers
W
1:215,000
HE
AD
RO A
Greens Beach
George Town
D
5450000
5450000
B
D
OA
Ti
E
LL
OR
Y
BA
LI N
po
E
LS
Ta
go
ma Proposed Pulp Mill

KE
1.8 r Ri
re
ve
e
r
Beauty Point
Hi
_
^
Rowella lls EA
ST
E R N LIN E
H
NOR T
5440000
5440000
WE
D
Beaconsfield
L
ST
RE
ET
1.1
2.5
1.5
5430000
5430000
Gravelly Beach
1.4
W
T
ES
TA
M
AR
IG
H
H
W
A
Y
1.5
BE
_
^
LL
LAUNCESTON
BA
Y
5420000
5420000
LIN
1.6 2.3
E
1.2
BA
HOBART
SS
HI
HW
G
AY 1.1
1.8 1.2 WA
Y L IN
R A IL
S M AN H I G H
E
TA WA
Y
Launceston
FIGURE 2-56
470000 480000 490000 500000 510000 520000 530000
Legend
SEISMIC
Date: 19/10/05 Outfall Seismic Records
Projection: Map Grid of Australia _
Landfill Boundary Magnitude
2.5 - 3.5
RECORDS
Zone 55, GDA94 Railway
Source: Base data sourced from CData 2001, Water Pipeline 0.5 - 1.3
all other infrastructure supplied by Gunns Pty Ltd Major Road 3.6 - 5.3
1.4 - 1.8
fig2_56_seismic_records.mxd National/State Highway
1.9 - 2.4
Effluent Pipeline
Impact Assessment Methodology

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
3. Impact Assessment Methodology
3.1 Introduction
This section addresses Section 7 of the Scope Guidelines in respect of the pulp mill. It outlines the
predicted key environmental, economic and social impacts of all components of the pulp mill on a local,
regional and national level (where appropriate). Impacts have been considered for commissioning,
construction, operational and decommissioning phases of the project.
Relevant standards and criteria will be considered for each of the impacts.
Environmental Management Plans for each component of the project and the overall Monitoring Plan will
address how the identified impacts are to be controlled and managed. Proposed monitoring programs
are including in the Monitoring Plan section of Volume 4.
3.2 Cumulative Impact Effect

Singularly, impacts from a proposed project or development may have minimal or negligible impacts to
environmental values in an area. However these impacts combined with similar impacts from other
activities in the locality can have detrimental short and long-term impacts on local and regional
environmental values. Determining cumulative impact is an important component of the environmental
impact assessment process that should be considered separately.
This Draft IIS recognises the potential of cumulative impact effects from the proposal on local and
regional environmental values. During the impact assessment process and impact analysis, cumulative
impacts on important environmental values have been considered and quantified where possible. In
particular, these include air quality, noise, transport, water quality, visual and social impacts.
3.3 Assessment Methodology

Impacts may be direct or indirect, adverse or beneficial, short or long term, temporary or irreversible.
A summary of environmental costs and benefits to be borne by the community and the environment is
provided for each component of the proposal describing the impact of, or on, key environmental and
social elements.
The environmental costs and benefits summary is a qualitative analysis of the environmental costs and
benefits that may occur as a result of the proposal. This assessment has been made based upon
information provided by previous studies and the professional experience and knowledge of consultants.
A tabular summary of the environmental benefits and costs likely to be incurred as a result of the project
is provided at the end of each section. The table outlines the likely impacts in terms of benefits and costs
for each key element.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
3.3.1 Rating System
Each cost and benefit is rated in terms of the level or severity of the potential impact (the impact rating).
Management strategies, where appropriate, are defined and the impact of the management rated in
general terms (the management rating). Taking the management impact into account, a final cost/benefit
rating for each cost and benefit is provided. The key for each rating used within the cost-benefit
assessment is defined below.
Table 50: Key For Each Rating Used Within The Cost-Benefit Assessment
Nature and Scale of Impact Interpretation
Major positive impact Classed as impacts that are beneficial to the physical, biological or human
environment. The impact is likely to have a significant positive effect on the
environment.
Moderate positive impact Classed as the impacts that are beneficial to the physical, biological or
human environment. The net impact will not have any short or long term
negative impact on the physical, biological or human environment.
Minor positive impact Classed as impacts that are beneficial to the physical, biological or human
environment and the impact may be managed through normal and
appropriate environmental management practices to enhance the impact.
The net impact will not have any long term negative impact on the physical,
biological or human environment.
Insignificant impact No negative or positive impact on the physical, biological or human

environment.
Minor negative impact Classed as impacts which are acceptable even without normal and
appropriate environmental management practices. The net impact will not
have any unacceptable long term impacts on the physical, biological or
human environment.
Moderate negative impact Classed as the impacts that are manageable through normal and appropriate
environmental management practices. The net impact will not have any
unacceptable long term impacts on the physical, biological or human
environment.
Major negative impact Classed as impacts that are likely to have a significant negative effect on the
environment. Long term impacts on the physical, biological or human
environment even with environmental management practices.
Substantial negative impact Classed as impacts that are likely to have a substantial negative effect on the
environment. This could include regional or national extinction of flora and
fauna species, short and long term human health impacts or significant
changes to the physical environment on a regional scale.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Pulp Mill

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Measures
4.1 Introduction
This Section provides details of the potential impacts of the construction and operation of the pulp mill
component only. The potential impacts have been assessed using the impact assessment methodology
described in Chapter 3.
A description of the technical process of the pulp mill is provided in Volume 1, Chapter 6.
4.2 Land Use and Planning
4.2.1 Planning Controls for the Pulp Mill
Municipality of George Town Planning Scheme 1991 - Use, Zone and Use and Development
Status
In accordance with Part 4 of the Municipality of George Town Planning Scheme 1991, the pulp mill is
classified as a Heavy Industry. The definition for Heavy Industry is:
means any industry other than a Light, General, Noxious, Hazardous, Extractive, Rural or Service
Industry being of a large scale, which by reason of process, equipment or nature of product, may affect
prejudicially the amenity of the locality by the emission of ash, dust, grit, smell, fumes, smoke, soot,
steam, vapour, noise, vibration, waste or any such thing, and includes all such industries that are
determined to be Scheduled Premises under the Environmental Protection Act 1973 as amended and
which are not defined above.
As illustrated in Figure 4-1, the pulp mill will be located on land within the Bell Bay Major Industrial Zone
(IN3). Clause 5.9.2 of the Municipality of George Town Planning Scheme lists Heavy Industry as a
Permitted Use or Development (Permit Required) in the IN3 Zone.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
480000 490000 500000
Bell Bay Pulp Mill

0 0.4
-0.8 1.2 1.6 2

5450000
5450000
Kilometers
1:65,000
BE
L
L
B
AY
LI
N
E
Bell Bay
Proposed Pulp Mill
Beauty Point
_
^
Rowella
5440000
5440000
_
^
LAUNCESTON
LAUNCESTON
Beaconsfield
Beaconsfield
HOBART
480000 490000 500000
FIGURE 4-1
PLANNING
Date: 16/06/06
Legend
Projection: Map Grid of Australia Effluent Pipeline Planning Scheme Zones Future Urban Industrial
Zone 55, GDA94 _
MAP
Source: Rivers supplied by the LIST - www.thelist.tas.gov.au, Water Supply Pipeline Agricultural Rural Residential Maritime / Port and Marine
Roads and Rail data sourced from CData 2001, National/State Highway
Planning scheme zones supplied by DPINE Outfall Rural Particular Use / Special Use / Utility Services Recreation / Tourism
Major Road
all other infrastructure supplied by Gunns Pty Ltd. Business / Commercial Open Space Not Zoned (See ordinance)
File: M:\41\14346\gis\map\final\vol_2\ Railway
fig4_1_planning_map.mxd Residential / Village Forest Practices bell_bay_major_industrial
Purpose of Zone
Clause 5.9.1 defines the purpose of the IN3 Zone. Table 51 below lists the main objectives and provides
comment on how the pulp mill meets the objectives.
Table 51: Bell Bay Major Industrial Zone Objectives - Assessment
Purpose of Bell Bay Major Industrial Zone Comment
The Bell Bay Major Industrial Zone represents a The land upon which the pulp mill is proposed is clearly
unique opportunity to identify and make available identified as suitable for future industrial expansion in the
land suitable for the expansion of industrial use and Bell Bay region. The Bell Bay Major Industrial Zone was
development at Bell Bay and its consolidation as one created to entice new industries to locate within the area.
of the principal industrial estates in the State. The proposal to construct what will be one of the States
major industries on this land is entirely consistent with the
intent of the zone and will further strengthen Bell Bay as
one of the principal industrial estates in the State.
The inherent qualities of this area for industrial use The inherent qualities mentioned in the objective are part of
and development including its deep water the reason the site was selected for the pulp mill. It is
anchorages, existing transport infrastructure, intended to construct a new wharf facility so that Bleached
availability of services and the separation from Kraft Pulp bales can be shipped directly from the site,
incompatible uses, are recognised by this zoning. therefore minimising the number of trucks on the road
travelling to the Bell Bay Port. Much of the raw product for
the pulp mill (woodchips) is already processed at the
woodchip mill adjacent to the site so again the increase in
trucking movements will be minimised. Section 10 Volume
1 of the Draft IIS demonstrates fully the attributes of the
site and why it was chosen.
The very qualities that the Bell Bay Industrial Zone is trying
to support are integral to the reason the site was chosen
for the pulp mill.
The intent of this zone is to promote the use of the The proposed Bleached Kraft pulp mill furthers this
area as a strategic location and clear focus for the objective by establishing a value adding process that will
establishment of major industries for value added otherwise be conducted overseas. The site offers a
resource processing and requiring the locational locational advantage within close proximity to the product
advantages the site has to offer to be value added to (woodchips) and offers a wide range
of transport options.
The provisions of this zone also establishes a The Development Plan was prepared but never formally
framework for the provision of major infrastructure adopted into the George Town Planning Scheme.
services and the preparation of a Development Plan
An assessment of the overall pulp mill proposal (including
to provide the detailed controls to further guide
infrastructure) against the strategy outlined in the
developments.
development plan has been provided in Section 2 of
Volume 1 of the Draft IIS.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Purpose of Bell Bay Major Industrial Zone Comment
The establishment and ongoing monitoring of The Environmental Protection Act 1973 has been repealed
industries will be subject to the appropriate and replaced with the Environmental Management and
environmental approvals under the Environmental Pollution Control Act 1994 (EMPCA). This Draft IIS
Protection Act 1973. Quantified risk assessment shall includes an assessment of potential environmental impacts
be performed on proposed industrial developments. and proposed management measures, including ongoing
monitoring, in accordance with EMPCA and other relevant
legislation under Section 2, Volume 1 of the Draft IIS.
Use and Development Principles

Use and development in the Bell Bay Major Industrial Zone is guided by a set of principles for the
assessment of development applications as listed in Clause 5.9.6 of the Planning Scheme. Table 52
below provides an assessment of the pulp mill against the principles.
Table 52: Use and Development Principles Bell Bay Major Industrial Zone
Use and Development Principle Comment

i. To encourage major industrial use and The addition of what will be one of the States largest
development to consolidate in this strategically industries into the zone is entirely consistent with this
important location. principle. It is proposed to locate most of the infrastructure
associated with the pulp mill in the IN3 Zone.
ii. To discourage small scale industrial activities The pulp mill itself is a major industry with the potential to
except where such uses service or support major process up to 1.1 million air-dry tonnes (ADt) of pulp per
industrial use and development annum. The pulp mill will include small-scale industrial
components that are integral to the pulp mill use and
development. These include chemical plant and quarry.
iii. To promote industries which have as their primary It is expected that with up to 1.1 million ADt pulp per
market the Region, the State, national or annum to be processed by the pulp mill will replace some
international markets and whose activities have a of the 350,000 tonnes per annum of bleached Kraft pulp
significant multiplier effect on the States economy. currently imported into Australia and create the potential to
expand production of printing and writing paper in
Australia. The pulp mill will potentially contribute $6.7 billion
to the Tasmanian NPV Gross Domestic Product between
2009 and 2030. Further, there exists an opportunity for
further value adding processing in the future with the
construction of a paper mill.
iv. To recognise the importance of the road, rail and Much of the public transport infrastructure required for the
water transport infrastructure and the need to pulp mill is largely in place. Some upgrades to existing road
protect the safety and efficiency while planning for and rail facilities and new wharf facility will be required.
its further development and integration with use These have been discussed in Volume 2, Section 4 of the
and development in the zone. Draft IIS.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
v. To maximise the utilisation of existing service The servicing requirements of the pulp mill and details of
infrastructure and to provide for and co-ordinate how they will be met have been included in Volume 2 ,
the provisions or expansion of major services, Section 4 of the Draft IIS. In summary, all servicing
including electricity, natural gas and water supply. requirements can be met by upgrades or extensions to
existing services.
vi. To ensure land abutting the Tamar River Crown The pulp mill will be setback a minimum of 150 metres from
Reserve is reserved for industries, which the Coastal Reserve along the Tamar River Foreshore and
specifically require access to the water for wharf the Chemical Plant will have a 250 metre minimum setback
and associated installations. from this Reserve. The pulp mill is a facility that requires
access to waterfront for operation, import and export
purposes. The proposed site is well located being in close
proximity to the existing Gunns woodchip mill and the
proposed wharf facility.
vii. A foreshore corridor shall be provided to maintain The visual impacts of the pulp mill have been addressed in
the environment and visual amenity of the river Section 4 Volume 2 of the Draft IIS. A number of measures
foreshore. Development shall be set back a will be recommended to maintain as much of the visual
minimum 60 metres from the Tamar River Crown amenity of the site as practicable. By necessity, the
Reserve or as provided in the development plan, proposed woodchip conveyor to the pulp mill will in part be
except where specifically required for wharf and located within 60 metres of the Tamar River Crown
associated installations. Reserve.
viii. Highway corridors shall be provided for purposes of The pulp mill will have a minimum setback of approximately
visual amenity and future road widening or 420 metres from the existing East Tamar Highway corridor
augmentation requirements and the Chemical Plant will be setback approximately 450
metres, providing ample distance to ensure the two plants
are well screened and any future road widening works can
take place.
ix. Separate access points onto the East Tamar The proposed major access point for the pulp mill is the
Highway and Bridport Main Road are to be limited, existing woodchip mill access from the East Tamar
and use and development should be served by Highway. A temporary construction phase access point will
internal roads. be required approximately 2 km north of the woodchip mill
access road. This construction road will be required for
vehicles and loads, which are unable to pass underneath
the rail viaduct adjacent to the pulp mill site. It is expected
that this road will be used infrequently and temporary traffic
controls will be initiated. A second temporary access point
may be required for initial site preparation, for a period of
approximately 4 months, while permanent access to the
site is established. Details of the access points are
provided in Section 4 Volume 2.
x. To provide appropriate separation between There are no incompatible uses within the Bell Bay Major
incompatible industries within the zone. Industrial Zone. The existing site essentially comprises an
industrial buffer in support of the Comalco smelting plant.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
xi. Emissions at the boundary of the zone shall meet The air, noise and stormwater emissions from the proposal
the necessary environmental quality requirements are addressed in Section 4 Volume 2 of the Draft IIS.
of the adjoining zoning.
xii. To ensure activities within the zone are established Appropriate separation distances have been incorporated
at an adequate safety distance from the boundary into the pulp mill layout, having regard to the industrial
of the zone and other activities within the zone; nature of adjoining uses.
xiii. To encourage retention of vegetation cover by the The construction of the pulp mill will result in the direct loss
application of the Tree Preservation Provisions of 60.1 hectares of non-threatened native vegetation
under Clause 6.4. communities in relatively good condition. The construction
of the pulp mill will result in the direct loss of approximately
2.7 hectares of threatened native vegetation, including
portions of two state significant Ecological Vegetation
Communities, Allocasuarina littoralis forest (NAL) and
Notelaea Pomaderris Beyeria forest (NNP).
Firebreaks will most likely be established around the
perimeter of the broader pulp mill site, which may total up 2
ha.
Offsets are planned to compensate for the proposed loss of
2.7 ha of Allocasuarina littoralis forest, which is a state
threatened forest community. Gunns proposes to establish
a compensatory offset by reserve and covenant (on title)
from within the Gunns estate in the north-east region of
Tasmania, as close as practical to the pulp mill site. A total
of three times the area proposed to be cleared (that is, 8.1
ha) is proposed to be set aside as an offset.
In addition, Gunns plans to establish a network of reserves
at the pulp mill site, which will incorporate approximately
150 ha of native vegetation within the Mill site itself and in
adjoining areas (Gunns Limited, pers. comm.). At this
stage, the proposed reserve boundary has not been
finalised.
xiv. The development plan shall incorporate landscape The Development Plan was never formally incorporated
assessment analysis and developments shall into the George Town Planning Scheme 1991 or adopted
comply with the landscape assessment. Extensive by Council. It will, however, form part of the Draft George
landscaping for all developments will be required Town Planning Scheme which is yet to be certified by
and such landscaping to be in accordance with the RPDC. The proposed landscape measures include:
planning authority approved plans. Rehabilitation of areas disturbed during construction
and not required for ongoing operations of the pulp
mill;
Planting of landscaping vegetation around the pulp mill
site; and
Planting of screening vegetation where effective around
the pulp mill site.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
xv. Subdivision of land shall be only approved on the The site is proposed to be subdivided into two lots. The
basis of approved development. pulp mill and its associated infrastructure (with the
exception of the full length of the water and effluent
pipelines) will be located on Lot 1 of 624.11 hectares. The
proposed subdivision is part of the proposed Project
development, and is not subject to a separate application.
An amendment to the Planning Scheme is proposed to
remove any inconsistency with the project approval.
xvi. To protect use and developments within the zone The pulp mill is separated from native vegetation east of
and adjacent forest areas from wildfire including the site by a 120 m wide transmission line easement.
provision of buffer zones of cleared land. Firebreaks will be established where appropriate. A Fire
Management Strategy for the site will be developed as a
component of a vegetation management plan and
implemented as part of the construction and operation
phases.
xvii. Unless otherwise provided in the development Schedule 1 details requirements for grouped houses and
plan, the height, form and appearance of apartments. Table to Clause S.10.1 states that the
buildings and structures shall be determined in maximum height of buildings within the Bell Bay Major
accordance with Schedule 1. Industrial Zone is to be as determined by the planning
authority. Clause S1.11 provides that the siting and
setback of buildings is to be in accordance with Schedule
4. The proposal is consistent with the applicable standards
for the Bell Bay Major Industrial Zone under that Schedule.
The proposed setback of the development to the closest
residential zone is consistent with requirements under
Clause S1.9, Distances Between Dwelling Units or
Residential Zones and Scheduled Premises or Sources Of
Pollution.
xviii. Corridors of native bushland are to be retained Gunns will establish a network of reserves at the pulp mill
within the zone to provide for the protection of site, which will incorporate approximately 150 ha of native
wildfire and native flora vegetation within the Mill site and in adjoining areas
(Gunns Limited, pers. comm.). At this stage, the proposed
reserve boundary has not been finalised.
xix. The preferred staging of use and development Construction activities are programmed to be undertaken
and provision or extension of infrastructure. over a 26-month period from initial site preparation to
commencement of operational works. A detailed schedule
is provided in Volume 1 of the Draft IIS.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Advisory Committee
Clause 5.9.7 requires the planning authority to appoint an Advisory Committee To ensure the proper
planning and co-ordination of development in the Bell Bay. All development applications within the Bell
Bay Major Industrial Zone shall be referred to the Advisory Committee. This mandatory requirement is
not an issue for this assessment as it is a Project of State Significance is assessed outside of Planning
Scheme approval process.
Schedule 1.10 Maximum Height of Buildings in Zones
Pursuant to the Table to Clause S.10.1, the maximum height of buildings in the Bell Bay Major Industrial
Zone is as determined by the planning authority. The pulp mill will include only one stack, which will be
a maximum height of 130 metres. The visual impact of the proposal is discussed in Section 4 Volume 2
of the Draft IIS.
Schedule 3 Parking Space Requirements

Schedule 3 outlines the Parking Space Requirements for each use classification. There are no parking
space requirements listed for Heavy Industry. The traffic impact, including car parking provision is
discussed in Section 4 Volume 2 of the Draft IIS.
Schedule 4 Siting and Setback of Building on Allotments

Most of the development controls relating to the Siting and Setback of Buildings on Allotments relates to
buildings in residential zones and therefore is not applicable in this case. S4.3 does list the minimum
setback to a street frontage for each zone. The Bell Bay Major Industrial Zone is not listed and the
setback is therefore at Councils discretion. Schedule 5.7.3 does require a minimum setback of 50
metres in the IN3 zone to all Category 1 Roads which the pulp mill will comply with.
Schedule 5 Vehicular Access to Open Speed Limit Roads
All requirements under this Schedule are addressed in Section 4 Volume 2 of the Draft IIS.
4.2.2 Subdivision Controls

In accordance with Clause 5.9.5 of the Planning Scheme, subdivision in the Bell Bay Major Industrial
zone (IN3) shall be determined on the specific requirements of approved developments. No subdivision
shall be approved without prior development approval.
Gunns intend to purchase a 624.11 hectare parcel of land to be subdivided from CT 143039/1, upon
which the pulp mill and some of the associated infrastructure will be located (see subdivision plan in
Appendix 40, Volume 14). The 624.11 parcel of land that would be created by the subdivision will be sold
by Comalco Aluminium (Bell Bay) Limited if approval for the Project is received and the Project proceeds.
The subdivision is therefore a development required as part of the Project.
4.2.3 Planning Exemption (Transmission Lines)
Electricity will be sourced from the Bell Bay Industrial Estate substation and transmitted to the site via a
new transmission line, which is to be located within the existing easement to the north east of the pulp
mill. There will be some upgrading of other existing transmission lines as part of the project.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
A planning permit is not required under Clause 2.9.1(d) for: any utilities as provided by Clause 4.1.2.
Utilities are defined under Clause 4.1.2 as: -
means any works or undertaking constructed or maintained by a public authority or by the

Council as may be required to provide water, sewage, electricity, gas, drainage,
communications or other similar services;
The upgrading works as required by the proposed project to the existing transmission lines will be
undertaken by Transend Networks Pty Ltd (Transend), which owns and operates the electricity
transmission system in Tasmania. Transend is owned by the State of Tasmania, and is therefore a
public authority for purposes of Utilities definition under Clause 4.1.2. Accordingly, the proposed works
are exempt from approval under the Scheme.
4.2.4 Planning Scheme Amendment

The current provisions of the George Town Planning Scheme 1991 mean that subdivision within the Bell
Bay Major Industrial Zone (IN3) can only be approved where there has been prior approval for
development (presumably other than subdivision) on the land in question. Such controls prevent
subdivision on an ad hoc basis, requiring it to be coordinated with the approved use and development of
the land. .
A Project of State Significance is assessed as an integrated process, and accordingly the proposed
subdivision is to be approved as part of the overall project rather than with prior development approval.
A planning scheme amendment is therefore recommended to remove this inconsistency, as follows:
Amend Clause 5.9.5 Subdivision by deleting No subdivision shall be approved without prior
development approval and substituting
No subdivision shall be approved without prior or concurrent approval for use or

development (other than subdivision) of subject land.
The amendment is appropriate because it is consistent with the rationale of the existing Clause 5.9.5, in
that it requires subdivision to be linked to a specific development (other than subdivision) of the land.
Also, it is entirely consistent with the objectives of the Bell Bay Major Industrial Zone (IN3) Zone.
4.2.5 Access to the East Tamar Highway
The existing Tamar woodchip mill access to the East Tamar Highway will require modification as
discussed in Section 4.12. Two temporary construction access roads will be developed for use
exclusively during construction of the pulp mill. A single new access points to the landfill, quarry and
water supply reservoir will also be required.
The specifics of all access design will not be known until the detailed design phase. Any proposed
access must be in accordance with the requirements under Schedule 5 of the Municipality of George
Town Planning Scheme. Should this not be practicable, an amendment to the Schedule may be required.
As the highway is a state road, the proposal would also require referral to DIER.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
4.2.6 Management Measures
Management measures to address potential impacts identified above, include:
A planning scheme amendment as outlined in Section 4.2.3.

Meeting the requirements of the George Town Planning Scheme including the Skyline Protection
Area (Clause 5.10.6.3(ii) and Clause 6.4.1(i) of the Scheme refer to the development standards
required to comply with the Skyline Protection Provisions).
4.2.7 Summary of Impacts and Management Measures
The pulp mill project is consistent with the George Town Planning Scheme. Only a minor amendment to
the Planning Scheme is proposed to remove inconsistencies with approval for subdivision.
Being located within the Bell Bay Major Industrial Zone, the project is appropriately located with other
heavy industry activity in the area. The site is buffered on three sides to the north, east and south. Rural
residential, tourism and aquacultural land uses are located to the west of the site but the Tamar River
provides a significant spatial buffer and these areas already experience impacts from the existing
woodchip mills and the Bell Bay Power Station.
Whilst recognising there will be some impacts within the Rowella area (as discussed throughout the Draft
IIS), the pulp mill is considered consistent with the proposed land use for the site.
A summary of potential impacts, management measures to minimise the impact and a cost/benefit rating
associated with infrastructure and services is provided below.
Table 53: Summary of potential impact rating and management measures Land Use and
Planning
Potential Impact Potential Proposed Management Management Overall

Impact Impact Rating
Rating
Land Use and Planning
Inconsistencies with Minor Planning Scheme Minor positive Insignificant

subdivision approvals negative amendment impact impact
impact
To meet the requirements of Minor Environmental Management Minor positive Insignificant

Use and Development negative Plans and specific sub-plans impact impact
Principles impact such as vegetation
management, landscaping
etc.
The pulp mill project is considered to be consistent with the George Town Planning Scheme and
planning intent. The impacts on land use and planning are considered to be insignificant.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
4.3 Infrastructure and Services
4.3.1 Buildings
The site layout has been designed on the principles of optimising flows of materials on the site, allowing
good management and control from a central area and having adequate space for maintenance and
expansion as well as consideration of potential environmental aspects such as minimising potential
visual impacts and choosing the optimum location of the main air emissions points (Jaakko Pyry, 2004).
There are various components of a pulp mill. The pulp mill consists of a range of new buildings and
facilities as illustrated in Figure 4-2. The pulp mill is proposed to be constructed to the north east of the
existing woodchip mills.
It is expected that the new buildings, tanks, silos and equipment, as well as ground floor slabs, pits and
channels will be founded on cast-in-situ concrete construction on ground. However, the foundation
methods will be checked case by case when the final soil investigation results are available.
Table 54 provides a description of proposed buildings and facilities, and indicative building heights.
These are also represented in Figure 4-3. The building heights are subject to detailed design and
suppliers recommendations.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 54: Description of the Main New Buildings and Facilities
Building / Facility Description*
Chip conveyor The chip conveyor is approximately 1.5 kilometres in length and will be made
of steel with foundations made of reinforced concrete. The conveyor will be
enclosed.
Chip Silos Two round cylindrical chip storage silos made of concrete or metal.
Foundations of silos will be constructed of reinforced concrete. The silos will
be approximately 29 metres high.
Chip Screening The screening plant will be in a building which will be approximately 22
metres in height with a total floor area of 880 square metres. The
foundations and ground slab will be made of concrete.
The external walls will be clad if required for noise attenuation following
acoustic modelling completed as part of the detailed design.
Waste wood and biofuel storage Foundations and the conveyor tunnel will be constructed of reinforced cast-
area in-situ concrete. The storage area will be 3,700 square metres.
Fibre Line Approximately 29 metres high.
Digester Approximately 60 metres high.
Towers Approximately 34 m high
Sludge Handling Approximately 14 metres high.
NCG Boiler Enclosed shed type structure approximately 9 metres high.
Power Boiler 48 metres high.
The roof of the electrical room shall be thermal insulated and water proofed.
Stack A maximum of 130 metres high.
Recovery Boiler The recovery boiler will be the second highest structure at the site and is a
height of approximately 86 metres.
The Boiler house, Boiler, Precipitator and side building will be built on a
massive raft foundation or on individual footings on ground.
The fans rooms, fans, tanks and the stack will be founded on reinforced
cast-insitu concrete foundations on ground.
The upper parts of the external walls will be steel cladding sheeting on
galvanized purlins.
The upper part of the external walls of the technical rooms will be
constructed as follows:
- Vertical profiled steel sheeting;
- Galvanized purlins fixed to the columns;
- Thermal insulation where needed; and
- Vertical profiled plastic coated.
Thermal transmittals value (U) is 0.75 W/mC.
Alternatively the upper parts of the external walls will be constructed of

sandwich panels approximately 100 millimetres thick.
The flue gas fans will be placed outside the building.
Turbine Approximately 29 metres high.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Building / Facility Description*
Main Office Approximately 18 metres high.
Lime dosing silo Top at approximately 45 metres above ground.
Lime Kiln Approximately 29 metres high.
Chemical plant The chemical preparation consists of the following plants:
- Chlorine Dioxide Plant;
- Alkali Plant;
- Chlorine Dioxide Tanks;
Salt Storage Shed;
- Caustic and Storage Tanks; and
- Electrical Room and Water Chillers.
The chemical plant will be approximately 14 to 25 metres high.
Evaporators Approximately 34 metres high.
*Building heights and materials are indicative only and are subject to detailed design.
Other buildings and infrastructure will be constructed as part of the overall project. Structures such as the
wharf and pulp warehouse are described in their respective chapters.
4.3.2 Services
Water Supply
The pulp mill requires an estimated 26 gigalitres of raw water per year for producing up to 1.1 million
tonnes of pulp per annum. The overall water balance of the pulp mill is based on a maximum annual pulp
production of 1.1 million ADt per annum. The water balance is discussed in Volume 1, Chapter 6.
The ultimate target water demand, to accommodate possible future industrial expansion, is
approximately 40 Gl/a. However, this increased allocation will need to undergo a further environmental
assessment and approval process.
Subject to detailed design and selection of equipment, it is estimated that for the initial annual production
of 820 000 ADt, raw water demand will be about 22 gigalitres per annum. At an annual production of 1.1
million ADt, when the wood raw material comprises 100% plantation wood, the raw water demand is
estimated to be 26 gigalitres per annum. The actual water demand depends on the final choice of key
plant and may be lower than the given values (personal communication with Jaakko Pyry).
There is currently no water supply infrastructure present at the proposed site capable of supplying the
capacity of water required for operation of the pulp mill. The Esk Water pipeline is located within the
vicinity of the pulp mill site and will be used for potable water and construction water supply. A new water
supply pipeline is required to be able to pipe the water into the mill.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
As the water supply pipeline is a major piece of infrastructure in its own right, a triple bottom line
assessment of the water supply pipeline has been conducted as part of this Draft IIS. Volume 3
describes the existing environment, potential environmental, economic, social and community impacts of
the water supply pipeline and management measures.
Sewerage
Sanitary sewage, including effluent from offices, canteens and shower water, is estimated to be 100
cubic meters per day. The preliminary design flow is about 20 cubic metres per hour.
The sewage will be collected in a separate sewer system from the change rooms and other sanitary
facilities. The sewage will be clarified in a standard septic system, disinfected and pumped to the inlet of
the process effluent treatment plant. (Jaakko Pyry, 2006).
Sewage and sludge water generated during the construction phase will be stored in temporary tanks and
pumped out and transported to the George Town wastewater treatment plant. At peak construction
periods, it is estimated to be approximately 75 cubic metres (75 kL) per day. George Town wastewater
treatment plant has the capacity to accommodate this.
The pulp mill, once operational, will not impact any existing sewerage infrastructure. Potential impacts
from effluent emissions are discussed in Section 4.7, 4.8 and 4.14.
Electricity (and Steam)

The pulp mill will require supply of approximately 10 megawatts of electricity from the electricity grid, for
mill start-ups, which will occur approximately twice per year (Jaakko Pyry, 2005). During the annual
maintenance shut down, the mill will use approximately 3,500 megawatt hours per annum at a maximum
demand of 10 megawatts.
The pulp mill will be an electricity co-generation facility. It will generate steam by burning black liquor and
wood waste. The steam will be used to drive turbines to produce electricity before being used for pulp
mill processes, including black liquor evaporation and pulp drying.
The mill will be connected to the States electricity grid and will supply average power into the grid of
approximately 60 megawatts and up to approximately 100 megawatts peak.
Utilisation of the co-generation process, which is from a fully renewable energy source, means that under
normal operating conditions the pulp mill will be electrically self-sufficient.
Upgrading of transmission lines will be required.
The two circuits of 22 kV distribution lines supplying the existing woodchip mills will be removed, and
replaced with a new 220 kV transmission line, from the Bell Bay substation to the pulp mill site over a
distance of 4.4 km. This will occur within the existing Transend easement.
The woodchip mills will be supplied with electricity from the pulp mill.
Figure 4-4 shows the proposed location of transmission lines for the pulp mill.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Natural Gas
Natural gas will be used in the lime kiln process and a small amount will be used for start-up of the
recovery and power boilers. As described in Volume 1, Section 6, the lime kiln uses heat from natural
gas to regenerate used calcium carbonate back to calcium oxide (quick lime).
The timber type (native or plantation) used in the pulping process, and running capacity of the mill, will
influence the amount of natural gas consumed per ADt of pulp. The specific consumption of natural gas
will vary from 1.7 to 2 GJ/ADt with a total mill consumption up to 1.7 PJ per annum.
As there is no existing gas pipeline to the woodchip mills and pulp mill area, natural gas is proposed to
be piped from the existing Alinta Gas Pipeline regulator station at Bell Bay (Venton and Associates,
2005).
A study was undertaken by Hargrave Pipeline Group Pty Ltd to determine the design basis for the gas
pipeline including design standards and safety requirements. As part of that study, Venton and
Associates Pty Ltd also prepared a report on the gas pipeline capacity and recommended pipeline
diameters.
To determine the pipeline diameter the following assumptions were made (Venton and Associates,
2005):
Peak demand 250 MJ/s;

Maximum demand 9 TJ/d;
Average demand 5 TJ/d; and
Minimum demand 4 TJ/d.
The gas used in computing the energy demand for the pulp mill has a gross heating value of 38.4
MJ/scm (Venton and Associates, 2005).
A pipeline in the order of 2,800 metres is required and will follow the alignment of the proposed effluent
pipeline. The proposed alignment for the gas pipeline is illustrated in Figure 4-4.
The Tasmanian Gas Pipeline has a current annual capacity of 47 PJ 12 . Assuming average demand over
350 days operation each year, this represents an annual demand of 3.15 PJ or approximately 6.5% of
the pipeline capacity.
Gas Pipeline
The pulp mill will require a natural gas supply for its recovery boiler, power boiler, NCG boilers and its
lime kiln. It is proposed to design and construct a high-pressure natural gas pipeline lateral from the
Alinta Bell Bay Meter station to the pulp mill site.
The pipeline will be approximately 3 kilometres in length starting at the pulp mill, heading north then east
parallel to the proposed effluent pipeline route, crossing west underneath the transmission lines, then
crossing under the existing Alinta Gas Pipeline to the Bell Bay Meter Station. Refer to Figure 4-4 for the
proposed alignment.
12
http://www.alinta.net.au/operations/transmission/tgp/ accessed 11/05/06

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
The pipeline has been designed in accordance with the requirements of Australian Standard AS 2885
Pipelines - Gas and liquid petroleum known as the SAA Pipeline Code, and its referenced standards.
The piping within meter/regulator stations will be designed to Australian Standard AS 4041, Pressure
Piping.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
495000
Bell Bay Pulp Mill

0 100
-
200 300 400 500
Metres
1:15,000
5445000
5445000
EA
S T
TA
M
AR
H IG
HW
AY
B
EL
L
B
AY
LI
N
E
_
^
LAUNCESTON
BEL
LB
AY
LIN
E
HOBART
B E L L BA Y L IN E
495000
Legend
FIGURE 4-4
Pulp Mill Project Site River Railway Roads
Date: 16/06/06
Builtup Area Outfall Dam National/State Highway
LOCAL
Zone 55, GDA94 Workers Accommodation Water Supply Pipeline Gas Pipe - Local Major Arterial Road
INFRASTRUCTURE
www.thelist.tas.gov.au,all other infrastructure supplied Quarry Effluent Pipeline Leachate Pipeline Arterial Road
by Gunns Pty Ltd Access Road
Water Reservoir Landfill Boundary Transmission Line
fig4_4_local_infrastructure.mxd Mill Layout
The design pressures for mechanical design of the Gunns pipeline lateral (MAOP) is 10.2 Mpa. The
minimum delivery pressure assumed for hydraulic calculations is 6 Mpa.
A construction easement of approximately 20 metres will be required. The easement width may be
reduced at certain locations, and may be enlarged at pipeline facilities.
The detailed design phase of the project will define as a minimum the easement location and width, pipe
wall thickness, pipeline length, river / road crossings and depth of cover.
Telecommunications
Fibre optic cable is already supplies to the woodchip mill site and would be available for use in the pulp
mill.
Road
Upgrades to existing the access road and internal roads to pulp mill are required. Discussion regarding
potential transport impacts and management measures is provided in Section 4.12 of Volume 2.
Rail
Discussion regarding potential transport impacts and management measures is provided in Section 4.12
of Volume 2.
Wharf Facilities
A new wharf is require for the transportation of the pulp bales and is discussed in Sections 8 to 12 of
Volume 2.
Management measures to minimise the potential impacts of development of the infrastructure identified
above include:
Ongoing liaison and negotiations with land owners, utility/service providers and infrastructure
agencies regarding relocation of services, new infrastructure and any approvals required, prior to
commencement of construction works;
Relocation of services and construction of new services will be completed to the requirements of the
service provider and land holder; and
Advise service providers and users of the time and duration of disruptions to services.
The pulp mill project requires the utilisation of existing services, the extension of some service networks
and the construction of new buildings and infrastructure. In summary:
All buildings will be developed as part of the project and no existing structures will be utilised;

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
New raw water supply infrastructure will be constructed to supply process water for the mill. This
water has been previously utilised for hydroelectric power generation. As the pulp mill will be a net
generator of electricity, there is no impact on overall electricity supply to existing or future users.
A small amount of potable water will be utilised from the Esk Water pipeline to George Town. This
system has adequate capacity available and the proposed offtake will not be a significant impact.
There is no anticipated impact on existing water infrastructure or water supply;
The pulp mill will have its own sewage treatment system, which will discharge through the effluent
treatment plant. This in turn will discharge to Bass Strait. However, at peak construction periods there
will be an increase in the demand of the George Town wastewater treatment plant and the plant has
the capacity to accommodate this.
The pulp mill, once operational, will not impact any existing sewerage infrastructure.
The pulp mill will be a net generator of electricity and will have a positive impact on power generation
in Tasmania. Power from external sources will only be required at start-up. Existing transmission
infrastructure will be replaced to meet the pulp mill requirements. This will be a beneficial impact on
existing transmission infrastructure through the provision of space for a new 220 kV transmission line.
There will also be an added power generation capacity as a result of the cogeneration capacity of the
mill.
The pulp mill will utilise gas from the existing Alinta gas pipeline. A short lateral pipeline will be
constructed to the pipeline at the Bell Bay Power Station. The pipeline was constructed specifically to
provide gas to industry as well as domestic customers. The pulp mill will only utilise a small
percentage of available supply. The project will not impact on existing gas supply.
Existing telecommunications systems will be utilised by the mill. Sufficient capacity exists in these
networks without impacting service or future users. There will be no impact on telecommunications
services.
Transport modelling undertaken for the Draft IIS has demonstrated that the existing road network has
sufficient capacity for construction and operational transport activity without affecting the level of
service on local road networks. Some modifications to intersections will be required. Some of these,
such as at the mill site entrance, will be developed as part of the project.
Sufficient capacity exists within the current rail network to allow utilisation of rail for transportation of
some of the logs to the Tamar woodchip mills.
Existing transmission lines to the Tamar woodchip mills will be replaced to meet pulp mill
requirements.
associated with infrastructure and services is provided below.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 55: Summary of potential impact rating and management measures infrastructure and
services

Rating
Infrastructure and Services
Impacts on existing buildings Insignificant New buildings are proposed Insignificant Insignificant
impact for the site. There are no impact impact
impacts on existing
buildings structures.
Increase in demand for water Moderate New raw water supply Moderate Insignificant
supply negative pipeline from Trevallyn Dam positive impact impact
impact
Increase in demand for Insignificant Independent sewerage Insignificant Insignificant

sewerage services impact treatment system impact impact
Increase in demand for power Insignificant New transmission line to Moderate Moderate
supply impact Bell Bay sub station. positive impact positive
Cogeneration facility as part impact
of the project
Increase in demand for gas Minor Utilise existing capacity in Insignificant Minor
negative gas network impact negative
impact impact
Increase in demand for Minor Utilise existing capacity in Insignificant Minor

telecommunications negative telecommunications impact negative
impact network impact
Relocation of services Minor Only require relocation of Insignificant Minor

negative transmission line to the impact negative
impact existing woodchip facility impact
The overall impact on infrastructure and services is considered to be minor.
4.4 Topography, Climate and Meteorology
4.4.1 Topography
The topography of the pulp mill site will be directly affected. As discussed in Section 2.4, the maximum
height of the Bell Bay site is approximately 80 m above sea level. The site grades from moderate to
steep slopes. To enable the construction of the pulp mill and ancillary infrastructure, the site will need to
be levelled by excavation and filling, altering the local topography. The target elevations (Reduced
Levels) for the site are:
Pulp mill area: + 57.5m and + 62.5m;
Effluent treatment and chemical plant: +24.5 m to 30 m;
Gas station area: +47m;

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Sub station area: +51m;
Wharf and pulp storage area: +5m
(Jaakko Pyry, 2005)
More details on the type of fill are discussed in Section 4.5. The extent of earthworks is further detailed in
Appendix 7, Volume 6.
4.4.2 Climate and Meteorology
Operation of the pulp mill will not have a direct climatic or meteorological impact. The mill has been
designed to generate its own electricity from biofuel and black liquor. A best case scenario assumes that
the electricity generated by the pulp mill replaces electricity generated by coal. Approximately 62 MW of
sellable electricity during 8,000 hours of yearly operation will be generated. Each MWh will replace
approximately 1,118 kg of fossil CO2. The total reduction of fossil greenhouse gas emission in Australia
due to the pulp mill producing 820,000 ADt/a is therefore 416,000 t CO2 per year.
Greenhouse gas emissions and ozone depletion are discussed in detail in Section 4.21.
Management measures to be implemented to minimise impacts to the topography are discussed in

Sections 4.6 (Geology and Soils) and 4.17 (Visual Amenity).
Management measures to be implemented to manage climatic and meteorological impacts include:
Incorporation of biofuel cogeneration facility as an integral part of the pulp mill design.
Operation of the pulp mill will not have a direct climatic or meteorological impact. The mill has been
designed to generate its own electricity from biofuel and black liquor. The estimated net CO2 balance
from the mill operation is considered positive as the extra electricity the mill produces with bio-fuels
replaces electricity generated elsewhere. A best case scenario would result in a reduction of fossil
greenhouse gas emission in Australia due to the pulp mill producing 820,000 ADt/a is therefore 416,000 t
CO2 per year.
related to topography, climate and meteorology is provided below.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 56: Summary of potential impact rating and management measures topography,
climate and meteorology

Rating
Topography Climate and Meteorology
Climate change from Minor Biofuel power generation as Moderate positive Minor
Greenhouse gases negative part of pulp mill plant impact positive
impact impact
Overall, the project is considered to have a minor positive impact on climate and meteorology.
4.5 Air Quality

The following section describes the air quality investigation and results undertaken to determine the
potential impact on air quality from the construction and operation of the Bell Bay pulp mill. This
information is summarised here from the detailed report provided in Appendix 17, Volume 9
(construction) and Appendix 16, Volume 9 (operation).
4.5.1 Construction Phase Air Quality Impacts
Introduction
This assessment of the impact of dust emissions to air from the bulk earthworks associated with the
construction of the pulp mill comprised the following components of work:
Compilation of a quantified emissions inventory for identified activities that are likely to result in the
emission of significant sources of dust to the air environment;
Meteorological modelling in the complex geographical area surrounding the works location and within
the Tamar Valley itself (for details see GHD report prepared for Gunns Limited: Pulp Mill Bell Bay:
Impact on Air Quality Draft IIS, Chapters 3 and 5).
3D dispersion modelling of the significant sources of dust and comparison with DPIWE design level
criteria.
This assessment focuses upon dust (as PM10) emitted to air from the pulp mill site bulk earthwork
construction activities that include:
blasting, excavation and infilling of cut rock and clay;
grader, bulldozer and truck loading / dumping activity;
haul route location and frequency of use; and
ancillary activities including crushing and spoil dumping.
Full details of the dust modelling assessment can be found in Appendix 17, Volume 9.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
The whole work area will be cleared simultanously. Vegetation will be be selectively logged, then
cleared. Cleared vegetation will be either mulched, burnt and/or buried. Commencement of burning will
be subject to the weather conditions at the time. As such, this has not been included as part of the
modelled assessment. Prevailing north-west winds will blow smoke away from the nearest residential
areas.
Air Quality Standard

Particles of dust with an effective aerodynamic equivalent diameter of 10 microns or less and are
otherwise known as PM10. The relevant design levels for PM10 (applicable to this broad-scale works)
within the Tasmanian Environment Protection Policy (Air Quality) 2004 is 150 g/m3, expressed as a 24-
hour average design criterion. Compliance with this criterion will require that the highest predicted 24-
hour average ground level concentrations of dust (as PM10) do not exceed this level at sensitive sites
(such as residences, schools, motels).
Note that the Air Policy standard applies to predicted PM10 levels including ambient background PM10
in addition to the signal from the site bulk earthwork activities.
Please also note that the NEPM criterion of 50 g/m3, 24-hour average is not relevant to apply to
emissions from construction activities, as by their nature they are temporary and do not form an ongoing
load to the airshed.
Emissions Inventory
The general site preparation activities, their timings, and the individual processes within them were
identified by GHD based upon documentation prepared by Gunns and Jaakko Pyry. The individual
processes that generate significant amounts of dust (as PM10) were then identified and their emission
rates characterised using referenced emission factors with reasonable levels of control. In general, these
processes are:
Vehicle induced dust emissions on haul routes used for the transport of earth / rock from its source,
through any processing points or temporary stockpiles to its final destination;
Material handling, that is, loading, blasting, excavation, loading, dumping and spreading;
Static material processing, that is, crushing / screening plants; and
Wind erosion.
Jaakko Pyry estimate that the bulk earthworks will be completed in six months with minor work to
continue for a further three months. Based on this it has been assumed that 90% of the total tonnage to
be redistributed will occur during the initial six-month period. Note that on-site activity will comprise two
daily shifts, seven days per week (excluding public holidays).
Activities unlikely to emit significant amounts of dust have not been included, e.g. drilling (as this is
controlled by the direct application of water).
Diesel exhaust emissions from vehicles or machinery are included in the presented emission factors.
The site was divided into four work areas as identified in Table 57 below which details the individual
excavation volume for each area (Jaakko Pyry, 2006).

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 57: Excavation volumes for site areas.
Silty clay (m3) Rock (Dolerite and Jurassic)

3
(m )
Pulp Mill area 625,000 1,161,000
Effluent and chemical plant 100,555 161,000
Wharf facility and pulp storage area 159,000 224,000
Precasting / fabrication 125,000 232,000
Total 1,009,555 1,778,000
The following is representative of equipment that may be required on-site during the earthwork phase
operating over two daily shifts; seven days per week excluding public holidays:
Approximately 2 x excavators (each 120 tonnes capacity)
Approximately 2 x dump trucks (each 100 tonnes capacity)
Approximately 5 x dump trucks (each 50 tonnes capacity)
Approximately 2 x bulldozers
Approximately 2 x graders
In addition, for the purpose of this assessment the following assumptions have been made:
Concrete batching will not be operational until approximately 6 months after site preparation begins
(at which point it is estimated 90% of the on-site preparation work will have been completed). This
therefore has not been considered;
The numerical mean dump truck capacity has been calculated at 64 tonnes and obtained from the
proposed on-site equipment of 2 x 100 tonne and 5 X 50 tonne dump trucks. Trucks are operational
for 100% of the working hours with 75% abatement on haul route emissions (unsealed roads);
A crushing plant has been located within each of the main site areas (that is, 4 crushers on site) to
reduce haul road kilometres travelled and hence point source dust emissions will occur (Figure 4-5);
Four haul routes are identified for bulk earth transfer;
Five journeys per day were allocated for transportation of water from the reservoir to the site;
Where material is excavated from one area and taken both to the same area and to a different area
for in-filling, a 50% split to each location is assumed. However, for the pulp mill site 10% of material is
taken to the reservoir, and 45% to the other two specified in-filling areas;
Input / output tonnage to / from each crushing facility is assumed to be equal;
80% of the total excavated cut rock tonnage is assumed to require crushing (Jaakko Pyry, 2006);
Blasting will be undertaken twice daily between 9.00 am to 1.00 pm hours at the same time each day;
and
Rock to be shipped off-site, for the effluent pipeline ballasting, after the bulk earthworks are
completed will be stored in the spoil stockpile in the wharf area.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
The emission rates and management techniques discussed within this assessment have been obtained
from the following sources:
Emission Estimation Technique Manual for Mining, Ver. 2.3, National Pollutant Inventory, December
2001, Commonwealth of Australia.
Particulate Matter and Mining (Interim Report), NSW Minerals Council and Holmes Air Sciences, July
2000.
Air Pollution Engineering Manual, U. S. Air and Waste Management Association, Edited by
Buonicore, A. J. and Davis, W. T. (1992).
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, AP. 42, 4th Edition 1998, USEPA, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
These publications detail a range of standard management measures designed to minimise the emission
of dusts to air so as to minimise the risk to public health and amenity. This emissions inventory, together
with dispersion modelling, has been used to assess the potential short-term impacts at the works area,
and at the residential areas in close proximity to the site.
Appendix 17, Volume 9 provides an explanation of site terminology used and a description of material
movements.
Appendix 17, Volume 9 provides the determined average vehicle transport induced dust emission rates
for the site preparation phase from transport of material from excavation areas to filling areas, including
crushing. Also detailed there are the required material volumes and the period over which that material
must be transported with vehicles of a specific capacity.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
66
99
55
77
1155
22 00
1100
00
7755
5500
13
13 88
14
14
11
11
2255
Legend
Main Mill Stack
1100
11
DPIWE design ground level concentration
(150 ug/m**3 including 50 ug/m**3 assumed background)
Predicted contours below DPIWE criterion
Predicted contours above DPIWE criterion
Approximate Mill Site Footprint

33
Sample Site List:
1- Rowella
2 - Beauty Point
3 - Beaconsfield
4 - Low Head (Off sheet)
5 - George Town A
6 - George Town B
7 - Tippogoree Hills A
8 - Tippogoree Hills B 10
10
9 - Mt George
10 - Hillwood
11 - Gunns AQMS Site
0 2 4 6
12 - Ti Tree Bend (Off sheet)
13 - Midway point across estuary
14 - On land south of aquafarm pens
Kilometres
DATA SOURCE Project: Gunns Pulp Mill

180 Lonsdale Street
Prepared. DP 15/02/06 Workspace Air Quality Sample Sites PM10_v2.WOR Melbourne VIC 3000
Title: Figure 4-6: Maximum predicted dust impacts (as PM10) during bulk earthwork construction activities (excluding background contribution) over a 6 month period (meteorology for 2004 used).
Checked. AML 15/02/06 Location M:\31\16408\GIS\Workspaces Tel: 61 3 8687 8000
Fax: 61 3 8687 8111
Approved. AML 15/02/06 Map Grid MGA 94 (Zone 55) Project No: 31 / 16408 Date: 15/02/06 A3 Scale: 1:75000 Sh 1 of 1 Rev. 0
Ambient Background Dust Source
Five months of measured 2005 data (July November) was utilised in preparing the ambient PM10
contribution. Measurements were taken at an air quality monitoring station established by Gunns at
Rowella, directly opposite the pulp mill on the Tamar River.
The highest measured 24-hour PM10 concentration of 28.8 g/m3 at Rowella has been considered as a
lower level to enable a conservative peak 24-hour average ambient background PM10 level of 50 g/m3
to be proposed for discussion purposes. This conservative level was chosen to demonstrate cumulative
impacts even if an extreme background levels were experienced.
Emission Modelling
The emissions for each activity detailed within the emissions inventory were characterised as area
sources within the model, with initial release geometries representative of each activity. Similar co-
existent activities were assigned to individual area sources (e.g. loading and dumping at crushers).
Each emission was assigned a diurnal variance representative of the activity, typically 22 hours per day,
7 am to 6 pm and 7 pm to 6 am.
The model was then run with the following main configuration features:
The hourly 3D winds and spatially varying local meteorological parameters generated by TAPM for
the period 2004, in conjunction with the geophysical information, were used to characterise the
transport and dispersion of the emissions to air.
No wet or dry fallout has been included in the modelling. The emissions of PM10 have been
assumed to behave as tracers, that is, to follow the dispersion patterns of gas. The emission
controls implicit in the emissions inventory include watering to obtain required moisture levels. The
moisture content of excavated material also includes contributions from natural processes as well as
the in-situ material moisture contents upon excavation.
Ground level concentrations were predicted on a 125 m resolution receptor grid throughout the area
of interest.
The hourly model predictions for each emission scenario, at each receptor, were then used to create
consecutive 24-hourly average predictions and these were then ranked from highest to lowest.
Dust Modelling Results

Contours of the highest 24-hour average predicted ground level concentrations of PM10 arising from
site bulk earthworks are shown in Figure 4-6. That is, the contours represent the worst-case PM10
signal from the earthworks without the inclusion of the ambient background. The presented contour
levels are 10, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 150 g/m3. Figure 4-6 presents predicted concentration contours of
the 24-hour average ground level concentrations of PM10 arising from site bulk earthworks, ignoring
background concentrations. The 100 g/m3 contour (shown bolded in Figure 6.1) is the 150 g/m3
criterion contour when a concurrent conservative background level of 50 g/m3 is assumed (and added
to the earthworks emissions).
The criterion contour extends around the site but does not extend to the nearest townships of Rowella
and Bell Bay. Isolated sensitive receptors located at Donovans Bay and sites northwest of Rowella (on

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
the peninsula) show levels of 100 g/m3. In both instances, the DPIWE design criterion of 150 g/m3 is
clearly achieved. Bell Bay displays PM10 concentrations of <60 g/m3 and this is significantly lower than
that required by the Air Policy. PM10 concentrations at Rowella of approximately 75 g/m3 are also
considerably under the design criterion of 150 g/m3.
A rapid drop-off of dust (as PM10) is apparent with increasing distance from the site, particularly to the
east. The largest area off-site with a concentration of greater than 150 g/m3 is to the northwest of the
mill site in the vicinity of Big Bay. There are no sensitive receptors located in this region. The closest
receptor with a concentration >100 g/m3 and <150 g/m3 is that of the power station at Donovans Bay
(125 g/m3) although this industrial site does not encompass any permanent dwellings and is not
considered a sensitive site.
Particulate matter impacts are elongated northwest - southeast as a result of the local topography. The
Tippogoree Hills act to channel the flows and restrict PM10 concentrations to the north; this is apparent
when inspecting the PM10 contour restrictions at the base of the elevated topography to the northeast
of the mill site. Greater expansion of the PM10 contours is apparent south of the site across the estuary,
when compared to those north of the site, although concentrations of 100 g/m3 are within allowable
levels.
In summary, airborne PM10 concentrations >150 g/m3 are confined to a region of approximately 2 km2
centred on the pulp mill site.
4.5.2 Configuration of the Meteorological Model
The TAPM configuration used for the meteorological and dispersion modelling of the emissions from the
proposed mill, and also from domestic, industrial and biogenic sources, is as follows:
76 by 81 grid points with 4 nested grids: 500 m, 1,000 m, 3,000 m, and 10,000 m resolution; and
Grid centre: latitude: -41 degrees, -12.5 minutes; longitude: 147 degrees, 0 minutes, (500000,
5438115) metres MGA zone 55, GDA.94.
The nested grids were sized to capture broad scale wind channelling (up and down valley flows),
regional and local katabatic flows (cool air drainage flows) and sea-breezes from Bass Strait.
Soil and land use\vegetation types were directly defined for the 500m and 1000m resolution inner grids,
with detailed data from Geosciences Australia.
Terrain elevation data was obtained from the 9-second (approximately 250 m resolution) AusLig terrain
dataset. The characterisation of soil types was done using digitised Geoscience Australia 1:1,000,000
scale Surface Geology of Tasmania. The characterisation of land use\vegetation types was done using
a combination of digitised Geoscience Australia 1:250,000 Topographic Data and the US Geological
survey data as provided with TAPM.
The most recent annual synoptic analysis provided by CSIRO for the year 2004 was used with the most
up-to-date emissions information from domestic sources and from other industries.
Recorded surface meteorological data for the year 2004 was obtained from Comalco Aluminium, from
their site located at Bell Bay. This data represented the only source of adequately, recently and
appropriately recorded long term surface meteorology at Bell Bay. This data, on its own, represented

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
the surface flows for a local area of the Bell Bay airshed only. Consequently, this could not be used in
isolation to directly characterise the transport and dispersion of the emission plumes from the proposed
mill, and from other industries, as they are released to air at various heights above ground level and
transported throughout the Tamar Valley Air Shed.
The AWS data was first used to adjust, on a monthly basis, the configuration of the meteorological
model within TAPM to ensure that, on a regional scale, the simulated timing and duration of the up-
valley sea breezes from Bass Strait, and the intensity of the down-valley katabatic flows, was
adequately characterised. This data was then assimilated into the model, so that these observations,
recorded local to the proposed site, could directly influence the generated meteorological fields in the
area of Bell Bay.
The choice of year to model (2004) was driven by the need to have a complete and good quality recent
meteorological data set, so as to optimise the model calibration and to be representative of near current
background air quality. Note that the issue of inter-annual variability was considered.
4.5.3 Validation
Validation of Meteorological Modelling

In order to validate the model, the TAPM was configured to produce first-cut hourly meteorological fields
for the year 2004. The surface wind speed, wind direction and other recordings at the Comalco Bell
Bay anemometry site were directly compared to the TAPM predictions for each month.
The purpose of the comparison was to:

confirm that the model grid nesting was adequate to capture all of the regional and local scale
influences, such as wind channelling, night-time cool air drainage (katabatic) flows, and sea-breezes;
and then to
adjust the model by altering the representative deep soil moisture content, a parameter which (in this
case) will influence the intensity of the night-time katabtic flows (down the valley from the south-east
on a regional scale, but also off Mt George to the north on a local scale) and the timing of the on-set
of the daytime sea-breeze (up the valley from the north-west).
Once the required adjustments to the model configuration were determined, the model was re-run and
assimilated the actual observed wind velocity data, thus ensuring that the surface winds in the area of
the existing industries and the proposed mill site were based (in part) on actually recorded (rather than
only modelled) data.
The nature of the comparison of observed and predicted data, included an analyses of:
seasonal and annual (or temporally independent) distributions; and
concurrent (or temporally dependant) data.
Based on this type of analysis for each month, the model was adjusted (through the regionally
representative deep soil moisture content) so that the predictions of wind direction would be improved,
typically during periods where the influence of synoptic gradient wind was light, and the flow fields in the
area were dominated by katabatic flows and sea-breezes.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
The model was re-run for the entire period, with the observations assimilated into the predictions.
A further comparison was made to another source of long term meteorological data recorded in the
south end of the TVAS is the Bureau of Meteorology automatic weather station at Ti-Tree bend. For the
adjusted model configuration, these recordings can be compared with the concurrent predictions at that
location. Figure 4-2 presents wind roses of the annual distribution of recorded and predicted winds. It
can be seen that the pattern in both roses is similar, with dominant NNW to NW winds and a minor
down valley SSE wind. The increase in incidence of northerly winds seen in the Bell Bay data is also
seen at Ti Tree Bend, but is more muted.
Validation of TAPM Predictions of Background Air Quality

TAPM predictions of background air quality were compared against this data for NO2, SO2 and PM10.
Details of the validation are provided in Appendix 16, Volume 9. At the time of assessment, Gunns air
quality monitoring station had returned 8 months of validated data (July November 2005) so that the
comparison of model predictions are restricted for that period. The comparison will be made again soon
after July 2006 with 12 months data so as to confirm the conclusions reached here on the more limited
data set.
The comparison to the measured PM10 data at Ti Tree Bend has been done for the 12 months of 2004.
Note that this comparison is somewhat limited in that the station falls on the second inner grid with a
resolution of 1 km (the 500 m inner grid was centred in the region of interest, Bell Bay), and as a
consequence the resolution at that air quality monitoring station site is lower.
4.5.4 Emission Criteria and Air Quality Goals
Criteria are placed on emissions to air at two points; (i) at source where in-stack concentration and/or
emission rate limits can be set for some pollutants, and (ii) off-site, where design criteria set limits on the
predicted worst case pollutant ground level concentrations (ground level concentrations) resulting from
the dilution of these emissions with ambient air. In determining the compliance of peak ground level
concentrations to design criteria, the existing background levels of the pollutant, if significant, need to be
taken into account.
In Tasmania the design criteria for emissions from any industry are specified by DTAE in Schedules 1
and 2 of the Environment Protection Policy (Air Quality) 2004.
In-stack limits are given in Table 2 to Schedule 1 while the off-site design criteria are given in Table 1 to
Schedule 2.
The Emission Limit Guidelines specified both for mill emissions to air and for discharges of waste to
water bodies. The Emission Limit Guidelines also require that the air shed capacity not be compromised
by the addition of new emissions, with the air shed criteria being those given in the National
Environment Protection Measure (NEPM) for Air Quality.
In-Stack Concentration Limits Emission Limit Guidelines

In-stack concentration limits for those pollutants relevant to a Kraft mill as specified in the Emission Limit
Guidelines and Air EPP are listed in Table 58. Note that different limits are specified for individual unit
operations in the mill, reflecting what can be achieved when best available technology is applied.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Figure 4-7: Simulated Seasonal Wind Roses, Bell Bay (Comalco), 2004.
Summer Autumn
Winter Spring
Comments: PRIOR TO ASSIMILATION OF RECORDED BELL BAY DATA
Project No.:
31/16408
Table 58: In-Stack Concentration Criteria Emission Limit Guidelines (ELG) and
DTAE
Criterion DTAE, mg/m3

Stack Source Pollutant
ELG Units
Recovery Boiler PM 50 mg/NDm3 100
TRS 7(1) mg/NDm3
NOX - 500
SO2 -
3
PCDD / PCDF 100 pg/NDm
Lime Kiln PM 40 mg/NDm3
TRS 16(2) mg/NDm3
NOX -
SO2 -
PCDD / PCDF 100 pg/NDm3
Power Boiler PM 30 mg/NDm3
NOX 80 (200) 350
SO2 -
PCDD / PCDF 100 pg/NDm3
Non Condensable TRS 7(1) mg/NDm3

Gas Boiler
NOX -
SO2 -
SO2 + SO3 -
H2SO4 mist -
(1) @ 3% O2 for > 99% of the time (2) @ 3% O2 for > 95% of the time
Plant Emission Limits Emission Limit Guidelines

In addition to operation-specific in-stack concentration limits, the Emission Limit Guidelines specify all-
source plant emission rates and/or in-stack concentration limits for selected pollutants as detailed in
Table 59.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 59: BEKP Mill Emission Limits - Emission Limit Guidelines
Pollutant Emission Limit Units
Sulphur 0.4(1) (annual average) Kg S / ADt
NOX 1.3(1) (annual average) Kg NO2 / ADt
H2SO4 mist(1) -
HCl -
Odour -
Inorganic Chlorinated 50(2) (monthly average) mg Cl2 / NDm3

Compounds
(1) Emission Rate limit linked to Mill production rate (2) In-stack Concentration limit
Off-Site Assessment Criteria
Design Criteria for Pulp Mill

The relevant ambient criteria for ground level concentrations (ground level concentrations) for this pulp
mill were obtained from the Emission Limit Guidelines for new BEKP mills, and the corresponding DPIW
criteria from the Tasmanian Air Quality Policy are also included in Table 5.3. The NEPM criteria are
included separately, as they are air shed goals, to be used in planning policies to improve air quality in
air sheds rather than design criteria to be applied to individual sources.
The constituents and corresponding criteria including the relevant averaging time and the permitted
exceedance (if any) are listed in Table 60. Several features can be seen in Table 60, these being:
The Emission Limit Guidelines criteria are generally equivalent to the corresponding Air Quality EPP
criteria (where present);
The Emission Limit Guidelines blanket criterion for inorganic chlorinated compounds is 10 and 20
times more stringent than the corresponding Air Quality EPP criteria for Cl2 and HCl respectively;
and
The Emission Limit Guidelines criterion of 10g/m3 for inorganic chlorinated compounds appears to
be generalised from the Commonwealth 1995 BEKM guideline8 for chlorine dioxide. However, as
now phrased in the emission limit guidelines, HCl and Cl2 emissions would also need to meet this
same criterion even though the criterion glcs for HCl and Cl2 was 200g/m3 and 100 g/m3
respectively in the 1995 guidelines..

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 60: Off-Site Design Criteria for Proposed Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Concentration Averaging Allowed

Constituent Source
Limit Time Exceedance
I hr (moving
SO2 Sulphur dioxide RPDC 200 g/Nm3 (1) 0.1%
av)
TRS RPDC
3 min (moving
1.5 g/Nm3 0.1%
Total Reduced av)
Sulphides
Inorganic RPDC
3 min (moving
Chlorinated 10 g/Nm3 0.1%
av)
Compounds
NO2 Nitrogen RPDC 1 hr (moving

160 g/Nm3 (1) 0.1%
Dioxide av)
0.1% (9
NO2 DPIW 0.16ppm 1 hr
hrs/year)
PM10 DPIW
Particulate Matter < 150 g/Nm3 24 hr none

10 m
SO2 DPIW 0.20 ppm 1 hr 0.1%
Odour DPIW 2 odour unit 1 hr 0.5%
ClO2 DPIW 10 g/Nm3 3 min 0.1%
HCl DPIW 200 g/Nm3 3 min 0.1%
TRS DPIW 1.5 g/Nm3 3 min 0.1%
Cl2 DPIW 100 g/Nm3 3 min 0.1%
(1) Misprint in Emission Limit Guidelines units should be parts per billion (ppb) so as to be equivalent to DPIW criterion.
Air Quality Criteria for Tamar Valley Air Shed

The April 2005 revision to the Emission Limit Guidelines explicitly linked the BEKP mill guidelines to the
Gunns proposal, and also explicitly cited the NEPM for Ambient Air Quality as providing the air shed
levels by which to judge the air shed capacity to accept additional emissions. The relevant NEPM goals
are given in Table 61.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 61: NEPM Air Shed Goals
Allowable
Pollutant Averaging Periods Goal
Exceedances
Nitrogen Dioxide, 1 hour 0.12 ppm 1 day/year

NO2
1 year 0.03 ppm None
Sulphur Dioxide, SO2 1 hour 0.20 ppm 1 day/year
1 day 0.08 ppm 1 day/year
1 year 0.02 ppm None
Particulate Matter 1 day 50 g/m3 5 days/year

< 10 micron, PMI0
Particulate Matter 1 day 25 g/m3 -

< 2.5 micron, PM2.5
1 year 8 g/m3 -
Note that the revised guidelines also require an assessment of emissions of persistent organic
pollutants (POPs) from the mill in relation to their potential to accumulate in soils, vegetation and water.
4.5.5 Emission Rates
This section specifies the emissions from the pulp mill based on design calculations (Jaakko Pyry,
2006).
The other significant emission source types located in the TVAS are identified and emission rates for
the pollutants of potential concern are specified based on either measurements at the source, National
Pollutant Inventory (NPI) data, or pollutant inventories. It was necessary to determine these emissions
so that they could be included in the dispersion model simulations to provide a modelled background for
each constituent. The alternative, using direct measurements of background ambient AQ levels, was
not available, as no existing air quality monitoring stations (prior to the Gunns air quality monitoring
station near Rowella) have been established in TVAS. The DPIW air quality monitoring station at Ti
Tree Bend does monitor particulate concentrations but is not equipped to monitor the gaseous
pollutants NO2 and SO2. In any event, a single air quality station would not be adequate to represent

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
ambient air quality within TVAS, as significant spatial variations in ambient air quality are expected
based on the earlier modelling.
Proposed BEKP Mill Emission Rates
Mill Production Rates

The proposed mill has been designed to achieve a maximum continuous pulp production rate of 3,492
ADt/day. However this is an optimum throughput with all unit processes synchronised, and in practice
this is anticipated to be achieved for about 10% of the time. Averaged over a year, the production rate
will be a maximum of 1,100,000 ADt/annum or approximately 3,000 ADt/d. Short-term peak emissions
in the order of 1 hour duration were also identified as occurring on average 1% of the time or 88 hours
per year. During these short term peaks, production rates increase marginally from 3,492 to 3,504
ADt/d (or 146 ADt/hr).
Table 62 summarises these production rates and shows their duration and percentage occurrence.
Table 62: Pulp Mill Production Rates
Type
Parameter
Maximum Annual Maximum Maximum Short-term
Average Continuous
ADt(3)/a 1 100 000 1 275 000
Throughput ADt/d 3 014 3 492 3 504
ADt/hr 125.6 145.5 146
% Occurrence 89 10 1
Typical Duration 12 x 3 days blocks(2) 88 hourly events(2)
Pollutants Modelled Metals(1), VOC(1), PM10, SO2, NO2, HCl, TRS (odour)
(1) (1)
HAP , PAH , dioxins ClO2, Cl2
(1) Modelling of these constituents done as input to the health risk assessment
(2) Events randomly timed
(3) ADt = Air Dried Tonne
The modelling of emission constituents not specified by the Emission Limit Guidelines but required in a
separate assessment of potential Health Risk to chronic exposure (see Section 4.19) was done using
the maximum annual average mill production rate.
The constituents specified in the Emission Limit Guidelines were modelled using emission rates based
on the mill maximum continuous production rate. The single exception to this was TRS, where
significant increases in TRS emissions were calculated at the short term maximum production rate and
as a consequence, modelling for TRS was conducted using a three tier TRS emission rate varying
through the year according to the percentage occurrence and duration given in Table 62, and allowing
for a random placing of the 3 day and 1 hour peaks.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Mill Emission Rates
The emission rates for the pollutants of potential concern in the RPDC Emission Limit Guidelines have
been calculated by Jaakko Pyry for component sources within the mill, these being:
Stack, comprising four flues serving the recovery boiler, lime kiln, non-condensable gas (NCG) boiler
and power boiler;
Waste Water Treatment Plant, comprising liquid surface area sources at clarifiers and aeration
basins;
Chemical Plant, comprising various scrubber tower exhausts and vents; and
Bleach Plant for the production of ClO2.
Full details for each individual source including location coordinates, stack height, internal diameter exit
velocity, temperature and emission rate for point sources, are given in Appendix 16, Volume 9. The
source parameters / emissions that are required to meet the emission limit guideline criteria have been
extracted from Appendix A of Appendix 16, Volume 9 and are summarised in Table 62. Similarly, the
global mill emission limits from all sources nominated in the Emission Limit Guidelines are compared to
the calculated emissions in Table 63.
Table 63: Proposed BEKP Mill Emission Rates
Pollutant Type Gunns Mill RPDC Limit
Sulphur Mass rate 0.34(1) 0.4 kgS/ADt
NOx Mass rate 1.676 1.3 kg NO2/ADt
Inorganic Chlorinated In-stack Main 7.7 50 mgCl2 / NDm3

Compounds(2) concentration Chem plant : 16, 26, 23
Bleach plant : 10
(1) Comprises SO2 from stack plus TRS from stack and effluent treatment plant
(2) as Cl2
Table 63 shows that the plant wide emission limits are met for all but NOx, where the projected
emission rate limit of 1.68 kg NO2/ADt exceeds the Emission Guideline limit of 1.3 kg NO2/ADt by
approximately 30%.
The Emission Guidelines stipulate a strict, 3-minute average ground level concentration for TRS outside
the pulp mill property limit. The figure is 1.4 micrograms H2S/m3 of ambient air, which is similar to the
lowest reported odour threshold of H2S.
NOx emissions come from the following primary sources in the pulp mill: recovery boiler, lime kiln, NCG
boilers, and the power boiler. Under the Emission Guidelines, the power boiler emissions are treated
separately. The recovery boiler, lime kiln and NCG boilers are grouped together under a single value
1.3 kg/ADt.
The recovery boiler NOx emissions come almost entirely from the Nitrogen (N) content of the black
liquor fuel to the recovery boiler. The nitrogen content of air has no influence on the recovery boiler NOx
emissions. Hardwoods (including eucalyptus) contain significantly higher nitrogen content than
softwoods which ends up in the black liquor. The difference in pulp mill NOx emissions from the

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
recovery boiler does not come from differences in recovery boiler technology, but from differences in
yield (kg black liquor/ADt pulp) and differences in liquor nitrogen content (gN/kg black liquor). Based on
the specific dry flue gas flow from the recovery boiler on eucalyptus and also on the vendor guarantee
values, the equivalent calculated NOx emission per tonne of pulp is 1.15 kg/ADt. This NOx emission
value from the recovery boiler can be reduced by decreasing the combustion temperature. However this
action has the impact of higher SO2 formation and higher TRS emissions both of which are
environmentally undesirable. Additionally, recovery boilers can decrease the NOx emissions by
decreasing the amount of air to furnace. This action, however, results in increased CO emissions which
in turn mean a higher amount of incombustibles, and therefore the VOC and PAH (polyaromatic
hydrocarbon) emissions will be higher. This is also environmentally undesirable. It is environmentally
more satisfactory to run lower CO levels instead of only a 10 % reduction in the NOx level.
In summary, the Emission Guidelines for NOx require clarification since the set NOx emission limit value
is extremely low for the following reasons:
The emission value reflects more the value that is applicable for unbleached grade operation.
Higher NOx emission from the pulp mill will still be within the environmental guidelines.
The environmental benefits of added electricity production are not addressed and do not show in the
NOx value.
There are no provisions for NOx emission limits when pulping softwood.
The Emission Guidelines annual average NOx emission value from the process sources excluding
the NOx emission of the power boiler is set at or below 1.3 kg as NO2/ADt. The limit value of 1.3
kg/ADt is unattainable under some operating conditions that will be experienced. With natural gas
used in the lime kiln, the limit value will be definitely exceeded.
It is recommended by Jaakko Pyry that the allowable NOx emission limit value be changed from 1.3
kg/ADt to 1.7 kg/ADt in case of natural gas fired lime kiln or alternatively changed from 1.3 kg/ADt to 1.5
kg/ADt in case of oil fired lime kiln. A report 16B01040-E0014 NOx Issues is contained at Annex XV,
Appendix 7, Volume 6 and considers NOx emissions in greater detail.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
44
66
99
55
77
22
Legend
13
13 88
Main Mill Stack
14
14
11
11
11
Existing Industry
Sample Site List:

1- Rowella
33
2 - Beauty Point
3 - Beaconsfield
4 - Low Head
5 - George Town A
6 - George Town B
8 - Tippogoree Hills B
10
10
9 - Mt George
10 - Hillwood
11 - Kossman AQMS Site
14 - On land south of aquafarm pens 0 2 4 6
Kilometres

180 Lonsdale Street
Prepared. DP 20/12/2005 Workspace Air Quality Sample Sites.WOR Melbourne VIC 3000
Title: Fig. 4-8 : Bell Bay Existing Industry and Monitoring Sites
Checked. TJP 22/02/2006 Location M:\31\16408\GIS\Workspaces Tel: 61 3 8687 8000
Fax: 61 3 8687 8111
Approved. TJP 22/02/2006 Map Grid MGA 94 (Zone 55) Project No: 31 / 16408 Date: 20/12/2005 A3 Scale: 1:100000 Sh 1 of 1 Rev. 0
Bell Bay Industries
Existing industry in TVAS is exclusively centred in the Bell Bay industrial area to the north end of the air
shed (Figure 4-3). The emission inventories from each of the five significant industry emitters in the Bell
Bay area have been provided to Gunns and GHD. These inventories are based on the recent 2004
annual reporting of emission measurements to DPIW from each of the following industries:
Comalco Aluminium smelter;
Bell Bay Power Station;
TEMCO metal alloy manufacturer;
Carter Holt Harvey Pine Panels MDF plant; and
Eka granules aluminium powder manufacturer.
An indication of the relative contribution of each of these industries to the airshed for SO2, NOx and
PM10 has been obtained from the National Pollutant Inventory (NPI) available on the NPI website.
Table 64 gives the annual averaged emissions of these constituents for these industries.
Table 64: Bell Bay Industry NPI Emissions 2003/2004
Site Annual Emissions, tonne/yr
SO2 NOx PM10
Comalco 3 300 23 69
Bell Bay Power Station 6.5 1 700 26
TEMCO 3.4 78 220
CHH Pine Panels 1.6 290 150
Ecka Granules(1) - - -
Reported Industry Total 3 310 2 090 465
(1) Not reported to NPI
The reported emissions in Table 64 show that Comalco is the dominant industrial source of SO2
emissions at > 99%, while Bell Bay Power Station is the major source of NOx emissions at > 80%.
The Bell Bay Power Station is currently installing three gas-fired generators which will be more efficient
than the two existing generators that were converted from oil-fired to gas fired in 1998. GHD has
modelled the power station NOx emissions on the assumption that the three new units plus one of the
existing units are operating. This configuration is the most likely one once Basslink is in operation, and
was arrived at after discussions with Bell Bay Power Station management. There is also a future plan to
improve the efficiency of the existing generators (therefore reducing NOx emissions), but this has not
been accounted for in the modelling of existing industries.
The distribution of fine particulate emission sources are more evenly spread between the existing
industries, with TEMCO and CHH Pine Panels at 47% and 32% respectively of the total.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
(The detailed emission inventories used for the TAPM modelling of existing background levels will be
provided to the RPDC technical consultants, CSIRO.)
Distributed Sources Biogenic and Domestic

The TAPM modelling also took account of non-industrial emissions within the TVAS. These are
categorised either as biogenic emissions of NO from soil, emissions of reactive VOCs from
vegetation, or domestic emissions from residences and motor vehicles. CSIRO has previously
compiled emission inventories in the Launceston area as part of an investigation of the contribution of
wood heater emissions to elevated PM10 levels in Launceston. GHD commissioned CSIRO to prepare
an inventory of domestic and biogenic emissions for the TVAS for the year 2004, and the detailed
description of the methodology used in assembling the inventory is given in Appendix 16, Volume 9.
Domestic Emissions
The CSIRO inventory provides PM10 emission rates on a 1 km grid based on housing distribution. The
main source is wood heaters, and the inventory is hourly varying, dependent on a moving 24 hour
average temperature. In this manner both the seasonal and diurnal variation in wood heater emissions
is accounted for.
The emissions from wood heaters are most intense in the southern end of the TVAS at Launceston,
where the 2004 annual averaged PM10 emission was 346 tonne compared to 470 tonne for the whole
of the air shed. The emissions of other constituents from the sources have been derived using
Melbourne wood heater data as tabled below.
Constituent PM2.5 NOx SO2 VOC NO2
% of PM10 88 10 1.5 2.5 0.5
Motor vehicle exhaust and fuel evaporation emissions were also included in the inventory, their
distribution is also based on population density in the TVAS.
Biogenic Emissions
NO emissions from soil and reactive VOC emissions from vegetation were derived using the TAPM
topography and land use files for TVAS generated by GHD. The emission factors were developed by
CSIRO in earlier investigations where sufficient air quality monitoring allowed the emission inventories
to be validated.
4.5.6 Predicted Impacts on Air Quality from Normal Operations
In this section, the results of the TAPM dispersion modelling of the mill emissions are presented for the
situation of normal operations at the Mill.
Note that the categorisation of pollutants used by Victoria EPA (ie. Class 1 for ubiquitous pollutants,
Class 2 for industrially sourced pollutants) is used below.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Presentation of Model Results
The modelling methodology was developed in March-May 2004, and was reviewed by DPIWE for
comment and suggestions. Of the five pollutants designated by RPDC to meet off-site design criteria,
three (SO2, NO2, PM10) are Class 1 (ie. ubiquitous) pollutants where myriad existing sources in air
sheds give rise to ambient background levels that have to be accounted for. In particular, emissions of
these pollutants will chemically interact with the existing background levels in the air shed, so the
background level of these pollutants, including their temporal and spatial variation in the TVAS, must be
input to the TAPM simulation.
Class 1 Pollutants
As detailed previously, there is little existing monitoring of ambient air quality in the TVAS, this required
background levels of the Class 1 pollutants to be simulated by modelling the other industrial sources
and the distributed biogenic and domestic sources in TVAS. The simulations were then re-run including
the anticipated mill emissions, so that (i) the existing air shed capacity and its decrement when mill
emissions are included could be determined, and (ii) the compliance with the Emission Limit Guideline /
NEPM design criteria could be checked.
Note that the mill signal in isolation was not modelled for Class 1 constituents, as in reality the mill
signal interacts with background levels, and TAPM simulates this chemical interaction. Hence the mill
signal in isolation has no relevance, it is the increment to background levels once the mill emissions are
included that is relevant and which is presented.
The design criteria for Class 1 pollutants are based on epidemiological studies in population centres of
the impact that elevated levels of these pollutants could have on peoples health. The averaging times
specified in the design criteria are normally hour or multi hour. The TAPM results are given for seven
population centres in the northern (ie. most affected) end of TVAS, as well as three elevated sites
shown to have maximum exposure to the mill emissions [Mt George, Tippogoree Hills (2 sites)]. The
location and numbering of these sites and the mill site and the Gunns air quality station are shown in
Figure 4-8.
The results are presented in the form of:
(i) Cumulative frequency plots of predicted pollutant concentrations of all sites. This enables the mean
and peak values at each site to be compared to each other and to the Emission Limit Guidelines
and Air Quality NEPM criteria; and
(ii) Individual time-series plots for each site showing:

The time-varying background level; and
-- The increment due to the mill emissions. The relevant criterion is also shown on the plot so that
the remaining air shed capacity at that location for that pollutant can be seen.
(iii) A table of predicted peak levels for each constituent at each nominated site in TVAS.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Class 2 Pollutants
These pollutants are industrially sourced and in this air shed. Of these pollutants, the Tasmanian
Government has cited limits for TRS, Cl2, HCl and ClO2 (Emission Guidelines). The background levels
for this subset of pollutants are effectively zero.
The Emission Limit Guidelines also require other potential Class 2 pollutant emissions from the mill to
be assessed for off-site impact. The Tasmanian Government has not set design limits for these
constituents and instead a Health Risk Assessment (HRA) is required and is the subject of a separate
report (Appendix 21, Volume 10). GHD provided predicted levels (at annual average and at 99.9
percentile, 1 hour average) for these constituents (dioxins / furans, PAHs, VOCs, HAPs metals and CO)
to Toxikos for the HRA.
The specified averaging time for Class 2 pollutants is normally 3 minutes, and the design criterion is to
be met at each receptor for worst case or a 99.9th percentile non-exceedance level.
The TAPM model results for each Class 2 constituents are presented as:
(i) A contour plot of predicted 99.9th percentile levels in the local air shed; and
(ii) A table showing the peak predicted levels and location within the air shed for each pollutant.
Class 1 Pollutants
In this section, four pollutants, NO2, SO2, PM10 and PM2.5 are modelled. Only the first two have RPDC
criteria, while the Emission Limit Guidelines indicate modelling of NEPM indicators is also required as
shown in Table 59 so as to determine the reserve capacity of TVAS.
Nitrogen Dioxide
The TAPM modelling for the 99.9 percentile, 1 hour average levels for all selected receptor stations is
shown in Figure 4-9 and Figure 4-10. Figure 4-9 shows the predicted background levels from existing
industry, and Figure 2-10 shows the predicted NO2 levels when the mill emissions are included.
The figures demonstrate that for all specified locations, the background level does not exceed 45 ppb.
The stations with higher background levels are George Town A and B, Tippogoree Hills and Mount
George. This is expected as these stations are close to the Bell Bay Industrial precinct, the major point
source of emissions.
The peak values are only approximately 30% of the Emission Limit Guideline design criterion of 160
ppb. Even when compared to the 1 hour NEPM objective, the existing background levels are all less
than 40% of that objective.
The effect of the mill NO2 emissions is barely detectable at the receptor sites, with the frequency
distribution in Figure 4-10 barely distinguishable from that in Figure 4-9. The difference at each site is
shown in Table 65.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
DRAFT ONLY
Predicted Background NO2 Ground Level Concentration for year 2004.

Figure 4-9
Cumulative Frequency Distribution
100.0%
Rowella
95.0% Beauty Point
NEPM Objective: Beaconsfield

90.0% 120 ppb
Low Head
RPDC & DIPWE Criterion:
85.0% 160 ppb
Georgetown A
.
Percentile
80.0% Georgetown B
Tippogoree Hills A
75.0%
Tippogoree Hills B
70.0% Mt George
Hillwood
65.0%
GUNNS AQMS
60.0%
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
1-hour average Concentration (NO2 - ppb)
Predicted Ground Level NO2 Concentration with Mill Stack for year 2004.
Figure 4-10
100.0%
Rowella
95.0% Beauty Point
NEPM Objective:
Beaconsfield
90.0% 120 ppb
Low Head
85.0% 160 ppb
Georgetown A
.
Percentile
80.0% Georgetown B
Tippogoree Hills A
75.0%
Tippogoree Hills B
70.0%
Mt George
65.0% Hillwood
GUNNS AQMS
60.0%
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
1-hour average Concentration (NO2 - ppb)
Table 65: Predicted Class 1 Levels (ppb) Background and Mill Signal *
Site NO2, ppb SO2, ppb PM10, g/m3 PM2.5, g/m3

# Title 1 hr U(1) annual U 1 hr U(1) 24hr U annu U 24 hr U(2) annual U 24 U(2) annu U
al hr al
1 Rowella 26.2 0 2.08 0.07 27.6 0.08 9.3 0 1.2 0.02 10.0 0 1.51 0.04 5.0 0 0.91 0.03
2 Beauty Point 28.9 0 1.53 0.02 21.4 0 7.4 0 0.60 0 24.4 0.3 1.57 0.01 12.4 0.1 0.95 0.01
3 Beaconsfield 22.9 0 0.86 0 12.3 0 3.7 0 0.31 0.01 8.4 0.24 0.71 0.01 4.5 0.1 0.5 0.01
4 Low Head 29.8 0.1 1.27 0.01 17.3 0.1 5.9 0 0.52 0 12.5 0 1.34 0.01 6.4 0 0.82 0.01
5 George Town A 64.3 0 2.94 0.01 48.7 0 13.4 0.3 1.61 0 57.6 0 5.17 0.01 29.0 0 2.81 0.01
6 George Town B 41.2 0.3 2.25 0.02 25.3 0 8.3 0 1.00 0.01 21.2 0 2.58 0.01 10.8 0 1.45 0.01
7 Tippogoree 33.2 0 2.34 0.08 103.9 0 29.6 0 2.56 0.02 16.8 0 2.02 0.05 8.5 0 1.17 0.03
Hills A
8 Tippogoree 30.9 1.0 2.73 0.37 21.8 0.1 7.3 0.2 1.07 0.14 6.5 0.6 1.33 0.22 3.3 0.7 0.82 0.11
Hills B
9 Mt George 35.9 0 2.26 0.26 29.3 0.2 15.0 0.4 0.66 0.12 25.2 0 1.40 0.9 12.7 0 0.86 0.09
10 Hillwood 21.9 0.3 1.39 0.07 9.7 0.3 4.4 0.2 0.51 0.04 4.0 0 0.92 0.06 2.3 0 0.63 0.03
11 Rowella AQMS 26.0 0 2.20 0.04 26.8 1.1 12.0 0.5 1.20 0.02 11.3 0.02 2.05 0.03 5.7 0 1.17 0.01
12 Ti Tree Bend 23.7 0.1 2.99 0.07 4.5 0.2 2.3 0.2 0.30 0.02 11.1 0.2 2.91 0.04 8.5 0.1 2.15 0.02
13 Estuary 28.2 0 2.65 0.03 36 0 10.1 0.2 1.57 0 10.3 0.2 1.82 0.03 6.7 0 1.08 0.03
(midway)
14 Aqua farm 26.9 0.2 2.21 0.05 31.2 0.6 10.9 0 1.38 0.02 13.4 0 1.87 0.04 5.2 0 1.06 0
Criterion 160 30 200 80 20 50 25 8
* U = Mill signal or increment in predicted concentration above background
(1) where increment is less than 0.1 ppb , U set to zero (2) where increment is less than 0.01 ug/m3 , U set to zero (3) PM10 : PM2.5 ratio set to 2:1

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
The first column in the table, demonstrates the increment in 99.9th percentile NO2 1 hour average levels
caused by the mill signal is either non-detectable or less than 1 ppb. The mill emissions have most effect
at receptor 8 - Tippogoree Hills B.
At the annual average, all receptors yield predicted NO2 levels less than 3 ppb, 10 % of the NEPM
objective. The increment in annual average NO2 levels due to the mill emissions is greatest at receptor
number 8, at 0.37 ppb.
The TAPM model output is also shown as time series plots for each constituent and averaging time at
each receptor. Each plot shows (i) the time varying background due to existing sources, and (ii) the
increment due to the mill emissions (shown in red). These plots are shown in Appendix 16, Volume 9.
The plots show that on occasion the mill signal is significant, but it is rare that a peak mill signal
corresponds to peak background levels. This is expected as the other main industrial source of NO2
emissions is the Bell Bay Power Station, and emissions from this source are also released from a less
elevated stack.
For example, Figure 4-11 shows the time series for NO2, 1 hour average at the elevated station where
the mill signal is greatest, Tippogoree Hills B.
The time series is shown in 4 month bands, where the black trace indicates the predicted background
due to all other sources, and the red trace shows the increase (when present) in predicted ground level
concentration due to the mill emissions. The green circles enclose incidents where the mill increment is
significant and the blue arrows show events where the predicted ground level concentration is entirely, or
almost entirely due to the mill emissions.
Overall, it can be seen that the mill contribution is sporadic, and that it is rare that the pulp mill signal is
dominant. The RPDC / DPIW criterion is also shown as the blue line at 120 ppb, and it can be seen that
at all times predicted peak levels are less than 40 ppb or less than 30% of the criterion.
Hence, it will be unlikely that simultaneous peak levels are felt at receptors from both the Mill and Bell
Bay Power Station.
Sulphur Dioxide SO2

The TAPM modelling results for both 1 hour and 24 hour average levels of SO2 at the receptors are
shown in Figure 4-14 and Figure 4-15 respectively.
These cumulative frequency plots show the predictions with mill emissions included, and the relevant
criterion is also annotated. Figure 4-15 shows that all stations except Tippogoree A have predicted peak
1 hr levels less than 60 ppb or < 30% of the RPDC criterion. Note that those receptors representing
population centres show 1 hr peak levels less than 40 ppb, (20% of the criterion), with only George Town
A showing a higher value at approximately 50 ppb (25% of the criterion).
Note that at all receptors the increase in peak 1 hr levels due to the mill emissions is very small at
approximately 1 ppb.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Figure 4-11
TIPPOGOREE HILLS B: Time Series of Predicted NEPM Objective: RPDC & DPIWE Mill Stack Background
Hourly Averaged NO2 Concentrations for 2004 120 ppb Criterion: 160 ppb NEPM Objective RPDC & DPIWE Criterion
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
01/01
08/01
15/01
22/01
29/01
05/02
12/02
19/02
26/02
04/03
11/03
18/03
25/03
01/04
08/04
15/04
22/04
29/04
160
140
120
100
80
60
(ppb) .
40
20
0
1hr Average NO2 Concentration

01/05
08/05
15/05
22/05
29/05
05/06
12/06
19/06
26/06
03/07
10/07
17/07
24/07
31/07
07/08
14/08
21/08
28/08
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Date
31/08
07/09
14/09
21/09
28/09
05/10
12/10
19/10
26/10
02/11
09/11
16/11
23/11
30/11
07/12
14/12
21/12
28/12
Predicted Background SO2 Ground Level Concentration for year 2004.
Cumulative Frequency Distribution (1-Hour Average)
100.0%
Rowella
Beauty Point
Beaconsfield
95.0%
Low Head
Georgetown A
Percentile
90.0% Georgetown B
200 ppb Tippogoree Hills A
Tippogoree Hills B
85.0%
Mt George
Hillwood
GUNNS AQMS
80.0%
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
1-hour average Concentration (SO2 - ppb)
Predicted Ground Level SO2 Concentration with Mill Stack for year 2004.
100.0%
Rowella
Beauty Point
Beaconsfield
95.0%
Low Head
Georgetown A
.
Percentile
90.0% Georgetown B
200 ppb Tippogoree Hills A
Tippogoree Hills B
85.0%
Mt George
Hillwood
GUNNS AQMS
80.0%
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Figure 4-12 Predicted Background SO2

Predicted Background SO2 Ground Level Concentration for year 2004.
100.0%
Rowella
95.0% Beauty Point
Beaconsfield
90.0%
Low Head
85.0%
Georgetown A
.
Percentile
80.0% Georgetown B
Tippogoree Hills A
75.0%
Tippogoree Hills B
70.0%
Mt George
Hillwood
65.0%
GUNNS AQMS
60.0%
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Predicted Ground Level SO2 Concentration with Mill Stack for year 2004.
100.0%
Rowella
95.0% Beauty Point
Beaconsfield
90.0%
Low Head
85.0%
Georgetown A
.
Percentile
80.0% Georgetown B
NEPM Objective:
80ppb Tippogoree Hills A
75.0%
Tippogoree Hills B
70.0%
Mt George
65.0% Hillwood
GUNNS AQMS
60.0%
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Figure 4-13 Predicted Background SO2 24hr Average

RPDC & DPIWE Criterion
29/04
28/08 28/12
22/04
21/08 21/12
15/04
14/08 14/12
Background
08/04
07/08 07/12
01/04 31/07 30/11

Mill stack
25/03 24/07 23/11
18/03 17/07 16/11

RPDC & DPIWE Criterion: 200 ppb
11/03 10/07 09/11
04/03 03/07 02/11
Date
26/02 26/06 26/10
19/02 19/06 19/10
12/02 12/06 12/10

Hourly Averaged SO2 Concentrations for 2004
GUNNS AQMS: Time Series of Predicted
05/02 05/06 05/10
29/01 29/05 28/09
22/01 22/05 21/09
15/01 15/05 14/09

Figure 4-14
08/01 08/05 07/09
01/01 01/05 31/08

200
160
120
80
40
0
200
160
120
80
40
200
160
120
80
40
(ppb) .
1hr Average SO2 Concentration
As an example, the time series plots for 1 hour average SO2 for the Rowella AQMS is given in Figure
4-14. This station was chosen as it had the highest mill increment over background at both the 1 hour
average and 24 hour average periods. In Figure 4-14, those incidences where the mill signal protrudes
above background are shown circled, and it is clear that they are sporadic and that the increment is
minor compared to the background. In all cases predicted ground level concentrations are less than 40
ppb which is less than 20% of the RPDC criterion.
The most exposed station to SO2 emissions in Tippogoree Hills A, and Figure 4-15 shows the time series
of predicted background and mill signal ground level concentrations at this station. The plot shows an
increased incidence (approximately 10 per year) of occasions when a peak background SO2 level is
incremented by the mill signal.
The cumulative frequency distributions of 24 hr average SO2 levels at each station are plotted in Figure
4-15, and it can be seen that two stations, Tippogoree A and George Town A show the highest levels, -
Table 65 gives the peak levels as 29.6 and 13.4 ppb respectively. These values are still well below the
NEPM objective of 80 ppb at approximately 40% and approximately 20%.
The pulp mill increment to peak levels is less than 0.5 ppb at all stations, that is, the effect of the pulp mill
is to take <1.0% of the reserve capacity of TVAS.
The predicted annual average SO2 levels are also shown in Table 65, with all population centres showing
< 2 ppb, or approximately 10% of the NEPM objective. The increment due to the Mill emissions is < 0.02
ppb at all population centres, or approximately 0.1% of the TVAS capacity. Even at the most exposed
receptor, Tippogoree B, the increment is 0.14 ppb, just 0.7% of the NEPM objective.
Particulate Matter less than 10 Micron PM10

The predicted 24 hr averaged PM10 levels at each station is shown in the cumulative frequency
distributions in Figure 4-16. These plots show clearly that George Town A and B are the most exposed
receptors. Table 65 gives peak levels at 57.6 g/m3 for George Town A, followed by Mt George and
Beauty Point at 25.2 g/m3 and 24.4 g/m3 respectively.
All peak values are below the NEPM objective except for George Town A. The increment in 24 hr
average levels due to the Mill emissions is seen in Table 9.1 to be typically less than 0.03 g/m3 or 0.4%
of the air shed capacity.
An example of the time series plots of predicted PM10 24 hour average is shown for George Town A in
Figure 9.12 of Appendix 16, Volume 9. No RPDC criterion applies to PM10 and the NEPM objective of
50 g/m3 (with 5 exceedances allowed per year) is shown as a blue line in the figure. The time series
shows only rare instances where a predicted peak background is detectably incremented by the mill
signal. Clearly, at all specified locations, the existing background levels dominate the mill signal.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
RPDC & DPIWE Criterion
29/04
28/08 28/12
22/04
21/08 21/12
15/04
14/08 14/12
Background
08/04
07/08 07/12
01/04 31/07 30/11

Mill stack
25/03 24/07 23/11
18/03 17/07 16/11

RPDC & DPIWE Criterion: 200 ppb
11/03 10/07 09/11
04/03 03/07 02/11
Date
Data Gap
26/02 26/06 26/10
19/02 19/06 19/10
12/02 12/06 12/10

TIPPOGOREE HILLS A: Time Series of Predicted
Hourly Averaged SO2 Concentrations for 2004
05/02 05/06 05/10
29/01 29/05 28/09

289.9
22/01 22/05 21/09
15/01 15/05 14/09

Figure 4-15
08/01 08/05 07/09
01/01 01/05 31/08

240
200
160
120
80
40
0
200
160
120
80
40
200
160
120
80
40
(ppb) .
1hr Average SO2 Concentration
Figure 4-16: Predicted Ground Level 24-Hourly Average PM10 Concentration with Mill Stack for Year 2004 Cumulative Frequency Distribution
Predicted Ground Level PM10 Concentration with Mill Stack for year 2004.
100.0%
Rowella
95.0% Beauty Point
Beaconsfield
90.0%
Low Head
85.0% Georgetown A
.
Georgetown B
80.0%
NEPM Objective: Tippogoree Hills A
Percentile
50ug/m3
75.0% Tippogoree Hills B
Mt George
70.0%
Hillwood
65.0% GUNNS AQMS
TiTree Bend
60.0%
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
24-hour average Concentration (PM10 - ug/m3)
29/04
NEPM Objective
28/08 28/12
22/04
21/08 21/12
15/04
14/08 14/12
Background
08/04
07/08 07/12
01/04 31/07 30/11

Mill Stack
25/03 24/07 23/11
18/03 17/07 16/11

NEPM Objective: 50 ug/m 3
11/03 10/07 09/11
04/03 03/07 02/11
Date
26/02 26/06 26/10
19/02 19/06 19/10

57.71
12/02 12/06 12/10

24-Hourly Averaged PM10 Concentrations for 2004
GEORGETOWN A: Time Series of Predicted
05/02 05/06 05/10
29/01 29/05 28/09
22/01 22/05 21/09
15/01 15/05 14/09

Figure 4-17
08/01 08/05 07/09
01/01 01/05 31/08

50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
. (ug/m3)
Concentration PM10 24hr Average
0.5
0.5
66
99
0.5
0.5
55
1.5
1.5
77
0.5
0.5
11
11
1.5
1.5
22 22
55
1.5
1.5
13
13 88
Legend
Main Mill stack 14
14
11
11
RPDC criterion (3 min average) at 1.5 ug/m**3
Predicted contours below RPDC criterion 11
0.5
0.5
Predicted contours above RPDC criterion
Sample Site List:

0.5
0.5
33
1- Rowella
2 - Beauty Point
3 - Beaconsfield
5 - George Town A
6 - George Town B
9 - Mt George
10
10
10 - Hillwood
0 2 4 6
Kilometres
DATA SOURCE Project:

180 Lonsdale Street
Gunns Pulp Mill
Prepared. DP 09/01/2006 Workspace Air Quality Sample Sites TRSMOD.WOR Melbourne VIC 3000
Title: Figure 4-18 : Predicted Peak 99.9% TRS levels (3min average) in ug/m3 for the maximum continuous emission rate of TRS applied constantly - Bell Bay Local Airshed
Fax: 61 3 8687 8111
Particulate Matter less than 2.5 Micron - PM2.5
Emission Guidelines do not specify a limit for these criteria. Instead model results are compared to the
NEPM goals of 25 g/m3 and 8 g/m3 for 24 hour annual average respectively.
The predicted peak 24 hour averaged and annual averaged PM 2.5 levels for each station are given in
Table 65. At the 24 hour average all stations with the exception of George Town A meet the NEPM goal
by at least a factor of two. At George Town B the predicted peak level is 29 g/m3, which exceeds the
goal by 4 g/m3. There is, however, zero increment to this value due to the mill emissions.
For the annual average, all stations are predicted to be less than 3 g/m3, giving ready compliance to the
NEPM goal of 8 g/m3. The station most exposed is George Town A, with a predicted value of
2.81 g/m3, to which the mill emissions contribute 0.01 g/m3 or approximately 0.4%.
As with PM 10, the exposure of George Town A to PM 2.5 is dominated by the emissions from existing
industries in Bell Bay, and the contribution of the mill emissions is zero at the 24 hour average, and less
than 1% at the annual average for PM 2.5.
Class 2 Pollutants
Total Reduced Sulphides (TRS)

Emissions of TRS occur both from the stack and from low level sources at the effluent treatment plant.
The TRS design criterion has been set at 1.5g/m3 and is based on odour detection thresholds. Figure
4-18 shows the predicted TRS levels, and it can be seen that the design criterion (shown bolded) is
exceeded; (i) in the immediate vicinity of the Mill but does not extend across the Tamar estuary to the
west bank, and (ii) at a lobe covering Mt George and extending in excess of 2 km to the NNW. These
two zones of impact arise from low level emission sources in the treatment plant and from the stack
respectively. However, this simulation has been based on the maximum continuous production rate,
assuming that the corresponding TRS emission rate occurs all day, every day. In fact it occurs
sporadically in approximately 12 randomly timed 3 day blocks each year. The actual TRS emission rates
from the mill for each of the three plant production rates are given below in Table 66.
Table 66: TRS Emissions from Mill
TRS Emission Rate, g/s

Source
Annual average Max continuous Max short-term
Stack 0.448 1.03 1.94
Effluent Treatment Plant 0.0137 0.0502 -
Duration 325 days 12 x 3 day blocks 88 x 1 hr events
Modelling was then conducted to explicitly account for the three tier emission rate including the random
timing of both the maximum continuous and maximum short-term mill production rates, and the
corresponding increases in TRS emission rate. This type of modelling has been used in the Latrobe
Valley, Victoria to account for short-term variations in NOx and SOx emission rates from power station

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
stacks, at the Loy Yang coal-fired power station. The modelling details are given in Appendix 16,
Volume 9, but, in brief, simulations were conducted for 10,000 realisations using differing seed random
numbers to place the 3 day and 1 hour peak emissions in the 12 month period. The statistical
distribution of TRS concentration found for the most exposed receptor on Mt George showed that the
criterion value of 1.5 g/m3 99.9th percentile was predicted to be exceeded on average once in 54 years.
Given that the design life of the pulp mill is 50 years, and that there is no population centre at the
receptor, this exposure is considered acceptable.
The emissions from the low-level mill sources yielded a statistical distribution of TRS on the most
exposed estuary grid receptor adjacent to the mill (at mid-channel) that gave a return interval for
exceeding the 1.5 g/m3 99.9%ile criterion of 3.8 years. Given that exposure to this receptor could only
be sporadic, (ie from passing vessels) the predicted incidence of exposure is also considered
acceptable.
Inorganic Chlorinated Compounds Cl2

Emissions of chlorine are confined to the chemical plant, and emission release points from various
(scrubber exhausts) are at low elevation, approximately 40 m. The predicted 99.9th percentile levels are
shown in Figure 4-19, with the RPDC criterion contour of 10 g/m3 shown bolded. The pattern of impact
shows extension at the 1 g/m3 level east to the Tippogoree Hills, and SW to the west bank of the
Tamar. However, the criterion contour is contained within the mill site, with only a minor excursion into
Dirty Bay. The DPIW criterion of 100 g/m3 is easily met.
Inorganic Chlorinated Compounds ClO2

Emissions of chlorine dioxide are sourced to the chemical and bleach plants, and Figure 4-20 shows the
predicted 99.9th percentile levels at the mills maximum continuous production rate. The nearest
receptors (#13 and #14) give predicted peak levels from 3 to 5 g/m3. The RPDC criterion contour of 10
g/m3 is seen to extend outside the mill boundary to the SW out to 300 m from the east bank of the
Tamar.
Inorganic Chlorinated Compounds HCl

Hydrogen chloride emissions occur mainly from the stack with minor emissions also from the Chemical
Plant. Figure 4-21 shows the predicted 99.9th percentile HCl levels. Most of the pattern shows peak
levels on high ground reflecting the fact that the 130 m stack is the dominant source of HCl. Peak
levels however, do not exceed 4 g/m3 and the greatest exposure is seen on Mt George at 3.3 g/m3.
Close to the plant, levels barely exceed 1 g/m3 and both the RPDC criterion (10 g/m3) and the DPIW
criterion (200 g/m3) are readily met.
Dioxins and Furans

Emission of dioxins and furans are confined to the stack only the RPDC does not prescribe an air
quality design criterion for these constituents. However, they are required to be modelled to form part of
an HRA assessment. DPIW does specify a design criteria at 0.0000000037 mg/m3 or 3.7 pg/m3.
The in-stack concentrations of dioxins/furans in the stack has been calculated by Jaakko Pyry (2006) as
4.1pg/Nm3. The DPIW ambient design criterion is therefore almost met even without the subsequent
dilution after release from the stack. Given that the stack achieves a minimum dilution ratio of 1500:1 at

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
elevated receptors and > 6000:1 at population centres, it is clear that the DPIW criterion will be met by
one thousand fold (that is, the predicted concentration will be < 0.1% of the DPIW criterion).
4.5.7 Mill Emissions Under Start-up and Upset/Malfunction
The mill emissions of potential concern during start-up or upset/malfunction are malodorous gases
(principally TRS). There are two streams of malodorous gas emissions: the low volume, high
concentration stream of concentrated non-condensible gases (CNCGs) and the high volume, low
concentration stream of dilute non-condensible gases ( DNCGs).
The mill emissions under start-up and upset/malfunction conditions have been evaluated in detail by
Jaakko Poyry. Standby/backup systems have been included in the mill design to ensure that
malodourous gases normally emitted under start-up conditions are destroyed in plant boilers.
Under normal operations, a dedicated burner in the recovery boiler is used to destroy the CNCGs while
the DNCGs are destroyed in the secondary air to that boiler. Under upset/malfunction conditions, two
CNCGs flame tube boilers serve as a two-tier back-up.
During start-up, the recovery boiler can not be used to destroy CNCGs, and either flame tube boiler can
be used for this purpose. DNCGs during start-up can however be destroyed in either the recovery or
power boilers.
Malodorous gas emissions can increase if the recovery boiler fails. However both flame tube boilers are
on-line and the CNCG and DNCG streams will be diverted to these boilers in this event. DNCGs can also
be diverted to the power boiler.
With these back-up systems (further detailed in Appendix 7, Volume 6) the emissions of malodorous
gases will not exceed the maximum short-term rate specified in the Emission Limit Guidelines. Hence
the modelling of TRS impact also applies to start-up and upset/malfunction conditions. In summary the
plant has been designed with a level of back-up to ensure that odour impact does not exceed that under
normal operations for the full range of mill production rates.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
66
99
55
77
11
22
22 55
10
10
55
13
13 88
14
14
22
11
11
11
Legend
Main Mill Stack 11
RPDC criterion (3 min average) at 10 ug/m**3
Predicted contours below RPDC criterion


33
Sample Site List:
1- Rowella
2 - Beauty Point
3 - Beaconsfield
5 - George Town A
6 - George Town B
8 - Tippogoree Hills B 10
10
9 - Mt George
10 - Hillwood
12 - Ti Tree Bend (Off sheet) 0 2 4 6
14 - On land south of aquafarm pens Kilometres

180 Lonsdale Street
Prepared. DP 09/01/2006 Workspace Air Quality Sample Sites CL2_ver2.WOR Melbourne VIC 3000
Title: Figure 4-19 : Predicted Peak 99.9% Chlorine levels ( 3 min average ) in ug/m3 - Bell Bay Local Airshed
Fax: 61 3 8687 8111
66
99
55
11
77
22
55
22
10
10
55 13
13 88
22 14
14
11
11
11
11
Legend
Main Mill Stack
Predicted contours above RPDC criterion 33
Sample Site List:

1- Rowella
2 - Beauty Point
3 - Beaconsfield
5 - George Town A
6 - George Town B
10
10
9 - Mt George
0 2 4 6
10 - Hillwood
12 - Ti Tree Bend (Off sheet) Kilometres

180 Lonsdale Street
Prepared. DP 09/01/2006 Workspace Air Quality Sample Sites CLO2_ver2.WOR Melbourne VIC 3000
Title: Figure 4-20 : Predicted Peak 99.9% Chlorine Dioxide levels ( 3 min average ) in ug/m3 - Bell Bay Local Airshed
Fax: 61 3 8687 8111
66 11
2.5
2.5
11
99
55 22
11
11
77
11
11
22 11
13
13 88
14
14
11
11
Legend 11
Main Mill Stack 11
Approximate Mill Site Footprint 33
11
Sample Site List:
1- Rowella
2 - Beauty Point
3 - Beaconsfield
5 - George Town A
6 - George Town B
7 - Tippogoree Hills A 10
10
9 - Mt George
10 - Hillwood
12 - Ti Tree Bend (Off sheet) 0 2 4 6
14 - On land south of aquafarm pens Kilometres

180 Lonsdale Street
Prepared. DP 09/01/2006 Workspace Air Quality Sample Sites HCL_ver2.WOR Melbourne VIC 3000
Title: Figure 4-21 : Predicted Peak 99.9% Hydrogen Chloride levels (3 min average) in ug/m3 - Bell Bay Local Airshed
Fax: 61 3 8687 8111
Dust Controls
For the material haul routes, the modelling has assumed high levels of dust control. As a minimum, this
level of control will be defined in the construction phase EMP with follow-up compliance checking.
Over a typical 24-hour period, wind erosion is not considered to be problematic. However, the sudden
onset of frontal systems that involve sharp increases in wind speed have the effect of quickly stripping
the fine surface silt content from exposed non-vegetated or non-rehabilitated soil, particularly if the silt
content of that soil is high through pulverisation from recent mechanical activity. This results in short-
term (in the order of minutes) peaks in PM10 dust concentrations. The EMP will include a provision that
the Construction Supervisor will access daily weather updates that will contain warnings of the sudden
onset of strong winds. If this appears likely, the Construction Supervisor will take steps to ensure that all
exposed soil areas that could reasonably be subject to wind erosion are consolidated by the timely
application of water sprays.
The project air quality monitoring station (which records concurrent wind direction and concentrations of
PM10) will provide a measure of the compliance status of the civil works with respect to the DPIW
criterion.
Emission Controls
Emission controls proposed for the pulp mill are described in Appendix 7, Volume 6. As predicted by the
modelling, these systems will better national, state and the project specific air quality objectives. These
measures include:
Collection and incineration of concentrated malodorous gases and control of the resulting SO2
emissions.
Diluted malodorous gases from various sources will also be collected and incinerated and the
resulting SO2 controlled.
TRS emissions from the recovery boiler will be mitigated by efficient combustion control, high dry
solids and keeping CO low. Burning dissolving and mixing tank vent gases in the recovery boiler will
further reduce potential pulp mill TRS emissions.
TRS emissions of the lime kiln are mitigated by controlling the excess oxygen, by using natural gas
(low-S fuel), and by controlling the residual soluble sodium in the lime mud fed to the kiln.
The SO2 emissions from the recovery boiler will be controlled by firing with high dryness solids.
NOx emissions from the recovery boiler will be reduced by ensuring proper mixing and division of air
in the boiler.
NOx emissions from lime kiln will be reduced by using low NOx burner design.
Flue gases from recovery boilers, the power boiler and the lime kiln will be cleaned with efficient
electrostatic precipitators to mitigate dust emissions.
The recovery boiler will be used as the primary incineration facility of the malodorous CNCG and
DNCG gases from the fibre line and the recovery island.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Dissolving and mixing tank ventings will be scrubbed and used as part of tertiary or secondary air in
the recovery boiler.
These management measures will be incorporated in the detailed design phase.
Construction Impacts
An assessment of the impact on nearby residential areas of dust emissions (as PM10) to air from the civil
works associated with the pulp mill construction project has been conducted. The assessment has
focused on the potential short-term (24-hour average) impact of dust as a supplement to an indicative
existing background level.
The 24-hour average predictions of ground level concentrations of PM10 particulates indicate that
the Environment Protection Policy (Air Quality) 2004 design criterion for dust (as PM10) of 150
g/m3 will not be exceeded at the nearest dwelling or other sensitive sites.
Operational Impacts
The assessment of air quality impacts has been based on the ability of the project to meet the air quality
guidelines as set out in Emission Limit Guidelines for any new bleached eucalypt Kraft (BEK) pulp mill in
Tasmania (RPDC, 2004). As a consequence, the project will meet the guideline values determined by
the National Environment Protection Measure (NEPM) for Air Quality and the Tasmanian air quality
objectives in schedules 1 and 2 of the Environment Protection Policy (Air Quality) 2004.
The TAPM modelling of existing background and mill signal for the Class 1 constituents of NO2, SO2 and
PM10 shows that:
The existing background levels at all population centres in the northern end of TVAS readily meet the
RPDC criteria;
The most exposed population centre is George Town A (south) with NO2|1 hr at 40% of criterion,
SO2|1 hr at approximately 25% of criterion and PM10|24 hr at approximately 85% of criterion. However,
the mill contribution to these peak levels is zero, as the exposure is due to existing industries in Bell
Bay;
Overall, the TVAS air shed capacity for NO2 and SO2 is not significantly consumed by existing
sources, with levels being only 2% of the NEPM criteria; and
The mill signal contribution to TVAS background levels will typically be less than 3% at the specific
receptors.
The TAPM modelling of Class 2 Constituents (TRS, CI2, HCl, ClO2, dioxins) lead to the following
conclusions relative to the Environmental Protection Policy (Air Quality) 2004:
Cl2 and ClO2 - the predicted 99.9th percentile impact for both these constituents shows that the
criterion contour of 10 g/m3 is contained on-site except for a small excursion over Dirty Bay.
HCl - peak exposure is seen on elevated terrain and 99.9th percentile levels do not exceed 3 g/m3,
30% of the design criterion.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
TRS - peak exposure is seen on elevated terrain and it is predicted that the criterion will be exceeded
once in 50 years on average. This exposure is considered acceptable given that the issue is amenity
(odour) rather than toxicity, and that the elevated terrain is not populated.
Dioxins - the predicted peak 99.9th percentile levels are seen only on elevated terrain and are three
orders of magnitude (that is, 1000 times) below the DPIW criterion.
In summary, the mill emissions comply with the Emmission Limit Guidelines and DPIW criteria at all the
specified receptors, and the contribution of these emissions to the background values of Class 1
constituents is small at < 5%.
related to air quality is provided below.
Table 67: Summary of potential impact rating and management measures air quality

Rating
Air Quality
Construction Phase Dust Impacts Moderate Construction EMP which Minor negative Minor
negative includes details on dust impact negative
impact controls, operating impact
conditions, monitoring,
issues resolution and
responses
Operation Phase Air Emissions Major Use of BAT in emission Moderate Minor
negative control positive impact negative
impact impact
Operation Phase Odour Major Collection and incineration of Moderate Minor

Emissions negative concentrated and diluted positive impact negative
impact malodorous gases impact
Construction phase dust emissions are expected to be locally significant, but can be successfully
mitigated by a range dust suppression techniques and management approaches. These strategies will
be detailed in the Construction EMP for the site. With appropriate controls, construction dust impacts are
considered to have a local minor negative impact.
Air emissions from the operational pulp mill have been modelled to predict air quality impacts at peak
running capacity at maximum pulp production. The modelling identifies that the contribution of the pulp
mill to the local airshed is minor. Further, there is a large existing capacity for the local airshed to absorb
additional emissions without exceeding air quality objectives. Given the nominated emission controls and
the emission quality, air quality impacts from the pulp mill are considered to be minor.
Odour management at the mill has been addressed through a comprehensive system to collect and
incinerate concentrated and diluted malodorous gases. This system, which includes multiple backups,
should all but eliminate offensive odour from the mill, under both normal and abnormal (start-up)

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
operating conditions. Based on the modelling of TRS undertaken above, the potential impacts from odour
are considered to be minor.
4.6 Geology and Soils

Construction and excavation processes will physically affect the geology and soils of the site area.
Ground disturbances will occur during site preparation works including clearance of vegetation, cut and
fill activities and the creation of stockpiles.
Proposed cut and fill volumes required to prepare the pulp mill site are provided in Table 57. Total
volumes are estimated at 2,787,555 m3 (Jaakko Pyry, 2006).
The excavation/cut volumes of specific soil and rock types are provided below.
Table 68: Excavation volumes of soil and rock
Silty clay (m3) Rock (Dolerite and Jurassic)

(m3)
Pulp Mill area 625,000 1,161,000
Effluent and chemical plant 100,555 161,000
Wharf facility and pulp storage 159,000 224,000

area
Precasting / fabrication 125,000 232,000
Total 1,009,555 1,778,000
Source: Jaakko Pyry (2005)
The total area for the pulp mill, effluent treatment, chemical plant, gas station area, sub station area,
precasting/fabrication area, wharf facility and pulp storage area is 77.2 hectares (Jaakko Pyry, 2006
Annexure XV). The proposed site is generally stable in terms of landslip, thus land stability is not
considered a significant issue or impact resulting from the development or operation of the pulp mill.
No geoconservation areas will be affected by the project.
The land capability class for the pulp mill site indicates the area is at high risk of erosion.
During site preparation works and construction works, areas of soil will be unprotected at various stages
and susceptible to wind and water erosion. Earthworks machinery will clear specified vegetation areas,
expose soils, excavate and move rock and soil and potentially weaken soil structures and local soil
stability. In the absence of mitigation, exposed soils, combined with high risk of erosion and moderate to
steep slopes, will potentially lead to the loss of soil during rainfall events and create the potential for
sediment to enter waterways, creating turbid water plumes.
The site will need to be effectively managed during site preparation works, construction and operation to
address issues such as:
exposure of underlying soils after clearing;

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Increased run-off as a result of lower infiltration rates and surface velocities;
The high risk of erosion during construction of the access road over Williams Creek between the
woodchip mill and the pulp mill;
Formation of localised gullies and watercourses/drainage lines; and
Compaction of the soil, particularly in areas of high traffic movement. Compacted soil results in less
water being absorbed into the soil profile and an increase in run-off. This may result in less water
entering the groundwater table.
Contamination from hydrocarbons (oils, petrol, diesel) associated with construction vehicles.
Gurung (2001) did not identify any likely sediments with the potential to host acid sulphate soils in the
pulp mill area. The pulp mill is therefore unlikely to expose potential acid sulphate soils. However,
proposed management measures include actions to be taken in the event that acid sulphate soils are
exposed.
The following management measures will be implemented to minimise potential geological and soil
impacts. These management measures will be included in the Environmental Management Plan for the
project and will be monitored and reported as specified.
During the detailed design phase of the project, comprehensive soil and geotechnical assessment will
be undertaken, including testing for Acid Sulphate Soils;
Erosion, sediment and pollution control measures will be identified and implemented prior to and
during site preparation and construction works as part of the Construction EMP;
A detailed site monitoring program will be implemented, particularly during site preparation and
construction works, and will be incorporated into the Construction EMP;
Best practice construction techniques will be used to minimise disturbance to the existing
environment; and
Rehabilitation Management Plans (part of the overall Construction EMP) will be implemented during
and following construction to minimise off-site impacts.
Initial earthworks and site preparation will involve extensive construction activity which will impact on the
local soils and geology within the construction footprint. Appropriate construction management will
mitigate potential impacts. Specifically, a sediment and erosion control plan will form part of the overall
Construction EMP as detailed in Volume 4 of the Draft IIS.
related to geology and soils is provided below.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 69: Summary of potential impact rating and management measures geology and soils

Rating
Geology and Soils
Pulp mill design Moderate Geotechnical assessment and Moderate Insignificant

negative Acid Sulphate Soils testing positive impact impact
impact
Erosion of soils Moderate Sediment and Erosion Control Moderate Insignificant

negative Plan positive impact impact
impact
Landslip Moderate Appropriate consideration in Moderate Insignificant

negative design of banks and batters as positive impact impact
impact well as stabilising treatments
Subject to suitable engineering design and appropriate construction management, impacts on soils and
geology are considered to be insignificant.
4.7 Water Quality and Hydrology
4.7.1 Groundwater
Excavations of the extent and depth proposed for the pulp mill site have the potential to locally disrupt
the local hydrogeology and to introduce contamination sources during both construction and operations.
These impacts are discussed below.
Construction Phase
Based on initial site investigations, it is expected that the extensive earthworks proposed as part of site
preparation will intercept shallow, local groundwater aquifers. These works will require diversion of
groundwater flows around the construction footprint, by way of temporary and permanent drainage
solutions. The overall disturbance footprint is not extensive and is unlikely to be critical in regards to the
local groundwater system.
As the site is located on a small rise, and slopes towards the Tamar River, the direction of natural
groundwater flows would generally be towards the river or to natural drainage lines such as Williams
Creek and the gully which flows to Dirty Bay. Any diversion of these flows would be directed to any of
these three drainage systems. There are no other down-gradient users or ecosystems reliant on these
flows which could be impacted. As such, the interception and diversion of such flows will not result in
any significant impact on natural systems or groundwater users.
Without appropriate mitigation measures, construction activities have the potential to introduce
contaminants such as fuel and oil into the groundwater and ultimately the Tamar River. Such issues will
be managed as part of the construction phase Environmental Management Plan. This plan will detail

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
management strategies which will be implemented during construction including issues such as
refuelling, storage of fuels and chemicals, waste management and groundwater monitoring. This
management plan will result in minimal groundwater impacts during construction.
Operation Phase
Similarly to the construction phase, without appropriate mitigation, potential exists for groundwater
contamination from chemical, fuel and other spills associated with operation of the pulp mill. Such risks
are specifically addressed as part of the detailed plant design including stormwater management and
spill control. These issues are discussed in detail in Section 4.8. Based on these controls, risks to
groundwater quality are considered minor.
4.7.2 Drainage and Catchments
The pulp mill footprint is located on the crest of a small ridgeline and, will have minimal impact on
drainage and water catchments.
Without appropriate design and mitigation measures, the project will potentially impact Williams Creek.
The access road and the chip conveyor both cross this waterway. Smaller drainage lines within the pulp
mill site will be affected during the construction phase and potential modifications to flows as a result of
changes within the individual catchments (Figure 4-2).
The pulp mill access road will cross Williams Creek to link the pulp mill with the existing woodchip mill.
The Creek is heavily incised and will require substantial fill and works to enable construction of the
crossing. Potential exists for construction (sedimentation, habitat loss, downstream disturbance) and
operational (scour, modification to flows, up-stream detention of flows) impacts.
The chip conveyor will cross Williams Creek near its junction with the Tamar River. Construction will
involve concrete footings on either bank and some clearance of vegetation to gain access. Potential
exists for construction (sedimentation, habitat loss, downstream disturbance) impacts.
The crossing of Williams Creek will require an appropriate design solution to minimise environmental and
water quality implications from the works. Water quality monitoring will be a significant component of the
EMP. The design solution will need to include:
Appropriately sized, located and designed culverts which will not impede flows under the road;
Appropriate construction methodology so as to minimise environmental and flow impacts on the
waterway both during and after construction; and
Appropriately design source protection which considers the creek hydrology and topography.
Potential direct impacts on minor waterways and drainage lines have been reduced by limiting the extent
of the precast area and minimisation of works across the creek flowing to Dirty Bay. Given the scale of
initial earthworks, the waterways will be at higher risk of sedimentation impacts during the construction
phase. Construction phase impacts will be managed through specific elements of the Construction EMP
including detailed sediment and erosion control plans and stormwater management plans. The increased
impervious area post construction will result in increased surface flows to these waterways. Impacts will
be addressed as part of the stormwater management design to minimise contaminants to the waterways
and to reduce risk from scour at discharge points.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Clean
Water
Stormwater
Treatment
From Roofs:
Drying,
Warehouse
etc.
Stormwater Effluent
Warehouse Treatment,
Stormwater, Emergency
WARF Pond
Stormwater
From Pulp Mill Effluent
15000m3 Treatment,
Surge Basin
Settling and
Oil Catchment Pond
9000m3 River
Contaminated
Stormwater Storage Pond
Effluent
Treatment,
Emergency
Pond
Stormwater
from Effluent
Chemical 3
3750m Treatment,
Plant Surge Basin
Settling and
Oil Catchment Pond
2250m3 River
Contaminated
Stormwater Storage Pond
Stormwater
from ETP
Clarifier Area
Figure 4-22
Stormwater PRELIMINARY
Oil-Grid Catchment
Gunns Limited
Bell Bay Pulp Mill Project
Tasmania
16B0104-02025
Pre-engineering project
10.2.2005
ARE/KMN
Stormwater Treatment
REVISED 14/2/2006 1:39 PM

The following management measures will be put in place to mitigate impacts on water quality and
hydrology:
Preparation of a detailed sediment and erosion control plan as part of the Construction EMP. This will
include a comprehensive water quality monitoring plan which will address groundwater and surface
water in Williams Creek, the Dirty Bay stream and the Tamar River;
An integrated water quality monitoring program where trigger values initiate appropriate management
responses;
Incorporation of an integrated stormwater system as part of detailed design;
Appropriate engineering hydrological design for the road crossing over Williams Creek; and
Segregation, reuse and treatment of stormwater generated on the pulp mill site.
Impacts on surface and groundwater systems will occur as a result of earthworks and development of the
pulp mill. Such impacts can be readily managed through the implementation of appropriate management
strategies, as part of the Construction EMP, and design elements including an integrated stormwater
system.
related to groundwater and hydrology is provided below.
Table 70: Summary of potential impact rating and management measures water quality and
hydrology

Rating
Water quality and hydrology
Groundwater diversion and Moderate Segregated stormwater system, Major positive Minor
contamination negative treatment and reuse of clean impact positive
impact and contaminated stormwater. impact
Moderate Sediment and Erosion Control Moderate Insignificant
negative Plan positive impact impact
impact
Moderate Spill management strategy and Moderate Insignificant
negative training, appropriate positive impact impact
impact construction and bunding of
chemical handling areas.
Construction Phase water Moderate Sediment and Erosion Control Moderate Insignificant
quality impacts negative Plan positive impact impact
impact
Moderate Water Quality Monitoring Plan Moderate Insignificant
negative positive impact impact
impact

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Rating
Modification to Williams Creek Moderate Appropriate engineering design Moderate Insignificant
hydrology negative positive impact impact
impact
Release of contaminated Major First flush and contaminated Major positive Insignificant
stormwater negative stormwater treated in the impact impact
impact effluent treatment plant.
Overflow stormwater only
released to surface waters
during 1 in 10 storm event.
Based on the implementation of the above management strategies, potential impacts on water quality
and hydrology are considered to be insignificant.
4.8 Estuarine Ecology
4.8.1 Overview
Without appropriate mitigation, impacts on the estuarine ecology of the Tamar River could potentially
arise from four main sources during:
Mill construction
Erosion and sediment discharge to the Tamar River; and
Accidental spills during construction.
Mill operation
Release of contaminated stormwater to the Tamar River; and
Accidental spills/failures.
Wharf construction
Disturbance of sediment during earthworks and construction activities;
Modification to hydrodynamics (refer to Section 10.6);
Shading of marine communities;
Noise impacts associated with pile driving (refer to Section 4.15); and
Accidental spills during construction.
Wharf operation
Spillage of goods being loaded or unloaded at the wharf; and
Accidents with shipping and accidental spills.
Potential impacts relating to construction and operation of the wharf are discussed in Sections 8 to 12 of
this Volume 2. The potential impacts in relation to the pulp mill site are addressed below.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
4.8.2 Mill Construction
Erosion and Sediment Discharge

Considerable earthworks will be undertaken in preparation of the site for construction activities. This will
involve blasting, haulage of soil and rock, deposition of soils and rock within fill areas, consolidation of
these materials and general mill construction activities. As discussed in Section 4.9, initial earthworks will
result in the removal of vegetation from approximately 95 hectares of the pulp mill site, with consequent
exposure to wind and rain impacts. There is potential for erosion of the site and transport of sediment to
the Tamar River, either directly or through streams and drainage lines running through the site.
Appropriate sediment and erosion controls will be implemented, from initial vegetation clearing until
finalisation of construction activities. A detailed sediment and erosion control plan will be a key site
management requirement of the Construction EMP as detailed in Volume 4 of the Draft IIS. This plan will
be specifically designed for the pulp mill sites meteorological and geological conditions and will
incorporate all phases of construction, including clearing, earthworks and infrastructure. All detention
basins and other engineering controls will be sized accordingly.
Earthworks (other than for the wharf and wharf access road), will generally be undertaken a minimum of
200 metres from the river, with blasting a minimum of 400 metres from the river. This will further enhance
the capacity of the management plans to mitigate impacts by incorporating natural buffer areas in
conjunction with physical controls.
Accidental Spills
Accidental spills might occur during construction at any time. These could range from small, incidental
spills (small volumes of fuels, oils etc.) to larger spills resulting from storage failures such as a leak in a
fuel storage tank.
Such spills can satisfactorily be managed through a standard suite of approaches including:
All fuels, oils and chemicals will be stored in sealed, bunded areas away from waterways or drainage
lines;
Refuelling will only occur on hardstand, bunded areas away from waterways or drainage lines;
All dangerous chemicals will be appropriately stored as required by Tasmanian and Australian
legislation; and
A chemical spill plan will be developed and appropriate spill kits stored on site.
These strategies will be addressed as part of the Construction EMP.
4.8.3 Mill Operation
Stormwater
There is a potential for contamination of stormwater from spills, wastes, air borne particles and other
matter that might enter the stormwater network. This contamination may then be discharged to receiving
waters with the stormwater. Appropriate stormwater design and treatment will minimise estuarine
impacts associated with stormwater discharge.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Accidental Spills
All storage areas within the mill will meet the required Australian and Tasmanian design and building
standards with respect to spill management and design. All storages will be fully bunded to 110% of the
capacity of the storage in question. Refuelling and other liquid transfers will be undertaken within
designated and fully bunded areas. Appropriate spill kits will be stored on site and spill protocols will be
developed and incorporated into the Environmental Management Plan (refer to Volume 4). Staff will be
trained in how to respond to a spill event. Emergency response teams will be trained in how to respond
to key hazards and risks.
On-site routes for hazardous goods transfer will be designed to allow isolation of areas in the event of a
major spill so as to contain any spill before it discharges to the treatment plant or stormwater system.
4.8.4 Mill Related Management Measures
To mitigate potential contamination of stormwater from spills and other sources, an integrated
stormwater system has been incorporated into the concept design (Jaakko Pyry, 2006).
The stormwater drains from the mill site are divided into two separate systems. Clean stormwater from
the building roof and comparable areas (with minimal, contamination risk), will be either reclaimed to the
water treatment system or, discharged directly into a stormwater drain and sent to the treated effluent
pumping basin for ocean discharge with the effluent (refer to following flow chart).
Rain water from other areas at the mill site, including unused land between mill departments, site roads,
and process storage tank and equipment areas, will be collected into another stormwater drain system
and taken to a stormwater clarification lagoon, in which suspended solids and floating debris is separated
especially from the first flush waters. The lagoon will also be provided with oil separation equipment to
ensure that no oil spills (eg. from mobile machinery) are discharged into the ocean discharge. In the
event of contamination is found by continuous conductivity measurement or oil detection instrument the
stormwater is pumped to effluent treatment. From the first stormwater clarification lagoon the clean
stormwater is led to the second lagoon and further pumped to the treated effluent surge basin. In an
extreme high storm, once in ten years, stormwater from the second lagoon will overflow to the Tamar
River.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Refer to line diagram 16B0104-02025 in Annexure D of Appendix 7, Volume 6 for the proposed
stormwater drainage system and location of the lagoon and spill basin. A detailed description of the
stormwater system is provided in Section 3.8 of Appendix 7, Volume 6.
From the above, all first flush stormwater flows (which will be those flows with the highest risk of
pollutants) will be sent to the effluent treatment plant. Any flows discharged to the Tamar River will only
occur during large storm events. The majority of pollutants in such an event will be treated through first
flush diversion. Any pollutants remaining in the stormwater will be highly diluted and will be discharged
into the Tamar at the same time as large runoff flows from diffuse sources entering through creeks and
drainage lines along the River.
The introduction of any pollutants with stormwater from the pulp mill during such an event will be minor in
relation to other contaminants introduced from natural runoff. The pulp mill site represents an area of less
than 100 ha out of a catchment of approximately 1,000,000 ha. In such a major storm event, the
stormwater contribution to the Tamar River from the pulp mill would be of similar proportion. Minimisation
of potential pollutants through appropriate stormwater design and segregation, first flush diversion, spill

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
control and continuous monitoring, plus the dilution which will occur both within the stormwater system
and once stormwater is released, will ensure stormwater impacts are minimal.
4.8.5 Wharf Construction
Disturbance of Sediment
Wharf construction could potentially result in disturbances of sediment associated with marine works (pile
driving) and land reclamation/earthworks associated with the warehouse pad.
The preferred wharf option consists of a suspended concrete structure on piles, connected to the shore
by trestle structures. Geotechnical investigations have found consolidated sediments to depths of at least
44 m. As a consequence, friction piles will be used. Piles will be driven into deep sediments by a barge-
mounted pile-driver. No blasting will be required. Pile driving will not result in the disturbance of
significant quantities of sediment and as such, impacts will be very localised. Impacts associated with
pile driving are considered minor.
The land reclamation and earthworks associated with creating a construction pad for the warehouse
offers a potentially higher risk for estuarine impacts. An area of approximately 100 m by 300 m will be
reclaimed. The footprint of this area is approximately 20 m above the low water mark so as to minimise
disturbances to the estuarine systems.
The rocky intertidal habitat at the wharf site is dominated by boulders and rocks, underlain with soft
muddy sediments. In order to minimise disturbance impacts, a rock bund will be constructed at the
extremity of the reclamation and will form the armoured outer extremity of the works. Construction of the
bund will be undertaken during low tides so that sediment disturbance will be minimised. Once the bund
is established, infilling with dolerite from the pulp mill site will commence until an appropriate pad is
constructed. The specific design details for the wharf will not be defined until the detailed design phase.
An extensive Sediment and Erosion Control Plan will be developed as part of the Construction EMP so
as to minimise off-site impacts from construction activities.
Hydrodynamics
Modification of the hydrodynamics of the Tamar River around the wharf structure have been modelled in
Section 10.6.3. The assessment concludes that the use of trestles in the wharf design will have only a
minor impact on hydrodynamics of the River.
Shading of marine communities

Whilst direct construction impacts to the estuarine envionment will be limitied, the wharf structure will
indirectly modify an area larger than the construction footprint, by introducing a shade element. Species
not tolerant of a shady environment will be disadvantaged, and shade tolerant species advantaged. The
extent of this impact will vary with the modification to the light regime within any particularl area
surrounding or under the wharf.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Noise impacts
Noise impacts from the pulp mill construction have been included in the overall noise assessment in
Section 4.15). Construction noise activities will have a moderate impact on the nearest residences.
Accidental spills during construction

Accidential spills will be addressed as for pulp mill construction as previously described.
4.8.6 Wharf Operation
Runoff
Some hazardous materials including liquid caustic soda, sulphuric acid bullets and salt will be imported
to the mill and handled on the wharf. Subject to the nature and scale of any spill or contamination of
runoff from the structures, the aquatic flora and fauna near the wharf could be adversely affected.
Appropriate design for handling of all materials across the wharf will minimise potential risks from loading
and unloading activities.
Marine Pests
As discussed, Long Reach currently supports a number of introduced marine pests. The wharf itself will
not result in introduction of new pests, but the associated shipping activity may. Given shipping will
originate from similar ports as woodchip vesels, and that the number of vessels will not substantially
increased as a result of pulp mill operation, the risk of new pests beign introduced are not high. Local
colonisation of the wharf structure could be expected by those species aready found at Bell Bay or the
woodchip berths. This issue is discussed further in Section 10.7.3.
4.8.7 Wharf Related Management Measures
A Sediment and Erosion Control Plan will be developed as part of the Construction EMP to address
control of runoff and related impacts associated with earthworks and land reclamation. All reclamation
works will be undertaken above the low water mark. Initial bunding construction will only be undertaken
during low tides so as to eliminate suspension of sediment.
An overall Construction EMP will be developed for the wharf and associated works. As part of this Plan,
a Water Quality Monitoring Plan will be developed. This will outline site specific trigger values which will
be monitored during construction activities. These trigger values will take into account potential
bioaccumulation associated with elevated metal levels in the sediment. Trigger values will be developed
as outline in the ANZECC (2000) Guidelines.
Kerb and guttering would be provided to collect runoff and a stormwater system would be provided to
drain the facility. The stormwater system would comprise stormwater pits on the working platform and
approach trestles which would drain into Gross Pollutant Traps (GPT) installed on the wharf (suspended
off the deck) or installed on land.
Hazardous substances would be handled in specified bunded areas on the wharf. The bunded areas will
drain into a GPT through valves, installed on the deck, which will be open when chemicals and other

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
hazardous materials are not being handled. At times when chemicals are being handled, these valves
will be locked shut to guard against the possibility of a spill into the stormwater system and to contain the
spill in the bund.
Pipework would be provided on the wharf to allow for the pumping of caustic soda from the vessel to a
tank and transfer pump on the reclaimed land. The caustic transfer pipe outside the bunded area will be
installed inside a second outer pipe for safety and for containment of any leak should this occur.
Spill containment equipment will be stored on the wharf to be used in the event of a chemical spill. A
Chemical Spill Plan will be in place prior to any operational use of the wharf facility. The plan will include
training of all staff in the identification and management of chemical spills.
Potential impacts to estuarine ecology from the construction activities will primarily be indirect, from the
unintentional release or disturbance of sediment. No blasting will be undertaken for construction of the
wharf. Pile driving piers will result in minimal sediment disturbance and effects will be localised around
the wharf area. Land reclamation and earthworks required to construct the warehouse pad will be
managed using a detailed Sediment and Erosion Control Plan.
Operational impacts will be managed through appropriate stormwater management design and
appropriate spill management strategies. Training of wharf personnel on spill management will be a
requirement of the facility environmental management systems. Appropriate spill kits and equipment will
be stored at the wharf.
A summary of potential impacts, management measures to minimise each impact and a cost/benefit
rating related to estuarine ecology is provided below.
Table 71: Summary of potential impact rating and management measures estuarine ecology
Potential Impact Potential Proposed Management Management Cost/

Impact Impact Benefit
Rating Rating
Estuarine Ecology
Construction Phase discharges Major Sediment and Erosion Control Moderate Minor
to waterway negative Plan positive impact negative
impact impact
Major Water Quality Monitoring Plan Moderate Minor
negative positive impact negative
impact impact
Major Construction EMP Moderate Minor
impact impact
Construction Phase Major Construction EMP Moderate Minor
Accidental spills impact Chemical Spill Plan impact
Operational phase discharges to Major Segregated stormwater system, Moderate Minor
waterways negative treatment and reuse of clean positive impact negative
impact and contaminated stormwater. impact

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Rating Rating
Operational phase Major Spill management strategy and Moderate Minor
negative training, appropriate positive impact negative
Accidental spills / failures impact construction and bunding of impact
chemical handling areas.
With the implementation of the appropriate management and design strategies, overall impacts from
construction and operation on estuarine ecology are considered to be minor.
4.9 Terrestrial Flora
4.9.1 Introduction
A range of potential direct and indirect impacts are relevant to the construction and ongoing operation of
the pulp mill. These impacts may be direct or indirect, adverse or beneficial, short or long term,
temporary or irreversible. Impacts are assessed based on the proposed works footprint. There are a
variety of measures available to avoid, minimise and offset potential impacts. These measures are
outlined in this chapter.
The following criteria were used as a guide in calculating the predicted level of impact that the pulp mill
could have upon ecological values.
Consequence and likelihood matrix

This method was developed to be consistent with AS4360: 1999 Risk Management. The levels of impact
were quantified using a Consequence X Likelihood calculation. Consequence was measured with a 1-5
scale (Minimal to Substantial) based upon ecological consequence descriptions. Likelihood was
measured on a scale of 1-5 (Highly unlikely to Almost certain).
Consequence descriptions:
1 Minimal Negligible effect
2 Minor Localised, reversible harm (e.g. localised harm, which can be reversed/ameliorated
by appropriate management actions)
3 Moderate Extensive, reversible harm (e.g. widespread harm [regional scale], which can be
reversed/ameliorated by appropriate management actions)
4 Major Localised, irreversible harm (e.g. localised harm, which cannot be

reversed/ameliorated by active management); or localised, reversible harm to an
area/community of special significance (e.g. localised harm to a threatened species
or EVC, which cannot be reversed/ameliorated by active management)
5 Substantial Extensive, irreversible harm (e.g. widespread harm [regional scale], which cannot be
reversed/ameliorated by active management); or localised irreversible harm to an

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
area/community of special significance (e.g. localised harm to a threatened species
or EVC, which cannot be reversed/ameliorated by active management)
Likelihood descriptions:
1 Highly unlikely <5% likelihood of impact occurring
2 Unlikely 5-35% likelihood of impact occurring
3 Possible 36-65% likelihood of impact occurring
4 Likely 66-95% likelihood of impact occurring
5 Almost certain >95% likelihood of impact occurring
An impact rating of Very low to Very high was subsequently determined using a Consequence and
Likelihood matrix (Table 72). This rating is described as the significance of impact throughout this
chapter.
Table 72: Consequence and likelihood matrix for evaluation of potential impacts
Consequence
1 2 3 4 5
5 Moderate High Very high Very high Very high
4 Low Moderate High Very high Very high

Likelihood
3 Low Moderate High High Very high
2 Low Low Moderate High High
1 Very low Low Low Moderate Moderate
4.9.2 Overall Significance of Impact
The significance of impacts can be reduced or nullified by various mitigation measures. Potential
mitigation measures are outlined throughout this chapter and summarised in a table. Following this, a
reassessment of impacts was undertaken, which rated the overall nature and scale of the impact,
assuming that the recommended mitigation measures were fully implemented. It should be noted that
the known disturbance ecology of each species (outlined in Appendix 29, Volume 12 (Flora Assessment
Report)) was taken into consideration when listing potential mitigation measures. In addition, the
disturbance requirements of individual species were considered when reassessing the significance of
impacts following adoption of mitigation measures.
The key for each rating used within the cost-benefit assessment is defined in Table 73: and Appendix 29,
Volume 12. This differs slightly from that provided in Section 3 to better relate to biological processes.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 73: Key For Each Rating Used Within The Cost-Benefit Assessment
Nature and Scale of Impact Interpretation
Major positive impact Classed as impacts that are beneficial to the physical, biological or human
environment. The impact is likely to have a significant effect on the
environment.
Moderate positive impact Classed as the impacts that are beneficial to the physical, biological or human
environment. The impact may be managed through normal and appropriate
environmental management practices to enhance the impact, or not have any
long-term impact on the physical, biological or human environment.
Minor positive impact Classed as the absence of no acceptable long-term impacts on the physical,
biological or human environment.
Insignificant impact No negative or positive impact on the physical, biological or human

environment.
Minor negative impact Classed as the presence of no unacceptable long-term impacts on the
physical, biological or human environment.
Moderate negative impact Classed as the impacts that are manageable through normal and appropriate
environmental management practices and which will not have any
unacceptable long-term impacts on the physical, biological or human
environment.
Major negative impact Classed as impacts that are likely to have a significant effect on the
environment. Long-term impacts on the physical, biological or human
environment even with environmental management practices.
Substantial negative impact Classed as impacts that are likely to have a substantial effect on the
environment. This could include regional or National extinction of flora and
fauna species, short and long term human health impacts or significant
changes to the physical environment on a regional scale.
4.9.3 Impacts
A total of 15 potential ecological impacts have been identified in relation to the pulp mill. These impacts
are described below.
1. Loss or damage to native vegetation (State threatened Ecological Vegetation Community)
The clearance of native vegetation is listed as a threatening process under the Tasmanian Threatened
Species Strategy 2000. The construction of the pulp mill will result in the direct loss of approximately
3.2 hectares of threatened native vegetation, including portions of two State significant Ecological
Vegetation Communities, Allocasuarina littoralis forest (NAL) and Notelaea Pomaderris Beyeria
forest (NNP). In addition, two State significant EVCs, Rockplate grassland (GRP) and Riparian Scrub
(SRI), may be impacted by the proposed development. However, these two communities are currently
outside of the development footprint and are unlikely to be directly impacted by the pulp mill.
2. Loss or damage to native vegetation (general)
The construction of the pulp mill would result in the direct loss of 74.7 hectares of non-threatened native
vegetation communities in relatively good condition. It may also result in a localised reduction in species
richness, via localised extinction (within the study area) of a small number of species. It is difficult to

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
quantify impacts in a local context without surveying the local (5 km radius) area. However, it should be
noted that similar habitat and vegetation communities are common within the local area.
Firebreaks will most likely be established around the perimeter of the broader pulp mill site, which may
total up to 7 km. As firebreaks are likely to be a minimum of 3 m in width, the total amount of vegetation
to be cleared is likely to be at least 2 ha. If firebreaks are required to be wider than this, the amount of
vegetation to be cleared will be proportionally greater. There is uncertainty regarding whether firebreaks
will be bare earth firebreaks or simply slashed vegetation. Although vegetation clearance for firebreaks is
minor compared to the actual pulp mill footprint, it is nonetheless an impact that should be considered.
3. Fragmentation of native vegetation
The pulp mill site is already substantially fragmented via clearing or slashing of native vegetation for the
HEC transmission line easement, firebreaks, roads, tracks, gas pipeline and a railway. Construction of
the pulp mill would further fragment the landscape, with vegetation between the proposed Mill site and
the Tamar River becoming increasingly isolated. Increased fragmentation may have long-term
deleterious impacts on native flora in that there may be increased barriers to seed dispersal and gene
flow, particularly among species without adaptations for long distance seed dispersal (Lindenmayer and
Burgman 2005). This may have a negative impact on the long-term fitness of populations. Increased
fragmentation will also result in greater edge effects, which may facilitate and/or increase the likelihood of
weed invasion (Lindenmayer and Burgman 2005).
4. Loss or damage to a population of a nationally significant flora species
No nationally threatened flora species have been identified from within the pulp mill site. However, there
is potential habitat within the site for one species of National significance, Glycine latrobeana. It is highly
unlikely that this species is present within the study area, owing to the intensity of the field surveys.
Therefore, any potential impact is deemed unlikely.
5. Loss or damage to a population of a State significant flora species
A total of 11 State significant flora species are present within the pulp mill site. There is likely to be a
direct impact upon six of these species (Table 74), based on the proposed works footprint. In addition,
five State significant species may be impacted by the proposed development. However, the known
distribution of these five species is currently outside of the development footprint, which implies that
these species are unlikely to be directly impacted by the development. There is also potential habitat
within the site for six species of State significance previously recorded within 5 km of the pulp mill, but
not within the site itself.
6. Introduction of environmental weeds
The impact of pests, weeds and diseases is listed as a threatening process under the Tasmanian
Threatened Species Strategy 2000. During the construction phase, heavy machinery would be regularly
using the pulp mill site. These vehicles are likely to have operated at a variety of locations prior to their
work on the pulp mill. Excavators and graders in particular may be carrying dried mud on their bodies or
wheels, which may contain viable weed seeds from elsewhere. Given the soil disturbance that would
occur during construction of the pulp mill, these weeds could potentially establish and spread from the
site. Even if the construction vehicles are free of weeds, the process of disturbing the soil and remnant
vegetation may provide a fresh substrate for the invasion and spread of weeds already occurring in the
local area.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
7. Spread of existing environmental weeds
In addition to the impact identified above, existing environmental weeds at the pulp mill site may be
spread on- and off-site by the various trucks and construction vehicles moving elsewhere after visiting
the pulp mill. Although the site currently has a very low weed cover, there are weed species already
present that may take advantage of recently cleared ground (e.g. Dittrichia graveolens, Rubus fruticosus
aggregate, Ulex europaeus).
8. Introduction and spread of Phytophthora cinnamomi
Phytophthora cinnamomi, commonly known as root rot, is an aggressive, microscopic, lethal pathogen
that causes the roots of susceptible plant species to rot. This pathogen lives inside plant roots and may
gradually kill the host plant by obstructing the uptake of water and nutrients. Dieback caused by
Phytophthora cinnamomi is listed as a key threatening process under the Environment Protection and
Biodiversity Conservation (EPBC) Act 1999 (Environment Australia 2001).
In areas where environmental conditions favour the pathogen (e.g. warm, moist sites) and the dominant
species of communities are susceptible to the pathogen, impacts can be substantial and may include the
following: (a) major disruption of community composition and structure, (b) extinction of populations of
some flora species, and (c) loss of species habitat (Environment Australia 2001).
At the pulp mill site, one EVC, Eucalyptus amygdalina coastal forest and woodland (DAC), has been
identified as being highly susceptible to Phytophthora cinnamomi (Forest Practices Authority 2005), with
heathy shrub species occurring within this EVC particularly susceptible. Plants within the Epacridaceae,
Fabaceae, Proteaceae and Mimosaceae families are especially susceptible to the pathogen (Barker and
Wardlaw 1995) (see Appendix B of Appendix 29, Volume 12 for a complete list of species occurring
within these genera within the pulp mill site). None of the threatened species present within the site are
known to be particularly susceptible to Phytophthora cinnamomi, although it should be noted that little
information exists for most of these species.
The introduction and spread of Root rot may be accelerated via a number of ways, including alteration
to the natural hydrology of a site, timber harvesting and the introduction of infected soil, particularly on
construction vehicles during the infective period in spring (Environment Australia 2001).
There was no evidence of Phytophthora cinnamomi at the pulp mill site. However, soil testing is the only
way to ascertain with certainty whether the pathogen is present within the study area.
9. Altered fire regimes
Fire regimes (season, intensity, frequency, extent) can have a considerable effect on vegetation
community structure, species richness and species composition (Keith 1996), including impacting on
some threatened flora species. The most likely fire-related impact relating to construction of the pulp mill
involves a potentially higher frequency/low intensity fuel reduction burning program associated with
protection of mill infrastructure. However, this is unlikely to have a major impact on community structure,
species richness and species composition, owing to the relatively high fire frequency already
encountered at the site.
10. Altered grazing regimes

Any potential exclusion or decrease in the abundance of native herbivores within the pulp mill site may
have an impact on the ecology of native grassland communities (e.g. Rockplate grassland) by allowing
the grass sward to increase in density, consequently shading out light-sensitive herbaceous species that

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
occur in the inter-tussock spaces (Barker 1999). If this impact occurs, it may lead to a decrease in
species richness, particularly for threatened forbs such as Aphelia pumilio and Stylidium despectum,
which are vulnerable to shading and competition from grass tussocks.
11. Erosion and/or sedimentation
Some of the soils within the pulp mill site are highly erodable, particularly the podsolic soils on dolerite
and soils associated with windblown sand deposits. Considerable evidence for soil erosion occurs along
tracks adjacent to the HEC transmission lines. The construction of the pulp mill may result in an increase
in on-site erosion, with a corresponding increase in levels of sedimentation. In the absence of mitigation
measures, increased erosion may damage or destroy localised areas of retained native vegetation (on-
and off-site), while sedimentation may have a deleterious effect on aquatic, semi-aquatic and riparian
flora. Please note that erosion and sedimentation control issues are discussed in Volume 4 of the IIS.
12. Altered surface water runoff into waterways
Following rainfall events, surface water runoff may be altered into waterways flowing through the site. In
the absence of any mitigation measures, any such runoff may collect chemicals/pollutants spilled at the
site during the construction phase (e.g. vehicle oil leaks and fuel spills). Any such polluted run-off would
have the potential to result in deleterious impacts upon aquatic, semi-aquatic and riparian indigenous
vegetation. Please note that runoff and pollution control issues are discussed in Volume 4 of the IIS.
13. Inhibition of plant photosynthesis and reproductive capability due to airborne dust
During the construction phase of the pulp mill there would be extensive soil disturbance, which is likely to
lead to the generation of large amounts of dust. In addition, large volumes of traffic (particularly heavy
machinery) are likely to use temporary gravel and dirt roads at the site, also facilitating dust generation.
Recent research suggests that high levels of airborne dust particles may inhibit plant photosynthesis
(Anthony 2001) and even negatively influence the reproductive capability of certain plant species.
Therefore, there is the potential for a negative impact on plant species growth and seed viability in the
vicinity (i.e. <100 m) of the works footprint. The duration of this potential impact is unknown.
14. Emissions
Following construction, daily gaseous emissions from the pulp mill have the potential to impact plant
growth and reproduction in particular species. For example, pollutants such as sulphur dioxide (SO2) and
nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are known to damage vegetation 13 .
As discussed in Section 4.5 of this volume, it is estimated that very low levels of air pollutants such as
sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) will be emitted into the surrounding airshed. These
levels are estimated to be a very small percentage of the existing background air pollution created by
heavy industry within the local area.
It is unknown what the response will be for individual species in the local area in relation to pulp mill
emissions. However, it is highly likely that each species will exhibit differing responses, making it difficult
to assess potential impacts.
13
(http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/environmental_management/air/air_quality_monitoring/air_pollutants/nitrogen_oxides/

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
15. Altered Hydrology
Construction of the pulp mill may result in changes to the sites hydrology, with more rapid runoff
occurring from hard surfaces. In the absence of suitable mitigation measures, this may slightly increase
the high flow volume in the lower reaches of waterways flowing through the site during rainfall events,
subsequently increasing the risk of flood damage to riparian vegetation. In addition, earthworks
associated with construction (e.g. large amount of cut into hillsides to create flat surfaces) may facilitate
localised changes to the groundwater table, which may subsequently influence vegetation community
structure and composition (refer Volume 4 of the Draft IIS).
A number of mitigation measures will be undertaken to minimise the impact of the proposed development
(refer Volume 4 of the Draft IIS). Generally speaking, the avoidance and/or minimisation of impacts
should be an overarching principle for the entire pulp mill project, irrespective of the conservation
significance or the ecological sensitivity of a given site. However, it is intuitively more imperative for
avoidance and/or minimisation of impacts to have a greater priority in areas of National/State
significance, or high sensitivity.
One of the most important measures for the pulp mill site is the avoidance of any significant EVCs or
threatened flora species if possible. Such a measure would significantly reduce the long-term impact of
the pulp mill on threatened vegetation communities and species. However, in terms of mitigation
measures for the purpose of this report, it is assumed that the actual disturbance footprint at the pulp mill
will remain as it currently stands.
It should be noted that detailed management plans (i.e. Fire Management Strategy, Environmental
Management Plan, Vegetation Management Plan, Weed Management Plan) will be developed prior to
the construction phase when the project gains planning approval. Therefore, detailed measures that
would be contained within these various management plans are not outlined here. Instead, the following
mitigation measures provide broader overriding principles by which impacts associated with the
development could be minimised.
A. Minimising or altering the footprint of disturbance
Species Strategy 2000. Therefore, every effort has been made to avoid and/or minimise the clearance of
native vegetation, particularly threatened communities and species, in order to comply with the strategy.
In addition, owing to the degradation of the Tamar estuary foreshore, the Planning Guidelines for Tamar
Estuary and Foreshore state that areas in marginal condition should be protected from further
degradation (Watchorn 2000).
The significance of the footprint of disturbance could be modified and/or minimised by locating roads and
other infrastructure to avoid or minimise damage to threatened EVCs and threatened species.
B. Avoiding accidental loss or damage to native vegetation
Clearance of native vegetation will require a certified Forest Practices Plan, which will identify the area
proposed to be cleared. These areas would be flagged clearly prior to operations commencing and

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
maintained accordingly, in order to avoid any inadvertent damage to vegetation that is planned to be
retained.
C. Development of a Vegetation Management Plan

A Vegetation Management Plan will be developed prior to the construction phase. Mitigation measures
for dealing with the direct loss of any threatened EVCs will be considered, with the principles of such
mitigation to be outlined in the Plan. The Plan would also incorporate aspects of weed and fire
management. Development of a VMP will help to ensure that retained vegetation is appropriately
managed for conservation purposes.
D. Retaining a seed bank for threatened species
Recolonisation of disturbed areas by threatened species is likely to occur for disturbance-tolerant species
such as Pimelea flava subsp. flava. However, for species intolerant of soil disturbance, or for species
whose tolerance to disturbance is unknown, alternative mitigation measures will be employed.
In areas proposed to be disturbed where there are known populations of threatened species, and the
area is proposed to be rehabilitated following disturbance, topsoil should be carefully scraped from the
surface (5-10 cm depth) and stockpiled, in order to retain as much of the soil seed bank as possible,
particularly seed of threatened species. Retained topsoil should then be used for rehabilitation works.
Soil should be stockpiled for the shortest possible time to prevent premature germination prior to use in
site rehabilitation works. Where threatened species are known to not typically recruit from soil-stored
seed, seed should be collected prior to vegetation clearing, in order to be used in rehabilitation works.
E. Minimising the introduction and spread of environmental weeds
To prevent the establishment of new environmental weeds or the spread of existing environmental
weeds, a Weed Management strategy will be developed and incorporated in the Vegetation Management
Plan. The strategy will be developed prior to construction and will include a specific program to monitor
and control any weed invasions arising from the proposed works. Any environmental weeds that
establish following the works will be eradicated as a matter of high priority. Vehicle wash-down points will
be established (at the same location as the Phytophthora wash down point) to remove weed seeds from
material attached to earth-moving equipment.
F. Minimising the spread and reducing the impact of Phytophthora cinnamomi
A series of measures will be undertaken to prevent the introduction and/or minimise the spread of
Phytophthora cinnamomi within the pulp mill site. These include the following:
Undertaking a formal assessment of the presence and extent of Phytophthora cinnamomi within the
study area;
Establishing wash-down points for vehicles and earthmoving equipment entering and departing the
site, in order to prevent/minimise the spread Phytophthora cinnamomi;
Avoiding the use of Phytophthora-infected gravel in track construction works;
Minimising the area of soil disturbance and new road/track development where possible;
Coordinating construction activities over summer (where practicable) when soils are dry and least
likely to facilitate the spread of the pathogen; and

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Minimising vehicular movement between any infected and uninfected areas, and/or closely monitoring
access to infected areas.
Management of Phytophthora cinnamomi will be in accordance with DPIW Interim Phytophthora
cinnamomi Management Guidelines (Rudman 2005).
G. Development of a Fire Management Strategy
A Fire Management Strategy will be developed and incorporated into the Vegetation Management Plan.
The strategy will need to take into consideration the regenerative requirements of species and set
achievable targets for fire regimes within the study area. Fire regimes should be designed to maintain
biodiversity, while serving the dual purpose of asset protection. Fire regimes should also be designed to
minimise the encroachment of shrubs and trees onto remnant grasslands. The Fire Management
Strategy should accommodate the needs of all species, including threatened flora species.
H. Minimising the width of firebreaks
Negative impacts on retained native vegetation will be minimised if firebreaks are kept to the minimum
required width and the break consists of slashed native vegetation, rather than an earthen firebreak. The
location and extent of firebreaks should also take into consideration the location of threatened species
and EVCs. The minimisation of firebreak width is a measure that is likely to reduce the effect of habitat
fragmentation, albeit in a small manner compared to the overall impact of the pulp mill.
I. Maintenance of native herbivore grazing regimes
Native herbivores will be allowed to continue grazing in retained vegetation. This will help to maintain an
open grass sward and high species diversity within the conservation significant native grassland
remnants that are scattered throughout the study area.
J. Rehabilitation of disturbed areas
Any revegetation/landscaping of temporarily disturbed areas should be undertaken using locally

indigenous species appropriate to the position in the landscape. Detailed rehabilitation measures will be
outlined in the Environmental Management Plan.
K. Timing of construction activities
The likelihood of impacts upon ecological values can be reduced through appropriate timing of
construction activities.
L. Development of an Environmental Management Plan
An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) will be developed prior to the construction phase. The EMP
will incorporate the recommendations made within this report. The EMP will also include dust
suppression measures to minimise the impact of dust upon plant growth and reproduction.
A summary of the likelihood and consequence of occurrence for each potential impact, together with the
significance of the impact, is outlined in Table 74. A range of potential management measures to

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
minimise the impact are also provided in this table, and an overall cost-benefit rating has been
determined, assuming that all management measures will be implemented.
Offsets and Reserves
Offsets are planned to compensate for the proposed loss of 3.2 ha of Allocasuarina littoralis forest
(NAL), which is a State threatened forest community. Gunns has committed to reserve and covenant (on
title) NAL from within the Gunns estate in the north-east region of Tasmania, as close as practical to the
pulp mill site. A total of three times the area proposed to be cleared (i.e. 9.6 ha) will be set aside as an
offset. This could then potentially be incorporated into the statewide reserve system.
In addition, Gunns have established a network of reserves at the pulp mill site, which incorporates
approximately 150 ha of native vegetation within the mill site itself and in adjoining areas. The reserve
network captures a range of vegetation communities across this site, including threatened species
localities and maintains landscape values and habitat connectivity. The area of reserve is shown in figure

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
492000 492500 493000 493500 494000 494500
Bell Bay Pulp Mill

0 0.1
/
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Kilometers
1:10,000
5445000
5445000
EA
S T
TA
M
AR
H IG
HW
5444500
5444500
AY
5444000
5444000
BE
LL
BA
Y
LI
N E
_
^
LAUNCESTON
5443500
5443500
HOBART
BE L L B
A Y LIN
FIGURE 4-23
E
PROPOSED
492000 492500 493000 493500 494000 494500
Legend
RESERVE
Date: 16/06/06
Zone 55, GDA94 Effluent Pipeline Roads Mill Layout
Source: Base data sourced from CData 2001and LIST- Water Supply Pipeline Extent of Works
AREAS
by Gunns Pty Ltd River Major Arterial Road Proposed Reserve Areas
fig4_23_proposed_res_areas.mxd Railway Arterial Road
Access Road
Table 74: Summary of potential flora-related impacts and management measures, including the overall cost/benefit rating if
management measures are fully implemented, pulp mill
Impact Description of nature and extent of Likelihood Consequence Significance Proposed Overall
impact of impact of impact of impact mitigation significance
of impact
1. Native vegetation loss Potential loss of small areas of GRP near Unlikely Substantial High * A, B, C Insignificant
(threatened EVCs) edge of works footprint impact
Loss of 3.2 ha of NAL (this represents c. Almost Substantial Very high A, B, C Major negative
6.1% of NAL in the bioregion and c. 0.2% certain impact
of NAL in Tasmania1)
Loss of <0.1 ha of NNP (this represents c. Likely Substantial Very high A, B, C Moderate
0.2% of NNP in the bioregion and c. 0.1% negative
of NNP in Tasmania1) impact
Potential loss of small area of SRI near Unlikely Substantial High * A, B, C Insignificant
edge of works footprint impact
2. Native vegetation loss Loss of 74.7 ha of non-threatened EVCs Almost Substantial Very high A, B, C, J Major negative
(general) certain impact
Potential loss of species richness in local Unlikely Minor Low A, B, C, J Insignificant

area impact
Establishment of firebreaks loss of at Likely Minor Moderate A, G, H Moderate

least 2 ha of native vegetation negative
impact
3. Fragmentation of native Potential increased barrier to seed Almost Minimal Moderate A, B, J Minor negative
vegetation dispersal and subsequent loss of long- certain impact
term genetic fitness in certain species
Increased edge effect greater likelihood Likely Moderate High A, E Moderate

of weed invasion negative
impact

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
of impact
4. Loss or damage to a Potential loss of unrecorded species due Highly Major Moderate # A, B, C, D Moderate
population of a nationally to vegetation clearing unlikely negative
significant flora species impact
5. Loss or damage to a Loss of c. 46,200 individuals of Aphelia Almost Major Very high A, B, C, D Moderate
population of a State pumilio (c. 28% of total population within certain negative
significant flora species pulp mill) impact / Major
negative
impact
Potential loss of <10 individuals of Highly Minor Low * A, B, C, D Insignificant

Arthropodium strictum (100% of total unlikely impact
population within pulp mill)
Potential loss of unknown number of Unlikely Minor Low A, B, C, D Insignificant

individuals of Eryngium ovinum (unknown impact
proportion of total population within pulp
mill)
Loss of c. 1 740 individuals of Hypoxis Almost Major Very high A, B, C, D Moderate

vaginata var. brevistigmata (c. 10% of total certain negative
population within pulp mill) impact / Major
negative
impact
Potential loss of <10 individuals of Juncus Likely Minor Moderate A, B, C, D Insignificant

amabilis (100% of total population within impact
pulp mill)
Loss of c. 240 individuals of Lepidosperma Almost Minor High A, B, C, D Moderate

viscidum (c. 0.8% of total population within certain negative
pulp mill) impact
Loss of c. 1 980 individuals of Pimelea Almost Major Very high A, B, C, D Moderate

flava subsp. flava (14% of total population certain negative
within pulp mill) impact

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
of impact
Potential loss of 1 individual of Spyridium Possible Minor Moderate * A, B, C, D Insignificant

parvifolium var. parvifolium (100% of total impact
Potential loss of up to 11 400 individuals of Highly Minor Low * A, B, C, D Insignificant

Stylidium despectum (100% of total unlikely impact
Potential loss of up to 10 individuals of Highly Minor Low * A, B, C, D Insignificant

Tricoryne elatior (100% of total population unlikely impact
within pulp mill)
Potential loss of up to 100 individuals of Unlikely Minor Low * A, B, C, D Insignificant

Veronica plebeia (100% of total population impact
within pulp mill)
6. Introduction of Potential for introduction of environmental Likely Minor Moderate E Moderate

environmental weeds weeds via machinery and colonisation of negative
bare surfaces impact
7. Spread of existing Potential for spread of environmental Possible Minor Moderate E Moderate
environmental weeds weeds via machinery negative
impact
8. Introduction and spread Potential for introduction of Phytophthora Possible Substantial Very high F Insignificant
of Phytophthora cinnamomi via infected machinery impact
Potential for spread of existing infestation Unlikely Substantial High F Insignificant

of Phytophthora via infected machinery impact
and alteration to site hydrology
9. Altered fire regimes Potential localised species extinctions if Unlikely Minor Low G Insignificant
fire frequencies are too high impact
10. Altered grazing regimes Potential exclusion of sensitive Unlikely Minor Low I Insignificant
herbaceous species (including threatened impact
species) if native herbivore grazing is
removed

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
of impact
11. Erosion and/or Potential damage to retained vegetation Possible Minor Moderate K, L Insignificant
sedimentation through removal of habitat by soil erosion impact
Potential damage to retained vegetation Possible Minor Moderate K, L Insignificant

by sedimentation of waterways impact
12. Altered surface runoff Potential damage to retained vegetation Possible Minor Moderate L Insignificant
into waterways by chemical spills, pollution, etc impact
13. Inhibition of plant Potential short-term impact resulting in Possible Minor Moderate L Minor negative
photosynthesis and reduced growth and seed output in certain impact
reproductive capability due species
to dust
14. Emissions Potential long-term impact on species Unlikely Minor Low L Insignificant
growth and reproduction impact
15. Altered hydrology Potential long-term impact on community Possible Minimal Low None Minor negative
structure and composition available impact
* Impact will not occur given current works footprint, but may occur if development strays outside this footprint
#
Impact dependent upon presence of threatened species, which has not been found during intensive surveys
1
Based on TASVEG 1.0 data provided by Sib Corbett (DPIW). It should be noted that bioregional and statewide extent of non-forest EVCs given here is usually a significant
underestimate of the actual extent, owing to the scale at which TASVEG mapping has been undertaken (1:25 000). This mapping scale effectively excludes many highly
localised non-forest EVCs (particularly ephemeral wetlands) from being mapped at a scale of 1:25 000, consequently resulting in an underestimate of total extent.
GRP Rockplate Grassland
NAL Allocasuarina littoralis forest
NNP Notelaea Pomaderris Beyeria forest
SRI Riparian scrub

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
The pulp mill site is considered of state significance in relation to existing vegetation, although the Draft
IIS recognises that similar survey effort elsewhere in the region will also likely identify similar species
diversity and richness. Key impacts from the construction of the pulp mill will include:
The loss of 2.7 hectares of threatened native vegetation;
The direct loss of 60.1 hectares of non-threatened native vegetation communities;
Direct impact on six State significant flora species; and
The potential spread of existing and introduced environmental weeds into an area with low weed
levels.
A combination of management measures including a Vegetation Management Plan have been included
as part of an overall Construction EMP. Gunns have created an on-site reserve to preserve
approximately 150 hectares of native vegetation and have committed to identify offsets on their existing
estate to compensate for the proposed loss of 3.2 ha of the threatened Allocasuarina littoralis forest.
A summary of potential impacts, management measures to minimise the impact and a cost/benefit
rating related to reserves and protected areas is provided below.
Table 75: Summary of potential impact rating and management measures terrestrial flora
Potential Impact Potential Proposed Management Overall Rating

Impact Management Impact
Rating
Terrestrial Flora
Loss and fragmentation of Major Minimise disturbance Minor positive Moderate

native vegetation negative and preparation of impact negative impact
impact Vegetation
Management Plan
Major Offsets of 3.2 ha of Moderate Minor negative

negative Allocasuarina littoralis positive impact impact
impact forest
Major Establish a 150 ha Moderate Minor negative

negative network of reserves at positive impact impact
impact the pulp mill site
Major Rehabilitation of Minor positive Moderate

negative disturbed areas impact negative impact
impact including retention of
seed bank
Loss or damage to Major Minimise disturbance Minor positive Moderate

significant flora species negative and preparation of impact negative impact
impact Vegetation
Management Plan

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Potential Impact Potential Proposed Management Overall Rating
Impact Management Impact
Rating
Major Rehabilitation of Minor positive Moderate

negative disturbed areas impact negative impact
impact including retention of
seed bank
Spread and/or introduction Moderate Weed management Minor positive Minor negative
of weeds, pests and negative strategy and impact impact
pathogens impact
Introduction and spread of Moderate DPIW Interim Moderate Insignificant

Phytophthora cinnamomi negative Phytophthora positive impact impact
impact cinnamomi
Management
Guidelines
Alteration to fire and grazing Minor Fire management Minor positive Insignificant
regimes negative strategy and minimise impact impact
impact disruption of native
herbivore grazing
Erosion and sediment Minor Construction EMP Minor positive Insignificant

negative impact impact
impact
Impacts from dust and Minor Construction EMP Insignificant Minor negative
emissions negative impact impact
impact
Altered hydrology Minor Construction EMP Insignificant Minor negative

impact
Overall, based on the management strategies identified and the conservative nature of impact
assessment applied, the impact of construction and operation of the pulp mill is considered to be
moderate.
4.10 Terrestrial Fauna

Potential impacts on fauna of the pulp mill and wharf facility are discussed in this section. The five
infrastructure components have been assessed collectively due to the close proximity and links of fauna
habitat.
A range of potential direct and indirect impacts are relevant to the construction and ongoing operation of
the pulp mill. These impacts may be direct or indirect, adverse or beneficial, short or long term,
temporary or irreversible. Impacts on fauna at the pulp mill site are assessed below based on the
proposed works footprint supplied by Gunns Limited. There are a variety of measures available to avoid,
minimise and offset potential impacts. These measures are outlined in this chapter. Refer to Section
2.10 for the level of impact, consequence and likelihood matrix and cost benefit assessments.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
4.10.1 Impacts
A total of 12 potential ecological impacts have been identified in relation to this section of the project.
These impacts are described below.
1. Habitat loss (loss of native vegetation) - general

Species Strategy 2000. The majority of the Bell Bay site is dominated by Woodland. The construction
of the pulp mill, wharf, quarry, water storage and landfill facilities will result in the clearance of at least
87.6 ha of woodland habitat, which is considered to represent moderate to high habitat values for
native fauna, and a small amount of coastal marshland and sedgeland (0.2. ha), also considered to
represent moderate to high habitat. A small amount of drainage line habitat (1.4 ha), and native
grassland (0.52 ha) will also be impacted. It should be noted that similar habitat and vegetation
communities are present within adjacent sections of the study area.
Habitat loss through vegetation clearance is considered to constitute both a short term and long term
impact. In the short term, the disturbance to some fauna will be severe, with direct loss of nest/den
sites, forage resources, home ranges and territories. In the long term, the loss of these habitat features
translates to an impact, through the loss of breeding and foraging resources. This would result in a
reduction in the local carrying capacity for many species, and therefore potential changes in species
richness and diversity and community composition.
2. Habitat fragmentation
The Bell Bay Site is already substantially fragmented via clearing or slashing of native vegetation for the
HEC transmission line easement, firebreaks, roads, tracks, gas pipeline and a railway. Construction of
the pulp mill and associated infrastructure would further fragment the landscape. The mill facilities area
has undergone a high level of fragmentation in the past, via clearing or slashing of native vegetation for
the establishment of firebreaks and tracks. Development of this area would directly increase the level of
fragmentation within the local landscape.
Clearing for construction of the pulp mill and mill facilities would further fragment the landscape, and the
built infrastructure may create substantial barriers to fauna movement. Negative consequences
attributable to fragmentation are both diverse and well studied, with numerous examples in the scientific
literature of forests bordering anthropogenically modified habitats (Holway, 2005). Such edge effects
can physically degrade habitat, endanger resident biota, and reduce the functional size of natural areas.
Predator or invasive species densities may become elevated (Holway, 2005) and predators may
concentrate their hunting activities near edges (Krebs, 1994). A number of cats were seen on the Bell
Bay pulp mill site during field surveys. Feral cats affect native species by predation, competition with
native predators such as Tasmanian devils and quolls, and by acting as a reservoir for diseases or
parasites likely to affect susceptible native species.
In less mobile species (e.g. lizards and other small ground-dwelling species) fragmentation may
indirectly create allopathic populations and have long-term deleterious effects on genetic flow, through
inbreeding depression.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
3. Loss of or damage to the habitat of native species general
Clearance of native vegetation and subsequent earthworks at the Bell Bay Site is likely to result in short
and long-term local reduction in species richness through the emigration of mobile species away from
the construction areas. It may also result in localised extinction of smaller, less motile species, such as
some species of invertebrate, due to direct injury or death during construction or indirect impacts such
as habitat loss and reduced resources. Habitat loss may also impact on bird species through reduction
in nesting sites such as hollows and branches of mature trees and reduction in prey species through
loss of ground-dwelling species habitat.
4. Loss of or damage to threatened fauna species

The fauna assessment identified nine fauna species listed at a Commonwealth and State level as
threatened that have been previously recorded or predicted to occur at the Bell Bay Site. These species
are highly mobile species of mammals and birds.
It is expected that the proposed works will constitute a moderate impact upon some of these species.
The likelihood of these species being present in this section of the study area and any potential impact
upon these species is discussed in Appendix 30, Volume 13. Overall it is expected that the greatest
impacts to these species will be from clearance of native vegetation and resultant fragmentation, as well
as long-term disruption from construction and operational activities through noise, air pollution,
vibrations and artificial lighting.
5. Loss of or damage to conservation significant fauna species

Eighteen fauna species considered to have conservation significance have been identified or are
predicted to occur in this section of the study area.
Eighteen fauna species considered to be of conservation significance in Tasmania have been identified
or predicted to occur at the Bell Bay Site. Thirteen species have been recorded within this section of the
study area, with another five predicted to occur. These species are listed in Table 15. The likelihood of
these species being present in this section of the study site and any potential impact upon these
species is discussed in Appendix 30, Volume 13. It is expected that the most significant impact to these
species would be the short and long-term impacts as a result of habitat loss and fragmentation from
vegetation clearance.
6. Loss of or damage to migratory species

An additional nine migratory bird species have been identified in this section of the project area. The
proposed works will result in a loss of habitat for these species, and the impact on these birds are
discussed further in Section 5.5 of Appendix 30, Volume 13.
7. Altered fire regimes

Fire regimes (season, intensity, frequency, extent) can have a considerable effect on vegetation
community structure, species richness and species composition (Keith 1996), and in turn, habitat
characteristics for fauna. Fire can also have immediate impacts on individuals and populations through
direct mortality.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
The most likely fire-related impact arising from construction of the pulp mill involves a potentially higher
frequency/low intensity fuel reduction burning program associated with protection of mill infrastructure.
However, this is expected to have a minor impact on habitat values, owing to the relatively high fire
frequency already encountered at the site.
8. Erosion and/or sedimentation
Short term
Some of the soils within the area are highly erodible, particularly the podsolic soils on dolerite and soils
associated with windblown sand deposits. Considerable evidence for soil erosion occurs along tracks
adjacent to the Hydro-Electric Commission (HEC) transmission lines. The construction of the
infrastructure may result in an increase in on-site erosion, with a corresponding increase in levels of
sedimentation. In the absence of mitigation measures, increased erosion may damage or destroy
localised areas of retained habitat (on- and off-site), while sedimentation may have a deleterious effect
on aquatic, semi-aquatic and riparian fauna, refer to Section 4.6.1.
9. Altered surface water runoff and quality into wetlands and waterways
Short term
Following rainfall events, surface water runoff may be altered into waterways flowing through the site. In
the absence of any mitigation measures, any such runoff may collect chemicals/pollutants spilled at the
site during the construction phase (e.g. vehicle oil leaks and fuel spills). Any such polluted run-off would
have the potential to result in deleterious impacts upon aquatic, semi-aquatic and riparian indigenous
fauna. Please note that runoff and pollution control issues are discussed in Volume 4 of the IIS.
Long term
Construction of buildings, parking lots and other infrastructure may result in changes to the sites
hydrology, with more rapid runoff occurring from hard surfaces. In the absence of suitable mitigation
measures, this may slightly increase the high flow volume in the lower reaches of waterways flowing
through the site during rainfall events, subsequently increasing the risk of flood damage to riparian and
aquatic habitats and communities. In addition, earthworks associated with construction (e.g. large
amount of cut into hillsides to create flat surfaces) may facilitate localised changes to the groundwater
table, which may subsequently influence habitat features and community structure and composition,
refer to Section 4.6.1.
10. Changes in noise levels

Levels of noise which will be generated during the construction and operational phases of the mill and
related infrastructure is discussed in Appendix 18, Volume 9 (Proposed Bleached Kraft Pulp Mill in
Northern Tasmania Kraft Pulp Mill - Noise Assessment).
Information on potential impacts of noise on fauna is very limited. A literature review was undertaken to
gain a greater understanding of potential impacts on fauna that may result from construction and
operation activities associated with the pulp mill. A detailed review of potential noise impacts on fauna is
provided in Appendix 30, Volume 13.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Short term
Construction vehicles, equipment and activities have potential to create a noise in the study area and
immediate surrounds. Noise can impact fauna by impeding communication, masking the sounds of
predators and increasing stress, and in the extreme case cause hearing loss (Environment Australia,
1998). Impacts vary between species and individuals. Behavioural changes caused by noise may alter
survival and reproduction due to relocation from favourable habitat at the noise source, and change in
time spent feeding (especially for nocturnal species) resulting in potential energy depletion (Larkin,
1996). However, the nature of the study area and region surrounding is such that if noise disturbance
causes relocation, there is surrounding habitat of similar character, however, it is expected that some
individuals may suffer mortality due to competition for home ranges/territories.
The impact of noise is considered to mainly affect any locally nesting and breeding animals. The
introduction of new noise and other disturbances have potential to result in nest abandonment (e.g.
wedge-tailed eagle and masked owl). No confirmed nest sites are known for the masked owl, however
the flushing of a masked owl during botanical surveys and a recording of an individual in George Town
(sighting by DPIWE Wildlife Biologist, Nick Mooney in the George town area in 1995), may warrant
further investigation before extent of impact to this species can be accurately accessed. A wedge-tailed
eagle nest is known, but is located around 900 metres east of the boundary of the landfill site and is out
of line of sight, being located on the other side of a significant ridge and well down in a gully. As such,
this is beyond the distance considered to disturb breeding birds and the impact on the nest and any
resident wedge-tailed eagle individuals is expected to be minimal.
Long term
The pulp mill at Bell Bay will operate 24 hrs a day, all year round with noise levels expected to radiate to
some degree from the footprint. The impact of constant noise to fauna is relatively unstudied. For the
proposed works it is difficult to quantify the impact of long-term noise impact on resident fauna. Given
that many of the species in the area are relatively mobile, have reasonably sized home ranges and
other areas of suitable habitat are nearby, it is likely that some animals could relocate, however, it is
expected that some individuals may suffer mortality due to competition for home ranges/territories. It is
expected that some species would become habituated to the noise levels. Anecdotal evidence from
species observations around the existing woodchip mills (directly adjacent to the Bell Bay pulp mill site
and a more significant noise source (refer noise assessment in Volume 2 of the Draft IIS) suggests that
many species will habituate. A large range of mammal, bird and reptile species were observed within
the woodchip mill site throughout 2005.
It is expected that the construction and operation of the pulp mill will cause impact to fauna, but these
impacts will vary in degree and type of response. The most likely short-term impact is to reduce the
species richness of the area through emigration of mobile species away from the noise sources, with a
possible long-term reduction in numbers of some species at the site.
11. Changes in light levels

Light pollution impacts associated with the operation of the mill are related to the continuous (24 hour
operation) light source of the facility. The presence of artificial lighting throughout the night is expected
to have a negative impact on nocturnal and crepuscular fauna in the immediate vicinity of the site.
Research has demonstrated that artificial lighting has the potential to reduce evening activity levels for

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
predator (and prey) species (Grigione & Mrykalo; 2004). Predators will often focus effort on areas of
denser vegetation in the lit zone, potentially expending greater effort for reduced success. Rodent
species have been found to abandon forage resources that are regularly lit throughout the night, and
overall forage success for all species has been observed to be reduced (Bird, Branch & Miller; 2004).
Pairing and mating success has also been observed to reduce where smaller birds live in the lit zone
(Spellerberg; 1998).
Short term
In the short term (in the absence of mitigation measures), it is expected most nocturnal and crepuscular
species would abandon lit habitat areas, with a consequent reduction in the habitat and hence
population carrying capacities in the locale. Hunting success for predators that utilise the lit areas could
be expected to decline. The overall effect is likely to be reduction in the area of local habitat available for
some species, notably rodents, birds and predator species.
Long term
In the long term, reduced habitat availability is likely to result in reduced populations of some species,
generally mammal and some birds, with a resulting decline in species diversity for the area. The
majority of habitat modification from lighting will result from buildings and infrastructure, however other
sources, such as road lighting and street signs may serve to increase the area of impact.
12. Changes in air quality
Short term
Depending on winds and weather conditions, there is potential for generation of large amounts of dust.
In addition, large volumes of traffic (particularly heavy machinery) are likely to use temporary gravel and
dirt roads at the site, also facilitating dust generation. In the absence of mitigation measures, this has
the potential to directly affect resident fauna by reducing the amenity of habitat affected by dust fall.
Dust has also been shown to deleteriously affect the physiological process of plants, blocking stomata
and slowing growth (Spellerberg; 1998). This may result in a direct effect on the carrying capacity of
dust-affected areas.
Long term
As a result of pulp mill operations it is estimated that very low levels of air pollutants such as sulphur
dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) would be emitted into the surrounding air shed (Volume 2 of
the Draft IIS). These levels are estimated to be a very small percentage of the existing background air
pollution created by heavy industry within the local area (T. Pollock, GHD pers. comm.). As such, no net
increase in deleterious elements is expected, hence it is considered unlikely that the effects of changes
to the local air quality on local fauna would result in a long-term impact of high significance.
A number of mitigation measures can be undertaken to minimise the impact of the proposed
development. The avoidance and/or minimisation of impacts should be an overarching principle for the

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
entire pulp mill project, irrespective of the conservation significance or the ecological sensitivity of a
given site.
An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) will be developed prior to the construction phase. The EMP
will incorporate the following measures.
A. Minimising or altering the footprint of disturbance

Species Strategy 2000. Therefore, every effort will be made to avoid and/or minimise the clearance to
the smallest area possible to facilitate construction, particularly the habitat types rated of high value for
native species (Woodland). Roads will be situated along existing tracks wherever possible.
The significance of the footprint of disturbance could be modified and/or minimised by micro-siting roads
and other infrastructure to avoid or minimise damage.
B. Avoiding accidental loss or damage to habitat

Clearance of native vegetation will require a certified Forest Practices Plan, which will identify the area
to be cleared. These areas will be clearly identifiable on-site prior to operations commencing and
maintained accordingly, in order to avoid any inadvertent damage to vegetation to be retained.
C. Development of a Fauna Management Plan to mitigate against loss of or damage to

significant species
A Fauna Management Plan will be developed prior to the construction phase, or the least, fauna
mitigation measures should be included as part of the Vegetation Management Plan. The plan will
outline measures to protect ground dwelling and hollow nesting/denning species that would be
vulnerable to damage through clearing activities.
D. Minimisation of light emissions from the pulp mill facility

As the mill will operate 24 hours a day, suitable light shades will be installed on light sources at
locations will impact upon nocturnal and crepuscular species in adjacent areas of intact habitat (i.e. in
areas adjacent to retained native vegetation). In these locations, the lowest level of lighting acceptable
to undertake necessary activities will be used (i.e. ensure lights are not shone directly into wooded
areas, use of light shields to minimise light pollution in to adjacent vegetation, use lowest wattage
illumination possible and avoid unnecessary lighting along roads, or illumination of signs etc).
E. Minimising the introduction and spread of environmental weeds

To prevent changes in existing habitat from the establishment of new environmental weeds or the
spread of existing environmental weeds, a Weed Management Strategy will be developed and
incorporated in the Vegetation Management Plan (see flora report). The strategy will be developed prior
to construction and should include a specific program to monitor and control any weed invasions arising
from the proposed works. Any environmental weeds that establish following the works will be eradicated
as a matter of high priority. Vehicle wash-down points will be established to remove weed seeds from
mud and dirt attached to earth-moving equipment.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
F. Development of a Fire Management Strategy
A Fire Management Strategy will be established and incorporated into the Vegetation Management
Plan. The strategy will need to take into consideration the regenerative requirements of plant species
(which provide habitat for fauna), the extent of fires, their frequency and timing, and set achievable
targets for fire regimes within the study area. Fire regimes will be designed to maintain biodiversity,
while serving the dual purpose of asset protection. Fire regimes will also be designed to minimise the
encroachment of shrubs and trees onto remnant native grasslands, hence maintaining these habitat
types.
G. Minimising the width of firebreaks

The degree of habitat fragmentation and edge effects will be minimised if firebreaks are kept to the
minimum required width, and the break consists of slashed native vegetation, rather than an earthen
firebreak.
H. Allowing fauna access to vegetated areas of the site

To minimise loss of available habitat, fauna will be allowed access to all vegetated areas of the site that
provide potential habitat. This should be accomplished through a fencing strategy surrounding the
infrastructure that provides vegetation corridors for fauna utilisation.
I. Rehabilitation of disturbed areas

Any revegetation/landscaping of temporarily disturbed areas will be undertaken using locally indigenous
species that will mature into an approximation of the extant habitat. It is suggested that compensatory
plantings to offset the losses of native habitats be considered, where practicable. Ideally these should
be focused on nearby locations to link isolated areas of native vegetation.
J. Timing of construction activities

The likelihood of impacts upon ecological values can be reduced through appropriate timing of
construction activities. August to February encompasses the breeding season for many of the
threatened species discussed in this report, effects on these species are likely to be reduced if the
majority of clearing and construction activities occur outside of these times.
K. Development of an Environmental Management Plan

An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) will be developed in consultation with relevant specialists
prior to the construction phase. The EMP will incorporate the recommendations made within this report.
Measures for the protection of aquatic habitat, the management of sediment and chemical control
procedures will be included to minimise the risk of damage to riparian and aquatic habitats.
L. Offsets and Reserves

Offsets are planned to compensate for the proposed loss of 3.2 ha of Allocasuarina littoralis forest
(NAL), 9.1 ha of Eucalyptus ovata (DOV) and 0.5 ha of Melaleuca ericifolia (NME) which are State listed
threatened forest communities (see flora report). Gunns have indicated a commitment to reserve and
covenant (on title) areas of NAL, DOV and NME from within the Gunns estate in the north-east region

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
of Tasmania, as close as practical to the Bell Bay pulp mill site. An area three times larger than the
proposed clearing (i.e. up to 4.8 ha of NME) will be set aside as an offset. This would then potentially be
incorporated into the state-wide reserve system.
Within this report, areas of Allocasuarina littoralis forest and Eucalyptus amygdalina forest' within the
Bell Bay site have been categorised as woodland. Melaleuca ericifolia swamp forest equates to the
habitat type drainage lines. In addition, Gunns are planning to establish a network of reserves
adjacent to the Bell Bay pulp mill site, which would incorporate approximately 150 ha of native
vegetation within the site itself and in adjoining areas. This proposed reserve has been designed to
capture a range of values within the site, including maintaining habitat connectivity for fauna across the
landscape.
A summary of the likelihood and consequence of occurrence for each potential impact, together with the
significance of the impact, is outlined in Table 76. A range of potential management measures to
minimise the impact are also provided in this table, and an overall cost-benefit rating has been
determined, assuming that all management measures will be implemented.
At this preliminary stage it is not possible to accurately quantify the benefits for fauna of provision of
these offset areas. However, it is reasonable to expect that positive benefits will accrue from protection
of large areas of habitat equivalent (at least in terms of vegetation structure) to those that will be
removed to facilitate the pulp mill project. To ensure that benefits for threatened fauna are maximised, a
number of habitat attributes will be taken into account, including:
Size and shape of the areas - for example, long linear shaped areas or several small areas will not
be as beneficial as one or few large block shaped holdings as they will encompass a greater range
of edge effects such as microclimate effects and predator incursion;
The landscape matrix into which the vegetation holdings are embedded - for example, offsets placed
within other tracts of native vegetation will have greater habitat values than discrete areas embedded
within agricultural lands; and
The presence of populations of threatened species - for example, habitat conserved should contain,
or have the potential to contain (based on climatic, altitudinal and other biogeographical attributes),
the same or similar suite of species found within the study area.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 76: Summary of potential fauna-related impacts and management measures, including the overall cost/benefit rating if management
measures are fully implemented, Bell Bay
Impact Description of nature Likelihood of Consequence of Significance of Proposed Cost/benefit rating

and extent of impact impact impact impact mitigation
1. Habitat loss (loss of native Loss of 87.6 ha Almost certain Moderate Very High A, B, L Moderate negative
vegetation) general Woodland habitat impact
(moderate to high
habitat value)
Loss of 0.52 ha of Almost certain Minor High A, B, L Minor negative
native grassland habitat impact
(moderate to high
habitat value)
Loss of 0.2 ha of Almost certain Moderate High A, B, L Minor negative
coastal marshland and impact
sedgelands (low to
moderate habitat value)
Loss of 1.4 ha of Almost certain Minor High A, B, L Minor negative
drainage line habitat impact
(moderate habitat
value)
Loss of 0.27 ha of rock Almost certain Minimal Moderate A, B, L Minor negative
habitat (low habitat impact
value)
2. Habitat Fragmentation Potential increased Likely Moderate High A, B, G, H, L Minor negative
barrier to fauna impact
movement
Establishment of Likely Minor Moderate A, B, F Minor negative
firebreaks loss of at impact
least 2 ha of native
vegetation habitat

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 318
Increased edge effects Likely Minor Moderate E, G Minor negative
leading to habitat impact
degradation, fauna
endangerment (i.e.
predator access) and
reduction in functional
size of the habitat area)
3. Loss or damage to the Loss of native species Likely Moderate High A, B, C, L Moderate negative
habitat of native species - individuals or impact
general populations due to loss
of breeding territory,
home range, forage
resource etc. through
clearing
Loss of native species Unlikely - Likely 14 Moderate Low-High C Insignificant impact to
individuals due to moderate negative
construction activities impact
and earthworks
4. Loss or damage to Loss of threatened Likely Major Very High A, B, C, J Major negative
threatened fauna species species individuals or impact
populations due to loss
home range, forage
clearing
Loss of threatened Unlikely Major Low-High C, J Insignificant impact to
species individuals due Moderate negative
to construction activities impact
and earthworks
14
The likelihood of this impact will depend on the species present and construction methods used. Birds and larger mammals would be expected to avoid construction areas easily
however other less mobile species classes such as reptiles and amphibians are potentially at a greater risk of direct mortality or injury.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 319
5. Loss or damage to Loss of conservation Likely Major Very High A, B, C Major negative
conservation significant fauna significant individuals or impact
species populations due to loss
home range, forage
clearing of habitat
Loss of conservation Unlikely - Likely Major Low- Very High C, J Insignificant impact to
significant individuals Moderate negative
due to construction impact
activities and
earthworks
6. Loss or damage to Loss of migratory Unlikely Major High A, B, C, J Minor negative
migratory species species or populations impact
due to loss of breeding
territory, home range,
forage resource etc.
through clearing
Loss of migratory Unlikely Major High C Insignificant impact
species individuals due
to construction activities
and earthworks
7. Altered fire regimes Potential change to Unlikely Moderate Moderate E, F Insignificant impact
habitat value due to
changes in fire regimes
8. Erosion and/or Potential degradation of Possible Minor Moderate I, K Insignificant impact
sedimentation retained habitat by
sedimentation of
waterways (i.e.
degradation of aquatic
and riparian habitat)

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 320
Potential degradation to Possible Minor Moderate I, K Insignificant impact
retained habitat through
removal of habitat by
soil erosion
9. Altered surface water runoff Loss or degradation of Possible Minor Moderate K Insignificant impact
and quality into waterways aquatic, semi-aquatic
and riparian habitat by
chemical spills, pollution
etc.
Long term modification Possible Minor-Moderate Moderate I, K Insignificant impact
of aquatic, semi-aquatic
and riparian habitats by
changes in flow regimes
due to infrastructure
introduction
10. Changes in noise levels Loss or reduction in Likely Moderate High J, K Moderate negative
reproduction of species impact
due to behavioural
changes caused by
changes in noise levels
11. Changes in light levels Loss or reduction in Likely Minor Moderate D, K Minor negative
reproduction of species impact
due to behavioural
changes caused by
changes in light levels
12. Changes in air quality Potential short-term Likely Minor Moderate K Minor negative
impact on resident impact
fauna resulting in
changes in forage
resource for some
species due to dust
generation

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 321
Potential long-term Unlikely Moderate High K Insignificant impact
impact on species
growth and reproduction
due to gaseous
emissions from the
infrastructure

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 322
The impacts associated with the Bell Bay section of the study area will require greater mitigation
efforts to ameliorate impacts than other sections of the project, given the large amount of habitat
(around 95 ha) proposed to be cleared. Provision of protection for remaining habitat, provision of
protected areas (offsets) and rehabilitation of degraded areas are considered to be the best
mitigation options. Further investigation into the importance of the Bell Bay area for the masked
owl as a breeding and foraging habitat is also recommended and should be detailed as part of the
Fauna Management Plan.
Although the threats posed to threatened and conservation significant species are mainly
considered likely to impact upon individuals, rather than populations, it is difficult to predict what
the long term effects of habitat loss in the region may be and it is expected that habitat loss may
pose a threat to the viability of some local populations in the study area in the long term.
Overall, the proposed works at Bell Bay are considered to constitute localised irreversible
harm. Provided mitigation measures are enacted, the works will represent a moderate impact
at the regional level (within 5 km of the proposed works).
A combination of management measures including a Fauna Management Plan, as part of an

overall Construction EMP, have been recommended. Gunns also propose to create an on-site
reserve to preserve approximately 150 hectares of the site. Timing of construction activities to
minimise sensitive breeding or migratory periods will be detailed in the EMP.
A summary of potential impacts, management measures to minimise the impact and a

cost/benefit rating related to reserves and protected areas is provided below.
Table 77: Summary of potential impact rating and management measures terrestrial
fauna
Potential Impact Potential Proposed Management Overall

Impact Management Impact Rating
Rating
Terrestrial Fauna
Habitat loss Major Minimise disturbance, Minor positive Moderate

negative offsets and preparation impact negative
impact of Fauna Management impact
Plan
Habitat fragmentation Minor Fire management Insignificant Minor

negative strategy impact negative
impact impact
Loss or damage to fauna Major Minimise disturbance Minor positive Moderate

species negative and preparation of impact negative
impact Fauna Management impact
Plan

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Potential Impact Potential Proposed Management Overall
Impact Management Impact Rating
Rating
Major Timing of construction Minor positive Moderate

negative activities impact negative
impact impact
Alteration to fire regimes Minor Fire management Minor positive Insignificant

negative strategy and minimise impact impact
impact disruption of native
herbivore grazing
Erosion and sediment Minor Construction EMP Minor positive Insignificant

impact
Impacts from dust, light, Minor Construction EMP Insignificant Minor

noise and emissions negative impact negative
impact impact
Altered hydrology Minor Construction EMP Minor positive Insignificant

impact
Overall, given the management strategies identified, potential impacts on fauna from the
construction and operation of the pulp mill are considered to be moderate.
4.11 Reserves and Protected Areas

The pulp mill footprint will directly impact on approximately 98 hectares of the Long Reach
Private Sanctuary, formerly known as the Four Mile Creek Private Sanctuary, which forms part of
the National Estate.
The site was registered on 21 October 1980. The statement of significance of the site states:
Four Mile Creek Environmental Sanctuary has low environmental significance nationally
and regionally. It is of possible local significance as a remnant of native vegetation in a
modified landscape. The place is assessed as no longer reaching threshold for National
Estate listing.
It is possible that Indigenous cultural values of National Estate significance may exist in this
place. As yet, the Australian Heritage Commission has not identified, documented nor
assessed these values.
Official values are not listed for the site 15 .
15
http://www.deh.gov.au/ accessed 14/06/06

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
The construction and operation of the pulp mill is considered to impact on the environmental
significance of the site through loss of vegetation and fauna habitat (refer Sections 4.9 and 4.10.
No sites of significant indigenous cultural values have been identified on the site.
Based on the planning requirements discussed in Section 2.2, the area will become Crown land
under the Crown Lands Act 1976 once the wharf is constructed. Gunns will need to obtain a lease
from the Crown for that part of the wharf facility that is constructed below high watermark.
Management measures have been identified in the previous flora and fauna sections which will
reduce overall environmental impacts resulting from the project. Such measures will be
incorporated in the Construction EMP as detailed in Volume 4 of the Draft IIS.

cost/benefit rating related to reserves and protected areas is provided below.
Table 78: Summary of potential impact rating and management measures reserves and
protected areas
Potential Impact Potential Proposed Management Cost/

Impact Management Impact Benefit
Rating Rating
Reserves and Protected Areas
Impact on the values of the Minor Construction EMP Minor positive Minor
private reserve negative impact negative
impact impact
Minor Establish a 150 ha Minor positive Minor

negative network of reserves at impact negative
impact the pulp mill site impact
Overall, impacts on reserves and protected areas are considered to be minor.
4.12 Road and Rail Transport Infrastructure, Traffic and Access

Full details of the transport, traffic and access studies can be found in Appendix 43, Volume 15
(Transport and Traffic Impact Assessment).
4.12.1 Construction Phase
This section deals with the preliminary stages of the development of the pulp mill.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Workers Accommodation Facility Construction
In order to facilitate the construction of the pulp mill, the construction of a temporary workers
accommodation facility will be required. This accommodation facility will be ancillary to the pulp
mill, located away from the pulp mill site, in nearby George Town.
The temporary accommodation facility will cater for 800 construction workers during the
construction period of the pulp mill. Accommodation for the remaining workers will be addressed
by other, complementary, housing solutions. The workers accommodation facility will not be
required for this purpose once the pulp mill is operational. The site is shown in Figure 4-24.
East Tamar Highway
GEORGE TOWN
Proposed Workers
Accommodation
Facility
Figure 4-24 Proposed Workers Accommodation Facility Site (Source: LIST Database,
DPIW)
The accommodation capacity will only cater for persons that work on the pulp mill construction
site, and therefore it excludes families of workers. Workers accommodation facility residents will
commute to the pulp mill construction site via various means of transport in three shifts with
staggered start times 1 hour apart.
A separate traffic impact assessment was conducted for the workers accommodation facility (Pitt
and Sherry, 2006b). This report identified the following:
Workers will commute to the pulp mill construction site to work in 3 staggered, 10 hour shifts
starting at 5:00am, 6:00am and 7:00am;
There will be an even split of 267 people per shift;

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
50 crew vehicles will carry two people per vehicle between the workers accommodation facility
and the pulp mills construction site during each of the peak hours;
Four shuttle buses will transport the remaining 167 workers between the workers
accommodation facility and the pulp mills construction site during each peak hour; and
The crew vehicles and shuttle buses will operate between 5:00am - 6:00am, 6:00am - 7:00am
and 7:00am - 8:00am in the morning peak hours and between 4:00pm - 5:00pm, 5:00pm -
6:00pm and 6:00pm - 7:00pm during the afternoon peak hours.
Pulp Mill Construction Phase

The scale of the pulp mills construction necessitates a substantial number of resources over a
relatively lengthy timeframe. Information sourced from Jaakko Pyry (2006) indicates that the
construction will extend over a 26-month timeframe, and that peak construction activity occurs
after 18 months. The workforce requirements during the construction phase of the pulp mill are
provided in Figure 4-25. During this peak construction activity, it has been estimated that a
maximum of approximately 2,900 employees will be on-site at one time.
3000
2800
2600
2400
2200
2000
Manpower
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27
Months
Total Mechanical Piping

Electrical Instrumentation Civil
Figure 4-25 Construction Workforce Requirements (Source: Jaakko Pyry, 2006)

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
It is proposed that regular bus services and private motor vehicles will transport workers to the
site during the construction phase.
Construction Traffic Generation

The manpower required for the construction phase of the pulp mill must arrive and depart the site
utilising the road transport network. For the purposes of this report, it has been assumed that all
construction personnel arrive by vehicle. A combination of light and heavy vehicles are utilised to
transport personnel to the construction site. Peak construction activity associated with the pulp
mill occurs between months 12 and 22 as shown in Figure 4-25, a total timeframe of
approximately 10 months.
A number of assumptions have been made to estimate the future construction volumes and
distributions that will enter/ leave the site access during the morning, (7:00 8:00 AM) and
afternoon, (4:00 5:00 PM) peak hours.
Prediction of construction traffic and distribution can vary substantially from day to day as well as
over the duration of the construction timeframe, and information relating to the likely percentages
entering or leaving during a particular peak hour is difficult to predict.
In order to transport the personnel to the site during the peak period of construction phase, a
peak traffic generation of approximately 900 vehicles per day plus 40 buses per day has been
assumed. A major percentage of this construction traffic will enter or leave the site during the
respective morning and afternoon peak hours, with the remaining traffic entering or departing
outside these peak time periods.
For the purpose of this assessment it has been assumed that 40% of the construction traffic will
arrive from George Town, (entering the Tamar woodchip mill access from the northern approach
of East Tamar Highway) and 60% from Launceston, (and entering the Tamar Mill access from the
southern approach of East Tamar Highway). It is reasonable to assume that these same
proportions will depart during the afternoon peak hour. This assumption is based on the fact that
Launceston, having the much larger population, will still generate the highest volume of
construction traffic compared to George Town which is closer in distance but has a much lower
population. It is likely that George Town will provide residence for a reasonable proportion of the
construction workforce due to its proximity to the site.
It has also been assumed that 70% of the total daily construction vehicle generation enter the
Tamar woodchip mill access during the morning peak hour (7:00 8:00 AM) and 70% will depart
during the afternoon peak hour (4:00 5:00 PM). Considering that the buses will be primarily
used to ferry workers, it is assumed that 90% of all bus traffic will enter/ leave within the
respective peak hours.
These assumptions are considered a worst case scenario for construction traffic, as it assumes
that a high percentage of the construction workforce will enter or leave within the same peak
hour. It is likely that construction hours will vary between trades, therefore having an effect on the

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
traffic generation across the day. Construction related deliveries will also account for a
reasonable proportion of traffic generation outside the general peak hours.
The site construction traffic will interact with traffic in the surrounding road network. Traffic
volumes for the East Tamar Highway were therefore obtained from DIER near the existing Tamar
Mill access. DIER has estimated that a 1.9% compound growth rate has occurred over an 18-
year period on this section of the East Tamar Highway. This growth factor has been applied to
the 2004 traffic volumes of East Tamar Highway to predict likely future traffic volumes during the
peak construction activity of the pulp mill (being the year 2009).
During the construction phase, log trucks will continue to access the Tamar Mill access for the
ongoing operation of the existing woodchip mill. The truck generation associated with this
component of the pulp mill during the construction phase have been assumed from the Control
Strategy under the Startup timeframe.
To determine the impact of truck movements from the ongoing operation of the woodchip mill
during the construction phase, existing timber delivery data was sourced from Gunns. This is
shown in Table 79, providing the percentages of laden log trucks arriving at the site over a typical
24 hour time period.
Table 79: Truck Movements by Time of Day
Time of day Percentage load delivered (log Percentage volume delivered

truck trips) (tonnes)
Midnight 6:00am 14% 14%
6:00am 12:00pm 41% 40%
12:00pm 6:00pm 40% 39%
6:00pm midnight 5% 6%
Total 100% 100%
During the period between 6:00AM 12:00pm a total of 41% of the daily log truck traffic enters
the site. It has been assumed that the spread of truck arrivals during this 6-hour period is
relatively constant, ensuring that the mill operates at a consistent rate. It is therefore assumed
that approximately 7% of the daily log truck traffic entering the site access will enter and leave
during the morning peak hour (being one-sixth of 41%). The same process was adopted for the
calculation of the afternoon peak hour truck movements.
The breakdown of log truck delivery wheelbase configurations was obtained from Gunns
weighbridge data from the Tamar woodchip mill. This is provided in Table 80.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 80: Log Truck Configuration Deliveries Breakdown
Truck Configuration Percentage delivery by mass Percentage delivery by truck

numbers
Tandem Trailer 0.5% 0.6%
Triaxle Trailer 57.2% 61.3%
Twin Steer 12.4% 12.5%
Mini B/ Quad Dog 20.8% 18.3%
B-double 9.2% 7.3%
It can be seen from Table 80 that the majority of timber deliveries arrive on triaxle trailer log
trucks, accounting for 57.2% of delivery by mass and 61.3% of deliveries by truck numbers. High
productivity vehicles account for 9.2% of the deliveries by mass and 7.3% of deliveries by truck
numbers.
There are a number of different strategies that can be utilised for the operation of the pulp mill by
utilising varying amounts of plantation and native resources, and combinations of rail and road
transport infrastructure. The supply of timber resources can also vary geographically over time,
which impacts on freight movements across the State. The freight task of the pulp mill has been
modelled under a number of resource strategies and transport modes over a thirteen year
timeframe.
External Site Construction Activities

The operation of the pulp mill requires infrastructure to be constructed external to the site to
enable its successful ongoing operation. The various construction activities external to the site
include the following:
Effluent pipeline construction;
Landfill;
Water reservoir construction;
Workers accommodation facility;
Construction of landfill site; and
Utilisation of quarry during construction period.
Effluent Pipeline Construction

An underground effluent pipeline is proposed as part of the design and operation of the pulp mill.
This pipeline and associated outfall is required to remove quantities of liquid effluent produced
during the pulping process; from sanitary sewage; surface run-off and potential spills at the pulp
mill site.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
The effluent pipeline will be approximately 23 kilometres long, 904 mm diameter, and will extend
from the pulp mill Effluent Treatment Plant to an outfall, approximately 3 km off-shore of Four mile
beach, on the northern coast of Tasmania.
The proposed effluent pipeline will follow a route similar to that of the existing Alinta Gas Pipeline
in an adjacent easement, but with extensions from the Bell Bay Power Station to the pulp mill and
a divergence on Cimitiere Plain to the outfall point off Four mile beach (Jaakko Pyry, 2006).
Most of the effluent pipeline will therefore follow the East Tamar Highway north from the pulp mill
site to George Town, where it will follow the Alinta easement across mostly agricultural land or
follow the established road reserves to Low Head and Four mile beach.
The effluent pipeline follows and crosses the East Tamar Highway near Donovans Bay (north of
the Bell Bay Power Station). The pipeline also crosses Bridport Road near the intersection with
the East Tamar Highway.
From the outskirts of George Town, and at a number of points along the East Tamar Highway,
the effluent pipeline follows or intersects roads within the local government road network up to
Four mile beach. These roads are maintained by the George Town Council and are listed below
in order of intersection with the pipeline, from the pulp mill site:
Bell Bay Road;
Main Road;
Mount George Road;
William Street;
Dorset Street;
Cemetery Road;
George Street;
Davies Street;
Stonehouse Street;
Arnold Street;
Soldiers Settlement Road;
Aerodrome Road;
East Beach Road; and
Bellbuoy Beach Road.
The effluent pipeline will follow the alignment of the railway line in the adjacent Alinta pipeline
easement, from the intersection of the East Tamar Highway and Bridport Road, north to the end
of the East Tamar Highway, where the line diverts to Bell Bay.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Effluent Pipeline Construction Traffic
The construction of the effluent pipeline is likely to generate a minimal amount of additional traffic
on the roads listed above. This traffic will be centralised around the area where the pipeline is
being constructed.
Legislative Transport Approvals for Effluent Pipeline Construction

The construction of the effluent pipeline will require numerous road crossings on both State and
local roads. This will require permits under the Highways and Jetties Act 1935 for State road
closures, and Local Government (Highways) Act 1982 for local government roads.
All associated works within the road reserve will need to comply with DIER Code of Practice for
Works on Roads as well as Australian Standards, AS1742.3.
It is expected to take 6 months to complete the installation and the construction of the onshore
component of the effluent pipeline.
Landfill Construction
A landfill is proposed for disposal of waste generated during construction and operation of the
pulp mill. The design capacity of the proposed landfill is 1.1 million cubic metres.
The location of the proposed landfill site is near Williams Creek on the western side of the
Tippogoree Hills, approximately 9.5 km south east of George Town. Vehicular access to the
proposed landfill site is approximately 1.4 km north of the existing Tamar woodchip mill access,
on the eastern side of the East Tamar Highway.
Pitt and Sherry (2006a) prepared a report on the Solid Waste Landfill Concept Design, which
incorporated details on the likely traffic and transport impacts of this component of the pulp mill.
The safe intersection sight distance required by the Austroads document, Guide to Traffic
Engineering Practice, Part 5, 2005 Intersections at Grade, for a design speed of 100 km/h, is 250
metres. Available sight distances of the access location for the proposed landfill were measured
at 265 metres and greater than 300 metres to the south and north respectively. The sight
distances at the proposed access, therefore meet Austroads safe intersection sight distance
requirements.
Pitt and Sherry (2006a) assumed that the projected level of operations will remain static over a
20-year period from commencement of the pulp mill operations. A number of other assumptions
were made including:
The amount of material to be disposed in the landfill per day;
The differing capacity of trucks used to transport the waste;
Trips per day were based on a single 8 hour shift per day; and
The number of associated light vehicle movements and peak hour distribution.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
The report identified that less than 5 vehicle trips per hour will be generated by the transportation
of waste to the landfill including the associated light vehicle movements. Due to the small
number of turning volumes estimated, an Austroads Type B (intersection with a separate left turn
or shoulder bypass lane for right turning traffic) turning treatment is not warranted according to
DIER guidelines. The report recommended that due to the safety implications associated with the
turning of slow moving trucks into the proposed access, the Type B treatment should be
considered.
As outlined in Appendix 43, Volume 15 of this report, the construction of the proposed landfill is
likely to generate less than 5 vehicle movements per hour during the construction phase.
Pitt and Sherry (2006a) identified that the pulp mill will generate up to 200 tonnes of waste
material to be disposed to landfill per day. It was recognised that the waste material may be
transported to the site in a range of trucks with varying capacities. The report identified the
following variation of truck movements during a typical 8 hour shift working day:
10 tonne truck generates 20 round trips/day, or 2.5 trips per hour;
15 tonne truck generates 13 round trips/day, or 1.6 trips per hour; and
20 tonne truck generates 10 round trips/day or 1.3 trips per hour.
Activities associated with the landfill may include 4 round trips per day for light utility vehicles. If
50% of the associated movements occurred within one hour, the peak hourly movements will be
5 trips per hour in and out of the site (Pitt and Sherry, 2006a).
For the purpose of the Draft IIS, a worst-case scenario of 2.5 truck movements per hour has been
assumed. With the addition of associated light vehicle movements, a total peak traffic generation
of 5 vehicles per hour, including 50% heavy vehicles, has been assumed.
The traffic distribution of this traffic will predominantly be between the landfill and the pulp mill
site.
Water Reservoir
A water reservoir is proposed to provide the pulp mill with a three-day water reserve. The
reservoir will comprise an earth embankment constructed across a small saddle east of the pulp
mill site in the foothills of the Tippogoree Hills.
Access to the water reservoir site will be required for construction purposes and for occasional
maintenance during the operation phase of the pulp mill. Access to the water reservoir will be via
the access roads outlined for both the proposed landfill and quarry.
The construction of the water reservoir will generate a small amount of heavy vehicle and
associated traffic.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Quarry Construction
A reserve source of rock material is required in the event that cut and fill balances on the site
need to be supplemented. Whilst the proposed quarry has been included in the project as a
contingency, it has been incorporated into this assessment as a worst case option.
Access to the proposed quarry will be through the same location as the landfill and water
reservoir. An access road is proposed at the lower end and sides of the two quarry benches.
At peak periods of activity, an estimated 50 truck loads per day will be required to haul the
estimated 6,000 cubic metres of rock. The trucks will travel between the quarry and the pulp mill
site during the construction phase.
4.12.2 Pulp Mill Operational Traffic
It is necessary to determine the traffic generation of the various components of the pulp mill
across a number of alternative operational strategies that may be employed over time. This
section of the report considers components of the pulp mill that generate traffic on the transport
networks that are external to the subject site.
The operation of the existing woodchip mill has been assumed to continue operation throughout
the construction phase of the pulp mill.
Traffic generation considered in this assessment is summarised below.
Pulp Export
Once the pulp is created and baled, it is ready for distribution for domestic and international
markets. Transport of the pulp will primarily be via shipping vessels for international and
interstate clients. A new wharf facility will be constructed on the site of the pulp mill on the Tamar
River specifically for this purpose. Pulp sold to Tasmanian clients will be transported by road or
rail.
The proposed wharf is necessary to facilitate cost effective export of pulp via domestic and
international shipping traders through the Bell Bay Port and to minimise road transport
movements.
Light Vehicle Operational Traffic

The operation of the pulp mill will increase the number of staff and associated light vehicle traffic
movements.
Boiler Fuel Operational Traffic Generation

Boilers are proposed for power generation for the pulp mills operation. Waste woodchip residue
is proposed to be utilised for fuel for the boilers operation. Waste woodchip residue is to be

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
sourced from existing timber resource zones (as a by-product of harvesting), as well as a number
of timber mills in the northeast region.
Woodchip residues will be transported by trucks to the pulp mill. This transport task has been
modelled by considering available woodchips in the northeast region.
Chemical Transport Modelling

The ongoing operation of the pulp mill requires the transport of specific chemicals. Known
quantities of chemicals and transport methods of these chemicals were provided by Jaakko Pyry
(2006).
Log Truck Transport Modelling

Three timeframes have been considered to analyse the transport impacts of the pulp mill:
Startup. This model is based on forecast wood supply data provided by Gunns projecting
truck generation rates and truck routes on major Tasmanian roads in 2008 and 2009;
Snapshot 1. This model is based on forecast wood supply data provided by Gunns projecting
future truck generation rates and truck routes on major Tasmanian roads in 2013, 2014 and
2015; and
Snapshot 2. This model is based on forecast wood supply data provided by Gunns projecting
truck generation rates and truck routes on major Tasmanian roads in 2019, 2020 and 2021.
Two or three years have been averaged for each timeframe due to the variation of wood
resources from year to year.
Timber Resource Strategies

Each of the three timeframes mentioned above comprise of three different operational strategies
based upon modelled resource as explained and derived in Section 6 of Volume 1 of the Draft IIS
Pulpwood Supply. These operational strategies are broadly outlined as follows:
Control Strategy. This strategy models wood flow around the State if the pulp mill does not
proceed. It reflects future transport movements based on the current Gunns woodchip export
business within Tasmania (this is the future base scenario as a benchmark for comparison of
pulp mill strategies across various timeframes);
Anticipated Strategy. This strategy models wood flow around the State when the pulp mill
utilises a combination of native and plantation wood to improve economic viability of the pulp
mill and to reduce road based timber freight across the State. The Anticipated Strategy
represents Gunns preferred resource strategy for the operation of the pulp mill; and
Plantation Preference Strategy. This strategy utilises predominantly plantation wood (as the
plantation resource matures and becomes available for harvesting in Tasmania) for the
operation of the pulp mill and a combination of native and plantation wood to the existing
woodchip mills.
Conceptually, these three strategies are shown in Figure 2-26.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Figure 4-26 Resource Strategies
Figure 4-26 shows the variation in freight task between the three operational strategies. The
Control Strategy has the minimum impact on the road and rail transport systems as it represents
the existing operational strategy for Gunns woodchip mills. The Control Strategy only sources
timber resources from within each region that the respective woodchip mills are situated;
therefore no resources are transported across region boundaries. As noted however, there will be
an increase in transport of resources without the pulp mill as more plantations become available
for harvest.
The Plantation Preference Strategy has the greatest impact on the transport system, as it
requires plantation timber to be sourced from around the state, across timber resource region
boundaries.
The Anticipated Strategy is in between these two strategies in terms of freight movements. It
should be noted that there is a wide range of options for the supply of timber resources for the
Anticipated Strategy, however the impact on the transport network is less than the Plantation
Preference Strategy.
The ultimate weighting of the resource mix will depend on the availability and economics of
projected resource categories as described in Chapter 6.2, Volume 1 of the Draft IIS Pulpwood
Supply into the future. It is planned to annually monitor and optimise the wood intake regularly
depending on the quality, quantity and cost of wood from various locations.
As represented in Figure XX, the spectrum of potential resource supply is bounded by the Control
Strategy and the Plantation Preference Strategy. For the purpose of the Draft IIS, the impacts of
the Plantation Preference Strategy is examined as a worst case scenario.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Log Freight Modes of Transport
In addition to these strategies, each of these operational strategies have been considered with
varying modes of transport, being:
Combination of road and rail transport to pulp mill and woodchip mills; and
Road only transport of timber resources to pulp mill and woodchip mills;
Due to the nature of the project and the necessity to source some resource supply from outside of
the North-East catchment (as described in Section 6.2, Volume 1 Pulpwood Supply) for the
operation of the pulp mill, the economics of utilising the rail network in Tasmania are expected to
be viable to enable some supply to the proposed mill to be delivered on the rail network. Where
feasible, options for utilisation of the rail network in Tasmania will be further explored and
promoted by Gunns if the project proceeds. Due to the fact that use of the rail system for
pulpwood supply to the mill is not certain, road only freight modes have been analysed also in this
study.
Under the rail and road transport scenario, some long haul timber resources are transported by
truck to a railhead for cartage to the pulp mill by rail. The location of the existing railheads to be
utilised for the pulp mill under a rail/ road transport scenario is as follows:
Plenty Railhead;
Wiltshire Railhead;
Hampshire Railhead; and
South Burnie Railhead.
Resource Strategies Log Truck Transport Modelling

The combination of Strategies, timeframes and mode of transport provides a total of fifteen
transport models as outlined in Table 81.
Table 81: Transport Modelling Summary
Start Up: 2008/09 Snapshot 1: 2013-15 Snapshot 2: 2019-21
Control Strategy No Pulp Mill existing No Pulp Mill existing No Pulp Mill existing
operation of Gunns three operation of Gunns three operation of Gunns three
woodchip mills woodchip mills woodchip mills
Anticipated Strategy Plantation/ native wood Plantation/ native wood Plantation/ native wood
Rail pulp mill utilisation of pulp mill utilisation of rail pulp mill utilisation of rail
rail infrastructure for infrastructure for some infrastructure for some long
some long haul timber long haul timber resources haul timber resources
resources
Anticipated Strategy Plantation/ native wood Plantation/ native wood Plantation/ native wood
No Rail pulp mill utilisation of pulp mill utilisation of pulp mill utilisation of
road infrastructure for all road infrastructure for all road infrastructure for all
timber resources timber resources timber resources

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Start Up: 2008/09 Snapshot 1: 2013-15 Snapshot 2: 2019-21
Plantation Preference Plantation wood pulp mill Plantation wood pulp mill Plantation wood pulp mill
Strategy Rail utilisation of rail utilisation of rail utilisation of rail
infrastructure for some infrastructure for some infrastructure for some long
long haul timber long haul timber resources haul timber resources
resources
Plantation Preference Plantation wood pulp mill Plantation wood pulp mill Plantation wood pulp mill
Strategy No Rail utilisation of road utilisation of road utilisation of road
infrastructure for all infrastructure for all timber infrastructure for all timber
timber resources resources resources
The operational planning for the transport of the wood resources throughout the State is broadly
summarised in the following sections.
Appendix 43, Volume 15 (Traffic and Transport Impact Assessment) provides the resource
catchment supply data for the Control, Anticipated and Plantation Strategies.
The road freight network utilised by the existing woodchip mills and pulp mill are fixed route and
defined by information provided by Gunns and DIER.
Log Truck Freight Modelling

In order to assess the impacts of the potential variations of log truck movements, some
assumptions must be made for the movement of timber resources on laden log trucks.
Based on Gunns weighbridge data from the Tamar woodchip mill, the average wood loading for
fully laden log trucks is 31.8 tonnes per load. This was sourced from approximately one month of
continuous weighbridge data from the Tamar woodchip mill in 2005. The mass of resource to be
obtained within each of the zones during a specified timeframe is divided by this mass to obtain
an estimate for the average number of trucks originating from each of the zones.
It should be noted that there is variation in log truck mass depending on the truck wheelbase
configuration. The use of high productivity vehicle trucks enables a higher mass of freight to be
carried. The breakdown of truck types over Tasmanias road network has not been considered
further in this report, although the actual breakdown of log truck types for the Tamar woodchip
mill is provided in Table 80.
The use of High productivity vehicles on specific roads will have the effect of reducing the
average number of trucks, and therefore the use of total average freight mass provides a slight
over-estimation of log truck movements. Conversely, routes that are not specified as high
productivity vehicle routes will have a slight under-estimation of log truck movements. Based on
the proportions of high productivity vehicles to normal heavy vehicles that service the existing
Tamar woodchip mill, it is likely that the variation of log truck movements is between 27.8 tonnes
to 40.0 tonnes per load, with a standard deviation of 5.0 tonnes. There is no data available
relating to the breakdown of high productivity vehicle log truck movements from resource
catchment areas to each of Gunns woodchip mills. For the purpose of this report, the average

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
log truck load mass value obtained from the Tamar woodchip mill is considered adequate for the
analysis.
Further weighbridge information was sourced from the Tamar Mill to determine the breakdown of
average log truck arrivals across the day. For the purpose of this assessment, it has been
assumed that these percentages will remain similar for the operation of the pulp mill. The
breakdown of log truck arrivals by time of day is shown in Table 79.
It has also been assumed that log trucks operate on an average of 240 days of the year. The
average number of log trucks per day has therefore been calculated by dividing the yearly truck
volume by 240.
The road links used for the transport modelling is shown in Appendix 43, Volume 15. These
Figures also show the locations of existing Gunns woodchip mills, locations of all rail heads
proposed to be utilised in the rail scenario, existing railway lines, resource catchment centroids
from which the logs are transported from and the designated routes that the trucks will take from
these zones.
4.12.3 Transport Modelling

Detailed Transport Modelling has been undertaken to assess the potential implications of all
options described above. Full details of the modelling are provided in Appendix 43, Volume 15
(Traffic and Transport Impact Assessment). Key elements have been summarised here.
Percentage Increase in Log Truck Movements on Road Network

Whilst absolute log truck movements, and the net difference in truck movements between
scenarios, timeframes and transport modes is useful for assessing traffic impacts of the pulp mill,
it is also valuable to assess key road links by the change in truck and total traffic movements on a
percentage increase/ decrease basis.
Table 82 and Table 83 show the Anticipated and Plantation Strategies for Snapshot 2 compared
with DIER 2003 traffic data. This has been done to provide an understanding of the order of
magnitude in the changes in truck movements represents when compared to existing conditions.
The timeframes of these comparisons are vastly different (2003 DIER traffic data compared to
2019-21 pulp mill truck generation). Comparing these two data sources therefore presents a
worst-case scenario. This is due to the fact that general traffic and heavy vehicle traffic volumes
are likely to increase on the roads examined in Table 82 and Table 83 an increase in traffic
volumes during Snapshot 2 without the operation of the pulp mill will therefore reduce the
percentage increase compared to 2003 volumes. Conversely, where log truck movements are
reduced as a result of the pulp mill, greater percentage reductions in general and heavy vehicle
traffic are relative to what will be experienced in the Snapshot 2 timeframe.
Care should be exercised in interpreting Table 82 and Table 83, as some large increases or
decreases in percentage of either overall traffic or heavy vehicle traffic may occur for roads that

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
have low base traffic volumes. It should also be noted that traffic and heavy vehicle volumes will
vary along the length of a road, and the results shown may differ at another segment of the road.
Table 82: Rail Scenario Percentage Changes in State Road Volumes
Rail - Anticipated Rail - Plantation

% change in total % change in HV % change in total % change in HV
traffic volume volume traffic volume volume
Batman Hwy near +1% +11% +2% +23%
Batman Bridge
East Tamar Hwy +1% +12% +3% +26%
south of Gunns
access
East Tamar Hwy +1% +7% +1% +7%
north of Gunns
access
Bass Hwy east of 0% +2% +0% +10%
Murchison Hwy
Tasman Hwy -2% -47% -3% -65%
south of Orford
Midlands Hwy +0% +3% +0% +14%
north of
Breadalbane
Midlands Hwy -0% -11% -0.3% -9%
north of
Bridgewater
Frankford MR east +0% +0% +1.8% +21%
of Glengarry
Table 83: No Rail Scenario Percentage Changes in State Road Volumes
No Rail - Anticipated No Rail - Plantation

Batman Hwy near +4% +40% +8% +80%
Batman Bridge
East Tamar Hwy +4% +36% +7% +61%
south of Gunns
access
East Tamar Hwy +1% +7% +1% +7%
north of Gunns
access
Bass Hwy east of -0% -13% +0% +1%
Murchison Hwy
Tasman Hwy -2% -47% -3% -65%
south of Orford

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
No Rail - Anticipated No Rail - Plantation
Midlands Hwy +1% +18% +1% +27%
north of
Breadalbane
Midlands Hwy +0% +0% -0% -5%

north of
Bridgewater
Frankford MR east +4% +50% +10% +121%
of Glengarry
Table 82 demonstrates that the use of rail results in a relatively small percentage changes to
overall traffic volumes for most roads investigated. Large decreases in heavy vehicle volume
percentages were noted in the following roads under the Anticipated Strategy:
Tasman Highway south of Orford (-47%);
Midlands Highway north of Bridgewater (-11%);
Colebrook Main Road (-227%);
Fingerpost Main Road (-61%);
Huon Highway east of Grove (-40%);
Tea Tree Road east of Brighton (-63%); and
Ridgley Main Road north of Hampshire (-23%).
Whilst the roads mentioned above had large decreases in heavy vehicle percentages, the impact
on the overall traffic volume percentage reduction was slight (<5% decrease).
Cumulative Operational Vehicle Traffic Generation

The total operational traffic generation of the pulp mill consists of:
Light vehicle traffic generation associated with staff movements, deliveries, maintenance, etc;
Transport of Chemicals to the site;
Transport of fuel for the boiler; and
Transport of timber resources to the site.
Overlaying this traffic onto the road network determines the net increase/ decrease for each key
road link for each Strategy, timeframe and mode of transport. Being the sole vehicular access to
the pulp mill, the East Tamar Highway shows the greatest cumulative variation in total vehicle
traffic generation.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
For this reason, the cumulative traffic generation of East Tamar Highway between Batman
Highway and the Gunns access road is shown in Table 82 and Table 83 for rail and no rail
scenarios respectively.
Table 84: Cumulative Daily Traffic Generation, East Tamar Highway, Rail Scenario
Startup (2008/09) Snapshot 1(2013-2015) Snapshot 2 (2019-2021)
Component Anticipated Plantation Anticipated Plantation Anticipated Plantation
Strategy Preference Strategy Preference Strategy Preference
Strategy Strategy Strategy
Light vehicles +275 cars +275 cars +275 cars +275 cars +275 cars +275 cars
Chemicals +11 trucks +11 trucks +11 trucks +11 trucks +11 trucks +11 trucks
transport
Biofuel +78 trucks +78 trucks +78 trucks +78 trucks +78 trucks +78 trucks
transport
Timber 0 trucks 0 Trucks 0 Trucks +13 Trucks 0 Trucks +38 trucks
resource
transport
(difference
from Control
Strategy)
TOTAL +364 +364 +364 +377 +364 +402 Vehicles
vehicles vehicles vehicles Vehicles vehicles
Table 85: Cumulative Traffic Generation, East Tamar Highway, No Rail Scenario
Startup (2008/09) Snapshot 1 (2013-2015) Snapshot 2(2019-2021)
Component Anticipated Plantation Anticipated Plantation Anticipated Plantation
Light vehicles +275 cars +275 cars +275 cars +275 cars +275 cars +275 cars
Chemicals +11 trucks +11 trucks +11 trucks +11 trucks +11 trucks +11 trucks
transport
Biofuel +78 trucks +78 trucks +78 trucks +78 trucks +78 trucks +78 trucks
transport
Timber +39 Trucks +39 Trucks +54 Trucks +26 Trucks +50 Trucks +82 Trucks
resource
transport
(difference
from Control
Strategy)
TOTAL +403 +403 +418 +380 +414 +446 Vehicles
Vehicles Vehicles Vehicles Vehicles Vehicles
There is an increase of 364 to 402 vehicles per day under the rail scenario and an increase of
380 to 446 vehicles per day under the no rail scenario. The worst-case situation being
Snapshot 2, Plantation Preference Strategy for both rail and no rail scenarios.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
If background traffic growth of the East Tamar Highway is considered, it is possible to investigate
the potential future Level of Service of the road. With the long-term traffic growth of 1.9%
(provided by DIER), the likely background traffic volume of East Tamar Highway is 5,290 vehicles
per day near the Gunns Tamar access. The worst-case traffic volume for East Tamar Highway
in 2021 is therefore 5,692 (increase of 7.6%) and 5,736 (increase of 8.4%) vehicles per day for
rail and no rail scenarios respectively.
It should be noted that the volumes provided above represent a worst-case scenario as some of
the traffic generated by the various components travels north along East Tamar Highway towards
George Town.
Rail Transport
The use of rail as a freight mode of transport will increase the rail freight task in Tasmania. The
tonne-kilometres travelled on the rail network is approximately equal to the difference between
the total tonne-kilometres travelled on the road network for the rail and no rail scenarios (Table
86).
Table 86: Million Tonne Kilometres Travelled by Rail
Startup (2008/09) Snapshot 1 (2013-2015) Snapshot 2 (2019-2021)
Anticipated Plantation Anticipated Plantation Anticipated Plantation
Rail TKM 2.293 2.203 5.723 6.890 5.886 5.858
The Control Strategy is not shown in Table 86 as it does not utilise rail.
The frequency of freight movements on the rail network will depend on the total amount of timber
resources are loaded onto each haul. Logistically, it will be difficult for rail freight to operate more
than once per day from each of the four railheads.
4.12.4 Impact Assessment
Transport impacts arising from the pulp mill may be direct or indirect, adverse or beneficial, short
or long term, temporary or irreversible.
A summary of environmental costs and benefits to be borne by the community and the
environment is provided for each component of the proposal that describes the impact of, or on,
key environmental and social elements.
Workers Accommodation Facility Construction and Operational Impacts

A separate report by Pitt and Sherry (2006b) covers the traffic impacts of the workers
accommodation facility.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
The transport impacts associated with the construction of the workers accommodation facility will
be largely localised, but will have some broader regional transport impacts extending mainly
along the East Tamar Highway. The associated traffic impacts will predominantly affect the
township of George Town.
Construction activities will result in a general increase in heavy and light vehicle traffic in the
surrounding area.
Once the workers accommodation facility has been completed, traffic will be generated between
the pulp mill site and the accommodation facility, as well as associated general traffic in and
around George Town. These impacts will be experienced only during the construction phase of
the pulp mill, and will peak around 18 months into the pulp mills construction.
The report made the following recommendations:

Vehicles do not illegally park or obstruct the internal aisles in order that emergency access to
is maintained;
A short segregated left and right turn lane at the accommodation facility entrance based on
the aaSIDRA analysis along with a short right turn dedicated slot (30m) to minimise delay to
through movements;
The intersection should be designed to accommodate a 40m bus;
Additional ninety-degree angle parking could be provided on Pembroke Street if required as
the current parking supply is considered to be insufficient;
To maintain capacity at the intersection for a separate left and right turn lane, the
supplementary parking should not be implemented all the way to the intersection of Pembroke
Street and Main Road.
The assessment then concluded the following:
The development of the site will not introduce an unacceptable level of traffic into the road
network and that movements to and from the site can occur in a safe and efficient manner;
and
Internal road systems are appropriate for the land use proposed and the nature of traffic using
the site and should not introduce any unacceptable risk or operational impact provided design
guidelines are met.
Effluent Pipeline Construction

The impacts associated with the construction of the effluent pipeline will be very localised. The
activities associated with its construction will have the following impacts on the surrounding road
network:
Additional traffic, including heavy vehicle traffic on the surrounding road network; and
Traffic management of road works related impacts, including general traffic disruptions and
road crossings.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
The construction of the effluent pipeline is anticipated to increase the volume of heavy vehicular
construction traffic along the main road network and the roads to be utilised for construction, and
a detailed Construction Traffic Management Plans will be required prior to development in
accordance with the DIER standards and Australian Standards, AS 1142.3, Manual of Uniform
Traffic Controls, Part 3, Traffic Control Devices for Works on Roads, 2002.
Traffic management plans will be required according to DIER and Australian Standards
guidelines to minimise transport impacts and maximise road safety during construction and to
ensure a safe road environment.
Works that are to be carried out in the State road reserves will be done in accordance with
Section 16 of the Roads and Jetties Act 1935. Works that are to be carried out in the local
government road network will be done in accordance with requirements of the Local Government
(Highways) Act 1982. Relevant permits must be obtained for all road closures necessary for the
pipelines crossing of a road carriageway in consultation with directly affected stakeholders and
the broader community.
Some temporary loss of access to properties adjacent to the effluent pipeline may be experienced
during construction. Consultation will be conducted with directly effected landowners regarding
access prior to commencement of the pipelines construction.
Impacts will be short-term in nature and will only last during the construction phase of the
pipeline.
Construction of Landfill, Water Reservoir and Quarry Traffic Impacts

A separate report by Pitt and Sherry (2006b) covers the traffic impacts of the construction of the
landfill.
The construction of the proposed landfill, water reservoir and quarry will result in a cumulation of
traffic utilising the new access to these components of the pulp mill.
The cumulative traffic generation of these three components will impact on the intersection of the
new road with East Tamar Highway, and to a lesser extent, the junction of the existing access
road to the Tamar woodchip mill. Both junctions have been assessed as being adequate for this
purpose from road capacity and road safety perspectives (GHD, 2006g).
Traffic volume increases will also impact on the East Tamar Highway, however the relatively low
traffic volume arising from these construction activities will not have an impact on the level of
service of the road.
Construction Traffic Impacts

The construction phase of the pulp mill will generate a substantial amount of traffic on the East
Tamar Highway, George Town and to a lesser degree in Launceston.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
The peak traffic generation has been predicted to be in the order of 940 vehicles per day on East
Tamar Highway. This includes 40 buses per day travelling between the workers accommodation
facility and the pulp mills construction site. The increase in traffic volumes beyond East Tamar
Highway will diminish substantially.
This peak traffic generation is expected to occur approximately 18 months after construction
commences.
In terms of traffic volume increases, the construction phase is greater than the operational phase
of the pulp mill.
Some additional traffic associated with the construction of the landfill, water reservoir and quarry
is also likely to be generated during the same time as the pulp mill construction. In a worst-case
scenario, if all peak traffic generation associated with construction of various components of the
pulp mill occurred at the same time, the increase in traffic may be in the order of 1,035 vehicles
per day.
The majority of heavy vehicle traffic associated with the pulp mills construction will be between
the pulp mill site and George Town will be travelling to and from the port or Major Industrial Zone.
As such, impacts on residential traffic within George Town will be minimal. Given this short
distance involved and adequacy of overtaking lanes, impacts on road safety and Level of Service
will be minimal. It is acknowledged that some additional traffic will be experienced within George
Town due to the generally higher short-term population.
This additional traffic (which consists of a large proportion of heavy vehicles) results in a level of
service of B for the East Tamar Highway (GHD, 2006g). This is unchanged from existing (2003)
conditions and the impacts on the East Tamar Highway in the vicinity of the pulp mill can
therefore be considered to be minimal from a road capacity point of view.
Operational Road Freight Traffic Impacts

The operation of the pulp mill modifies log truck movements on a statewide basis. The impacts
on road freight as a result of the pulp mill are varied depending on whether rail is utilised as well
as the resources strategy. As shown in Table 87, the Plantation Preference Strategy has the
greatest overall increase in road freight task. Similarly, not utilising rail increases the overall road
freight task.
The impacts on the road network as a result of the pulp mill also vary across the three regions
(northeast, northwest and south), and on individual roads across the State with rail and resource
strategy. The operational freight impacts on the road network have therefore been assessed for
the preferred operational strategy (being rail/ Anticipated Strategy) as well as the worst-case
transport scenario (no-rail/ Plantation Preference Strategy).

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 87: Level of Service Impacts
Road Existing Existing Maximum Strategy/ Factored Total New

Traffic LOS Increase/ Timeframe/ background traffic LOS
Volume decrease in Transport traffic volume volume
(2003) log truck scenario
volume
Tasman 2,464 vpd B -69 trucks Plantation/ 3,221 vpd 3,152 B

Hwy south per day SS2/ Rail and vpd
of Orford No rail
Batman 2,013 vpd A +141 trucks Plantation/ 2,632 vpd 2,773 B

Hwy near per day SS2/ No rail vpd
Batman
Bridge
East Tamar 3,770 vpd B +223 trucks Plantation/ 5,290 vpd 5,513 B
Hwy south per day SS2/ No rail vpd
of Gunns
access
Frankford 1,727 vpd A +141 trucks Plantation/ 2,066 vpd 2,207 A

MR east of SS2/ No rail
Glengary
West Tamar 3,694 vpd B +141 trucks Plantation/ 4,829 vpd 4,970 B
Hwy south SS2/ No rail vpd
of Batman
Hwy
Bass Hwy 26,877 C +110 trucks Plantation/ 35,137 vpd 35,247 C

near vpd SS2/ No rail vpd
Devonport
vpd = vehicles per day
It can be seen from Table 87 that most roads that experience a large increase or decrease in log
truck movements do not suffer a change in the level of service of the road. In most cases, the
general background traffic growth of the road is more significant than the increase or decrease in
log truck volume. Batman Highway is predicted to change from LOS A to LOS B, but this is
mostly attributable to the background traffic growth rather than the increase in log truck volume
(and the LOS will have changed regardless of the increase in log truck volume).
The log truck generation arising from the pulp mill therefore does not alter the Level of Service of
the majority of the roads utilised.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Operational Rail Freight Impacts
The use of rail for the haulage of some timber resources to the pulp mill will increase Tasmanias
rail freight task by up to 6.9 million tonne-kilometres.
This represents an increase of almost 2% of the rail freight task in 1995 (being the last timeframe
published for Tasmanias rail network).
The increase in rail freight will place demands on existing rail infrastructure, which has been
subject to much debate in recent times (with both National and State governments offering
financial assistance for the upgrade of Tasmanias rail network).
The increase in rail freight will also result in an increase in the frequency of the operation of rail
level crossings on the road network. This will result in a minor increase in traffic delays on roads
affected by rail level crossings utilised by freight movements for the pulp mill. In terms of
frequency, trains will traverse rail level crossings along each of the main routes generally
increase once per day.
Operational Sea Freight Impacts

Export pulp will be transported by sea freight. This will ultimately result in increased shipping
movements in Bass Strait and in the Tamar River.
The transport of several chemicals required for the ongoing operation of the pulp mill will result in
additional shipping movements at the four main seaports in Tasmania.
In terms of pulp exports, approximately 44 ships per year will be required. It is anticipated that
the overall level of shipping movements will initially decrease against current levels (up but over
the longer term will increase by approximately 24 vessels per year. Without the pulp mill,
woodchip vessel numbers would increase to similar levels given the increased availability of
pulpwood as more plantations come on line. Sea freight impacts are dealt with separately in
Section 4.13.
Road Safety Impacts

The following road safety impacts have been determined from the analysis conducted in
Appendix 43, Volume 15. In very generalised terms, RTA rates can often be linked to vehicle
exposure rates on the road network. It must also be considered that many other factors are
attributable to RTA rates on the road network.
Due to the substantial differences in log truck generation between rail and no rail scenarios, these
have been considered separately.
Rail Scenario Road Safety

The rail scenario results in a net decrease in log truck vehicle-kilometres travelled when
compared against the control scenarios. In very broad terms, this reduction in log truck VKT may
result in a decrease in RTAs involving this vehicle type. The analysis conducted as part of this

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
assessment highlights the random nature of log truck RTAs, which is most likely attributable to
the low number of RTAs recorded do not provide a statistically sound base from which to draw
conclusions.
The reduction of log truck traffic from roads such as Tasman Bridge and Tasman Highway near
Orford are seen as a positive road safety impact.
The use of rail is not expected to have any significant adverse impacts on road safety at rail level
crossings. This is based on the existing low RTA rates at these intersections that actually involve
trains. Further investigations and consultation will need to be undertaken if rail is utilised for this
project.
No Rail Scenario Road Safety

The no-rail scenario results in a net increase in log truck vehicle kilometres-travelled when
compared to the control scenario. An increase in log truck exposure on the road network may
result in an increase in RTAs involving this vehicle type. The analysis conducted as part of this
assessment highlights the random nature of log truck RTAs, which is most likely attributable to
the low number of RTAs recorded not providing a statistically sound base from which to draw
conclusions from.
There is a reduction of log truck traffic on Tasman Bridge and Tasman Highway near Orford.
This is seen as a positive impact.
A moderate increase in log truck traffic in Frankford Main Road is considered to be a negative
impact due to the narrow and winding nature of this road. If rail is not to be used for the pulp mill,
then a detailed route corridor assessment will be undertaken to ensure that associated traffic
management measures (such as curve warning signage and delineation) are adequate for this
potential log truck traffic increase.
Construction Phase Road Safety

The construction phase of the pulp mill and its associated components external to the pulp mill
site will generates a large volume of traffic, a large proportion of which will be heavy vehicle
traffic. This relatively local increase in traffic on East Tamar Highway (including relevant
junctions) and George Town may have road safety implications due to an increase in vehicle
exposure rates in the area. With this in mind, it is worth noting the following comments:
The predicted increase in traffic generated by the construction phase of the pulp mill does not
modify the existing Level of Service (LOS B) of East Tamar Highway;
The construction phase of the pulp mill is transient and short-term in nature; and
It is difficult to statistically link increases in traffic volume and RTA rates on road links over
short timeframes.
A review of East Tamar Highway will be conducted prior to construction commencing to ensure
that signage, delineation and roadside hazards issues are identified. Appropriate construction

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
warning signage will be installed to assist in identifying junctions associated with the pulp mills
construction.
Other potential solutions may also be considered, such as providing a temporary reduction in the
speed limit from 100 km/h to 80 km/h on identified road sections where disparate vehicle speeds
between heavy vehicles and smaller vehicles may be considered a safety concern.
East Tamar Highway Access Intersection Performance

The existing Tamar woodchip mill access is proposed to be the sole permanent vehicular access
to the pulp mill. The intersection of this road with the East Tamar Highway has therefore been
critically examined under a wide range of scenarios and timeframes using intersection analysis
software, aaSIDRA (Akcelik and Associates, Signalised and Unsignalised Intersection Design
and Research Aid).
aaSIDRA utilises detailed analytical traffic models coupled with an iterative approximation
technique to provide estimates of capacity and performance of intersections. aaSIDRA is
endorsed as a modelling tool by Austroads Guide to Traffic Engineering Practice, Parts 2
(Roadway Capacity), 5 (Intersections at Grade), 6 (Roundabouts) and 7 (Traffic Signals).
The SIDRA analysis for the Tamar Mill access is included in Appendix 43, Volume 15.
Gunns Access Intersection Improvements

The performance of the Tamar access road has been forecast to operate in a satisfactory manner
under worst-case operational scenarios with the use of rail (being Snapshot 2, Plantation
Preference Strategy). Not utilising rail reduces the LOS of the Gunns access road approach to
the junction with East Tamar Highway to LOS D. Similarly, the performance of the existing
junction configuration is poor during peak construction of the pulp mill, with LOS F.
The following recommendations modifications will be made to this junction to improve

performance and overall safety at the intersection:
Provide a dedicated right turn slot from East Tamar Highway to Gunns access road
(Austroads Type C junction); and
Increase the separation of the left and right turn lanes into Gunns access road.
These modifications are shown conceptually in Figure 4-27.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Figure 4-27 Proposed Gunns Tamar Access Modifications
A roundabout at this location is not recommended, as this will reduce LOS for East Tamar
Highway approaches to the junction.
Other strategies may be adopted in order to deal with the short-term peak construction impacts.
These are summarised as follows:
Investigation of further staggering working shifts so that the peaks are spread over a greater
timeframe;
Install temporary traffic signals at the access junction to the site on East Tamar Highway; and
Reduce the speed limit on East Tamar Highway to 80-km/h near the access during peak
construction activity.
Road Pavement Impacts

State Category 1, 2 and 3 roads are designed to carry large quantities of freight and are generally
constructed to high standard to withstand repeated loading from heavy vehicles. Small increases
in heavy vehicle traffic should not therefore result in noticeable deterioration in pavement
construction over time. This is particularly the case if the use of rail is to be utilised, where overall
net reductions in log truck movements will be experienced on a statewide basis.
Federal Government has identified that the road freight task will double over the next 20 years
(Auslink). The statewide increased heavy vehicle road freight generated by the pulp mill if rail is
not utilised will contribute to the Auslink predicted road freight increase in Tasmania.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Further investigation may be conducted on major roads that are ending their serviceable life by
considering the increase in heavy vehicle VKT as a result of the pulp mill. The East Tamar
Highway will be considered in more detail due to the increase in heavy traffic during both the
construction and operational phases of the pulp mill. This will be done in consultation with DIER.
It is noted that large increases in heavy vehicle traffic results under the no-rail scenario for the
following roads:
East Tamar Highway;

Frankford Main Road;
Batman Highway;
West Tamar Highway;
Lake Leake Main Road;
Poatina Main Road;
Murchison Highway;
Sections of Bass Highway; and
Sections of Midlands Highway.
Similarly, the use of rail under the Anticipated Strategy (Gunns preferred strategy) results in
increases in heavy vehicle traffic in the following roads:
Batman Highway;
East Tamar Highway;
Brooker Highway near Granton; and
Glen Huon Main Road.
The ongoing maintenance of the pavements of these roads will be monitored carefully if the pulp
mill proceeds without the use of rail transport.
Assessment of Rail and No Rail Options

From the transport analysis conducted throughout this report, the anticipated strategy utilising rail
is the preferred operation of the pulp mill. This is due to the following:
The use of rail reduces the net log truck VKT on a statewide basis;
The Anticipated Strategy results in the cartage of less log freight on the Tasmanian road
network; and
The use of rail reduces log truck movements in roads such as Batman Highway, East Tamar
Highway, Midlands Highway, Lyell Highway, Frankford Main Road, Brooker Highway,
Macquarie Street and Tasman Highway compared to the no rail scenario.
For similar reasons, the Anticipated Strategy is preferred to the Plantation Preference Strategy
from an operational transport perspective.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
The analysis undertaken as part of the Draft IIS demonstrates that the changes in freight
movements arising from Gunns preferred operation of the pulp mill (being the Anticipated
Strategy and utilising the rail network for some long-haul freight of resources) will not have any
substantial adverse impacts on Tasmanias road network. The adoption of the preferred
operational strategy results in an overall decrease in log truck movements across Tasmania, with
some localised increases on some roads that are within acceptable tolerances. The use of the
rail network will be dependent on the success of negotiations between government agencies and
the rail operator to ensure that the associated infrastructure is capable of being utilised for this
purpose.
The worst-case operational strategy for the pulp mill (being the Plantation Preference Strategy
without the use of the rail network) results in an overall increase in log truck movements on
Tasmanias road network, however this increase does not substantially reduce the level of service
of investigated roads to unacceptable levels. The Anticipated Strategy, which is Gunns preferred
operational strategy, generally had lesser impacts compared to the Plantation Preference
Strategy, particularly when utilising rail. The Anticipated Strategy is therefore the logical
compromise between the Control and Plantation Strategies in terms of minimising on transport
impacts.
The transport of chemicals, other operational materials and staff will increase the road freight task
in the northeast region of Tasmania. This increase is not considered to be significant in terms of
road capacity.
The analysis of the construction phase of the pulp mill indicates that a localised increase in traffic
movements (both light and heavy vehicles) will result on East Tamar Highway between the sites
access and George Town. This increase also maintains an acceptable level of service for this
road, although some reduction in level of service can be expected for the pulp mill access road at
its junction with East Tamar Highway. Measures can be put in place to minimise the impacts for
this approach to the intersection.
Table 88: Summary of potential impact rating and management measures transport
infrastructure, traffic and access

Rating
Transport Infrastructure, Traffic and Access
Additional traffic generated Major Undertake detailed traffic Moderate Minor

from construction of workers negative impact assessment to positive impact negative
accommodation facility determine appropriate impact
impact access locations and traffic
distribution.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Rating
Major Undertake appropriate Moderate Minor

negative traffic management positive impact negative
impact measures in George Town impact
area to accommodate
general increase in traffic.
Short term traffic issues Moderate Prepare traffic management Minor positive Minor
associated with construction negative plan for construction and impact negative
of effluent pipeline impact consult with adjacent land impact
owners and effected
stakeholders.
New permanent intersection Moderate Comply with Forest Minor positive Minor
on East Tamar Highway for negative Practices Code 2000 and impact negative
quarry, landfill and water impact monitor traffic operations impact
storage reservoir and during the early stages of
temporary access roads for the development to
pulp mill evaluate and amend
trucking operations if
required.
Reduction of LOS of existing Moderate Modify junction to Minor positive Minor

Gunns access to pulp mill negative Austroads Type C with impact negative
site during construction impact extended left turn lane exit. impact
Moderate Monitor traffic operations Minor positive Minor

negative during early stages to impact negative
impact evaluate and amend if impact
necessary
Moderate Conduct road corridor Minor positive Minor

negative review to determine impact negative
impact additional construction impact
warning signage
requirements, and identify
existing road safety
deficiencies with road.
Decreased traffic on Minor Minor

identified road corridors positive positive
impact impact
Decreased log truck VKT on Moderate Moderate

Tasmanian road network positive positive
due to utilisation of rail impact impact
compared to the future base
case
Increased log truck traffic on Moderate Prepare detailed route Minor positive Minor
Frankford Main Road if rail is negative corridor assessment to impact negative
not utilised impact ensure traffic management impact
along corridor is adequate

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Rating
Increase in rail freight Minor Monitor all rail level Minor positive Insignificant
movements resulting from negative crossings on haulage routes impact impact
the use of rail impact for safety and ensure rail
infrastructure is in an
adequate and serviceable
state.
Road pavement Moderate Monitor roads with identified Minor positive Minor
deterioration arising from negative increased log truck and impact negative
increased log truck activity impact heavy vehicle traffic impact
movements and upgrade as
necessary
Based on the management strategies identified above, with the implementation of Gunns
Anticipated Strategy for transport of pulpwood to the Bell Bay pulp mill, the project is considered
to have a minor impact on transport, traffic and access.
4.13 Port Infrastructure, Traffic and Access
4.13.1 Shipping Activities
Potential environmental impacts associated with shipping activities are classified into three
potential hazard categories: operational hazards, which include ballast water management, waste
disposal, leakages and spillages associated with general shipping operations and maritime cargo
handling activities;
Accidental hazards, which include leakages and spillages as a result of collision, or other
accidents; and
Physical hazards, which result in damage to habitats (such as reef systems) as a result of
groundings (ANZECC, 1996).
All of the above potential impacts and associated risks are directly related to the number of
vessels using the Bell Bay Port.
The Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) is responsible for investigating and responding
to maritime accidents and marine pollution from shipping operations. The Australian Quarantine
and Inspection Service (AQIS) is chartered with the responsibility of ensuring appropriate
management protocols are implemented for the management of ballast waters from international
vessels.
Shipping traffic associated with the export of woodchip from the Gunns Tamar woodchipping
operation from 2002 - 2005 was approximately 56 vessels per annum (Table 89).

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 89: 2002-2005 shipping movements associated with export of Gunns Tamar
woodchips
Year No. Export (t)/pa Mean Minimum Maximum

Vessels (t)/ship^ (t)^ (t)^
2004/2005 49 2,105,967 42,979 15,930* 56,389
2003/2004 60 2,123,142 35,385 37,375 56,914
2002/2003 59 2,290,419 38,820 34,667 56,437
Average (2002/03 -
2004/05) 56 2,173,176 39,061 36,021 56,580
* Part loading (2 holds) only; ^ Figures rounded up; (t) = tonnes; pa = per annum; Source: Gunns, pers.comm 2005
Operation of the pulp mill to the proposed specifications is predicted to result in a decrease in
shipping activity associated with the Gunns Tamar woodchip operations in the short to medium
term. Upon commissioning of the pulp mill, emphasis will be placed upon the utilization of
woodchips to produce a higher value pulp product. The conversion ratio of woodchip to pulp is
approximately 4 to 1 which will result in fewer shipping movements. A reduction in the volume of
woodchip available for export in conjunction with the export of pulp will result in a lower volume of
product available for consignment to market.
Forecast figures indicate that shipping movements during the first four years will be approximately
33 vessels per annum. This is approximately half of the shipping traffic currently servicing the
woodchip mill. Shipping volume is forecast to increase in the mid term (year 6 year 10) to 51
vessels per annum. Long term forecast indicate that shipping movements are likely to fluctuate
between 62 and 81 vessels per year (Table 90).
For the first 14 years of operation, peak vessel movement for the pulp mill is only slightly greater
than the average 56 vessels accessing the existing woodchip berths. When compared to the total
volume of future shipping without the pulp mill (the do nothing scenario), these figures represent
an overall reduction in vessel movements of between 24 and 30 vessels per year (Table 90).
From year 15 onward, the total vessel movements are approximately 10 to 20 more compared to
current, but similar to projected levels without the pulp mill.
The increased forecast of woodchip production between 2013 and 2017 is a result of increased
wood availability. Pulp production is forecast to remain relatively consistent from 2013, hence little
variation is predicted in the volume of shipping traffic required to consign pulp product to market.
The decrease in forecast shipping movements into Bell Bay Port in the first 5 years of the pulp
mill being commissioned will result in a reduced risk of operational, accidental and physical
environmental impacts associated with shipping movements. This risk is likely to increase in the
mid term given that forecast shipping traffic (62 vessels per year) slightly exceeds that which is
currently experienced (56 vessels per year). In the long term, environmental risks associated with
shipping traffic will be increase slightly given that the annual predicted shipping movements are in

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
the vicinity of 71 vessels per year. When compared to the projected increase of woodchip vessels
should the pulp mill not proceed, long term risks are equivalent.
In addition to pulp and woodchip vessels, up to 12 additional vessels may deliver chemicals (salt
and caustic soda) to the pulp mill wharf. The exact number will depend on whether a merchant
chemical plant forms part of the final design (Section 6.7.3, Volume 1).
When considered against the current total of 370 freight vessel movements to Bell Bay Port
(Table 26), the additional vessel movements as a result of peak shipping during pulp mill
operation (37 vessels per year, including chemical delivery) is 10 % of total current movements,
and does not take into consideration future increases in other ship movements to Bell Bay.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 90: Shipping movements associated with forecast pulp and woodchip production to 2032
Period Startup 2008 2008-2012 2013-2017 2018-2022 2023-2027 2028-2032

Pulp Mill Scenario (anticipated transport scenario)
Air Dried Tonnes of Pulp output from Bell Bay 826,222 831,481 982,738 1,006,907 1,100,000 1,100,000
Green Metric tonnes of chip export Bell Bay 0 6,860 512,643 851,508 1,428,142 1,069,952
Total 826,222 838,340 1,495,381 1,858,416 2,528,142 2,169,952
Estimated No of Pulp (average 25,000 t) 33 33 39 40 44 44

Estimated No of WC ships (average 39,000 t) 0 0 13 22 37 27
Estimated No ships per annum 33 33 51 62 81 71
No Pulp Mill - Woodchip Only Export

Green Metric tonnes of chip export Bell Bay 2,869,406 2,775,526 3,151,823 3,354,752 3,113,638 2,860,035
Estimated No ships per annum 74 71 81 86 79 73
Source: Gunns, pers.comm 2005

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Operational management plans will be required for the wharf facility to minimise potential impacts from
operational, accidental and physical hazards associated with its use. These will be addressed as part of
the Safety, Health, Environment and Quality Management System. All vessels using the wharf facility
will also need to comply with Australian, Tasmanian and port requirements for such issues as ballast
water management, waste disposal, leakages and spillages associated with general shipping
operations and maritime cargo handling activities.
As a result of the pulp mill operations, initial vessel movements (for the first four years of operation) will
significantly reduce, with a corresponding reduction in operational risks. In the medium term (years five
to 14), vessel movements will be similar to current levels. Long-term vessel numbers will be higher than
current shipping levels, but similar to that forecast if the pulp mill does not proceed.
rating related to wharf infrastructure, traffic and access is provided below.
Table 91: Summary of potential impact rating and management measures wharf
infrastructure, traffic and access

Rating
Wharf Infrastructure, Traffic and Access
Increased operational, Moderate Wharf design, Minor positive Minor

accidental and physical negative environmental impact negative
hazards as a result of Impact management systems, Impact
additional shipping spill controls and training
Based on appropriate management of vessel movement and use of the wharf facility, the reduced
vessel numbers will result in a moderate positive impact as a result of reduced operational risks.
4.14 Waste Management

The pulp mill is estimated to produce approximately 50,000 tonnes of waste per year. A landfill is
proposed to be constructed in the northeast corner of the site, east of the East Tamar Highway to cater
for the disposal of this waste Figure 4-2). A new landfill facility is required as the closest existing
municipal facility at George Town is inadequately sized and facing closure. Alternative facilities at
Launceston were considered but rejected due to the prohibitive costs of transport and the significant
burden the anticipated quantity of material generated by the project would place on the Launceston
landfill.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 359
Gunns has nominated a landfill design life of 20 years, and a maximum (worst case) volume of solid
wastes destined for landfill disposal of approximately 56,000 cubic metres per year. The landfill will
receive waste from the pulp mill only, and will not accept waste from the public, other industry or
municipalities.
For design purposes, it has been assumed that the landfill must be capable of accepting all solid
wastes generated from the mill. The assumed design capacity of the landfill is therefore 1.1 million
cubic metres.
Gunns will continue to research and review reuse opportunities (such as fertiliser, acid sulfate soil
remediation and/or soil conditioner). There is sufficient capacity for another 30 years of landfill space
(giving a total available capacity of 50 years).
Details of the waste streams generated by the mill are provided here. The assessment of the
construction and operation of the proposed landfill is assessed in Section 12 of this Volume.
4.14.1 Waste Types
During the construction and operation of the pulp mill, a range of waste types will be generated. Waste
types include:
Table 92: Waste Types
Waste type Waste classification* Approximate quantity per

year
3
Solid waste domestic type Putrescible 5,000 m /y
Solid waste boiler ash Controlled waste 11,000 m3/y boiler ash
Solid waste - green liquor process Controlled waste 40,000 m3/y

dregs, slaker sands and lime kiln
electrostatic precipitator dust
Total 56,000 m3/year

* Pursuant to the DPIWE Landfill Sustainability Guide 2004 and the National Environment Protection Measure (Movement of the
Controlled Waste between States and Territories) 2004.
The landfill has been designed to accept all solid wastes (worst case scenario) such as boiler ash,
green liquor process dregs, slaker sands and lime kiln electrostatic precipitator dust. The solid wastes
are primarily inorganic in nature and are inactive.
Approximately 220 tonnes of hazardous waste will be generated annually. This will consist of used
lubrication and hydraulic oils, used electrical equipment and various maintenance chemicals and
materials. No hazardous waste will be disposed of at the pulp mill landfill.
All hazardous waste will be transported to an established landfill approved for that purpose. The green
liquor dregs, lime slaker sand, lime kiln electrostatic precipitator dust and combined boiler ashes will be
co-disposed. This will maximise landfill space and minimise solid waste volumes.
The pulp mill wastes for disposal will be weighed and mixed at the pulp mill.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 360
The mixed solid waste will consist primarily of calcium and sodium hydroxides and silicates, carbonates
with some phosphates and unhydrolysed oxides. The chemical characteristics of the wastes suggest
no significant likelihood of adverse reactions between the waste types (apart from an initial and
temporary heat of reaction due to lime hydration). Nevertheless, the nature of the process wastes
necessitates cell lining and leachate collection (Pitt and Sherry, 2006a).
Domestic waste produced at the mill site (such as canteen and sanitary waste) will be disposed of to
dedicated smaller internal cells inside the main waste cells, thereby using the cell lining and the
leachate collection system of the parent cells.
During the construction phase of the pulp mill, construction waste will also need to be disposed of.
Gunns will maximise the recycling of construction waste but estimate that there will be a residual
25,000 cubic metres of unrecyclable construction waste that will need to be disposed of in the pulp mill
landfill. George Town Council has advised Gunns that due to disposal area constraints, the George
Town landfill is unable to accept any inert or putrescible waste from the pulp mill project. This will be
inert material. It will not require a cell liner or leachate collection, and the cell design for the
construction waste will therefore be much simpler than it will need to be for process waste.
Domestic waste will also be produced during the construction phase from the workers accommodation
facility that will be established in George Town. It is estimated (Pitt and Sherry, 2006a) that a total of
5,000 cubic metres (before compaction) of this type of waste will be produced. This waste is
putrescible, and will therefore require a lined cell and leachate collection.
The disposal needs for waste produced during the construction phase will arise well in advance of the
need to dispose of process waste. If the accommodation workers facility domestic waste was disposed
of to the landfill, the landfills leachate collection system will need to be constructed and operational
approximately 3 years before the system was required for the process waste. Because the 5,000 cubic
metres of domestic waste from the workers accommodation facility is relatively small (particularly when
compaction is allowed for), it is considered to be more efficient and cost effective to take this waste to
an established landfill, probably Remount Road, so that construction of the leachate collection system
can be deferred until it is required for the process waste.
In summary, the waste that will be disposed of in the pulp mill landfill comprises approximately:
A total of 25,000 cubic metres of construction waste during the 3 year construction phase;
Up to 51,000 cubic metres per year of process waste during the operational phase; and
Up to 5,000 cubic metres per year (before compaction) of putrescible waste during the operational
phase.
Following approval of the project, detailed design of the landfill will be undertaken.
4.14.2 Waste Recovery
The solid process waste produced by the pulp mill will come primarily from minerals in the raw wood,
from the unusable fraction of limestone and from other impurities in process inputs.
The solid process wastes are boiler ash, green liquor process dregs, slaker grits (sand) and lime kiln
electrostatic precipitator dust.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 361
Boiler ash is inorganic (mineral) residue left from the combustion of wood in the plants boilers.
Green liquor dregs are nonreactive and insoluble materials left after smelt (inorganic process
chemicals) from the recovery furnace is mixed with water. They consist of carbonaceous material and
compounds of calcium, sodium, magnesium and sulphur.
Lime sludge is produced when lime is mixed with green liquor to produce white liquor through a
recausticising process. The lime kiln converts this sludge into lime with a high content of active calcium
oxide. Slaker grits are made of overburned and/or underburned lime that is produced in the lime kiln.
The grits contain sodium, magnesium and aluminum salt.
The lime dust from the lime kiln will be recovered with an electrostatic precipitator. Depending on the
final selection of the recausticizing equipment, the non-process elements (NPE) from the chemical
recovery system (lime kiln and recaustisization) are purged out, either with lime kiln dust or through the
pre-coat lime of the dregs filter.
Collectively, the process wastes from a Kraft mill are caustisizing materials with a pH of at least 11,
containing varying proportions of calcium, aluminium, iron, sodium, potassium, sulphur, magnesium
and chlorine, with calcium the predominant component.
Caustisizing materials generally do not exhibit a significant environmental hazard, typically having low
concentrations of heavy metals and no RCRA (United States of America Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act) corrosivity or toxicity (RMT Inc 2003).
Beneficial use methods for causticizing residuals tend to take advantage of the calcium content and/or
alkalinity of these materials. The USA National Council for Air and Stream Improvement has reviewed
potential beneficial uses for pulp mill solid process wastes as follows:
Soil amendment: Land application is the most commonly practised beneficial use for causticizing
materials, with lime mud being the material that is most commonly used as a soil amendment. The
residuals serve as liming agents, replacing agricultural limestone as a means of raising soil pH to a
range that enhances crop production. Causticizing residuals tend to neutralize soil more rapidly
than agricultural limestone because they generally consist of smaller particles. Causticizing
materials have also been successfully applied as a forest soil amendment. They have been shown
to raise the pH of acidic soil and promote the growth of trees.
Alternative daily cover: Lime slaker grits have been successfully used as an alternative cover
material to the traditional (15 cm) of daily soil cover used for active faces of a landfill. The use of
grits as an alternative daily cover helps to control blowing litter, animals, and insects at the landfill.
Raw material in cement manufacturing: Causticizing materials are utilized as feedstocks in the
production of cement. The basic raw materials required to make cement are calcium, silicon,
aluminium, and iron. Causticizing materials have high percentages of calcium, aluminium, and iron,
and if properly washed (as is the norm), they generally are low in constituents that can negatively
impact the production and quality of cement, such as sulfur and sodium.
Soil stabilization: Soil stabilization is the alteration of soil properties to improve the chemical or
engineering performance of the soil. Lime slaker grits have generally been used in this application.
Lime slaker grits, when mixed with sand and compacted in lifts, have been shown to handle heavy
truck traffic better than typical soil surfaces. Lime slaker grits has also been shown to be effective as

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 362
a dust suppressant on unpaved roads. While the dust from the grit/sand roads is finer than that
produced from native soil roads, the grit has a better liquid holding capacity, which improves
efficiency for dust suppression techniques.
Fine aggregate in asphalt paving: Lime mud, lime slaker grits, and green liquor dregs have been
used successfully as a substitute for fine aggregate in hot mixed asphalt.
Other: Causticizing materials have also been used in surface mine reclamation, treatment of acid
sulfate soils, for feedstock in compost, as an admixture to hydraulic barrier material, as a settling aid
in wastewater treatment, for pH adjustment of process water, and as an ingredient in manufactured
soil.
Reuse opportunities for process waste from the Gunns pulp mill will depend on the demand for that
material within economic and environmentally efficient transport distances from the mill site.
Gunns will continue to research and review reuse opportunities (such as fertiliser, treatment of acid
sulfate soils and/or soil conditioner). Gunns will also adopt a principle of maximizing reuse of waste
from the mill site as it is generated, rather than relying on recovering it at a later date from the landfill.
A Waste Management Plan will be a key component of the construction phase Environmental
Management Plan.
The construction and operation of a major industrial facility such as the pulp mill will generate a
significant amount of waste that will require management through all phases of the project. All
opportunities to minimise waste generation will be considered, as will alternative uses for major waste
streams.
Other than disposal of hazardous wastes to Launceston, the project is not reliant on external waste
disposal facilities for management of wastes, but will take responsibility for its own material. Assuming
a worst case scenario of no waste reuse, a landfill has been identified and concept design present
which will manage all but hazardous wastes from the pulp mill. Appropriate design and development of
waste management strategies for construction and operational phases will result in minimal affects
from this project component.
rating related to waste management is provided below.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 363
Table 93: Summary of potential impact rating and management measures waste
management

Rating
Waste Management
Waste generation and Moderate Waste Management Plan Minor positive Minor
minimisation negative construction phase impact negative
impact impact
Moderate Reuse opportunities Minor positive Minor

negative impact negative
impact impact
Overall, waste management impacts from the pulp mill are considered to be minor.
4.15 Noise
This section is based on the noise assessment undertaken for the project and presented in Appendix
18, Volume 9. Noise assessment criteria are discussed in this report, with potential impacts detailed in
the following sections.
4.15.1 Blasting
Details on the proposed blasting methods were derived from Orica Quarry Services (2005) which
outlines nominal charge design for blasting works based on preliminary earthworks requirements.
Blasting is proposed to be undertaken twice daily, to displace sufficient material to allow 24 hour
earthworks. Based on the separation distances to the nearest sensitive receptors and the nature of
blasting activities, blasting noise is not considered the most significant noise impact compared with the
ongoing earthworks and general construction activities. The assessment of construction noise has
consequently assessed the latter.
The risk assessment process related to blasting as outlined by Orica identified three blasting effects
(airblast, flyrock, and ground dislocation), which were assessed and considered to be manageable
during construction works based on the following:
Airblast Orica considered that due to the blasting methods employed and the nature of the
structures surrounding the site, airblast would be below levels that may potentially cause damage;
Flyrock flyrock resulting from blasting is expected to be contained with the nominated stemming
heights. Orica suggest that additional ground cover material may be required in critical areas. A
blasting management safety plan will need to be in place for blasting activities; and
Ground dislocation Due to the distance between the proposed blasting areas and nearest
receivers, ground dislocation was not identified as a significant issue. Orica identified the only
known structures to be in close enough proximity to be potentially affected by ground dislocation
were the wooden power poles which were due to be upgraded.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 364
As such, the effects of blasting during construction works of the site are not expected to be a significant
issue.
Information provided by Gunns indicates blasting activities will occur twice a day, seven days a week.
In order to minimise irritability and intrusiveness of blasting activities, the blasts will be undertaken at
approximately the same time each day between 9.00 am and 3.00pm.
4.15.2 Construction Noise
Construction will be undertaken over 3-stages. An additional batching plant stage has also been
proposed.
The general site preparation activities, their timings, and the individual processes within them were
identified based upon documentation prepared by Gunns and Jaakko Pyry. The individual processes
that are anticipated to generate significant amounts of noise were then identified. In general, these
processes were identified as:
Earth moving equipment;

Piling equipment; and
Blasting equipment.
Acoustic modelling was undertaken using Computer Aided Noise Abatement (CadnaA) to predict the
effects of construction noise.
CadnaA is a computer program for the calculation, assessment and prognosis of noise exposure.
CadnaA calculates environmental noise propagation according to ISO 9613-2. Local topography,
ground absorption and relevant building structures are taken into account in the calculations.
Modelling results are based on information provided by Gunns and sound power sources taken from
GHDs internal database.
Table 94 below details the earth moving equipment which has been assessed in modelling for the
construction phase.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 365
Table 94: Proposed Earth Moving Equipment Modelled
Frequency
16
Equipment Type modelled Type to be used 31.5 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 A Linear
Excavator ** 120 tonne 85 dB(A) @ 7 m sound pressure level
Bull Dozer CAT D11R* D10R and D9R 109 113 111 111 110 106 102 95 114.4 118.4
Grader 16 foot 140 H 113 108 106 105 105 104 101 95 110.2 116.1
Dump truck *** 50 tonne 88 dB(A) @ 7 m sound pressure level
Rock Breaker ** UK 100 dB(A) @ 7 m sound pressure level
Heavy vehicle *** UK 105 102 101 102 104 96 93 89 94 103.6 110.5
Drill Rig *** UK 115 122 112 112 109 106 102 99 114.7 123.7
Note* - the D11R dozer is a larger dozer than those proposed to be used on site. Modelling using the D11R is therefore considered conservative.
** Types modelled were sourced from AS 2436 Guide to Noise control on Construction, maintenance and demolition sites.
*** Type modelled sourced from GHDs internal database.
UK = unknown
All levels are sound power levels unless otherwise specified.
16
Type of equipment to be used as specified by the client.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 366
The above equipment were all modelled under worst case conditions operating at full power.
All earth moving equipment is expected to operate for approximately 70% of the time during the day,
evening and night.
Rock breaking is expected to operate for approximately 70% of the time only during the day.
The drill rigs are expected to operate for 40% of the time during the day, evening and night.
Construction equipment modelled for the respective stages of proposed construction work and for
different areas of construction works (refer Section 4.5.1 for details) are listed below Table 95 and
Table 96.
It should be noted that all machinery and equipment as specified for each respective stage of
construction works was modelled operating at its maximum sound power levels. Previous experience
suggests this is unlikely to happen at any one time during construction activities and modelling is
therefore based on conservative scenarios (GHD, 2006a).
Table 95: Modelled Construction Equipment Stage 1 Construction

Area 1 Area 2 Area 3 Area 4 Other Roads and
Areas Between
1 x bulldozer 1 x bulldozer 2 x bulldozers 1 x bulldozer 3 x dump trucks

1 x dump truck 1 x dump truck 2 x dump trucks 1 x dump truck
1 x rock breaker 1 x excavator 1 x excavator 1 x excavator
(day time only)*
1 x grader 1 x grader 1 x grader
1 x rock breaker 2 x rock breakers 1 x rock breaker
(day time only)* (day time only)* (day time only)*
1 x Drill Rig 1 x Drill Rig 2 x Drill Rig
Note* - Information provided by the client indicates the rock breaker will be operating only during day and has therefore been
included in day modelling scenarios only.
Table 96: Modelled Construction Equipment Stage 2 and 3 Construction

Area 1 Area 2 Area 3 Area 4 Other Roads and
Areas Between
1 x bulldozer 2 x bulldozers 2 x bulldozers 1 x dump truck 3 x dump trucks
1 x dump truck 1 x dump truck 2 x dump trucks 1 x rock breaker
(day time only)*
1 x excavator 1 x excavator 1 x excavator
1 x grader 1 x grader 1 x grader
1 x rock breaker 1 x rock breaker 2 x rock breakers
(day time only)* (day time only)* (day time only)*
1 x Drill Rig 1 x Drill Rig 2 x Drill Rig
Note* - Information provided by the client indicates the rock breaker will be operating only during the day and has therefore been
included in day modelling scenarios only.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 367
Five rock breakers in total were modelled during the day for the batching plant stage.
Received noise produced by anticipated activities during the construction phase for each Stage of
construction is shown in Table 97 to Table 99, under differing meteorological conditions, with no noise
barriers or acoustic shielding in place and with each plant item operating at full power.
Table 97: Construction Noise Assessment Stage 1 Construction
Receiver Location Calm Weather F Class Inversion Calm Weather

Conditions - Day Night dB(A) Conditions
dB(A) Night dB(A)
Location 1 (Blackwood 47.5 (44) 44.6 (44) 38.9 (44)

Hill)
Location 2 (Salmon Farm) 46.0 (44) 42.9 (43) 37.1 (43)
WH (Waterton Hall) 37.9 (34) 35.5 (32) 29.6 (32)
W0 44.5 (45) 41.7 (38) 35.7 (38)
W2 39.4 (43) 37.3 (35) 31.3 (35)
W2A 41.3 (40) 38.9 (35) 32.9 (35)
W3 37.6 (39) 35.6 (36) 29.8 (36)
W4 35.6 (38) 33.6 (35) 27.8 (35)

Notes: 48 indicates an exceedance of the construction noise criteria for the respective scenario.
Number in brackets indicates construction criteria
Table 98: Construction Noise Assessment Stages 2 and 3 Construction
Receiver Location Calm Weather F Class Inversion Calm Weather

Conditions - Day Night dB(A) Conditions
dB(A) Night dB(A)
Location 1 (Blackwood 47.4 (44) 43.3 (44) 37.5 (44)

Hill)
Location 2 (Salmon Farm) 45.9 (44) 42.6 (43) 36.7 (43)
WH (Waterton Hall) 37.9 (34) 35.5 (32) 29.5 (32)
W0 44.5 (38) 41.6 (38) 35.7 (38)
W2 39.3 (41) 36.9 (35) 30.9 (35)
W2A 41.3 (39) 38.4 (35) 32.4 (35)
W3 37.5 (40) 35.1 (36) 29.2 (36)
W4 35.6 (39) 33.4 (35) 27.6 (35)

Number in (brackets) indicates construction criteria

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 368
Table 99: Construction Noise Assessment Batching Stage
Receiver Location Calm Weather Conditions - Day dB(A)*
Location 1 (Blackwood Hill) 46.9 (44)
Location 2 (Salmon Farm) 45.4 (44)
WH (Waterton Hall) 37.3 (34)
W0 43.9 (45)
W2 38.7 (43)
W2A 40.7 (40)
W3 36.9 (39)
W4 34.9 (38)
- Day time modelling was undertaken only, as proposed construction methodology during this stage will consist of rock
breaking only, which is proposed for day time only.
Number in brackets indicates construction criteria
In addition to plant and equipment specified above, construction of the wharf facility will involve the
piering of 5 6 piles driven to construct the berth. Piling is proposed to be undertaken using a Kobe
K45 diesel pile frame hammer. Modelled construction piling activities are presented in Table 100
below.
Table 100: Construction Noise Assessment Wharf Piling
Receiver Location Calm Weather Conditions - Day dB(A)*
Location 1 (Blackwood Hill) 48.5 (44)
Location 2 (Salmon Farm) 47.0 (44)
WH (Waterton Hall) 38.8 (34)
W0 45.5 (45)
W2 40.2 (43)
W2A 42.3 (40)
W3 38.4 (39)
W4 36.4 (38)
* - Day time modelling was undertaken only, as piling activities will not be undertaken during night time periods.
Modelling suggests staged construction activities being undertaken during night time under calm
weather conditions are unlikely to exceed the respective construction noise criteria at any of the
modelled receiver locations.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 369
Scenarios where construction activities are being undertaken during day time and in the event of a
night time temperature inversion has the potential to exceed respective construction noise goals at the
majority of modelled receiver locations.
Night times, under calm weather conditions are less likely to have an acoustic influence. However
some locations during both stages of construction may also experience noise levels in excess of the
respective criteria.
As previously stated, modelling was undertaken based on a worst-case scenario, with all plant
operating simultaneously. As a result, predicted received noise levels are expected to slightly overstate
actual received levels and thus provide a measure of conservatism. Received noise at each assessed
potential receiver is added (where appropriate) to determine the total received noise at that distance
from construction activities and compared to the criteria.
The construction noise criteria are set for noise levels determined as LA10(15min). During a full 15 minute
period, the machinery items to be used on site may operate at maximum sound power levels for only
brief stages. However, previous experience suggests that this is rarely likely to occur and equipment or
machinery is more likely to operate intermittently during different phases, depending on the respective
construction activity. At other times the machinery may produce lower sound levels while carrying out
activities not requiring full power. Therefore the modelled results indicate a worst case scenario.
To minimise noise emissions construction equipment will be in good condition. All combustion engine
plant, such as generators, compressors and welders will be checked to ensure they produce minimal
noise with particular attention to residential grade exhaust silencers. Where practical, machines will be
operated at low speed or power and will be switched off when not being used rather than left idling for
prolonged periods. Machines found to produce excessive noise compared to industry best practice will
be removed from the site or stood down until repairs or modifications can be made. Impact wrenches
will be used sparingly with hand tools or quiet hydraulic torque units preferred.
4.15.3 Construction Vibration
Pile driving is expected to generate the most significant vibration levels. Rolling activities and trucking
movements are also expected to generate some levels of ground vibration Table 101 outlines typical
vibration levels for different plant activities sourced from the NSW RTA Publication Environmental
Noise Management Manual.
Table 101: Typical Vibration Levels Construction Equipment
Item Peak Particle Velocity at

10m (mm/s)
Piling 12-30
Loader Breaking Kerbs 6-8
15 Tonne Compactor 7-8
7 Tonne Compactor 5-7

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 370
Item Peak Particle Velocity at
10m (mm/s)
Roller 5-6
Pavement Breaker 4.5-6
Dozer 2.5-4
Backhoe 1
Jackhammer 0.5
Construction activity can result in varying degrees of ground vibration depending on the equipment and
methods employed. Operation of construction equipment causes ground vibration which diminish in
strength with distance. Buildings founded on the soil in the vicinity of the construction site respond to
these vibrations with varying results, ranging from no perceptible effects at the lowest levels, low
rumbling and perceptible vibrations at moderate levels and slight building damage at the highest levels.
Ground vibrations from construction activities very rarely reach the levels that can damage structures,
but they can achieve the audible and perceptible ranges in buildings very close to the site. As pile
driving is only proposed for the wharf facility, and there are no structures within 1 km of the work area,
pile driving is not likely to result in any vibration risks to structures.
While vibration impacts are likely to be minimal, it is recommended to undertake vibration monitoring at
the nearest residents to ensure potential vibration impacts are assessed and minimised.
4.15.4 Operational Noise
Acoustic modelling was undertaken using Computer Aided Noise Abatement (CadnaA) to predict the
effects of industrial noise generated by the pulp mill.
Modelling results are based on attended measurements of the woodchip mill and on information
provided by Jaakko Pyry.
Sound power levels for the pulp mill have been derived from data from an operational pulp mill located
in Finland. In addition, attended monitoring was undertaken at the existing woodchip mills to establish
sound power levels from current operations. While not all plant and equipment will be the same, the
measured noise levels provide a practical indication of what noise levels can be expected at the pulp
mill and future chipping operations.
Existing woodchip mill sound pressure measurements were based on ISO 9613:1993. Acoustics
Attenuation of sound during propagation outdoors, AS 1217.7- Acoustics Determination of Sound
Power Levels of Noise Sources Part 7 Survey Method, and ISO 9614:1996 Acoustics
Determination of sound power levels of noise sources using sound intensity Part 2: Measurement by
scanning. Pulp mill sound pressure measurements derived from information provided by Jaakko Pyry
were converted to sound power levels based on ISO 9613 and AS 1217.7.
Therefore the assessment took into account:

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 371
The existing ambient noise environment; and
The measured sound pressure levels of various plant and equipment at the existing woodchip mill
and operational data from a comparable pulp mill in Finland which formed the basis for predicting
sound levels for plant and equipment at the pulp mill.
Details of sound power levels and modelling assumptions for the woodchip mill and pulp mill noise
sources are detailed in Appendix 18, Volume 9. Noise measurements from the woodchip mills and
sound power levels from the Finnish pulp mill were modelled using CadnaA noise modelling software to
predict noise levels emanating from the pulp mill. The model considers topography, site noise sources
and the location of the receiver areas to predict received noise levels from the pulp mill. The location of
the noise sources within the site was done with reference to site layout plans.
Modelled sound pressure levels at the residential receiver locations for the six different scenarios for
the modelled results are provided in Table 102.
Potential noise impacts were modelled under six differing scenarios as follows:
1. The existing woodchip mill under neutral atmospheric conditions;
2. The existing woodchip mill with an F Class 17 inversion from the north at a wind speed of 2 m/s;
3. The existing woodchip mill with the addition of the pulp mill and the proposed third chipper (with no
engineering noise control) under neutral atmospheric conditions;
4. The existing woodchip mill with the addition of the pulp mill and the proposed third chipper (with no
engineering noise control), with an F Class inversion from the north at a wind speed of 2 m/s;
5. The existing woodchip mill with the addition of the third chipper (with no engineering noise control)
under neutral atmospheric conditions; and
6. The pulp mill only under neutral atmospheric conditions.
17
The default inversion parameter Class F has been used based on the area classified as a non-arid area.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 372
Table 102: Modelled Receiver Sound Pressure Levels dB (A)
Scenario Location 1 Location 2 Location 3 Location 4 Location 5 Location 6 Location 7 Location 8

(Blackwood (Salmon farm) (WH) (WO) (W2) (W2A) (W3) (W4)
Hills)
1 38 43 (E) 36 (D, E) 42 32 34 28 29
2 44 (E, N) 49 (D, E, N) 42 (D, E, N) 48 (D, N) 39 (N) 40 (N) 34 36 (N)
3 43 48 (D, E) 41 (D, E) 47 (D) 38 40 34 35
4 48 (D, E, N) 54 (D, E, N) 50 (D, E, N) 55 (D, E, N) 48 (D, E, N) 49 (D, E, N) 44 (D, E, N) 45 (D, E, N)
5 50 (D, E) 55 (D, E) 47 (D, E) 53 (D, E) 44 (D) 46 (D, E) 40 (D) 41 (D)
6 38 39 30 36 32 34 27 29
INP Project Specific Noise 44 LAeq(15min) 44 LAeq(15min) 35 LAeq(15min) 45 LAeq(15min) 43 LAeq(15min) 40 LAeq(15min) 39 LAeq(15min) 38 LAeq(15min)
Goal Day
INP Project Specific Noise 43 LAeq(15min) 41 LAeq(15min) 35 LAeq(15min) 45 LAeq(eve) 44 LAeq(15min) 42 LAeq(15min) 42 LAeq(15min) 43 LAeq(15min)
Goal Evening
Goal Night*
Notes: 48 indicates an exceedance of the project specific noise goal for the respective scenario during either day, evening or nighttime periods.
*Nighttime noise goals are only applicable to Scenarios 2 and 4 (night time periods between 10 pm and 7 am, where an F-class inversion is most likely to occur and has been
assessed)
(D) Indicates exceeds criteria for day time period
(E) Indicates exceeds criteria for evening period
(N) Indicates exceeds criteria for nighttime period.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 373
Results of the modelling suggest the INP project specific noise goals may be exceeded at the
residence nearest the existing woodchip mill and pulp mill under the following modelled
scenarios:
Modelling Scenario 1:
During evening periods at location 2 (Salmon Farm); and
During day and evening periods at location 3 (Waterton Hall).
During evening and night time periods at location 1 (Blackwood Hills);
During day, evening and night time periods at locations 2 (Salmon Farm) and 3
(Waterton Hall);
During day and night time periods at location 4 (WO); and
During nighttime periods at locations 5, 6 and 8 (W2, W2A and W4 respectively).
During day and evening periods at locations 2 (Salmon farm) and 3 (Waterton Hall);
and
During daytime periods at location 4 (WO).
During day, evening and nighttime periods at all respective monitored locations.
During day and evening periods at locations 1,(Blackwood Hills), 2 (Salmon farm), 3
(Waterton Hall), 4 (WO) and 6 (W2A); and
During daytime periods at locations 5 (W2), 7 (W3) and 8 (W4).
Modelled results suggests operational noise levels at all locations may potentially be
met during scenario 6 conditions.
All the above scenarios were modelled without any engineering noise control properties.
Results of the modelling suggest that weather enhanced conditions and the introduction of the
third chipper at the existing woodchip mill have the greatest potential to adversely affect
project specific noise goals.
Section 5 of the INP outlines the steps for assessing meteorological conditions. The INP
specifies that if the occurrence of inversions is less than 30 % of the time, then no further
assessment is required. Background meteorological data for the area in question suggests
that an F class temperature inversion with a source to receiver drainage flow of 2 m/s as
utilised in this assessment to represent a worst case scenario is only likely to occur
approximately 10 % of the time. While it is technically possible for this occurrence to happen,
the meteorological requirement as outlined in the INP does not apply for this assessment.
The modelled scenario with the existing woodchip mill operating under neutral conditions was
only exceeded at Location 4 (WO) which is the closest receptor to the existing woodchip mill
and at Location 3 (WH) by 1 dB(A).

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Where the pulp mill was modelled operating alone under neutral atmospheric conditions,
operational noise goals are likely to be met at all modelled receiver locations.
Results of the modelling are provided in Figure 15 to Figure .20.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
N
10
3
9
8
4 7
3 6
1
2 5
KEY
1 North Screen Room 6 South Conveyor 1
2 North Conveyor 7 South Mill
3 Truck 8 South Conveyor 2
4 Komatsu Source 9 South Screen Room
5 Dozer 10 Wagner
Date: 9 March 2006 Operational Noise Modelling Results - Scenario 1

File Name: 2212261_LTN_23.cdr Proposed Bleached Kraft Pulp Mill, Northern Tasmania - Noise Assessment Figure 4-28
Figure 15
N
10
3
9
8
4 7
3 6
1
2 5
KEY
1 North Screen Room 6 South Conveyor 1
2 North Conveyor 7 South Mill
3 Truck 8 South Conveyor 2
4 Komatsu Source 9 South Screen Room
5 Dozer 10 Wagner

Figure 16
N
18
10
15 3
3 9
16
8
3
14 4 7
17 3 6
1
13 2 5
11 12
KEY
1 North Screen Room 10 Wagner
2 North Conveyor 11 North Re-Chipper
3 Truck 12 Conveyor
4 Komatsu Source 13 Fan
5 Dozer 14 Causticizing Plant
6 South Conveyor 1 15 Oxygen Plant
7 South Mill 16 Drying Room
8 South Conveyor 2 17 Evaporation Plant
9 South Screen Room 18 Fibre Line

Figure 17
N
18
10
15 3
3 9
16
8
3
14 4 7
17 3 6
1
13 2 5
11 12
KEY
1 North Screen Room 10 Wagner
2 North Conveyor 11 North Re-Chipper
3 Truck 12 Conveyor
4 Komatsu Source 13 Fan
5 Dozer 14 Causticizing Plant
6 South Conveyor 1 15 Oxygen Plant
7 South Mill 16 Drying Room
8 South Conveyor 2 17 Evaporation Plant
9 South Screen Room 18 Fibre Line

Figure 18
N
10
3
9
8
4 7
3 6
1
2 11
5
KEY 6 South Conveyor 1

1 North Screen Room 7 South Mill
2 North Conveyor 8 South Conveyor 2
3 Truck 9 South Screen Room
4 Komatsu Source 10 Wagner
5 Dozer 11 North Re-chipper

Figure 19
N
18
15
3
16
3
14
17
13
11 12
KEY
14 Causticizing Plant
3 Truck 15 Oxygen Plant
11 North Re-Chipper 16 Drying Room
12 Conveyor 17 Evaporation Plant
13 Fan 18 Fibre Line

Figure 20
4.15.5 Road Traffic Noise Assessment
The GHD traffic report (Appendix 43, Volume 15) identifies three different operational strategies based
upon modelled resources. These operational strategies are broadly outlined as below:
Control Strategy this strategy models wood flow around the State if the pulp mill does not proceed.
For the purpose of the noise assessment, numbers identified in the control strategy are essentially
known as existing data;
Anticipated Strategy this strategy models wood flow around the State when the pulp mill utilises a
combination of native and plantation wood to reduce road based timber freight across the State; and
Plantation Strategy which utilises predominantly plantation wood for the operation of the pulp mill.
The traffic assessment modelled two different scenarios:

Worst-case scenario (i.e. no rail, therefore all transport is undertaken via heavy vehicle movements);
and
The preferred scenario (i.e. majority of the transport is undertaken via rail movement).
Table 103 and Table 104 below show existing and predicted traffic counts for both scenarios, under
worst case and the preferred scenario. Note that only roads considered relevant to the noise
component of the development have been included in the following tables.
The worst case no rail option using predominantly plantation timber poses the largest traffic noise risk
with truck movements on the West Tamar Highway increasing from 85 to 226 trucks per day and truck
movements increasing on the East Tamar Highway from 304 to 527 trucks per day. There is no
predicted increase in truck movements on Bridport Main Road.
The preferred scenario utilising rail transport would result in only a negligible increase in traffic and
therefore would result in little if any noise increase due to truck noise associated with the pulp mill as in
general terms it would take a doubling in traffic volume to increase traffic noise levels by 3 dB(A).
Therefore even in the worst case scenario the West Tamar Highway being the most heavily effected
road due to logging truck volume increases would experience at most a 5 dB(A) increase.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 382
Table 103: Number of Trucks per Day - Worst-Case Scenario
Location Start-Up Model Average 2008-09 Start-Up Model Average 2013-15 Start-Up Model Average 2019-21
Control Anticipated Plantation Control Anticipated Plantation Control Anticipated Plantation
Bridport Main Road 73 73 73 94 94 94 114 114 114
West Tamar 81 81 81 84 135 278 85 144 226

Highway
East Tamar Highway 278 317 317 272 377 492 304 413 527
Table 104: Number of Trucks per Day Preferred Scenario
Location Start-Up Model Average 2008-09 Start-Up Model Average 2013-15 Start-Up Model Average 2019-21
Control Anticipated Plantation Control Anticipated Plantation Control Anticipated Plantation
Bridport Main Road 73 73 73 94 94 94 114 114 114
West Tamar 81 81 81 84 84 109 85 85 110

Highway
East Tamar Highway 177 177 177 167 167 180 195 195 233

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 383
4.15.6 Operating Pulp Mill - Boiler Start-up and Blow-down
Before commissioning of the pulp mill, blow-down of boiler tubes is required to clean the tubes of any
metal debris which, if not removed, would cause major problems with downstream usage of the steam,
such as damage to turbine blades.
In a normal situation, the blow down duration is between 5 10 minutes, then the pipe is allowed to
cool before repeating the process.
Blow-down of the recovery and power boiler might take several months. In order to mitigate noise, a
portable silencer will be constructed. The silencer will essentially consist of a large tank with water
sprays which condensates the steam, hence reducing the pressure and associated blow-down noise.
During normal mill operation, recovery boiler sootblowers are continuously used so that at any one
time, there maybe be 2 to 3 sootblowers in operation.
Sootblowers of the power boiler are only used for a period of 30-minutes per shift.
Initial start up blower condition modelling was undertaken for both attenuated operations and
unattenuated (no engineering noise controls in place) operations. Attenuated modelling assumed a 90
dB(A) sound pressure level at 1 m distance. Where no attenuation was incorporated, sound pressure
level at 1 m distance was modelled at 130 dB(A).
Results are provided for different heights of potential noise generating equipment. Models are shown
in Figure 21 and Figure 22.
.
Results are provided in Table 105 below.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 384
Table 105: Initial Start Up Blower Results - Modelled
Height Attenuation: Steam Blowing Points - 90 dB(A) @ 1m No Attenuation: Steam Blowing Points - 130 dB(A) @ 1m
Steam Blowing Points (m) R1 R2 WH W0 W2 W2A W3 W4 R1 R2 WH W0 W2 W2A W3 W4
1. Power Boiler High Pressure Pipe up to Main Valve 37.5 15 17 8 15 8 10 4 4 55 57 48 55 48 50 44 44
2. Recovery Boiler High Pressure Pipe to Main Valve 82.5 14 16 7 14 7 9 3 3 54 56 47 54 47 49 43 43
3. High Pressure Steam Line up to Turbine 1 Emergency Stop Valve 17.5 0 18 0 14 0 0 0 4 31 58 35 54 25 26 21 44
4. High Pressure Steam Line up to Turbine 2 Emergency Stop Valve 17.5 0 18 0 14 0 0 0 4 32 58 36 54 25 26 21 44
5. Medium Pressure Steam SMP12 Line to Evaporation 17.5 14 17 5 14 8 9 4 4 54 57 45 54 48 49 44 44
6. Medium Pressure Steam SMP9 Line to Evaporation 17.5 16 9 0 3 5 6 4 2 56 49 39 43 45 46 44 42
7. Low Pressure Steam Line to Evaporation 17.5 9 10 7 14 4 4 1 3 49 50 47 54 44 44 41 43
8. CNCG Boilers SMP18 Steam Line 7.5 7 7 0 0 7 9 4 4 47 47 25 31 47 49 44 44
10. Bleaching Plant SMP9 Steam Line 17.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 34 25 30 28 30 28 27
11. Bleaching Plant SLP Steam Line 17.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 34 25 30 28 29 27 27
12. Drying Machine SLP Steamline 27.5 15 14 6 13 6 8 4 3 55 54 46 53 46 48 44 43
12. Drying Machine SLP Steamline 27.5 15 16 6 12 6 8 4 3 55 56 46 52 46 48 44 43
14. Recovery Boiler SMP9 Steam Line 17.5 17 16 0 0 8 9 5 4 57 56 27 32 48 49 45 44
17. Turbine Plant SLP Header 31.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 32 25 30 25 26 24 23
18. Turbine Plant SMP9 Header 31.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 33 25 30 25 26 23 23
19. Turbine Plant SMP12 Header 31.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 33 26 31 25 26 23 23
20. Power Boiler SLP Steam Line 12.5 15 17 0 0 9 11 4 4 55 57 30 32 49 51 44 44
21. Power Boiler SMP29 Steam Line 12.5 15 19 0 15 9 11 5 5 55 59 32 55 49 51 45 45
22. Chemical Plant SLP Steam Line 7.5 0 13 4 0 0 0 0 0 36 53 44 47 34 35 34 34
23. Causticizing SLP Steam Line 7.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 38 31 33 35 35 40 35
Overall Receiver Levels 26 28 15 24 18 20 15 16 66 68 55 64 58 60 55 56

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 385
N
12 10,11
22
9
5,6,7
2,4
20
21
17,18,19
1
13,14,15,16
23 8
KEY 13 Drying Machine SLP Steam Line

5 Medium Pressure Steam SMP12 14 Recovery Boiler SMP9 Steam Line - Indoor
Line to Evaporation 15 Recovery Boiler SMP18 Steam Line - Indoor
1 Power Boiler High Pressure 6 Medium Pressure Steam SMP9 16 Recovery Boiler SMP29 Steam Line - Indoor
Pipe up to Main Valve - Indoor Line to Evaporation 17 Turbine Plant SLP Header
2 Recovery Boiler High Pressure 7 Low Pressure Steam Line to 18 Turbine Plant SMP9 Header
Pipe to Main Valve Evaporation 19 Turbine Plant SMP12 Header
3 High Pressure Steam Line up to 8 CNCG Boilers SMP18 Steam Line 20 Power Boiler SLP Steam Line - Indoor
Turbine 1 Emergency Stop Valve 10 Bleaching Plant 21 Power Boiler SMP29 Steam Line - Indoor
4 High Pressure Steam Line up to 11 Bleaching Plant SMP9 Steam Line 22 Chemical Plant SLP Steam Line
Turbine 2 Emergency Stop Valve 12 Bleaching Plant SLP Steam Line 23 Causticizing SLP Steam Line
Date: 5 April 2006 Initial Blower Start-Up - No Attenuation

Figure
N
12 10,11
22
9
5,6,7
2,4
20
21
17,18,19
1
13,14,15,16
23 8
KEY 13 Drying Machine SLP Steam Line

5 Medium Pressure Steam SMP12 14 Recovery Boiler SMP9 Steam Line - Indoor
Line to Evaporation 15 Recovery Boiler SMP18 Steam Line - Indoor
1 Power Boiler High Pressure 6 Medium Pressure Steam SMP9 16 Recovery Boiler SMP29 Steam Line - Indoor
Pipe up to Main Valve - Indoor Line to Evaporation 17 Turbine Plant SLP Header
2 Recovery Boiler High Pressure 7 Low Pressure Steam Line to 18 Turbine Plant SMP9 Header
Pipe to Main Valve Evaporation 19 Turbine Plant SMP12 Header
3 High Pressure Steam Line up to 8 CNCG Boilers SMP18 Steam Line 20 Power Boiler SLP Steam Line - Indoor
Turbine 1 Emergency Stop Valve 10 Bleaching Plant 21 Power Boiler SMP29 Steam Line - Indoor
4 High Pressure Steam Line up to 11 Bleaching Plant SMP9 Steam Line 22 Chemical Plant SLP Steam Line
Turbine 2 Emergency Stop Valve 12 Bleaching Plant SLP Steam Line 23 Causticizing SLP Steam Line
Date: 5 April 2006 Initial Blower Start-Up - No Attenuation

Figure 22
4.15.7 Potential Impacts to Sleep Disturbance
The INP states that the L1 level (the sound pressure level exceeded for 1 % of the time) of any specific
noise source should not exceed the background noise level (L90) by more than 15 dB(A) when
measured outside the bedroom window.
The adjusted operational noise levels without noise attenuation measures are provided in Table 106.
Table 106: Sleep Disturbance Noise Levels Without Noise Attenuation
Modelled Result* Sleep Disturbance Level (Background

+15 dB)
Blackwood Hills 48 53
Salmon farm 54 53
Waterton Hall 50 42
WO 55 48
W2 48 43
W2A 49 45
W3 44 46
W4 45 45
Note * - The highest nighttime value for each respective scenario has been adopted for conservatism.
During a nighttime inversion without the implementation of noise attenuation measures, sleep
disturbance criteria has the potential to be exceeded at the Salmon Farm, Waterton Hall, WO, W2, and
W2A.
4.15.8 Potential Tonal Noise Impacts
The NSW INP defines tonal noise as containing a prominent frequency and characterised by a definite
pitch.
Potential tonal noise from the pulp mill may be in the form of one-off events. However, exact impacts
from tonal noise will not be known until the pulp mill is operational. It may be recommended to revisit
tonal noise impacts once the pulp mill is operating.
It is recognised that moving noise sources during construction may have an impact on tonal
characteristics of noise sources. However, the direction of moving sources (i.e. plant and equipment),
is likely to decrease received noise levels unless the majority of plant is directed toward the receiver.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 388
4.15.9 Potential Impacts to Wildlife
Reference to literature obtained from the World Forum for Acoustic Ecology, The Effects of Noise on
Wildlife: A Literature Review (Radle A. L (not dated)), indicates that noise has the potential to affect an
animals physiology and behaviour.
Studies indicate that determining the effect of noise on wildlife is complicated, as responses may vary
between species and between individuals of a single population.
While it is recognised that both the construction and operation phase of the pulp mill and proposed third
chipper may contribute to an acoustic effect on wildlife inhabiting the immediate area and surrounds,
general industry noise is not uncommon in the area. Present woodchip mill operations and operations
of the adjacent power station are already a component of the ambient noise environment of the local
wildlife. As such, it is unlikely that noise introduced from the pulp mill and proposed third chipper will
affect the acoustic environment of local wildlife further than what is currently experienced.
4.15.10 Impacts on Human Health Other Than Hearing Loss
The following assessment has been primarily based on the enHealth (2004) publication, The health
effects of environmental noise other than hearing loss.
Non-auditory environmental noise effects can be considered as effects on health and wellbeing,
excluding hearing loss. These effects can include annoyance, decrease quality of life, sleep
disturbance, reduced performance and learning, cardiovascular disease, mental health and stress.
These issues are generally not specifically considered in noise guidelines so have been addressed
separately in this study.
The enHealth (2004) reports identifies that there is sufficient evidence that environmental noise can
adversely affect:
Annoyance;
Sleep disturbance;
Childrens school performance; and
Cardiovascular health.
The most susceptible to such impacts are children, people with existing physical or mental illness and
the elderly.
The report summarises noise levels below which health effects will not be expected based on recent
reviews. Key health outcomes are listed below.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 389
Table 107: Noise levels below which health effects not expected
Health Outcome WHO 1999 Passchier-Vermeer 1993
Measure Value In/outdoors Measure Value In/outdoors
Annoyance dBLAeq16hr 50-55 Out Ldn 42 Out
dBLAeq16hr 35 In
School Performance dBLAeq16hr 50-55 Out
dBLAeq16hr 35 In
Sleep dBLAeq16hr 45 Out
dBLAeq16hr 30 In
Mood next day LAeqnight 60 Out
Performance next day LAeqnight 60 Out
Results from the acoustic modelling indicate these values will not be exceeded at the nearest
residences for the attenuation scenarios.
4.15.11 Recommended Management Measures
Section 10 of the INP considers applying the policy to existing industrial premises, which in this case is
for the proposal to upgrade and expand the woodchip mills. Section 10.1 states that applications for
extensions to existing premises often provide an opportunity to redress issues that relate to the whole
site. However the INP clarifies that the project specific noise levels should not be applied as mandatory
noise limits. The project specific noise levels provide the initial target levels and drive the process of
assessing all feasible and reasonable control measures. It is recognised that in applying the policy to
existing operations, the scope for applying feasible and reasonable mitigation measures to existing
noise sources is usually more limited than for new developments and that sometimes the resultant
noise limits will be above the criteria.
Mitigation Scenarios
To achieve the INP project specific noise goals, mitigation measures are recommended to be
implemented to noise sources that significantly contribute to overall sound levels and are practically
viable. The most critical items identified, based on attended monitoring of all existing equipment and
operational machinery in terms of noise output, are as follows:
The North Mill re-chipper;

The South Mill chipper;
The Proposed third chipper; and
Conveyor system running from the woodchip mill to the pulp mill.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 390
CadnaA was used to provide a mitigation scenario based on the re-chipper, south chipper and
proposed third chipper having an attenuation of 20 dB(A). The conveyer belt was also modelled with a
sound power level of 70 dB(A) per metre.
The conveyor belt, which will carry woodchips to the pulp mill, has the potential to have a considerable
effect on the overall sound power levels when modelled with a 79.5 dB(A) sound power level per metre
line source. As it has not yet been installed, it is suggested that it should be specified to an overall
sound power level of 70 dB(A) per metre.
From this, the predicted emissions at the receiver points can be determined as a guide. The following
mitigation scenarios were modelled:
Attenuation Scenario Calm weather conditions, with no wind during day and night time with the
above mentioned attenuation; and
Attenuation Scenario with F Class - Inversion development, Class F temperature inversion weather
conditions, wind speed 2 m/s towards the south during nighttime.
Predicted noise contour plots are presented in Figure 23 and Figure 24.
Modelled sound pressure levels with noise attenuation measures in place compared with the specific
noise goals are summarised in Table 108.
Based on information provided, the modelled results indicate that if the proposed management
measures are implemented, the noise goals in the INP will be achieved except under highly unusual
atmospheric conditions.
The modelled results indicate that if the proposed management measures are implemented, the INP
noise goals may be achieved for all periods except at Location 1 with an F Class inversion. The
predicted exceedance with consideration to the INP is under a worst case atmospheric condition. The
exceedance is expected to be less than 2dB which is generally imperceptible to the human ear.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 391
Table 108: Modelled Receiver Sound Pressure Levels dB (A) with engineering noise controls
Scenario Location 1 Location 2 Location 3 Location 4 Location 5 Location 6 Location 7 Location 8

(Blackwood (Salmon (WH) (WO) (W2) (W2A) (W3) (W4)
Hills) farm)
Attenuation Scenario 1 37 40 32 38 31 32 27 27
(calm conditions)
Attenuation Scenario 2 43 46 38 44 36 38 33 33
(F Class Inversion - Night)
Goal Day *
INP Project Specific Noise 43 LAeq(15min) 41 LAeq(15min) 35 LAeq(15min) 45 LAeq(eve) 44 LAeq(15min) 42 LAeq(15min) 42 LAeq(15min) 43 LAeq(15min)
Goal Evening
Goal Night
Note* - Day time noise goals applicable to Scenario 1 only.
43 indicates an exceedance of the project specific noise goal for the respective scenario during nighttime periods.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Volume 2: Page 392
N
Date: 9 March 2006 Predicted Noise Levels - Attenuation Scenario

Figure 23
N
Date: 9 March 2006 Predicted Noise Levels - Attenuation Scenario With F Class Inversion
Figure
4.15.12 Re-assessment of Sleep Disturbance with Noise Attenuation
Sleep disturbance criteria has been reassessed following the implementation of the
respective engineering noise controls in place. Results are presented in Table 109 below.
Table 109: Sleep Disturbance Noise Levels With Noise Attenuation
Modelled Result* Sleep Disturbance Level

(Background +15 dB)
Blackwood Hills 43 53
Salmon farm 46 53
Waterton Hall 38 42
WO 44 48
W2 36 43
W2A 38 45
W3 33 46
W4 33 45
Note * - The highest nighttime value for each respective scenario has been adopted for conservatism.
With the implementation of engineering noise controls, modelled results suggest the sleep
disturbance criteria can be met at all monitoring locations during operation of the facility under
the respective modelled scenarios.
Based on operational information provided, the modelled results indicate that if the proposed
mitigation measures are implemented, the project specific noise goals may be achieved at all
locations under neutral atmospheric conditions.
Under unfavourable atmospheric conditions (may occur <10% of the time), project specific
noise goals are predicted to be exceeded at the following locations:
Location 2 (Salmon Farm);
Location 3 (WH);
Location 4 (WO);
Location 5 (W2); and
Location 6 (W2A).
Section 5 of the INP outlines the steps for assessing meteorological conditions. The INP
specifies that if the occurrence of inversions is less than 30% of the time then no further
assessment is required. A review of background meteorological data for the area in question
suggests that an F class temperature inversion with a source to receiver drainage flow of 2
m/s as utilised in this assessment to represent a worst case scenario is not likely to occur
more than 10% of the time. While it is technically possible for this occurrence to happen, the
meteorological requirement as outlined in the INP does not apply for this assessment.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
To ensure compliance with project specific noise goals the following measures will be
implemented:
Engineered acoustic attenuation will be implemented for primary noise sources located
outdoors. This will be undertaken in the design stage to maximise acoustic attenuation
benefits. Sound power levels for any items of plant or machinery to be used on site will
not exceed levels utilised in this assessment, and subsequently modelled for this report;
OH and S requirements will be implemented to ensure that workers are not exposed to
noise levels exceeding 85 dB(A) for 8 hour durations; and
A noise monitoring program as part of the noise management strategy is recommended
once the pulp mill and proposed third chipper are operational with specific engineering
noise controls in place. Frequency and timing of any proposed noise monitoring would be
undertaken with consultation with the Tasmanian DTAE.
4.15.13 Recommended Noise Management
While it has yet to be determined what engineered noise control measures are most
practicable, a common industrial practice is to provide a performance-based specification
approach involving a sound level specification, rather than a prescriptive requirement to
include specific mitigation measures. This will promote design flexibility for the proponent and
to enhance their ability to achieve the optimum outcome in an efficient and effective way.
However, the following is a suggested outline of how attenuation may be achieved.

Treatment options:
Log deck
Log deck noise is created by dropping and moving the logs on the deck. This operation
is not proposed to be changed. Noise is generated by the deck itself and this may be
attenuated by doing work on the underside of the deck to reduce the reverberation.
Chipper
Each chipper is a key noise source. The chipper housings may be modified to
attenuate noise however a detailed investigation would be required to ascertain
acoustic effectiveness while retaining serviceability.
Chipper building
The chipper buildings are lightly clad structures with little acoustic impact as the
sheeting has little noise attenuation capability. Further, in the south chipper building
there are large wall openings toward the river. Opportunities to address noise lost
from the buildings include reduction in opening areas as well as addition of absorption
capabilities.
Conveyors
The conveyors themselves are not significant noise sources and consequently no initial
treatment is suggested.
Screens / Screen buildings
The screening operations do not create significant noise.
Dozers on chip stockpiles

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
The key noise issue from the dozers relates to track clatter. Track clatter increases with
reduction in track tension and also increases as the tracks wear.
Suggested treatment:
The following order of treatment is suggested for further consideration:
Re-Chipper acoustic enclosure
Each Chipper (both North and South)
South Chipper building (most openings)
North Chipper building
Review benefits achieved prior to further treatments.
Construction Noise Mitigation

To minimise noise emissions during construction, the following management and mitigation
measures are available to ameliorate likely noise impacts:
All combustion engine plant, such as generators, compressors and welders will be
checked to ensure they produce minimal noise with particular attention to residential grade
exhaust silencers;
Vehicles will be kept properly serviced and fitted with appropriate mufflers. The use of
exhaust brakes will be eliminated, where practicable;
Where practical, all vehicular movements to and from the construction site are
recommended to be made only during normal working hours;
Where practical, machines will be operated at low speed or power and will be switched off
when not being used rather than left idling for prolonged periods;
Machines found to produce excessive noise compared to industry best practice will be
removed from the site or stood down until repairs or modifications can be made; and
Where practical, impact wrenches will be used sparingly with hand tools or quiet hydraulic
torque units preferred.
With regard to potential traffic noise, by keeping plant related vehicles serviced, fitted with
mufflers and eliminating exhaust brake usage, noise due to trucking activity associated with
the operation and construction of the pulp mill can be significantly mitigated.
Recommended Noise Mitigation - New Chipper

Modelling results indicate the new chipper will be a significant noise source which will
require attenuation. Attenuation will be designed into the new chipper.
Construction of the pulp mill and third woodchip mill is anticipated to be undertaken in 3
stages. Modelling was undertaken as 2 separate stages (Stages 2 and 3 will be undertaken
together) with various equipment operating in the different construction areas.
Modelling suggests staged construction activities being undertaken during night time under
calm weather conditions are unlikely to exceed the respective construction noise criteria at
any of the modelled receiver locations. Construction activities undertaken during night time

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
temperature inversion have the potential to exceed respective construction noise goals at the
majority of modelled receiver locations.
Construction activities undertaken during day time have the potential to exceed respective
construction noise goals at the majority of modelled receiver locations.
As previously stated, modelling was undertaken based on a worst-case scenario, with all
plant operating simultaneously. As a result, predicted received noise levels are expected to
slightly overstate actual received levels and thus provide a measure of conservatism.
The construction noise criteria are set for noise levels determined as LA10(15min). During a full
15 minute period, the machinery items to be used on site will operate at maximum sound
power levels for only brief stages. At other times the machinery may produce lower sound
levels while carrying out activities not requiring full power. Therefore the modelled results
indicate a worst case scenario.
Pile driving is potentially the greatest source of vibration associated with construction
equipment for the wharf and pulp mill. By avoiding impact pile driving where possible in
vibration sensitive areas, through the use of drilled piles or the use of a sonic or vibratory piles
as mentioned in the assessment, it can be expected that adverse vibration impacts can be
significantly minimised. Vibration monitoring will be carried out during piling operations.
Results of the modelling suggest the INP project specific noise goals may be exceeded due to
unfavourable atmospheric conditions and the introduction of a third chipper at the existing
woodchip mill. Modelling was undertaken for unfavourable atmospheric conditions with an F
class temperature inversion with a 2 m/s source to receiver drainage flow to represent a
potential worst case scenario. However Section 5 of the INP specifies that if the occurrence
of inversions is less than 30 % of the time then no further assessment is required. Therefore
while it is possible for this circumstance to occur, the frequency that this condition occurs is
only approximately 10 % of the time and therefore dictates that it is not a compliance
condition for this undertaking with consideration to the INP.
All the above scenarios were modelled without any engineering noise control properties.
Modelled results suggest that the pulp mill operated alone should not exceed operational
noise goals.
Noise mitigation scenarios were modelled to ascertain whether the INP project specific noise
levels could be met with attenuation measures implemented. Results of the mitigated model
scenarios suggest these conditions can be met with the implementation of acoustic
attenuation as outlined in Section 4.15.11 at all residences during day time periods.
In the unlikely event of an F-class temperature inversion during night time periods, modelled
results suggest operational noise goals may potentially be exceeded with the introduction of
engineering noise controls at locations 2 (Salmon farm), 3 (Waterton Hall), 4 (WO), 5 (W2)
and 6 (W2A). The highest exceedance is likely to be at location WO, located closest to the
operating woodchip mill.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
With a noise management strategy and attenuation measures outlined in this assessment, it
is believed noise emanating from the pulp and woodchip mill can be significantly mitigated
and potentially meet the project specific construction and operational noise goals identified in
this report.
A noise monitoring program will be implemented once the pulp mill and additional chipper are
operational with engineering noise controls in place. It is envisaged the frequency and timing
would be undertaken in consultation with Tasmanian DTAE.

cost/benefit rating related to noise and vibration is provided below.
Table 110: Summary of potential impact rating and management measures noise

Rating
Noise
Construction Noise Major Environmental Minor positive Moderate

negative Management Plan impact negative
impact impact
Operational Noise Pulp Moderate Noise Management Minor positive Minor

Mill negative Strategy impact negative
impact impact
Operational Noise Major Noise Management Minor positive Moderate

Woodchip Mill negative Strategy impact negative
impact impact
Major Attenuation of existing Major positive Minor

negative chippers impact negative
impact impact
Based on the implementation of the above management strategies, the impact on the noise
environment is considered to be minor overall, with some residences immediately opposite
the site experiencing moderate impacts during the construction phase.
4.16 Vibration
4.16.1 Source of Vibration - General
General construction activities are not likely to produce significant damaging ground
vibrations. Blasting and pile driving are likely to be the critical items requiring monitoring and
control during construction.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
4.16.2 Blasting Effects
GHD has reviewed the Blasting Risk Assessment carried out by Orica Quarry and
Construction in June 2005 (Orica, 2005), which is set out in Appendix 49, Volume 15. Orica
has addressed the concern of the vibration effects of blasting to develop the site, on the Bell
Bay Power Station, existing woodchip mills, and residences at Rowella. The finding can be
summarised as:
Blasting for the site will be carried out in accordance with Australian Standard AS 2187.2 -
1993. The recommended maximum allowable peak particle velocity for residential houses
is 10 millimetres per second and 25 millimetres per second for commercial or industrial
building and structures. A suggested higher tolerable limit of up to 150 millimetres per
second is proposed for power poles and transmission towers, which is based on Oricas
experience of similar structures;
Orica has carried out concept design of the blasts to meet the above requirements at
seven locations around the site. The blast pattern, bench height and maximum
instantaneous charge (MIC) have been varied at each location to keep estimated vibration
limits within the recommended values. The calculation approach and proposed vibration
limits are in line with industry practice;
Providing appropriate blast design is carried out, ground vibrations are likely to meet the
limits given in AS 2187.2;
The most significant impact from blasting is likely to be on existing power lines, which run
as close as 5 metres to proposed excavations. Orica have proposed mitigating this by
reducing the size of blast and MIC immediately adjacent to the power line. Blasts will then
be scaled up as excavation moves away from the lines;
Blasting vibrations at the Bell Bay Power Station is expected to be around 0.4 millimetres
per second, which is well below the maximum allowable limit of 25 millimetres per second;
Blasting vibrations in the direction of the fish farm, and residents across the river towards
Rowella, are expected to be around 0.2 millimetres per second. No specific vibration limits
are known for fish farms, but the estimated vibrations are well within the requirements of
AS 2187.2 for residential and commercial building;
No assessment has been made of the effects of underwater blasting for marine structures,
as none is contemplated;
Monitoring of ground vibrations at select locations will be required during blasting works to
establish a site-specific vibration relationship with distance and MIC. This will allow the
blasting contractor to adjust blast design parameters to suit tolerable vibration limits if the
need arises; and
Ground dislocation damage is not expected, based on the distances involved.
4.16.3 Pile Driving
Pile driving will be required for the construction of marine structures. The location of the
proposed marine facilities is about 1 kilometre from adjacent properties. At this distance, and
assuming a hammer energy of 10,000 kgm, vibrations are expected to be negligible at less
than 1 millimetres per second (Whyley and Sarsby, 1992).

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Based on the blasting concept design prepared by Orica (2005), there will be no vibration
impacts on adjacent properties or to other infrastructure assets adjacent to the proposed
construction areas. A detailed blasting risk assessment will be carried out as part of
developing the blasting plan for the site works.
Table 111: Summary of potential impact rating and management measures vibration

Rating Rating
Vibration
Vibration Impacts Minor Environmental Minor positive Insignificant

negative Management Plan impact impact
impact
Vibration impact on Minor Detailed Blasting Risk Minor positive Insignificant

structures negative Assessment impact impact
impact
Vibration impacts on Minor Detailed Blasting Risk Minor positive Insignificant

aquaculture negative Assessment impact impact
impact
Based on the implementation of the above management strategies, vibration impacts from the
project are considered insignificant.
4.17 Visual
4.17.1 Introduction
The nature of visual impact is extremely subjective, and is dependant on a number of factors
which can include:
the degree of modification to the central field of vision;

the relationship of the viewer to the viewshed (that is whether the person is a permanent
resident, traveller, worker);
exposure to the view (that is, whether it is a fleeting glimpse or an outlook from a house);
distance from sensitive vantage points;
the sensitivity of the view;
the degree of existing human modification naturalness;
consistency with surrounding landscape;
the number of viewers;
vegetation cover;

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
topography;
orientation of views (that is, from houses); and
extent of modification.
To reduce reliance on subjective criteria, this assessment has utilised objective

methodologies where appropriate, including the use of computer generated images to convey
the nature and context of the project in the receiving landscape. Regardless of the
approaches used however, a significant subjective element is required to undertake the
assessment, whether in the methodologies used, selection of assessment criteria or by
assigning values to each criteria. Consequently, the assessment process has been clearly
documented to allow the reader to understand the process undertaken and the justification for
decisions reached.
The images used in the computer modelling have been based on the current concept design
at the time of assessment and are accurately represented in scale, location and form. Images
have been generated from AutoCad software used to design the layout, and given form using
3D Studio software so that they can be incorporated in the GIS model. The colour schemes
used that reflect the pulp mill proposal may differ slightly from the photomontages of the mill
given the use of different software packages, assumptions used in the modelling process (that
is, direction of sunlight, brightness of image) and printing variations.
It must also be recognised that these images are not intended to be accurate down to minor
details but rather have been developed to show the scale and form of potential visual impacts.
Layouts, colour schemes and other design elements are also subject to change during the
detailed design phase, but are not expected to be significantly different to that proposed in
this assessment.
4.17.2 Assessment Methodology
The assessment of visual impacts has included the following:

Identification of potential landscape alterations;
Identification of the visible steam plume;
Development of photomontages of the mill from various vantage points;
GIS viewshed analysis to identify those areas where the mill can be seen from;
For representative vantage points:
a visibility assessment undertaken and visibility rating assigned;
Preparation of 3D perspectives; and
A visual impact assessment based on visual modification and viewer sensitivity.
The following assessment primarily addresses the fixed structures described above as they
will be the permanent and consistent visual element of the project. All 3D images and photo
montages represent these structures only. In addition to these built elements, there will be a
visible vapour plume from the stack. This plume will not be a consistent visual element in that
it will vary in height, contrast and visibility at different times of the day and under different

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
meteorological conditions. As a consequence, the plume impacts have been considered
separately.
Potential Landscape Alterations

Details of the proposed mill have been provided by Jaakko Pyry as detailed in Appendix 7,
Volume 6. Building structures were obtained from AutoCad files of the proposed mill layout.
The pulp mill will be built on a series of construction pads of differing elevation between RL
62.5 metres for the fibre line, boilers, recovery systems and lime kiln, RL 57.5 metres for the
pulp storage, RL 24.5 to 30.5 metres for the chemical and treatment plants and RL 5m for the
wharf. The tallest structures will be the stack up to 130 metres (the top being at RL 172.5 to
192.5 metres with the initial 60 metres elevation) and recovery boiler at 86 metres (top at RL
148 metres). The length of the built site (excluding the wharf) is approximately 1,500 metres.
The project therefore introduces a major industrial structure into the landscape in an area
currently covered by native vegetation. The pulp mill site is bordered by the existing Tamar
woodchip mills, the Bell Bay Power Station and the 120 metre wide transmission line
easement running to the Bell Bay Industrial Estate.
The project will therefore create a long-term change to the visual features of the site.
Visible Vapour Plume

Based upon the output of plume rise and plume spread from the TAPM model (Section 4.5 of
Volume 2), GHD have conducted a psychometric analysis of the plume from the mill stack in
order to determine the height and frequency of visible steam plume emissions.
Unlike other local stack emissions (eg. Bell Bay Power Station, MDF Plant), the high initial
moisture content and emission volumes will result in a larger, higher plume, which will be
visible most of the time, not just in cooler conditions. How high the plume will reach while still
being visible depends upon the wind speed, ambient temperature and humidity, and the
nature of the dispersive conditions at the height of the plume. Using the temperature and
humidity predicted by TAPM, the expected height of the visible plume for each hour during a
12 month simulation period has been determined. Figure 4-38 below indicates the visible
plume height (above ground level) for the simulation year 2004. It can be seen the heights
range from about 130 metres (the height of the mill stack) up to in the order of 500 metres.
Most of the time the visible height will range from 200 to 300 metres above ground level (that
is, from 70 170 metres above the stack). Figure 4-39 below shows the expected seasonal
distribution of visible plume heights. During summer the visible plume height is likely to be
predominantly between 200 to 250 metres above ground level, whilst during winter the height
is likely to be higher, between 250 to 300 metres. During autumn and spring the visibility
heights are similar, predominantly between 200 to 300 metres.
Peak visible plume heights will often occur during cool still conditions, usually during the early
morning. Figure 4-40 below illustrates the daily average visible plume rise and this illustrates
a distinct trend, with the plume being less visible during the late afternoon and more visible
during the early morning period.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
H e ig ht o f Vis ib le Plu me fr o m M a in Sta ck
500
450
400
height)
350
Stack
300
stack
(m) Above
250
(m above
200
Height
150
Height
100
50
0
ar
ay
r
n
ct
g
ov
ec
l
b
Ap
Ju
Ja
Ju
Au
Se
Fe
O
M
D
D a te (20 04)
Figure 4-38 Predicted height of visible steam plume emissions during simulation
period 2004.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
2004 V isible Plume H eight (C ategory Frequencies)
60%
50%
40%
Frequency
30%
20%
10%
0%
0 - 50 50 - 100 100 - 150 150 - 200 200+
He ig ht (m) Ab o v e Stack
Summer Autumn Winter Spring Annual
Figure 4-39 Seasonal and annual frequency distribution of predicted visible steam
plume emissions during simulation period 2004.
D iru n a l A v e ra g e of V is ible S te a m P lu m e H e igh t

160
140
120
Stack
Above Stack
100
Height (m) Above
80
60
Height
40
20
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 13 1 4 15 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 24
H o ur
Figure 4-40 Diurnal average predicted visible steam plume height during simulation
period 2004.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Mill Design and Photomontages
The nature of the mill has a significant impact on the level of visual impact. The primary
elements of the mill as they relate to the visual assessment are:
The stack the highest structure is up to 130 metres;

The stack plume this will be most noticeable in cold weather, when the white steam
plume is most visible. In warmer weather, the plume will not be as high. The height of the
plume will also be variable throughout any given day as air temperature and other
meteorological factors contribute to its visibility;
The recovery boiler being the largest vertical structure other than the stack. This
structure is approximately 86 metres high and located on the south-eastern end of the mill;
The fibre line and drying machines and pulp storage being the largest horizontal
structure; and
The wharf facility is the only water level feature.
Subject to distance and topography, the largest viewshed (that is, where the pulp mill will be
seen from) for the project will be for the stack and plume. The main structures will be visible
from a much smaller area, with the wharf only visible from a few vantage points. The
assessment of these impacts has therefore considered different elements of the mill in
assessing visual impact.
Photomontages illustrating the likely appearance of the mill have been prepared and are
shown in Figure 4-41 to Figure 4-44.
Geographic Information System Viewshed Analysis

The pulp mill will be visible from a number of local vantage points. A significant number of
potential views are shielded by local topography and will also be removed or minimised by
screening vegetation. This further limits the extent to which the mill will be seen. To account
for topography and vegetation screening, GIS assessment has been undertaken to model the
viewshed of the pulp mill. Topographic screening is addressed utilising contour data for the
region. Screening vegetation has been conservatively modelled by assigning average tree
heights to more significant vegetation stands close to the mill that are likely to offer screening
to sensitive areas. Screening impacts from scattered or landscaped vegetation has not been
included due to the complexity of such an assessment, so the analysis underestimates the
level of screening in many areas.
GIS software ArcView was used to undertake a viewshed analysis to determine from where
the pulp mill will be visible. This was prepared utilising the following approach:
Deriving a digital elevation model (DEM) from 20 metre contour information for the lower
Tamar Valley;
Design drawings of the pulp mill pad/footings were incorporated into the DEM;
The larger remnants of existing vegetation were given a height value of 20 metres and
added to the DEM to take into account potential vegetation screening;

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Running a viewshed model (a standard functionality within ArcView) with the following
parameters;
Observer offset = 10 metres below top of structure
Target offset = 1.5 metres above ground level (approximate standing height of a
person)
Field of Vision = 360 degrees
Near Distance = 1 metres
Far Distance = 12 kilometres
Three viewshed models were derived for key relevant structures. They were then
combined to produce a visibility map showing areas that had views of each structure.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Figure 4-41: Computer generated image of the proposed mill looking from the South. The existing chip mill is shown to the right of frame. The salmon farm
can be seen protruding into the Tamar River on left of frame. The Bell Bay Power Station can be seen just above the pulp mill wharf facility. Layout
subject to detailed design.
32/11709/335662
1
Figure 4-42 Co mputer generated image of the proposed mill looking from the north-east. From left to right, the image shows the existing woodchip mill, the
main pulp mill plant, effluent treatment plant and chemical plant right of centre and the wharf facility far right. The Rowella area can be seen in the
background showing the rural residential nature of this area. Layout subject to detailed design.
32/11709/335662
1
Figure 4-43 Computer generated image of the proposed mill looking from the south. The bell Bay Power Station can be seen top centre of photo. The
transmission line easement, Bell bay rail Line and east Tamar Highway can be seen to the right of the mill. Layout subject to detailed design.
32/11709/335662
1
Figure 4-44 Computer generated image of the proposed mill looking from the West. The existing chip mill is shown to the right of frame. The salmon farm
can be seen protruding into the Tamar River on right of frame. Layout subject to detailed design.
32/11709/335662
1
482967 487967 492967 497967
5450740
5450740
Legend
va16
Forest/woodland areas
Stack only visible with unobstructed views
Stack and boiler visible with unobstructed views
Stack, boiler and drying room visible with unobstructed views
Stack only visible with possible obstructed views
Stack and boiler visible with possible obstructed views
Stack, boiler and drying room visible with possible obstructed views
va17
va9

5445740
5445740
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000

Meters
va12 1:60,000
Proposed Pulp Mill Source: Vegetation data supplied by

Resource Management and Conservation.
Projection: Map Grid of Australia, Zone 55
(Geodetic Datum of Australia 94)
Date Printed: 16/06/06
File: m:\41\14346\GIS\
Maps\Final\vol2\fig4_45_viewshed_all1.mxd
Size: A3
Please Note: It is assumed that the average

height of vegetation in the area is 20 metres.
va5
va2
va1
va7
va18
5440740
5440740
va14
482967 487967 492967 497967
Assumptions: GUNNS Limited, Bell Bay Pulp Mill IIS

All areas that can see the boiler are able to see the stack and drying room.
Target offset for the boiler has been set at 70m (10m below the top structure) Viewshed Analysis
Target offset for the stack has been set at 120m (10m below the top of the structure)
Target offset for the drying room has been set at 18.8m (10m below the top of the structure)
Figure 4-45
Copyright: This document is and shall remain the property of GHD Pty Ltd. The document may only be used for the purpose for which it was commissioned and in accordance with the terms of engagement for the commission. Unauthorised use of this document in any way is prohibited.
The results of this assessment are shown in Figure 4-45. This figure identifies those areas
from where sections of the pulp mill will be visible. Given the variable height and spatial
distribution of the structures, three different elements of the mill have been selected as
representative of different extent of views: these elements are the stack at 130 metres, the
recovery boiler at 86 metres and the drying machine building at 28 metres. The bold colours
represent sites that are likely to have an unobstructed view of the structure (stack, boiler,
building), with the paler colours representing locations likely to have obstructed views as they
occur within vegetated areas.
As would be expected, the higher the structure, the larger the viewshed. As the height of
observed structures decreases, a greater proportion of the site becomes visible, increasing
the level of visual intrusion. For example, where only the stack is visible, the level of impact is
less as this represents a single, narrow linear element. When the drying machine building is
visible however, a significant proportion of the overall site is also visible, resulting in a higher
level of impact.
As can be seen from the analysis, the mill, or at least the tallest structures, will be visible from
some locations many kilometres away. The significance of the change to views from these
sites is discussed in the following section.
As there are virtually unlimited vantage points from which the site can be viewed, not all these
can practically be identified, mapped and individually assessed. To address this,
representative vantage points have been selected for which existing and modelled views have
been compared. These comparisons have been used in the following sections to demonstrate
the modification to views as a result of the pulp mill construction and to aid the assessment of
overall visual impacts.
The 3D modelling consisted of:
Using Erdas Imagine, the DEM was overlaid with colour aerial photography;
A 3 dimensional model of the pulp mill was imported as well as representative eucalypt
models to cater for vegetated areas identified in aerial or land based photography;
Identified vantage points were marked using a hand held GPS unit and these positions
were used to generate snapshots within the model; and
These snapshots were then placed against real-life photos and placed in a map along with
3 dimensional profiles.
As the snapshots are generated at approximate head height for a viewer, the foreground is
often poorly represented as a consequence of the image quality of the aerial photography. To
overcome this problem, the foreground of the real-life photograph has been superimposed on
the snapshot to further enhance the visual representation. In this way, the pulp mill image
remains correct in scale, location and representation, and the snapshots provide a more
realistic image.
Visibility Assessment
Areas that will experience modified views of the pulp mill site will include:
from Long Reach on the Tamar River;

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
immediately opposite the mill on the western banks of the Tamar River;
Rural residential lands on the Rowella peninsula;
Beauty Point;
George Town;
Beaconsfield;
Port of Launceston/Bell Bay Industrial Zone;
the East Tamar Highway in proximity to the mill;
Mount George lookout; and
the Batman Highway.
An assessment for each of these areas is provided below.
4.17.3 Pulp Mill Visual Impact Assessment
Well accepted methods for impact assessment (Zube et al 1975, Williamson 1979, Williamson
2003) were used with appropriate modification to meet the requirements of this study.
Specifically, the assessment has considered:
The type of viewer (resident, tourist, fisherman etc.);

Distance from the mill site;
Period of time they will have this view (that is, a glimpse or an extended view from a
residence);
The physical modification of the view as measured by change to the centre field of view;
The sensitivity of that view (a combination of context and distance); and
An overall assessment of visual impact on a low, moderate or high scale.
Visual Modification
A central field of view is considered to be an arc of 50. Based on the GIS assessment, the
proportion of this arc taken up by the pulp mill was estimated and a visual modification impact
value assigned. Where the 3D modelling indicated that only portions of the mill will be visible
from a given location, this assessment has looked at only that part of the site in assessing the
change to the field of view. Impacts from changes to the field of view are detailed in Table
112.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 112: Changes to field of view
Change to Field of View Impact

Less than 5 of view Low
The development will take up less than 5% (that is,, 2.5) of
the central field of view (50). The development, unless
particularly conspicuous against the background, will not
intrude significantly into the view.
5 to 30 of view Moderate
The development may be noticeable, and its degree of
visual intrusion will depend greatly on its ability to blend in
with its surroundings.
More than 30 of view High
Developments that fill more than 50 % of the central field of
vision will always be noticed, and only sympathetic
treatments will mitigate visual effects.
Viewer Sensitivity
Viewer sensitivity for a major development is subject to the context of the view, the number of
viewers and distance from it. If the viewer sees a major industrial facility in the context of a
natural area, they are more likely to have experienced a greater impact than if they were
viewing in the context of an industrial site. Viewer expectations of a visual experience are also
considered. While some areas of scenic beauty (for example a remote National Park) may
have low numbers of viewers, the viewer expectation will be one of attractive scenery and
high scenic quality.
Distance from an object plays a significant role in reducing sensitivity. Due to perspective, the
visible size of an object reduces with distance. As the distance from an object increases, the
ability to perceive contrast between features diminishes as does the perception of colour. As
the distance to a view increases, discernable visual detail decreases and the size of the
object in the field of view is reduced and the capacity to screen the object increased.
Table 113: Viewer Sensitivity for Major Developments
Viewer Context Foreground Middleground Background
0 1 km 1 3 km > 3 km
Natural Areas - Recreation High High Moderate
Rural Residential High High - Moderate Moderate
Tourist Roads High - Moderate Moderate - Low Low
Local Roads Moderate Moderate Low
Agricultural Areas Moderate Low Low
Industrial Areas Low Low Low
Adapted from Scenic Spectrums (2004)

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Visual Impact Rating
By assessing visual modification and viewer sensitivity, an overall visual impact assessment
is possible. The following matrix has been used as the basis for assigning visual impacts.
Table 114: Visual Impact Assessment Matrix
Viewer Sensitivity
High Moderate Low

Visual Modification
High High High Moderate
Moderate High Moderate Low
Low Moderate Low Low
4.17.4 Visual Impacts from Key Viewsheds
3D modelling for key viewsheds is provided in Figure 4-46 to Figure 4-52 and discussed
below.
Long Reach
The Tamar River is utilised by fishers, for recreational boating and for tourism. Such users at
Long Reach will experience views adjacent to the mill site as they travel this reach of the
river. Given that the reach is approximately six kilometres long, the viewing time will be short
unless the boats stop within this area. The numbers of viewers using this reach is expected to
be low.
Viewers will be within 1.5 kilometres of the mill site at any stage on this reach, and could be
significantly closer to the wharf facility. They will experience a high modification to the visual
environment as the mill will dominate the eastern bank of the river, occupying 50 65 of the
horizon (greater than the centre of view), similar to that shown in Figure 4-41 (from the
opposite bank). While the mill will not be inconsistent with other industrial facilities directly
adjacent and at Bell Bay, it could be considered to be inconsistent with the recreational
activity and rural views to the other side of the river.
Visual impacts on this reach of the river are considered to be high for a small number of
viewers.
Opposite Bank
Three residences are located directly opposite the proposed mill site on the upper western
banks of the Tamar. These properties are orientated toward the river and directly facing the
pulp mill site. Given the orientation of these houses and the river feature, their views of the
mill will be long, but the number of viewers will be low. Separation distance to the mill
structures is approximately 1.5 kilometres.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
All the mill structures are expected to be visible from these residences, although the wharf
may only be visible from the top of the bank. Given the proximity to the mill and raised
elevation, the views from these properties will to have a high modification, even though
screening vegetation may reduce the overall impact slightly. The mill will be expected to
occupy 50 60 of the view, increasing to 65 where the wharf is in view. This is greater than
central field of view looking directly at the mill site.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Observer Offset = 1.5m
X = 491857
Y = 5442372
FOV = 30
Pitch = 0
Proposed Pulp Mill Site -

(Existing Foreground Vegetation
may reduce visibility of proposed facility)
Proposed Pulp Mill
3D Perspective from Vantage Point 1 Current Site Photo
490379 491379 492379 493379 494379 495379
0
90
14
5445387
5445387
Legend 3D Profile
20 15 0 Proposed Stack (190m rl)
13 0
Contours (10m interval)
40 150
80 Cadastre
12
0
Proposed Pulp Mill
11
Major Arterial Road 100
0
Arterial Road
5444387
5444387
10 0 2WD Road
Vantage Point 1
Access Road
Height (m)
Proposed Pulp Mill 50

_
^ Vantage Points
Site Line
_
^
10 River
70 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Vertical Exaggeration = 1.0
30
30
Distance (m)
5443387
5443387
Source: Base data supplied by the LIST.

40
60 Date Printed: 16/06/06
Bro
File: m:\41\14346\GIS\
Maps\Final\vol_2\fig4_46_vantagept1.mxd

d i es
Size: A3
_
^ 0 250 500 750 1,000
Meters Please Note: 3D perspectives are
Roa
90
d
indicative only.
We 1:30,000
st wo Vantage Point 1
od
sR
oa _
^
5442387
5442387
d 30 30
20
GUNNS Limited, Bell Bay Pulp Mill IIS
50
3D Perspective from Vantage Point 1
40
Ro
40
we
lla
Ro
ad
30
20
Figure 4-46
490379 491379 492379 493379 494379 495379
X = 490350
Y = 5442828
FOV = 30
Pitch = 0

Proposed Pulp Mill
490379 491379 492379 493379 494379 495379
5445387
5445387
Legend 3D Profile Proposed Stack (190m rl)
14
0
20 12
0 13 0
Contours (10m interval)
40 150
Cadastre
13
60 0 Proposed Pulp Mill
20
11
Major Arterial Road 100
100
40
Arterial Road
80
50
5444387
5444387
2WD Road
Vantage Point 2
Access Road
Height (m)
Proposed Pulp Mill 50

_
^ Vantage Points
_
^
Site Line
90
River
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Vertical Exaggeration = 1.0
Distance (m)
5443387
5443387

Vantage Date Printed: 16/06/06
Point 2 80 File: m:\41\14346\GIS\
0 240 480 720 960 Size: A3
_
^ 10 Meters Please Note: 3D perspectives are
90 indicative only.
1:30,000
30
30
_
^ 30
5442387
5442387
30
20
40
40
Ro
we
10
lla
Ro
ad
20
Figure 4-47
490379 491379 492379 493379 494379 495379
X = 484709
Y = 5445078
FOV = 30
Pitch = 0

Proposed Pulp Mill
484187 488187 492187 496187
5450044
5450044
t
d
ee
Legend
_ Vantage Point 5
^
oa
Str
R
rie Proposed Pulp Mill 3D Profile
ua Main R
oad
cq Ai
ies
Ma tki
ns Bridport Road National/State Highway 250
Op
Ro
ad Major Arterial Road Proposed Stack (190m rl)
200
Da
Arterial Road
lr
Road
Ea
y
ym
2WD Road
s
pl
tT
e
ad Access Road
150
am
Ro
Ro
y
Bevic Road
ar
Ba
Bell Ba
ad
Cadastre
H
ell
Gerzalia Drive
B Vantage Point 3
ig
Old d 100
hw
Elevation (m)
Height (m)
oa
ay
R
il _ Vantage Point 6
^ High : 380
ob
M 50 Middle Point
5446044
5446044
Low : 0 Bay
_
0^
treet
_
^ Vantage Points 0 5000 10000 15000
_ Vantage Point 3
^ Site Line Vertical Exaggeration = 1.0
aring S
Distance (m)
Proposed Pulp Mill Source: Base data supplied by the LIST.
Mainw
File: m:\41\14346\GIS\
Maps\Final\vol2\fig4_48_vantagept3.mxd
0 600
1,200 1,800 2,400 Size: A3
way
_ Vantage Point 2
^ Meters Please Note: 3D perspectives are
indicative only.
igh
Vantage Point 1 1:80,000
_
^Ro
ar H
w ella
5442044
5442044
R oa
Tam
Cla d GUNNS Limited, Bell Bay Pulp Mill IIS
oad
r
st
ks
Ro
Vantage Point 7
We
ad _
^
ty R
Jet
R oad
ens
ythe
w
nh
Gree
Bo
Figure 4-48
484187 488187 492187 496187
X = 484456
Y = 5438405
FOV = 30 Proposed Pulp Mill Site -
Pitch = 0 (Existing Foreground Vegetation
Proposed Pulp Mill
Top section of the stack is unlikely to be

seen due to existing vegetation cover.
483993 487993 491993 495993
Ea
Ta
5448100
5448100
st
Legend
m
a
Ta
o ad
rA
m
d Proposed Pulp Mill
v
yR 3D Profile
ar
oa 300
Bell B
Ba
en
ll R
H
Be National/State Highway
ue
ig
co
Old m
hw
Te Major Arterial Road
ay Ro
250
ay
d a
_
^ Arterial Road Proposed Stack (190m rl)
Vantage Point 6 200
2WD Road
Access Road 150 Vantage Point 4
Cadastre
_ Ralstons Hill
_
^
Height (m)
Elevation (m) 100^

Proposed Pulp Mill High : 380
50
River
5444100
5444100
Low : 0 0
Vantage Points
0 5000 10000 15000
_
^
Site Line Distance (m) Vertical Exaggeration = 1.0
_
^
_
^ Source: Base data supplied by the LIST.
File: m:\41\14346\GIS\
Maps\Final\vol_2\fig4_49vantagept4.mxd
_
^ 0 620
1,240 1,860 2,480
Meters
Size: A3
Please Note: 3D perspectives are
indicative only.
1:80,000
5440100
5440100

Holwell Road
^
_Vantage Point 4
Figure 4-49
483993 487993 491993 495993
X = 488407
Y = 5449752
FOV = 30
Pitch = 0

Proposed Pulp Mill
484860 488860 492860 496860 500860 504860 508860
Main _ Vantage Point 5

^ Legend
R oad
Proposed Pulp Mill 3D Profile
ad 400
Ro National/State Highway
ity Proposed Stack (190m rl)
5448160
5448160
ur Major Arterial Road
c
Se Arterial Road 300
_
^ 2WD Road
Vantage Point 3 Access Road
Pip
Vantage Point 5
200
e rs
_
^ Cadastre _
^
Riv
Height (m)
Street
Proposed Pulp Mill Elevation (m)
er
5444160
5444160
High : 493
100
Roa
d
^ Th
Flinders
_
_ ^ e River
G Low : 0 0
le
n
R Vantage Points
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
_
^ oa
d
_
^
Site Line Vertical Exaggeration = 1.0
We
Distance (m)
ld
5440160
5440160
Auburn Road
S tr
eet
ad
_
^ Date Printed: 16/06/06
File: m:\41\14346\GIS\
Sa
l
s Ro
i

ld
sb
0 1,250 2,500 3,750 5,000 Size: A3
ur
y
Meters Please Note: 3D perspectives are
Arno
Hi
indicative only.
Greav
1:150,000
5436160
5436160
ll R
oa
d
es Ro
ad
Mu

rp h
ys
R
5432160
5432160
oa
d
Figure 4-50
484860 488860 492860 496860 500860 504860 508860
X = 488866
Y = 5446547
FOV = 30
Pitch = 0

Proposed Pulp Mill
487486 491486 495486 499486
Please Note: There are large mountain ranges

Bridport Road Legend 10km beyond the proposed pulp mill.
Eas Proposed Pulp Mill 3D Profile However, they are too far away to have a large impact
on the stack being seen against the horizon.
t Ta
Da
ma
rH National/State Highway
lr
igh 200
ym
wa
y Major Arterial Road
pl
e
Arterial Road
Proposed Stack (190m rl)
Ro
ad 150
ad
Ro 2WD Road
co
Bell Bay Road

m
Te Access Road
_
^ Cadastre 100
Vantage Point 6
Elevation (m) Vantage Point 6
5446088
5446088
Height (m)
High : 493 50
_
^
Low : 0 River
0
_
^ Vantage Points
Proposed Pulp Mill 0 5000 10000 15000
Distance (m)
File: m:\41\14346\GIS\
_
^
_
^ 0 570
1,140 1,710 2,280
Meters
Size: A3
indicative only.
1:75,000
5442088
5442088
_
^ GUNNS Limited, Bell Bay Pulp Mill IIS
Au Archers Road
bu
rn
Ro
ad
Batman Highway
Auburn Road Figure 4-51
487486 491486 495486 499486
X = 493408 Proposed Pulp Mill Site - Proposed Pulp Mill
Y = 5441228 (Existing Foreground Vegetation
FOV = 30 may reduce visibility of proposed facility)
Pitch = 0
487486 491486 495486 499486
Bridport Road Legend Proposed Stack (190m rl)

Proposed Pulp Mill 200 3D Profile
Da
lr
Road y
Ea
ym
s
Major Arterial Road
pl
e
tT
Arterial Road
am
Ro
ar
Bell Ba
ad
oad
2WD Road
Hi
gh
ill R
w
d Access Road
H
oa
ay
R _ Vantage Point 6
il ^ Cadastre
ch
Height (m)
ob
M
nar
Elevation (m) Vantage Point 7
5446088
5446088
Mo
High : 493
Browns Roa
d _
^ River
0
Low : 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
_
^ Vantage Points
Proposed Pulp Mill Distance (m)

Vantage Point 2 File: m:\41\14346\GIS\
^
_Westwoo
ds
Vantage Point 1
Ro
ad_
^ 0

490 980 1,470 1,960
Meters
Size: A3
indicative only.
1:75,000
5442088
5442088
Cla
r ks
Ro
ad ^
_Vantage Point 7 GUNNS Limited, Bell Bay Pulp Mill IIS
ad
Au h e Ro Archers Road
bu nhyt
rn Gree
Ro
ad
Batman Highway
Auburn Road Figure 4-52
487486 491486 495486 499486
As these are residential properties, visual sensitivity is considered to be high to moderate,
diminished somewhat by the existing power station and woodchip mill. However, given the
significantly larger scale of this development, its proximity to these dwellings, and the
orientation of the buildings, a high rating is appropriate.
As a consequence, the overall visual impact assessment rating is high for a small number of
viewers.
Rowella Peninsula
Two potential sets of viewers could be affected by the project residents and those tourists
who drive through the area visiting local attractions. Given the differences in viewing
experience, these groups have been dealt with separately.
Residents
There are approximately 50 other residences on the peninsula, varying in distance from the
mill site from 2 to 5 kilometres. These residences will have differing views of the mill subject to
topography, screening vegetation, orientation of dwellings and whether the viewer is indoors
or outdoors. Indicative views of the mills from different locations have been modelled in Figure
4-46 to Figure 4-48. Figure 4-45 shows the location of these vantage points. As discussed
previously, these modelled views are conservative as it is not possible to accurately duplicate
the effect of scattered screening vegetation.
Views from residences will be long in duration and there will be a moderate number of
viewers.
From the above figures, the proposed chemical plant, effluent treatment plant and wharf will
not be visible from the peninsula as they will be below the viewing horizon determined by the
top of the river bank. The visual impact will relate to the main mill structures. These structures
will occupy approximately 15 of the view where there is no impediment to the view. The level
of modification to the field of view is therefore considered to be moderate.
Visual sensitivity from residential properties is considered to be high to moderate, subject to

separation distance.
Based on the above, visual impact on residences on the Rowella Peninsula are considered to
be high where residences are within 2 kilometres of the mill and moderate for residences 3
5 kilometres from the mill.
Tourists
The Rowella peninsula supports a number of boutique vineyards which offer cellar door sales
and tasting as well as other tourist attractions including:
Tamar River Retreat;

Lavender House;
Tamar River Apiary;
Holm Oak Vineyards;
Tamar Ridge Wines (owned by Gunns); and

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Cliff House Vineyard.
It would be expected that tourists or locals visiting the area will experience views of the mill
from the local roads and possibly some tourist stops.
Views will only be of short duration and there is expected to be a low number of viewers.
The majority of tourists will not leave main roads on the peninsula, particularly Rowella and
Clarks Roads and views will be from an approximate minimum distance of 2.5 kilometres. As
for the residential properties, the level of modification to the field of view of tourists is
therefore considered to be moderate.
Visual sensitivity from a tourist drive is considered to be moderate to low at this distance.
Overall visual impacts on tourism is expected to be moderate to low for a low number of
viewers.
Beauty Point
Views of the proposed mill from Beauty Point will include water level views from locations
such as Inspection Head, Beauty Point, Sandy Beach and roads running parallel to or down
to the River (which will be the predominant view for visitors to the town), and from elevated
areas. The closest of these vantage points is approximately 8 kilometres from the site.
Dwellings and tourism locations have views orientated towards the River and it is expected
that the duration of views in this area are long. The number of viewers is considered to be
high.
Figure 4-49 shows the three dimensional perspective as seen from this area. The visual
modification experienced from these sites is approximately 9 10 which is considered to be
a moderate change to the field of view. View sensitivity of the site is considered to be low,
based partly on the significant separation distance but also on the context of other, directly
adjacent industrial facilities which already dominate the background to views to the east over
the water.
Visual Impact from the pulp mill at Beauty Point is considered to be low.
George Town and Low Head

Given the flat terrain and the elevation of the major structures of the pulp mill, the stack and
boiler will be visible from parts of George Town in areas where there is no screening
vegetation or structures. The closest residential locations in George Town are approximately
7 kilometres north-west of the mill site. The main street is approximately 8 kilometres from the
site. No views are specifically orientated towards the mill. Views are expected to be of short
duration while driving, walking or undertaking other outdoor activity. The number of viewers is
considered to be high.
The visual modification to the field of view is expected to be low at less than 5. The sensitivity
of the view is also considered to be low given the urban context, separation distance and the
predominance of major industry to the south of the town.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
The mill stack and recovery boiler will also be visible from other elevated areas to the north
including the Low Head lighthouse. As shown in Photographic Sheet 4-1, the stacks from the
MDF plant and the Bell Bay Power Station are visible from the lighthouse car park. Given that
the Power Station stack is 80 metres tall, if this structure is visible, then the boiler will also be
seen as well as the pulp mill stack. Because the lighthouse is approximately 15 kilometres
from the proposed mill site, modification to the field of view is less than 3.
Based on the above, visual impact from the pulp mill on George Town and locations in Low
Head are considered to be low for a large number of viewers.
Beaconsfield
Beaconsfield is located on the flats and lower eastern slopes of Cabbage Tree Hill. As shown
in Figure 4-50, views of the mill will only be experienced from the highest residences and
these views will be of the stack only, with a few residences possibly seeing the recovery boiler
subject to screening vegetation. Residences on Brooklyn Street and from the water supply
reservoir may also be able to see some of the lower structures, again subject to screening
vegetation.
These views are at a distance of over 10 kilometres. Figure 4-50 demonstrates the view from
the highest point at Beaconsfield being the lookout. Without screening vegetation, the mill site
is just visible over Ralstons Hill.
These structures will be expected to occupy less than 5 of the field of view and the visual
modification is considered to be low. Viewed from a predominantly agricultural setting, and
given the significant separation distance, viewer sensitivity is considered to be low.
Overall visual impact at Beaconsfield is therefore low for a low number of viewers.
Bell Bay Port and Bell Bay Major Industrial Zone

This area is a major industrial zone within which are located several major industrial facilities.
There are no residential dwellings in this area and views are experienced primarily by those
working at these facilities and those using the Bell Bay Port Lookout. As the zone is the
primary industrial centre, views from the lookout have an industrial character in the
foreground, but longer views over the river towards Rowella peninsula and Beauty Point are
of a more aquatic, agricultural and urbanised character.
The other views from this area are from the George Town Golf Course which is located
between the industrial estate and the Bell Bay Power Station. The highest elevations on the
course are over 40 metres and the mill site will be highly visible from sections of the course.
From the Bell Bay Port lookout to the northern most part of the proposed mill site is
approximately 4.5 kilometres. Figure 4-51 shows the three dimensional perspective viewed
from the lookout. The majority of the site will be visible from these areas. From this site, the
change to the field of view is expected to be approximately 12 and therefore a moderate
visual modification. Viewer sensitivity is expected to be low, given the industrial context of
surrounding land uses. Even for the golf course, the fact that the Bell Bay Power Station is
directly adjacent to the south-east and Comalco to the north-west reduces the sensitivity to
what otherwise might be the case.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Overall visual impact at the Bell Bay Industrial Estate and Bell Bay Port is therefore
considered to be low.
East Tamar Highway

de Gryse (1994) identified the East Tamar Highway as having the highest landscape priority
zone. The importance of the highway as an entrance to George Town and the Tamar River
mouth has been considered.
Vehicles travelling on the East Tamar Highway consist primarily of local residents, tourists
and freight vehicles, the latter primarily servicing the Industrial Zone, Port or the Tamar
Woodchip Mills. The Highway is the only connecting road to George Town and Low Head,
and carries significant tourism traffic to these historic areas. Motorists driving to George Town
currently experience a range of views including vegetated reserves, agricultural lands and,
when passing the Industrial Estate, glimpses of the power station and industrial facilities.
The number of viewers from the Highway is considered to be high.
The highway passes in close proximity to the proposed mill site, at the closest point being 500
metres from the fibre line and at elevation similar to that proposed for the mill construction
pad. For the most part, there is existing screening vegetation on the western side of the
highway which includes eucalypts, shrubs and lower plants. In many areas, this will provide a
visual barrier that will either block views of the mill entirely, or partly obscure the structures.
The top of the stack is likely to be visible from most locations. This visual barrier is not always
sufficient to screen the site as it is very narrow in parts and likely to be further disturbed by
construction activity, including construction of a temporary access road to allow access for
high loads. When driving on the Highway, the pulp mill will not be in a direct line of site and is
not a predominant view.
As motorists drives south from George Town past the port turnoff, the road is aligned directly
towards the proposed mill site which will be clearly visible along the Highway from the
Bridport Road turnoff to Donovans Bay.
As viewer approaches the site from the north, the visual modification impacts are considered
to be gradational, from low impact as seen leaving George Town and passing the industrial
estate, through moderate approaching the Bell Bay Power Station and high directly adjacent
to the mill site. Approaching from the south, the stack will be seen from some distance, again
at a low visual modification impact, with glimpses of the mill as the driver approaches again
increasing to a high impact directly adjacent.
Visual sensitivity approaching from the south will be moderate as the mill will sharply contrast
the agricultural and reserve context experienced on the drive from Launceston. From George
Town, the sensitivity will be less as the viewer will have been exposed to a significant
industrial context before approaching the site.
Overall, visual impacts directly adjacent to the site are considered to be high. Specific
locations along the highway approaching the mill will also experience moderate visual
impacts.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Mt George
Mt George is a historic signal site location and at 240 metres elevation, one of the higher
peaks close to George Town. It provides a panoramic view of George Town and communities
on the western side of the Tamar. Given its proximity to the Bell Bay Industrial Estate, these
industries are prominent in the middleground views from the lookout tower. The pulp mill site
can be seen through some screening vegetation at a distance of approximately 7 kilometres.
The expected number of viewers is considered to be moderate and the period of views short.
Figure 4-52 demonstrated a three dimensional representation of the mill as seen from the
lookout.
Visual modification is expected to be low as the mill will occupy less than 5 of the view.
Given the proximity and spatial dominance of industrial facilities within the middleground of
views from this site, and the adjacent power station which will fall within the same view,
viewer sensitivity is considered to be low.
Visual impact from the Mt George lookout is considered to be low for a moderate number of
viewers.
Batman Highway
As the sole link between the East and West Tamar Highways between the coast and
Launceston, the Batman Highway provides an important tourism link as well as a route for
local residents and freight movement including logs to local woodchip mills. As indicated in
Figure 4-45, motorists will be able to see views of the stack and major structures whilst driving
along the highway. The number of viewers is considered to be high.
These views will be at a distance of 5 kilometres and will be variable due to topography and
screening vegetation. As any views are at 90 degrees to the line of travel, they will not
dominate the view.
Visual modification is considered to be low as the mill will occupy less than 5 of the view.
Given the separation distance and the fact that it is not prominent in the direction of travel,
viewer sensitivity is considered to be low.
Visual Impacts from the Batman Highway are considered to be low for a high number of
viewers.
4.17.5 Visible Vapour Plume
For about 80 % of the time during operation, a vapour plume varying from 70 - 170 metres
above the top of the stack will be visible. The plume will be white in colour, and vary in shape
depending on meteorological conditions including temperature, wind speed and humidity.
Based on the visual assessment of the stack height, the plume at 300 metres above ground
level will be visible from most parts of the lower Tamar Valley where unimpeded views of the
mill site can be made. This will include the key population centres. The extent of visual impact
will in part be subject to background conditions, and sunlight intensity and direction which can
either enhance or diminish the visibility of the plume. From sites at most elevations, the plume
will break the skyline of the Tippogoree Hills in the background and visual impact will be

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
influenced by the contrast to the background sky, which can be variable with weather
conditions and time of day.
Some examples of different viewing conditions are shown in the photographs on

Photographic Sheet 4-1. These photographs are of the Bell Bay Power Station and the MDF
plant at Bell Bay.
From the plume analysis and consideration of those conditions that will influence the visibility
of the plume, the following conclusions can be reached:
The plume will be visible on average over 90 % of days;
Illumination of the white plume will be greatest when the sun is at lower elevations, at
morning and evening;
The plume will be at its highest and most visible during the mornings on clear, calm winter
days;
The plume will typically be 50 metres higher during winter than summer;
The plume silhouette will be evident particularly on summer evenings, but not to the
majority of viewers in the lower valley; and
The visibility of the plume will be significantly reduced by cloudy and hazy conditions.
The vapour plume will add a significant vertical visual element to the built structure of the mill.
When viewed close to the mill from those residences directly opposite the river, the plume will
extend the visual intrusion significantly above the top of the stack. Subject to meteorological
conditions, the plume will dominate the skyline above the mill and exacerbate the extent of
impact.
Based on climate average data for Low Head (the closest weather station to the site) for
nearly 100 years (Bureau of Meteorology), the region experiences on average 143 cloudy
days a year, 65 clear days with the balance being partly cloudy. It can be reasonably
concluded that visual impacts from the plume will be significantly reduced on cloudy days, but
will be maximised on clear days. On this premise it can be concluded that, subject to other
contributing factors, for approximately 40% of the time (cloudy) visual impacts from the plume
will be minimal, 18% of the time (clear) impacts will be high and 42% of the time (partly
cloudy) visual impacts will be moderate as the plume is more likely to blend with background
cloud cover.
Assessment of Additional Impact

Residents and tourists viewing the site from the Rowella peninsula will experience an
elevated level of impact above that of the built structures subject to the meteorological
conditions. Only screening immediate to the viewer is likely to mitigate the plume. The plume
is considered to raise the level of visual modification in Table 115 for Rowella viewers to High.
As a consequence, the level of impact for these viewers is considered High for residents, and
High to Moderate for tourists.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Given the significant separation distances, the increased visibility of the plume above that of
the built structure is not considered to alter the level of impact from other vantage points as
detailed in Table 115.
Viewers from the road networks will be aware of the plume as a visual feature, particularly
when it appears in the direction of travel.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Photographic Sheet 4-1. Stack plume visible from Low Head lighthouse (background centre)
Photographic Sheet 4-2. Plumes from Bell Bay Power Station (top) and MDF plant (bottom)
Table 115: Visual Impact Assessment
Vantage Point Viewer Type Context of View Period of Number of Distanc Visual Sensitivity of Visual Impact
View Viewers e Modificatio View
n
Long Reach Recreation, fishing, Views from adjacent to the mill site Short Low < 1.5 km High High High
tourism
Opposite bank Residential Residential outlook, fish farm Long Low 2 km High High High
workers
Rowella peninsula Residential Residential outlook Long Moderate 2 5km High High - Moderate High
Tourism View from local roads and tourism Short Low 2 5km High Moderate - Low High - Moderate
attractions
Beauty Point Residential, tourism, Residential outlook, view from local Long High 8 - 10 Low Low Low
recreation roads and tourism attractions km
George Town Residential, tourism, Residential outlook, view from local Long High 8 km Low Low Low
pedestrians roads and business centre
Beaconsfield Residential, tourism Visitors to lookout Short Low 10 km Low Low Low
Port of Industry workers, tourism, View from Port, industries, Port Medium High 5 km Low Low Low
Launceston/Bell Bay recreation (golf) Lookout, golf course
East Tamar Highway Motorists, tourism View from vehicles on the Highway Short High 1 2 km High High - Moderate High
Mount George Visitors to lookout Extensive views from Public lookout Short Moderate 7 km Low Low Low
The Batman Motorists, tourism View from vehicles on the Highway Short High 5 km Low Low Low
Highway

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
4.17.6 Wharf Facility
The proposed wharf facility, including a pulp warehouse, will be constructed on the northern end of the
site, into the Tamar River. The wharf will introduce the only water level element of the project.
The wharf facility will only be visible from limited vantage points given its low elevation. Other than
Rowella residences directly on the River, the facility will not be visible from anywhere on the Rowella
peninsula. The site will also be screened from vantage points at Beauty Point and most of the western
side of the Tamar. It may be visible from Clarence Point area but at a distance that will make the facility
barely distinguishable.
The site will be seen from the Bell Bay Port, the George Town Golf Course and other adjacent areas. It
will not be visible from any major road networks.
Based on the above, the wharf facility is not considered to have any additional visual impacts above
those identified in Table 115.
4.17.7 Night Lighting
As the pulp mill will be operational 24 hours a day, all roads and external areas will require lighting during
the night. In addition, as pulp ships will require over 24 hours of continuous loading, loading of pulp will
occur during night periods and possibly consecutive nights, subject to ship arrival times. As a
consequence, the wharf facility will require illumination during this time.
Metal halide type high bay lighting fixtures will be used for the operating floor. High pressure sodium type
lighting fixtures will be used on the ground floor and in storage areas. Fluorescent type lighting fixtures
will be used in electrical rooms and offices (Jaakko Pyry, 2005).
For external lighting, all high-intensity discharge luminaires selected for use on this site will be designed
to operate efficiently with the front glass mounted horizontally. This style of luminaire eliminates the
upward spill light component and minimises glare at high vertical angles and as such, the spillage of light
outside the targeted area of illumination.
The proposed external lighting will include:
250 Watts High-Pressure-Sodium streetlight luminaires mounted on 10 metre high poles; and
400 Watts and 1000 Watts High-Pressure-Sodium floodlights mounted on 6 metre and 12 metre poles
respectively.
All luminaires in the vicinity of the bale storage building and ship loading facility are of the lower Wattage
streetlight type. 400 Watt and 1000 Watt floodlights are only used around the effluent plant and main mill
areas.
The location of the lighting fixtures are shown in Figure 4-53.
Based on the above layout, compliance with Australian Standard 4282-1997 Control of the Effects of
Outdoor Lighting was assessed. Full details of the Assessment are provided in Appendix 42, Volume 14
(Lighting Assessment). Calculations of light emissions were made at the site boundary and at the nearest
residential dwelling.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
492000 492500 493000 493500 494000 494500 495000
Bell Bay Pulp Mill

0
/
0.06 0.12 0.18 0.24 0.3
Kilometers
1:10,000
5445000
5445000
EA
S T
TA
M
AR
HI
G
HW
5444500
5444500
AY
5444000
5444000
_
^
LAUNCESTON
5443500
5443500
HOBART
FIGURE 4-53
492000 492500 493000 493500 494000 494500 495000
Date: 16/06/06 Legend
LIGHTING
Zone 55, GDA94 Effluent Pipeline Landfill Boundary Sylvania Lighting Roadster S250CA Aero 250 Watt HPS Aeroscreen Streetlight
Source: Base data sourced from supplied by the LIST- River Landfill Extension Area Twin Sylvania Lighting Roadster S250CA Aero 250 Watt HPS Aeroscreen Streetlight
www.thelist.tas.gov.au. Lighting data supplied in AutoCAD National/State Highway Solid Waste Disposal Site
PLAN
format by Light Harmony. All other infrastructure supplied Philips MVP507 WB 1000 Watt HPS Asymmetrical Cutoff Floodlight
by Gunns Pty Ltd Mill Layout Water Reservoir Philips SNF210_400 400 Watt HPS Asymmetrical Cutoff Floodlight
File: M:\41\14346\gis\map\final\vol_2\ Railway Quarry
fig4_53_Lighting.mxd water_pipeline Dam
Figure
Figure 4-44
4-54
Project: Bell Bay Pulp Mill PHOTO MONTAGE 16B0104-E0035 REV B
NIGHT D
Figure 4-55 Computer generated image of the pulp mill at night as seen from the western bank of the Tamar River at Rowella
Photographic Sheet 4-1. Stack plume visible from Low Head lighthouse (background centre)
Based on the calculated values, curfew and pre-curfew compliance with the relevant recommendations
of AS4282-1997 Table 2.1 and 2.2 is demonstrated for a commercial-industrial site located in an area
classified as dark surroundings (Light Harmony, 2005).
Interpretation of Australian Standard AS4282-1997

The following excerpts from AS4282-1997 demonstrate which of its recommendations are relevant to this
development application.
Section 1 AS4282-1997 Scope and General
1.1 AS4282 Extract: Specifically refers to the potentially adverse effects of outdoor lighting on nearby
residents (e.g. of dwellings such as houses, hotels and hospitals).
Based on line of sight and separation distances, the only dwellings potentially affected by the lighting
installation are those located on the opposite side of the Tamar River as shown in Figure 4-54.
1.4.12 Relevant Boundary any boundary of a residential property over which it is physically possible for
spill light from the subject lighting installation to pass and directly impact upon either
(a) A dwelling located on the subject property; or
(b) The potential site of a dwelling if there is no development on the subject property.
The relevant boundary was considered to be the land boundary to be purchased by Gunns as shown in
Figure 4-54. As the wharf facility effectively extend to the western boundary of the site, a boundary on
the opposite side of the river was also considered.
Section 2 AS4282-1997 Potential Obtrusive Effects and Associated Light Technical Parameters
2.7.2 Basis for differentiation of limits Ev (Vertical Illuminance) and I (Maximum Luminous Intensity)
according to times of operation.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 116: Recommended Maximum Values of Light Technical Parameters for the Control of
Obtrusive Light
1 2 3 4 5
Recommended maximum values
In commercial Residential areas
Light areas or at
Application or calculation conditions
technical boundary of
(see also Figure 2.1 and Section 5)
parameter commercial and Light Dark
residential surrounds^ Surrounds

areas*
Illuminance Pre-curfew:
in vertical
plane (Ev) Limits apply at relevant boundaries of
nearby residential properties, in a vertical
plane parallel to the relevant boundary, to 25 lx 10 lx 10 lx
a height commensurate with the height of
the potentially affected dwellings. Values
given area for the direct component of
illuminance.
Curfewed hours:
Limits apply in the plane of the windows of
habitable rooms of dwellings on nearby
residential properties. In the absence of
development (i.e. vacant allotment), the
limits apply on the potentially affected 4 lx 2 lx 1 lx
property, in a vertical plane parallel to the
relevant boundary, at the minimum
setback permitted for a dwelling, to a
height commensurate with land use zoning
provisions. Values given are for the direct
component of illuminance.
Luminous Pre-curfew: Limits as determined from Table 2.2. Alternatively,
intensity the limits and method of assessment associated with
emitted by Limits apply to each luminaire (irrespective curfewed hours may be applied, at the discretion of
luminaries (I) of the number on a head frame) in the the designer (see Clauses 2.7.1 and 2.7.2)
principal plane, for all angles at and above
the control direction, when aimed in
accordance with the installation design.
Curfewed hours:
Limits apply in directions where view of
bright surfaces of luminaries are likely to
be troublesome to residents, from 2 500 cd 1 000 cd 500 cd
positions where such views are likely to be
maintained, i.e. not where momentary or
short-term viewing is involved.
Threshold Limits apply at all times where users of 20% based on 20% based on 20% based on
increment transport systems are subject to a adaptation adaptation adaptation
(TI) reduction in the ability to see essential luminance (L) of luminance (L) luminance (L)
2 2 2
information. Values given are for relevant 10 cd/m of 1 cd/m of 0.1 cd/m
positions and viewing directions in the path
of travel.
* Applies to residential accommodation in commercial areas or at the boundary between commercial and residential areas. The term
commercial is used as a generic description for zoning which provides for urban uses other than residential.
^ Where the affected property abuts roads that are lit to Category V5 or higher in accordance with AS/NZS 1158.1.1.
Where the affected property abuts roads that is lit to Category B1 or lower in accordance with AS 1158.1, or where there is no
lighting.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
As this site is in an area with dark surrounds, the applicable maximum value for Ev (Vertical Illuminance)
as per column 3 of Table 116, is 10 lux on the relevant boundaries for pre-curfew operation and 1 lux on
the plane of the windows of the dwellings during curfew hours. The local authority may or may not apply
a curfew to an industrial site.
Luminaires must also comply with the required intensity limit of 500cd in the direction of residences
where maintained viewing is likely, during curfew hours.
Table 117: Maximum Luminous Intensity Per Luminaire for Pre-Curfew Operating Times
Area description Maximum luminous intensity from each luminaire*
Size of area Controlling dimension Level 1 control Level 2 control

(Figure 5.1) (Note 1) (Note 2)
Large >75m 7 500 cd 100 000 cd
Medium 25 m 75 m 7 500 cd 50 000 cd
Small <25 m 2 500 cd 25 000 cd

* Limits apply to each luminaire (irrespective of the number on a head frame) in the principle plane, for all angles at and above the
control direction, when aimed in accordance with the installation design (see Clause 5.3.2.1).
NOTES:
1 Level 1 control is appropriate for development control of environmentally sensitive areas, i.e. where the existing
environment is of high quality, where abutting properties are close to the installation, where they are residential in nature,
where the existing ambient light levels are low and where the community requires the best available environmental
safeguards to be applied.
As the use of Type C cut-off luminaries is likely to be necessary for Level 1 control, the implementation of this level of
control will normally be possibly only for lighting applications that require relatively high illuminances over areas that are
small to medium in size, e.g. lighting for tennis courts or hockey fields. However, Level 1 control may also be suitable for
larger areas where lower illuminances are appropriate, e.g. for car parks and outdoor storage areas.
2 Level 2 control will permit the use of wide range of currently used lighting techniques but will limit intensities in the
control direction to what might reasonably be expected by careful attention to design and the selection and aiming of
.
luminaries, especially for applications involving Type A luminaries
The notes in Table 117 state that: Level 1 control is appropriate for development control of
environmentally sensitive areas. All luminaires must comply with the limiting values of luminous intensity
for Level 1 control listed in Table 117, being 7500cd.
Calculated Values
Calculations of illuminance in a vertical plane were made at all boundaries of the site, and on the walls,
which face the site, of the potentially affected dwellings. The summarised values shown on Figure 4-54
indicate that the maximum Vertical Illuminance (Ev) values on all site boundaries are well below the
recommended maxima, indicating pre-curfew compliance.
The values of illuminance on the dwellings indicate compliance during curfew hours.
All luminaires comply with the limiting values of luminous intensity, recommended for Level 1 control in
Figure 4-54.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
All calculations are subject to accuracies and tolerances nominated in Australian and New Zealand
Standards AS/NZS 3827.1:1998 and AS/NZS 3827.2:1998. Lighting design will be consistent with
Australian Standard AS4282 1997: Control of the Obtrusive Effects of Outdoor Lighting.
Site lighting is required at the meter/regulator station of the proposed gas pipeline. As this will be directly
adjacent to the existing Bell bay Power Station and Alinta regulator station, lighting impacts will not be
significant.
4.17.8 Management
The pulp mill is an extremely large industrial facility proposed to be located on the lower slopes of the
Tippogoree Hills facing the majority of potential viewers.
For those views close to the mill, the scale of the visual impact means that there are no management
strategies that could have any significant benefit in reducing the level of visual intrusion other than a
sympathetic colour scheme to minimise contrast with the background vegetation and skyline.
There are however a number of strategies that will be implemented to minimise impacts to other viewers:
Use of a colour scheme for the mill to blend as much as practical with the background of the
Tippogoree Hills;
Paint selected will be a matt finish to minimise reflective glare;
Preparation of a detailed vegetation management plan that addresses construction phase vegetation
management and post construction rehabilitation and restoration;
Preparation of a landscape management plan to incorporate sympathetic landscaping to maximise
screening of the facility where practical;
All vegetation not required to be cleared for construction and operation of the mill and associated
infrastructure will be retained;
Construction of fill batters to facilitate revegetation where possible. This will include terracing,
respreading with topsoil and seed casting with indigenous shrub and other species suitable for the
site as identified in the landscape management plan; and
Designing lighting to minimise light spill to closest sensitive receptors. Lighting design to be compliant
with Australian Standard AS4282 1997: Control of the Obtrusive Effects of Outdoor Lighting.
The location of the pulp mill is consistent with the existing industrial land uses within the Bell Bay Industry
Zone on the eastern banks of the Tamar River. The scale of the pulp mill and its elevated location does
however result in visual impacts of varying magnitude over a wide area. The mill will be visible from most
areas on the Rowella peninsula, Beauty Point, Bell Bay Port, Bell Bay Industrial Estate, the highest
elevated areas in Beaconsfield and George Town. The areas indicated in this assessment as being
within the mill viewshed are likely to be overestimated, as the visual models are not able to account for
screening vegetation throughout the area in question. A wider area will be able to view the steam plume,
subject to weather conditions.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Those viewers within 2 kilometres of the mill site, particularly those directly opposite on the Rowella
peninsula, will experience high visual impact, with the mill occupying up to 65 of the centre field of view
and elevated above the viewing location. Management strategies will not significantly reduce this impact.
The mill will become less prominent in the landscape the further away the viewer is located. The majority
of residences and businesses on the Rowella peninsula will experience a moderate visual impact from
the built structure, but which is elevated to high when the steam plume is considered. Some of this
impact can be reduced though management strategies.
Motorists travelling to or from George Town along the East Tamar Highway will experience high visual
impact due to the proximity and scale of the development, but only in areas immediately adjacent to the
site and where screening vegetation is not adequate to significantly reduce visual impacts. The plume
will be visible from significant distances, particularly when it is located in the direction of travel.
All other potential viewers will experience low visual impact, primarily as a result of separation distances
but also because the mill will be compatible with surrounding industrial land uses and there will be
continuity of context when viewed from areas such as Beauty Point, Bell Bay Port or Beaconsfield.
Management strategies detailed above will further reduce those impacts.
A summary of potential impacts, management measures to minimise the impact and an overall rating
related to visual impacts is provided below.
Table 118: Summary of potential impact rating and management measures visual

Rating
Visual
Contrast with the vegetated Major Implement a colour scheme Minor positive Moderate
backdrop negative which minimises contrast and impact negative
impact glare impact
Major landscaping management plan Minor positive Moderate

negative impact negative
impact impact
Major Minimise loss of screening Minor positive Moderate

negative vegetation especially on the impact negative
impact East Tamar Highway impact
Major Screening vegetation for key Minor positive Moderate

negative affected landholders impact negative
impact impact
Lighting Moderate Minimise light spill as per Minor positive Minor

negative Australian Standards impact negative
impact impact
Overall the project is considered to have a moderate visual impact, whilst recognising there are some
specific locations which will have a high visual impact.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
4.18 Heritage
4.18.1 Aboriginal Heritage
Assessment Recommendations
A number of Aboriginal sites were identified within the Bell Bay site and in the vicinity of the pulp mill
specifically (refer Section 2.18 of Volume 2 and Table 119). As it is not appropriate to publish details of
the sites due to their cultural sensitivity, the detailed nature and location of the sites will be provided
separately to RPDC, but will not be presented here due to sensitivities to the Aboriginal community.
Table 119: Registered Aboriginal Sites in Proposed Pulp Mill Survey Areas 1 and 2

TASI 7486 Tippogoree Hills Isolated Artefact Moore 1997
TASI 9897 Vacant Easement Stone Artefact Scatter Graham 2005
TASI 9900 Dirty Bay Upslope Isolated Artefact Graham 2005
TASI 9902 Big Bay Upslope Stone Artefact Scatter Graham 2005
TASI 10003 Off East Tamar Hwy Stone Artefact Scatter Graham 2005
TASI 10009 Williams Creek Stone Artefact Scatter Graham 2005
Notes
1. The site details are those used by the Aboriginal Heritage Section of the DTPHA
2. The set of sites is derived from the digitised TASI database.
3. The first three and TASI 10001-10003, 10007 and 10009 are in Survey 2.
Based on the results of this investigation and consultation with the Tasmanian Aboriginal Land and Sea
Council (TALSC):

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Care will be taken to avoid any further disturbance to the large TASI 9903 site, which is of low to
moderate scientific significance. This will be achieved by incorporating the area of the site into a
reserve or buffer zone and ensuring that works associated with the construction and operation of the
pulp mill and effluent pipe do not impact on the site. There will be liaison with TALSC and the
Australian Heritage Office (AHO) to determine an appropriate size for the buffer zone to protect the
identified Aboriginal heritage.
Similar care will be taken to avoid any further disturbance to TASI 9896, 9900, 9905 and 10001,
which may also be impacted by the construction and operation of the pulp mill. There will be liaison
with TALSC and the AHO to determine an appropriate size for the buffer zone to protect the identified
Aboriginal heritage. A small reserve will have to be created within the proposed mill site car park to
ensure that the part of TASI 9896 located in the transmission line easement is not disturbed further.
The part of the ridgetop that contains TASI 9896 will be investigated further by archaeological test-
excavation to determine the contents, stratigraphy, extent and significance of the site. Any cultural
material recovered will be analysed and returned to the Tasmanian Aboriginal community through the
AHO. Management recommendations will be formulated once more is known about the scientific and
Aboriginal significance of the site. A permit application will be required for the recommended
archaeological test-excavation. This may require investigation of feasible site management
alternatives.
Four Aboriginal sites specifically mentioned above lie within or directly adjacent to the pulp mill footprint,
being TASI 9903, TASI 9905, TASI 9900 and TASI 9896. Of these sites, TASI 9903 has the highest level
of significance being low to moderate scientific significance. Management strategies based on the
intentions above are provided for these sites.
Potential Impact
TASI 9903
This site is located approximately 150 metres from the pulp mill footprint to the north of the pulp mill site.
There is no anticipated impact.
TASI 9905
This site is located on the edge of the transmission line easement just outside the pulp mill footprint but
within an area likely to be heavily trafficked by construction workforce. Given the proximity to the
construction area and the nature of construction activity (including blasting), it is considered unlikely this
site could practically be protected.
TASI 9900
This site is located outside the pulp mill footprint and will not be impacted by development.
TASI 9896
A component of this site is located within the transmission line easement and the temporary construction
phase car park to the north-east of the pulp mill footprint. This site will be fenced and protected for the
duration of construction activity.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
The part of the ridge top that contains the remainder of TASI 9896 will be investigated further by
archaeological test-excavation to determine the contents, stratigraphy, extent and significance of the site.
Any cultural material recovered will be analysed and returned to the Tasmanian Aboriginal community
through the AHO. Once such an assessment is undertaken, appropriate management strategies can be
developed for this area. A permit will be sought from the Minister prior to this activity.
TASI 10001
This site is located outside the pulp mill footprint and will not be impacted by the pulp mill.
4.18.2 Historic Heritage
Assessment Recommendations
Heritage studies for the Bell Bay site identified 17 sites of significance as detailed in Table 38.
The pulp mill footprint has been revised to take into account and avoid these historic heritage sites.
All seventeen sites detailed will be protected from disturbance through incorporation into the reserve
network for the site. This reserve will be an exclusion zone from construction activity and sites will be
fenced and flagged to reduce risk of accidental disturbance.
4.18.3 Management
The following management measures were developed in consultation with the Aboriginal Heritage Office
(DTAE), the Tasmanian Aboriginal Land and Sea Council and Office of Aboriginal Affairs.
A Cultural Heritage Management Plan will be prepared prior to the construction phase for the
management of Aboriginal and historic heritage sites.
Aboriginal Sites
Site specific management strategies for the Aboriginal sites identified above are detailed in this section.
All site specific management prescriptions, protocols and protection measures will be incorporated into
the Cultural Heritage Management Plan. Specific locations of sites will be maintained as confidential
information.
The following strategies have been developed based on the recommendations of the consultants, and
have been further developed in consultation with the Aboriginal Heritage Office (DTAE).
TASI 9896
This site is approximately 7.8 ha in size, consisting and bounded by three artefacts scattered over
several hundred metres. The site is located on the main rise to be developed for the pulp mill. It is
suggested that this site may extend into the subsurface in this locality beyond the current known location
(Stone and Stanton, 2006).

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
The artefact located within the temporary car park will remain in situ and be protected during
construction activities. A reserve of minimum 1m x 1m will be applied with the boundary to be
indicated clearly by temporary fencing for the duration of construction activities.
The two remaining artefacts will require a permit to relocate. These artefacts will be moved to the 2 ha
reserve area indicated for TASI 9903.
Subsurface testing of the organic soil horizon will be undertaken over the remainder of the site to
determine the full context of the site. This activity will be controlled by an Aboriginal Heritage Officer.
If subsurface Aboriginal heritage values are identified the following will be applied:
A permit will be required to undertake a full archaeological examination to recover as much
information as possible from the site. All information to be provided to the TALSC.
A permit will be required to relocate any identified artefacts. Any relocated artefacts will be moved
to the 2 ha reserve area indicated for TASI 9903.
TASI 9897, 9898, 9899, 9901, 9902

These sites consist of artefact scatters and isolated artefacts. All are located in areas to be impacted by
the development.
A permit to relocate will be required. Relocated artefacts will be moved to the 2 ha reserve area
indicated for TASI 9903.
Artefacts unable to be located, a permit to destroy the sites will be required.
TASI 9905, 10008

These sites consist of artefact scatters and located in very close proximity to each other, possibly
indicating that they are the same site recorded twice. These sites are located in areas to be impacted by
the development.
A permit to relocate will be required. Relocated artefacts will be moved to the 2 ha reserve area
indicated for TASI 9903.
If the artefacts are unable to be located, a permit to destroy the sites will be required.
TAS 9903
This site consists of a large artefact scatter, covering an area of approximately 2 ha within the
TRANSEND easement, near the mouth of Big Bay.
This site will be protected in its entirety by a 2 ha reserve. The boundary to be indicated clearly by
temporary fencing for the duration of construction activities.
TASI 9900, 9904, 10001, 10002,10004, 10005, 10006

These sites are located in the vicinity, but outside the area to be developed. No impacts on these sites
are anticipated.
The areas containing these sites will be maintained as restricted areas, ensuring no accidental damage
to sites. Buffers will be maintained around these sites as determined in consultation with with TALSC and
the Australian Heritage Office (AHO).

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Historic Heritage Sites
All sites of historic heritage significance will be protected within the reserve network for the site.
One site of historic heritage significance has been identified in close proximity to the area to be
developed for the pulp mill: the Big Stone Fence (site 12B).
The Big Stone Fence was identified as high significance with the recommendation to protect from all
impacts. The entirety of the site will be protected within the reserve network for the site, however, the
northern most corner of this fence is located within close proximity to the development area. A reserve
buffer of 10 m will be implemented to ensure no impact on the site from the development.
Cultural Heritage Management Plan

A Cultural Heritage Management Plan will be prepared prior to the construction phase for the
management of both Aboriginal and historic heritage sites.
The following procedure will be incorporated into the Cultural Heritage Management Plan, for the event
that further Aboriginal or historic heritage sites are located during clearing and construction activities.
cease works immediately;
contact Heritage Tasmania immediately;
assess the significance of the site utilising an appropriately qualified specialist;
arranging a site visit for a staff member of Heritage Tasmania, if necessary, to determine the
significance of the site; and
depending on the significance, determining appropriate actions with regard the continuation of works,
including, as appropriate, approval from the Tasmanian Heritage Council.
All site specific management prescriptions and clear indication of the location of sites will be incorporated
into the Cultural Heritage Management Plan.
A number of sites of Aboriginal and historic heritage significance have been identified within or adjacent
to the pulp mill footprint. Two of the Aboriginal sites are located within either the footprint or within areas
likely to be disturbed. Re-location of these artefacts is proposed under permit. Three other Aboriginal
sites are located outside the footprint and will be protected from disturbance during construction.
All the historic heritage sites are located outside the pulp mill footprint and will be protected from
construction impacts.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 120: Summary of potential impact rating and management measures heritage

Rating
Heritage
Disturbance to Aboriginal Moderate Cultural Heritage Minor positive Minor

Heritage Sites negative Management Plan impact negative
impact impact
Disturbance to Aboriginal Moderate Proposed reserve system Minor positive Minor

Sites TASI 9903 negative impact negative
impact impact
Disturbance to Aboriginal Moderate Further archaeological test- Minor positive Minor

Sites TASI 9896 (part) negative excavation impact negative
impact impact
Disturbance to Aboriginal Moderate Application to re-locate the Minor positive Minor

Sites TASI 9905 negative artefacts impact negative
impact impact
Disturbance to Historic Moderate Flagging and exclusion zone Minor positive Minor
Heritage sites negative impact negative
impact impact
Moderate Cultural Heritage Minor positive Minor

negative Management Plan impact negative
impact impact
Insignificant Inclusion in reserve system Major positive Major

impact impact positive
impact
Overall impacts on Aboriginal Heritage is considered minor. Overall impacts on Historical Heritage are
considered to have a major positive benefit with the inclusion of historical sites into the pulp mill reserve
system.
4.19 Odour Assessment

This section is based on the Health Risk Assessment set out in Appendix 21, Volume 10, which included
assessment of health issues arising from potential odour impacts.
4.19.1 Assessment of Odour and Amenity Effects

Direct measurement of odour by dynamic dilution olfactory techniques is generally considered to be the
most useful technique in assessing the significance of odour emissions from industrial sources as this
inherently takes into account all chemicals in the emissions and does not rely on odour thresholds for
individual chemicals that may be of dubious quality (WSAA 1994). However it is not possible to conduct
such tests for a facility that has not yet been built hence the analysis relied on the calculation of odour
quotients (EQS) to make judgements regarding the likelihood of odour events and whether they are likely

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
to be annoying. The odour quotient is analogous to the hazard quotient and is calculated by dividing the
ground level concentration of a substance by its odour threshold. If the OQ is greater than 1 then the
probability that it is of sufficient strength to be noticed by people increases, if it occurs frequently, then
the probability of annoyance increases.
It should be noted that the definition of an odour unit in dynamic olfactory testing is the concentration of
odour at which 50% of a test panel can discern the odour from clean air. This is directly analogous to an
odour quotient of 1 calculated using the H2S odour threshold for 50% of the population (that is, the OQ at
the odour threshold).
Since odour detection by the human nose has a very short biological response time, the predicted
ground level concentrations for 3-minute average TRS concentrations have been used in the
assessment.
The major factors affecting perception of odour as being annoying and therefore having potential to
impact health well being are:
Strength of the odour determined primarily by the concentration of pollutants in the emissions.
There is not however a linear relationship between odour and concentration, rather concentration
usually needs to be increased approximately ten fold in order to double the strength of odour 18 . In
interpreting the odour quotients, doubling the odour quotient has small influence on the intensity of
the odour, nevertheless the greater the odour quotient the higher the probability of an odour event
being experienced and the greater the number of people that may experience it and perhaps be
annoyed. Odour strength is gauged in this analysis by the value of the OQ.
Character of the odour the perception of odour being annoying or heralding exposure to a toxic
chemical is dominated by attitudinal factors and beliefs/experiences regarding the source of the
odour. There is no doubt however that the majority of people find the characteristic smell of TRS and
H2S to be objectionable.
Frequency with which the odour occurs if an odour occurs infrequently 19 it may well be tolerated.
However, when unwanted odour events are a frequent occurrence such that it impacts the local
amenity and/or lifestyle of neighbours the odour may also affect the health well being of those
experiencing the odour. The calculated odour quotients at different percentile ground level
concentrations provide an indication of the frequency of odour events.
Thus the calculated odour quotients in this risk assessment are an indication of the probability of an
odour event being experienced by some people in the general population. It is stressed the odour
quotient per se does not inform on the perception/interpretation of the odour, nor does it provide
information about the relative intensity of the odour or the likelihood of causing annoyance. However the
higher the odour quotient the more likely the emissions will be smelt by any given individual and by more
people.
18
This rough relationship is seen for H2S in table 12.4 (odour intensity column). For H2S increasing the concentration ten fold only
increased the intensity (i.e. strength) of odour 1.8 times.
19
Whether the frequency of odour events becomes annoying depends upon the individual. Lifestyle becomes impaired when
concern about an odour event modifies behaviour, e.g. we cant invite friends for a BBQ because of the odour from the plant.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
The New Zealand Ministry for the Environment (Me 2002) note that repeated exposure to odour can
lead to a high level of annoyance, and the receiver may become particularly sensitive to the odour.
Complaints are most likely to come from individuals who are either physiologically or psychologically
sensitive to the odour, and certainly a combination of both types of sensitivity will increase the likelihood
of complaint. The individual components of an odour necessary to cause an adverse reaction from
people are usually present in very low concentrations far less than will cause adverse effects on
physical health or impacts on any other part of the environment. However it is noted that symptoms such
as headaches, nausea, throat irritations and sleeplessness are often reported at exposure levels barely
exceeding the odour threshold. The well-known phenomenon of being able to smell a chemical before
concentrations reach harmful levels is true for the chemicals in TRS. Table 4.64 illustrates this, odour
thresholds are many times less than the concentrations necessary to cause sensory irritation.
Individuals may shift individuals a sensitive sub-population category if they frequently experience odour
events, or believe they do. Such people are often able to tune into an odour and pick it out from the
background odours when most people cannot.
Hydrogen sulphide - a surrogate for TRS

The sulphur-containing TRS compounds each have a characteristically low odour threshold and they can
be released in varying proportions from both natural and industrial processes; including microbial
degradation, oil refining and the Kraft wood pulping process. There is limited toxicological data available
for most of the TRS compounds (methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulphide and dimethyl disulphide), but
epidemiological studies suggest that the health effects caused by H2S exposure are similar to those
caused by TRS exposures, e.g. irritation, respiratory and central nervous system effects (Marttilla et al.
1994b; Marttilla et al. 1995; Ontario MoE 2005a) (Table 121). This affords the opportunity to use the
dose-response relationship for H2S, which is the most extensively studied of the TRS compounds, to
characterise the effects of exposure to TRS mixtures. This approach has been considered by various
government authorities to regulate malodorous TRS compounds (Nebraska DEQ 1997; AE 2004; Ontario
MoE 2005a). Importantly the odour thresholds for each of the constituents of TRS are similar which
further enables the use of H2S as a surrogate for TRS (Table 122).
The constituent TRS compounds each have low odour thresholds enabling individual chemicals to be
detected in air at relatively low levels (Table 122). Although the characteristics of the odour will be
dependent on the specific composition of the mixture and relative proportions of the component
malodorous compounds (NRC 1979, Suarez et al. 1998) the relative strengths of various low
concentration mixtures will not differ significantly because the odour thresholds for each of the
compounds are similar (Table 122).
To simplify the assessment of odour impact on amenity Toxikos has used H2S as a surrogate for the
TRS emitted from the proposed mill by assuming numerical equivalency with the TRS modelled ground
level concentrations.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 121: Comparison of dose-response for different TRS compounds
Hydrogen Methyl Dimethyl Dimethyl

Observed Effect Sulphide Mercaptan Sulphide Disulphide
3
(mg/m ) (mg/m3) (mg/m3) (mg/m3)
Death (rat LC50) 1,449 111,570 3,383
Respiratory paralysis, collapse 1500-3000
Strong CNS stimulation, 750-1400

hyperpnoea
Pulmonary oedema 450-750
Loss of olfactory sense 210-350
Serious eye and respiratory 70-140 210

damage
b
Body weight loss (rats) 122 122 25
Eye irritation 15-30
Inhibited enzyme activity 7.6 5
Increase in eye complaints, 5 0.05 8.6

nausea
Bronchial obstruction in 3
asthmatics
Odour threshold 0.008 0.0034 0.0086 0.001 0.175 0.003 - 0.014

a This table has been compiled from information in Appendix 21, Volume 10.
b
Value from CIIT (1983).
Table 122: Odour thresholds reported for individual total reduced sulphur compounds
Compound Reported Odour Thresholds Reference

3
Hydrogen 5.6 - 16.7 g/m (0.005 - 0.012 ppm) Amoore (1985)
Sulphide
3
1.6 12 g/m AIHA (1989) (see Table 12.4)
Amoore and Hautala (1983)

3
Methyl Mercaptan 3.4 - 8.6 g /m (0.0016 - 0.004 ppm) UK DoE (1999)
ATSDR (1992)
3
Dimethyl Sulphide 3 - 55 g /m (0.001 - 0.02 ppm) Sullivan and Krieger (1992)
Dimethyl 3 - 14 g /m3 (0.0007 - 0.003 ppm) Verschueren (1983)

Disulphide

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Odour Thresholds
The odour detection threshold is the lowest concentration of a substance that is detectable by the
average adult (Amoore 1985, AIHA 1989), that is, the concentration where 50% of the test population
can reliably distinguish the polluted air sample from clean air.
In order to be able to perform an assessment of odour on amenity, reliable odour thresholds are
required. Usually this presents a difficulty due to the paucity of odour studies for most compounds. For
H2S however there have been many investigations on the ability of people to smell this gas in air.
There is a wide variation in the levels reported for H2S odour detection and recognition (IPCS, 1981;
Roth and Goodwin 2003; Ontario MoE 2005a), but the threshold for perception of the characteristic
rotten egg odour is reported to be about 3 - 4 times the odour threshold (Leonardos et al. 1969). From
a review of 26 studies the geometric mean threshold for H2S odour detection was estimated to be 0.008
ppm (8ppb or 12 g/m3) and the threshold for annoyance in 50% exposed individuals was found to be
approximately five times the detection threshold (Amoore, 1985). Amoore also predicted changes in
detection levels, intensity and annoyance of the odour at different concentrations relative to the mean
detection threshold and these values are reproduced here to demonstrate the high degree of variation
within the population (Table 123). The table provides a useful link between concentrations of H2S in air,
the percentage of people exposed who are able to detect an odour and the percentage who may become
annoyed because of the strength of the odour.
In the review conducted by Amoore (1985) the wide variation in thresholds was attributed to individual
olfactory sensitivities among normal healthy people and to possible errors in the measurements of odour
threshold. The geometric mean of all 26 reported values was 8.0 4 ppb (5.6-16.7 g/m3). It is noted that
in calculating the geometric mean, Amoore used all the available studies but did not evaluate their
validity. This may bias the geometric mean as many of the studies were old and not performed to
equivalent standards of good science.
The American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA 1989) has also reviewed the investigations on the
odour threshold for H2S from the scientific literature but has also considered whether the tests were
technically valid. The odour thresholds from these studies ranged between 1.6-270 g/m3. Three of the
technically valid studies yielded H2S odour thresholds that were clearly much higher than the majority of
the other technically valid tests.
Based on the above, two odour thresholds have been utilised for the assessment of odour from the
proposed mill.
The lowest reported value from the AIHA (1989), 1.6 g/m3 ,and
The median of the odour thresholds considered acceptable by the AIHA 6 g/m3, but not including the
three studies that produced pronounced high threshold outliers (Table 12.3 in Appendix 21, Volume
10). The omission of the high estimates of odour threshold for H2S biases the evaluation towards
predicting odour from the mill (that is, it is conservative).
From the analysis of Amoore (1985) the odour detection thresholds of 1.6 g/m3 and 6 g/m3 correspond
to approximately to 1% and 5% of people annoyed by the strength of the odour.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 123: Predicted effects of ambient hydrogen sulphide level on frequency of odour
detection and incidence of annoyance
Hydrogen Sulphide Persons

Persons able to Perceived odour Odour Units
annoyed by
detect odour (%) intensity (ratio) (median)
(ppb) (g/m3) odour (%)
e
200 304.1 99 2.31 25 88
100 152.0 96 e 1.93 12 75
50 76.0 91 1.61 6.2 56
40 60.8 88 1.52 5.0 50
35 53.2 87 1.47 4.4 47
30 45.6 83 1.41 3.7 40
25 38.0 80 1.34 3.1 37
20 30.4 74 1.27 2.5 31
15 22.8 69 1.18 1.9 22
10 15.2 56 1.06 1.2 17
8 12.2 50 1.00 1.00 11
6 9.1 42 0.93 0.75 8
4 6.1 30 0.83 0.50 5
2 3.0 14 0.70 0.25 2
1 1.5 6 0.58 0.12 1
0.5 0.8 2 0.49 0.06 -

Table adapted from Table VI of Amoore (1985)
Likelihood of Odour Events

Table 124 contains various percentile predicted 3 minute average ground level concentrations modelled
for the project. The DPIW design criteria are only exceeded at Mt George, the Tippogoree Hills and mid
way across the estuary. There are two major sources of low level release of TRS from the plant and the
dispersion modelling assumed maximum releases from both will occur at the same time. In fact
maximum emission from these sources is relatively infrequent and coincides only once per 3.8 years
(GHD 2006b). Hence the predicted ground level concentrations for TRS in Table 4-67 are over
estimations.
The World Health Organization (2000b) suggest odour complaints due to H2S will be prevented if air
concentrations are kept below 7 g/m3 as a 30 minute average. The predicted ground level
concentrations are certainly below this recommendation.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 124: Three minute ground level concentrations (GLC) for TRS at selected sites
3 minute GLC (g/m3)

Receptor
95th 99th 99.5th 99.7th 99.9th Maximum
1 Rowella 0.06 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 1.4
2 Beauty Point 0.006 0.03 0.06 0.08 0.2 0.4
3 Beaconsfield 0.007 0.05 0.08 0.1 0.2 0.4
4 Low Head 0.0001 0.02 0.03 0.06 0.1 0.3
5 George Town A 0.006 0.04 0.07 0.09 0.1 0.4
6 George Town B 0.001 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.1 0.4
7 Tippogoree A 0.01 0.2 0.4 0.5 1.0 2.3
8 Tippogoree B 0.2 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.2 3.4
9 Mt George 0.09 0.5 0.9 1.1 1.8 3.5
10 Hillwood 0.04 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.9
11 Rowella AQM Site 0.10 0.4 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.3
12 Ti-tree Bend 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.8 1.4
Midway across
13 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.2 2.0
estuary
14 Aquafarm 0.09 0.3 0.6 0.7 1.0 1.3

a
Obtained from air dispersion modelling Appendix 16, Volume 9. Coloured/bolded value exceeds DPIW design criteria.
The GLCs in Table 124 have been used with the lowest H2S odour threshold of 1.6g/m3 to calculate
odour quotients in Table 125.
From Table 125 it can be seen that the odour quotient is marginally above unity at Mt George, the
Tippogoree Hills and mid way across the estuary. The fact the exceedances above unity are only
occurring for the lowest odour threshold at the maximum and 99.9th percentile ground level
concentrations and not at all with the median odour threshold (Table 4-69) indicates it is unlikely odour
events will be experienced by the local populace.
Table 125: Detection odour quotients a for TRS as H2S almost all individuals (approximately
99%)
Odour Quotient b at various percentiles for odour threshold 1.6 g/m3

Receptor
th
95 99th 99.5th 99.7th 99.9th Maximum
1 Rowella 0.04 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.9
2 Beauty Point 0.004 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.1 0.3
3 Beaconsfield 0.004 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.2

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Odour Quotient b at various percentiles for odour threshold 1.6 g/m3
Receptor
th
4 Low Head 0.00006 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.07 0.2
5 George Town A 0.004 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.09 0.2
6 George Town B 0.0008 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.09 0.3
7 Tippogoree A 0.009 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 1.5
8 Tippogoree B 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 2.1
9 Mt George 0.06 0.3 0.6 0.7 1.1 2.2
10 Hillwood 0.02 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.5
11 Rowella AQM Site 0.06 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8
12 Ti-tree Bend 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.9
Midway across
13 0.10 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 1.2
estuary
14 Aquafarm 0.06 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.8
The OQs in this table are calculated from the 3-minute GLC and the TRS concentration of 1.6 g/m3
(lowest reported odour detection threshold) which corresponds to approximately to 1% of people
annoyed by the strength of the odour. Shaded cells in the table represent the likelihood of odour events
being experienced. It can be seen that at the locations modelled, the TRS (as H2S) odour threshold is
exceeded (ie the OQ is greater than 1) relatively infrequently. It should be noted that odour intensity is
not linearly related to concentration. Rather it is an approximate function of the logarithm of the
concentration (MfE 2002). The likely frequency of odour events is indicated by how often a certain
emission concentration occurs at the location, that is by the percentile estimates. Note also that the
odour quotient does not readily equate with odour annoyance, this is likely to be dominated by attitudinal
factors and perceptions about the odour. However the more the OQ exceeds unity the greater the
probability annoyance will occur.
Table 126: Detection odour quotients for TRS as H2S most individuals (approximately 95%)
Odour Quotient at various percentiles for odour threshold 6 g/m3

Receptor
th th th th th
95 99 99.5 99.7 99.9 Maximum
1 Rowella 0.01 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.2
2 Beauty Point 0.001 0.005 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.07
3 Beaconsfield 0.001 0.009 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.06
4 Low Head 0.00002 0.004 0.006 0.01 0.02 0.06
5 George Town A 0.0010 0.007 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.06
6 George Town B 0.0002 0.006 0.009 0.01 0.02 0.07

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Odour Quotient at various percentiles for odour threshold 6 g/m3
Receptor
th
7 Tippogoree A 0.002 0.035 0.06 0.08 0.2 0.4
8 Tippogoree B 0.03 0.09 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.6
9 Mt George 0.02 0.09 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6
10 Hillwood 0.006 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.09 0.1
11 Rowella AQM Site 0.02 0.06 0.09 0.1 0.2 0.2
12 Ti-tree Bend 0.04 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.1 0.2
Midway across
13 0.03 0.08 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3
estuary
14 Aquafarm 0.02 0.06 0.09 0.1 0.2 0.2
The OQs in this table are calculated from the 3-minute GLC and the TRS concentration of 6 g/m3
(median reported odour detection threshold) which corresponds to approximately to 5% of people
annoyed by the strength of the odour. It can be seen that at the locations modelled, the TRS (as H2S)
odour threshold is not exceeded.
Potential for odour impacts to cause annoyance

When people are subjected to high odour intensity for short periods or relatively low odours over a long
time they can become annoyed with the odours intruding on their lives and it can ultimately result in their
perception of the local amenity and their well-being deteriorating. There are a number of things to note
regarding the information in Table 125 and Table 126.
The odour quotients are relatively low. The increases above unity are marginal and at this level of
increase above the odour threshold there is virtually no change in perceived odour strength. This is
unlikely to be annoying.
The odour quotients above unity are occurring mainly just once per year, that is for a single 3-minute
period. They are rare events. The ground level concentrations for all other 3-minute periods
throughout the year are less than the lowest odour threshold.
The exceedances occur in areas where people do not regularly congregate hence the chance of
someone being present when an infrequent small increase in TRS occurs is low.
The odour quotients need to be around 3 - 4 in order that the ground level concentrations are within
the concentration range for odour recognition. Annoyance is often regarded as only likely to occur
when odour recognition concentrations are present.
The data provided from modelling performed assuming worst case conditions for TRS releases, that
is maximum continuous production rate and assuming the corresponding TRS emission rate operates
all day, every day.
Taken together the odour quotient analysis indicates it is quite unlikely odour events will occur, and if
they do neither the strength nor frequency are likely to be annoying.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
An assessment of odour on the local area amenity around the mill revealed that based on the odour
management systems proposed as part of the pulp mill design:
It is very unlikely odour events will be experienced by people living near the proposed mill; and
It is very unlikely people in the Bell Bay and Rowella areas will be annoyed by odours from the mill.
Whilst the miltiple redundancies built into the odour management system significantly reduce the risk of
annoyance, ongoing management of diffuse odour sources will be undertaken to further minimise such
risks. This management will include consultation with neighbouring residents.
related to noise and vibration is provided below.

Rating
Odour
Odour and Amenity effects Moderate BAT odour management as Moderate Insignificant
negative specified in Volume 1 Section positive impact impact
impact 6 of the Draft IIS
Moderate Difuse odour monitoring and Moderate Insignificant

negative community consultation positive impact impact
impact
Overall impacts on odour are considered insignificant.
4.20 Health
The health risk assessment (HRA) detailed below is a summarised version of that produced in Appendix
21, Volume 10. It is recommended that the full HRA document be reviewed when considering health
implications. Potential health risks associated with odour impacts are discussed in Section 4.19 of this
Volume 2. The conclusions from that section are also considered in the conclusion on health risks set out
below.
4.20.1 General Overview
The overall methodology employed in this risk assessment is consistent with that of the Australian
enHealth Council (enHealth 2002), the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA 1989, 2000) and
the US Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR 1992a).
The generic steps of a risk assessment are described in more detail in Appendix 21, Volume 10. The
essential steps are:
Toxicity assessment (hazard identification);
Exposure assessment; and

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Risk characterisation.
Although this risk assessment is quantitative there are aspects that are primarily of a screening nature
due to the fact that it deals with risks for a hypothetical person exposed to the highest atmospheric
emission concentration that is reasonably expected to occur at the nominated locations (refer Section 4.5
of Volume 2 (Air Quality)).
The purpose of a screening risk assessment is to determine efficiently if, at the predicted exposures,
health impacts are possible and if so discover the likely causative agents. The risk assessment uses a
number of procedures to decide which of the emission components, either on their own or as a mixture,
are potential threats to public health and hence important for further detailed assessment.
The screening procedure is used to determine, using conservative assumptions, whether a risk could
exist, and whether the risk could be sufficiently serious to justify action. If the screening-level assessment
indicates that a potential hazard is not of concern, a more comprehensive assessment is usually not
required. Conversely if the screening-level assessment indicates that the potential hazard may be of
concern, the assessor may proceed to undertake a more comprehensive assessment to estimate the risk
more accurately and/or seek better exposure data.
By necessity, to ensure protection of public health, this risk assessment is conservative; that is it errs on
the side of safety by over predicting the likelihood for health risk.
The HRA evaluates the likelihood of non-cancer and cancer health effects arising from short (that is
acute) or long term (that is chronic) exposures to emissions from the pulp mill.
International and Australian regulatory agencies consider a safe exposure level to be the same as, or
less than the relevant regulatory standard (an ambient air guideline value, AGV). Hence by definition, an
unacceptable health risk potentially occurs when the predicted ground level concentration (GLC) is
greater than the regulatory standard. It should be noted however that most AGVs have large safety
factors incorporated in them in order to protect sensitive persons in the general community. Hence if the
GLC is greater than the AGV it does not mean a health effect will or occur, or is even likely. It simply
means the AGV has been exceeded and the situation should be investigated further. The process of
characterising the health risk by comparing predicted GLC to an AGV is common practice in risk
assessments for air pollutants. It is a pragmatic approach used to identify important chemicals in polluted
air or industrial emissions. The ratio of the GLV to AGV is called the hazard quotient. By adding hazard
quotients together to yield a hazard index, an appreciation of the likelihood of an adverse health outcome
from exposure to the emissions as a mixture can be obtained. The mechanics and interpretation of this
method is described in Appendix 21, Volume 10.
A schematic overview of the basics of the risk assessment process is in Figure 4-56.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Emission components =
Chemicals of Interest (CoI)
Calculate acute & chronic HQs and HIs

[Section 6.1] at each nominated exposure
location [Section 4.1.2].
Target hazard index = 1 Calculate cancer risk for

genotoxic carcinogens
[See Section 6.3]
Risk of direct health effects and
identification of Chemicals of Concern
(CoC). [See Section 6.2]
If the HI>1
Then component pollutants are subject to
a
further detailed evaluation .
HQ = Hazard Quotient (Ratio of predicted ground level concentration to air guideline value).
HI = Hazard Index (Sum of all HQs for substances that act on the same tissue).
a
This is only undertaken for pulp mill emissions, it is not within the scope of this risk assessment to pursue these issues if they occur from
current background exposures.
Figure 4-56 Overview of the basics of the screening risk assessment
4.20.2 Issue identification
Issues associated with air emissions from the proposed Bell Bay pulp mill are three fold; they have been
formulated after discussions with stakeholders and examination of newspaper clippings and pamphlets:
There is community concern that there may be new substances, currently not released into the air at
Bell Bay, that if emitted in sufficient quantity may cause nuisance and/or health effects not presently
experienced by residents in the area.
People are worried that the incremental addition of emissions from the proposed mill to pollutants
currently emitted into the immediate surrounds by industries at Bell Bay may result in cumulative
health effects.
There are perceptions that emissions from the proposed mill may drift up the Tamar Valley and
further exacerbate the already compromised air quality in Launceston.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
While this risk assessment quantitatively addresses each of the above issues the following information
places them into context.
Emissions from pulp mills have been intensively studied over the last decade or so, and while there are
some components of pulp mill emissions that will be unique to the Bell Bay air shed, RPDC (2004) have
specified release limits from the mill to protect local area amenity and health of the surrounding
population. It should also be kept in mind that the proposed mill is designed to meet the most stringent
environmental requirements of any pulp mill in the world. Emissions will be effectively contained with
numerous back-up devices should a specific control feature fail. Consequently, historical amenity and
health problems associated with mills in the northern hemisphere should not occur with the Bell Bay pulp
mill (see Appendix 21, Volume 10). GHD (Appendix 16, Volume 9 (Air Quality assessment)) have
modelled the mill air emissions and have concluded they readily comply with the RPDC and DPIW
criteria.
With regard to the cumulative effect of pulp mill emissions in concert with those already emitted into the
air by industry at Bell Bay, the risk assessment herein examines both the incremental and the cumulative
impact of emissions from the mill. Because the mill has not yet been built, actual release concentrations
of emissions are unknown, and consequently the design engineers have erred on the side of caution and
have provided what they believe are over estimates of concentrations at various release points to GHD
for dispersion modelling. The risk assessment utilises upper percentile (maximum, 99.9th down to
99.5th) predicted ground concentrations for judging the incremental impacts. By definition, such
concentrations are unlikely to frequently occur. Furthermore, the risk characterisation is conducted using
health based guidelines that in the main have substantial safety margins.
The general issue identified by ambient air monitoring to date in Launceston and the Tamar Valley is
associated with the prevalence of woodfired heating and specific regional meteorological conditions that
frequently generate strong inversion situations during winter. Approximately 50% of the time in winter
there is little or no air movement in and around the city for up to 10 kilometres (Norwood 2004).
Consequently, air quality in Launceston, as measured at Ti Tree bend (see Section 8 of Volume 1), has
frequently been greater than the PM10 guidelines since commencement of monitoring in 1992, although
there has been a marked reduction in exceedances over that period (NEPC 2004). Some people are
concerned that mill emissions will have an impact on the air quality of Launceston and therefore negate
some of the improvements that have resulted from the wood heater change over programme. Domestic
solid fuel combustion in winter accounts for over 80% of total PM10 emissions in the Launceston Region
(DPIWE 2001). Backyard burning and planned burn offs in rural areas contribute also because the
katabatic winter air flows bring the smoke particles from the rural hinterland into Launceston. This is
markedly different from monitoring at Rowella where the majority of particulates are associated with sea
salts (Appendix 21, Volume 10). In addition, the modelling conducted by GHD (2006b) shows that
emissions from the mill have negligible, if any, contribution to particulate concentrations at Ti tree bend.
4.20.3 Hazard Identification and Toxicity
Appendix 21, Volume 10 contains a summary of the primary health hazards associated with emission
components. Included is information associated with the sensitive endpoint upon which the air guideline
value was set and a sketch overview on how the air guideline value was established. The latter is useful
as it provides the level of safety that a regulatory authority has built into the guideline. This information is

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
followed by summary tables in the Attachments to Appendix 21, Volume 10 of the hazard quotients and
hazard indices for the chemicals of potential concern for each of the scenarios evaluated.
The information in Appendix 21, Volume 10 (Sections A1.1 and A1.2) which summarises the overall
toxicity of emission components has been confined to identifying the broad toxicological effect categories
for each chemical (e.g. carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, reproductive toxin, central nervous system
depression (narcosis), respiratory tract effects etc). Databases produced by competent agencies 20 have
been used as information resources. The information in Appendix 21, Volume 10 does not take into
consideration the exposures necessary to cause the toxicity that has led to the categorisation.
Consequently, although a competent authority, or review, may consider the substance to be capable of
causing the effect at some level of exposure, in reality, exposures may never be high enough for the
effect to be realised.
Because overview documents or electronic databases have been used to determine the hazard category
of emission components, no assessment has been made regarding dose response aspects, or whether
the toxicological effects used to categorise the potential hazard have a realistic probability of being
realised at the exposure levels in question for the scenarios evaluated herein. That is, there has been no
evaluation to determine the exposures required for different effects for a given chemical to be elicited.
General toxicological knowledge shows that for many of the compounds the doses, required to cause,
say, liver toxicity, are much higher than the dose required to cause the most sensitive health effect,
against which the relevant guideline has been established. For example the acute or chronic health
guideline for a particular chemical may be based on irritancy or perhaps central nervous system
depression because this is the most sensitive end point but at higher concentrations some other effect
may occur that an agency somewhere has used to classify the compound as possessing a particular
hazard capability if the exposure is high enough. Because public health guidelines are based on the most
sensitive effect that may occur, comparison of modelled ground level concentrations with the guideline
will necessarily take into account effects that may occur at higher exposures of the chemical.
There are a number of substances in the expected emissions from the proposed mill that are known
human carcinogens in situations of prolonged high exposures, for example in the workplace, or are
regarded by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as being probable or possible
human carcinogens. Of these five are genotoxic (PAHs, arsenic, cadmium, chromiumVI, and nickel). For
these substances it is commonly regarded for regulatory purposes that there is no absolutely safe level
of exposure and that there is some level of cancer risk at any level of exposure. The level of this risk is
calculated for each substance as described in Appendix 21, Volume 10.
4.20.4 Risk Characterisation
For assessing the potential non-cancer health impact of individual chemicals, predicted ground level
concentrations are compared to individual health based ambient air guidelines generated to protect
20
National Environment Protection Council (NEPC), Australia; World Health Organisation (WHO)- International Programme for
Chemical Safety (IPCS) & International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC); Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR), US Dept Health & Human Services; Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA), California
EPA; The Dutch National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM); and the Integrated Risk Information System
(IRIS), US EPA. Wherever it has been practical to do so, the hierarchal preferred reference list of enHealth (2002) has been used
to source guidelines.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
public health. This comparison is performed by calculating a hazard quotient (HQ) which is the ratio of
ground level concentration (GLC) to the ambient air guideline value (AGV).
Hazard quotient (HQ) = ground concentration air standard
Hazard index (HI) = sum of all hazard quotients
The hazard quotient is calculated for each contaminant using the simple equation below.
HQ = Estimated ground concentration/Health based air guideline value .Equation 1
For assessing the potential effects of the mixture of chemicals in the emissions it has been assumed that
individual components may have additive effects and an overall hazard index (HI) calculated (US EPA
2000a). The hazard index (HI) is the sum of all the emission component hazard quotients determined
from either the acute or chronic air guideline values, thus an acute and a chronic hazard index can be
generated.
HIj = HQ i j .Equation 2
Where HIj is the sum of HQs for all pollutants from i to j
This process assumes:
there is a threshold level of exposure below which no adverse health effects will occur;
either the toxicological effect of chemicals and/or the dose is additive; and
multiple subthreshold exposures may result in an adverse health effect.
In strict toxicological terms, it is only valid to sum the effects and/or dose of chemicals if they have the
same mode of toxicological action and affect the same target tissues. Similarly it would not be expected
that substances in a mixture would have interactive health impacts if they were individually present at
concentrations significantly below their biological threshold levels (that is below their true low observed
effect level) 21 . Some investigators therefore prefer only to sum hazard quotients for pollutants that affect
common organs, this yields effect-specific cumulative HIs. Others, while recognising that adding together
HQs with different health end points will not give an accurate idea of the non-cancer HI, nonetheless add
all HQs together. Some investigators limit this latter practice to only those pollutants whose HQ is greater
than unity, that is for substances whose concentrations may be exceeding guidelines and perhaps
nearing their biological thresholds.
21
Because the true LOAEL cannot be readily established empirically, for public health purposes the experimental no observed
adverse effect level (NOAEL) is often taken as being the threshold exposure level for eliciting an adverse health effect.
Sometimes any meaningful biological effect, whether adverse or not, is taken as the threshold exposure, such an exposure level
is called the no observed effect level (NOEL). It should be noted however that the NOEL, the NOAEL and the LOAEL are all
influenced by the experimental design of toxicology studies, especially the dose spacing intervals. It should especially be noted
that because air guideline values usually have large uncertainty/safety factors incorporated in them, that a HQ less than one
signifies the GLC is much less than the biological threshold concentration for causing an effect.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Chemicals can have more than one toxicological effect but often require different levels of exposure for
the different effects to become apparent. However, it is impractical to determine the dose effect(s)
relationships for effects for all emission components. Hence, it is difficult to identify with confidence all
the substances that will have common sites of toxicological action. A pragmatic approach has therefore
been followed to generate overall acute and chronic non-cancer hazard indices for all chemicals of
concern emitted from the mill as if they were acting in concert, regardless of the mode of toxicological
action or site of adverse health effect. If the resulting composite HI is greater than the target hazard
index (THI) (see Appendix 21, Volume 10) then the pollutants significantly contributing to the HI are
examined in more detail to determine whether or not there is biological plausibility for the additive effects
assumed in the calculation of the HI. At this stage the dose effect(s) relationships may be examined.
It should be noted however that many of the substances that will be emitted from the mill have the
respiratory tract as the primary target organ. It is therefore appropriate that they be considered as
potentially having interactive effects. Indeed the priority pollutants (SO2, NO2 and PM10) are known to
have interactive effects, with NO2 making the bronchi of asthmatics more reactive to other
bronchoconstrictors.
4.20.5 Conclusions on Health Effects
A detailed assessment of potential health effects is provided in Appendix 21, Volume 10, the results of
which are summarised below.
Conclusions for acute systemic health effects

Because the combined hazard quotients for all mill emission components, even at maximum ground level
concentrations and for locations quite close to the mill are all less than unity it is very unlikely the mill
emissions will cause direct acute health effects.
At most locations, hazard indices for background concentrations of SO2, NO2 and PM10 were less than
unity indicting little likelihood for adverse health effects. The exceptions were at George Town and in the
Tippogoree Hills (although there are no sensitive receptors located in the Tippogoree Hills). However,
the hazard exceedance in George Town is a result of existing air emissions rather than the cumulative
addition of pulp mill emissions.
At George Town hazard indices were greater than unity for most percentiles examined. This does not
mean health effects are probable; rather it flags the need for a better understanding of current emissions
into the air shed. There are however attenuating issues regarding this conclusion.
The predicted ground level concentrations of existing criteria pollutant emissions are from dispersion
modelling of 2004 emission rates as advised by the local industries. The exception was the data from
the power station which provided information for its operations as they anticipated them to be when
the mill is operational. Subsequent to providing the 2004 data TEMCO has installed a wet scrubber
on the Scinter plant which is designed to remove 50% of the emitted particulates and also significantly
reduce SO2 emissions 22 . There is therefore the possibility the dispersion modelling may be over-
predicting current industry-derived airborne concentrations of PM10 in the local air shed.
22
Personal communication with TEMCO.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
A community air monitor is to be installed near the vicinity of the George Town A location. This will
provide further data for model validation and reduce the uncertainty regarding the accuracy of present
predictions.
Conclusions on direct chronic health effects

Direct health risks have been assessed by comparing the combined predicted annual ground level
concentrations of the criteria pollutants (SO2, NO2 and PM10) from the proposed mill and existing
industrial facilities at Bell Bay with the long term standards of NEPM. The substances alone or in
combination were less than the standards and therefore pose very little risk of adverse health effects.
Carcinogenic risk was evaluated for the mill emissions only. Assuming lifetime exposure to airborne
metals released from the mill there is negligible risk of cancer. PAHs are also emitted from the mill and
these also do not create a high cancer risk. The fact that the highest risk is in areas around the mill that
are not inhabited, and are likely never to be inhabited, together with a high level of conservatism
embedded in the risk calculations leads to the conclusion that the risk from PAHs is very low. Indeed the
calculated cancer risk is within that which many overseas jurisdictions consider acceptable and is used to
establish public health standards.
Conclusions on health effects for the Launceston area

Given the distance from the Bell Bay industrial precinct, it would not be expected that emissions from Bell
Bay will significantly impact Launceston. Indeed it has been shown by the air quality assessment
modelling (Appendix 16, Volume 9 (Air Quality Assessment)) that the mill signal will be essentially
undetectable for the vast majority of the year (GHD, 2006b).
GHD provided Toxikos with ground level concentrations of air borne pollutants from Bell Bay for the three
scenarios: S1 - Existing Bell Bay industrial emissions, S2 - Emissions from the proposed mill, and S3 -
Existing industrial emissions plus those from the mill. GHD have compared the predicted PM10 mill signal
at Ti Tree bend with the measured 24 hour average measurements at the site and found that particulates
from the mill are undetectable most days of the year. The mill signal was detectable for 6 days of the
year but these did not coincide with times when there was a large PM10 event from within Launceston.
Nevertheless there is some uncertainty with regard to the risk assessment for S3 because Toxikos has
been unable to formally include PM10 from Launceston in its quantitative analysis.
For all compounds and scenarios, the HQs are less than 1. The HIs are also less than 1, suggesting little
likelihood of health effects from emissions from the Bell Bay precinct in Launceston.
Of importance to note is the extremely small contribution of mill emissions (S2) to the ground level
concentrations at Ti Tree bend. Hazard indices for the criteria pollutants in mill emissions at the site
range from approximately 0.01 to 0.03 for the various percentile and maximum ground level
concentrations. Other compounds in mill emissions that may have an effect on the respiratory system
have negligible contribution to the overall hazard index (Appendix 21, Volume 10). Similarly the chronic
hazard indices are extremely low. Likewise the lifetime total carcinogenic risk due to emissions from the
mill is negligible at 4.9 x 10-7 (about 5 in 10 million. See Appendix 21, Volume 10 for more information on
cancer risk interpretation).

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
These considerations indicate negligible influence of emissions from the proposed mill on people in
Launceston.
Conclusions on the health effects from Dioxins

For a given population, more than 99% of the calculated total intake of dioxins is due to current
background exposures. Most of this comes from fatty foods. Bushfires contribute a large amount of
dioxins to the Australian environment.
The impact of air emissions on local residents near the mill in relation to the intake of dioxins will be
extremely small, estimated at 0.13% of the current maximum background intake. The total intake
including current maximum background level is estimated at 22.5% of the recommended tolerable intake
considered by Australian health authorities to be without adverse health effects.
It is concluded that dioxin released from the proposed mill is very unlikely to cause health effects.
Conclusions on the health effects from secondary exposure pathways

There are a large number of ways by which humans may be exposed to industrial air emissions.
Obviously, direct inhalation is the most important in the majority of circumstances for most pollutants
found in industrial emissions. Nevertheless for some substances with the appropriate physiochemical
(e.g. solubility in fat), environmental (e.g. persistence) and biological (e.g. poor rates of metabolism and
excretion) properties accumulation through the human food chain is a theoretical possibility. In this risk
assessment, exposure via inhalation of emission components is referred to as the direct exposure
pathway and this has been examined in detail. All other exposure pathways are called secondary
exposure pathways.
The process of evaluating health risks from exposure via secondary pathways is resource intensive and
requires many assumptions, which inherently contain unquantifiable uncertainties. The assumptions are
made because empirical relationships for the movement of most substances from air to other media to
which humans may be exposed have not been established. Consequently, in most risk assessments the
secondary exposure pathways are not considered or unrealistic conjectures are made to establish gross
worse case exposure scenarios. In lieu of these approaches, a pragmatic alternative is to perform
screening assessments to evaluate the need for, and hence benefit from a detailed multi-pathway risk
assessment. Usually, the pre-evaluation is qualitative and based on the assessors experience. In this
risk assessment, the pre-screens in Appendix 21, Volume 10 for metals and polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons have been structured to provide a more objective and transparent process.
Dioxins have the necessary properties to be bioaccumulated in the food chain and the relative proportion
that each exposure pathway contributes to the overall intake has been well studied. This information has
been applied to assessing the risk that multiple pathway exposure (air, food, soil and water) to dioxins
may pose (Appendix 21, Volume 10). For emissions from the pulp mill, it was found that under steady
state conditions, that is where long term concentrations of dioxins in air are assumed to be equilibrated
with environmental compartments and human food, the likely increase in body burden by humans is
extremely small. A conservative estimation of exposure (overestimation) indicated that only a 0.13%
increase above current background intakes of dioxin was anticipated.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Appendix 21, Volume 10 describes the process used to determine whether other substances will need to
be subject to detailed multi-media evaluation. These processes draw upon the principles articulated in
the dioxin assessment, a comparison of predicted annual ground level concentrations with measured
ambient air concentrations from around the world, and an assessment of the literature indicating whether
bioaccumulation/biomagnification of a substance by terrestrial human food sources was likely.
PAHs are products of incomplete combustion of organic material. The predominant sources of PAH
pollution are motor vehicle traffic (both petrol- and diesel-fuelled), residential heating, especially with
wood or coal, burning-off and bushfires. Reviews of the scientific literature indicate little uptake and
translocation of PAHs by plants from soil. In addition organisms that metabolise PAH, such as fish and
higher invertebrates and mammals that are human food sources, accumulate little or no PAHs. It follows,
therefore, that if there is little or no bioaccumulation of PAHs by plants or animals likely to be consumed
by humans, evaluation of secondary exposure pathways for the PAHs is not warranted (see Appendix
21, Volume 10).
For metals, the screening procedure is pragmatically grounded in a comparison of predicted receptor
ground level concentrations with rural background concentrations that are not associated 23 with
significant exposures via secondary pathways. This is augmented by a requirement for a significant
inhalation margin of exposure for individual metals such that if exposure was to occur via secondary
pathways, there is ample conservatism in the screening process to ensure that the additional non-
inhalation intakes will not result in adverse health effects in humans, and also with a brief review of the
literature which indicated lack of potential for most metals to bio-magnify through the food chain. It is
concluded in Appendix 21, Volume 10 that since the screening criteria for metals were not satisfied,
detailed examination of the secondary exposure pathways is not required.
For assessing the potential non-cancer health impact of individual chemicals predicted ground level
concentrations were compared to individual health based ambient air guidelines generated by national or
international authorities to protect public health. This comparison was performed by calculating a hazard
quotient (HQ) - this is the ratio of ground level concentration (GLC) to the ambient air guideline value
(AGV).
For assessing the potential effects of the mixture of chemicals in the emissions it has been assumed that
individual components may have additive effects and an overall hazard index (HI) was calculated (US
EPA 2000a). The hazard index (HI) is the sum of all the emission component hazard quotients for
substances that have effects on the same tissue; many of the chemicals examined in the risk
assessment have effects on the respiratory system.
Health risks for chemicals which cause cancer by directly interacting with DNA were calculated using
methods developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency and widely used around the world.
The risk assessment showed:
23
This assumption is based on the background concentrations used for comparison being from rural or remote i.e. areas regarded
as being unpolluted, where deposition to soil/pasture is not expected or shown to be a problem leading to significant exposure by
secondary pathways.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
SO2, NO2 and PM10 and other substances released from the mill will have negligible impact on the
surrounding area, either on their own or in combination.
Individual concentrations of SO2, NO2 and PM10 currently in the existing air shed are individually
below their respective health standards; however at George Town when they are added together they
marginally exceed the combined standards. This does not mean that health effects are probable or
imminent in George Town but it does indicate that understanding of the implications of current
industrial emissions in the area is warranted. It should be noted that the air dispersion modelling by
using 2004 information for the existing industry emission inventory does not include the continuing
improvements in emissions that the industry has achieved since that date.
The amounts of substances emitted from the mill with the capability of causing cancer are very low
and the cumulative cancer risk at all populated locations is less than one in a million. Polyaromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH) account for all the carcinogenic risk, emitted metals contribute nothing to the
overall cancer risk.
It is concluded that mill emissions are very unlikely to cause direct heath effects, either alone or as a
mixture. They will have negligible influence on existing air quality.
For a given population, more than 99% of the calculated total intake of dioxins is due to current
background exposures. Most of this comes from fatty foods. Bushfires contribute a large amount of
dioxins to the Australian environment.
The impact of air emissions on local residents near the mill in relation to the intake of dioxins will be
extremely small, estimated at 0.13% of the current maximum background intake. The total intake
including current maximum background level is estimated at 22.5% of the recommended tolerable intake
considered by Australian health authorities to be without adverse health effects.
It is concluded that dioxin released from the proposed mill is very unlikely to cause health effects.
Launceston has compromised air quality during the cooler months of the year due to wood smoke from
domestic heaters being trapped by inversion layers above the city. Historical data from the monitoring
station at Ti Tree bend indicates the air quality at that site often does not meet the national criteria for
particulates. Emissions from the mill make an extremely small contribution to the ground level
concentrations at Ti Tree bend (GHD, 2006b, Appendix 16, Volume 9). The emissions have negligible
incremental impact on existing health issues within Launceston.
The overall conclusions from the risk assessment are:

Mill emissions are very unlikely to cause direct heath effects, either alone or as a mixture;
Mill emissions have negligible influence on existing air quality;
The low levels of dioxin released from the proposed mill are very unlikely to cause health effects;
It is very unlikely that odour events will be experienced by people living near the proposed mill, or that
they will be annoyed by odour;
Emissions from the mill make an extremely small contribution to the ground level concentrations in
Launceston (at Ti Tree Bend); and
Mill emissions have negligible incremental impact on existing health issues within Launceston.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
related to noise and vibration is provided below.
Table 127: Summary of potential impact rating and management measures health

Rating
Health
Acute systemic health effect Major BAT Emission controls as Moderate Minor
negative specified in Volume 1 Section positive impact negative
impact 6 of the Draft IIS impact
Direct chronic health effects Major BAT Emission controls as Moderate Minor
negative specified in Volume 1 Section positive impact negative
impact 6 of the Draft IIS impact
Health effects for the Moderate BAT Emission controls as Moderate Insignificant
Launceston area negative specified in Volume 1 Section positive impact impact
Health effects from Dioxins Moderate BAT Emission controls as Moderate Insignificant
Health effects from Moderate BAT Emission controls as Moderate Insignificant

secondary exposure negative specified in Volume 1 Section positive impact impact
pathways impact 6 of the Draft IIS
Odour and Amenity effects Moderate BAT odour management as Moderate Insignificant
impact 6 of the Draft II
The health risk assessment has identified that the mill emissions will have a negligible impact on existing
air quality and consequently will have an insignificant impact on local and regional health.
4.21 Greenhouse Gas and Ozone Depletion
4.21.1 General
National Greenhouse Strategy

Australia is a party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and has taken an
active part in negotiating the Kyoto Protocol. If ratified by Australia, the Protocol will commit Australia to a
legally binding limit on its future greenhouse gas emissions.
The National Greenhouse Strategy (NGS) provides Australia with the strategic framework for an effective
greenhouse response and for meeting current and future international commitments, by providing a
broad menu of actions. Some of these will be implemented by governments acting individually, some by

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
joint intergovernmental initiatives and some through partnerships between government, various
stakeholders and the community. The goals of the NGS are:
1. To limit net greenhouse gas emissions, in particular, to meet our international commitments.
2. To foster knowledge and understanding of greenhouse issues.
3. To lay the foundations for adaptation to climate change.
There are a number of initiatives available to industry in order to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions.
These include:
Greenhouse Challenge Plus - an agreement between industry and government whereby companies
undertake action to abate their greenhouse gas emissions through energy efficiency and other
measures;
Industry Input to the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory - monitoring of greenhouse gas emissions
level and patterns to establish an information base necessary for identifying cost-effective
opportunities for reducing greenhouse gas emissions;
Waste reduction, reuse and recycling - encouraged through mechanisms such as national industry
waste reduction agreements and the development of a national packaging covenant with industry;
Governments working with industry to reduce emissions through the pursuit of best practice through
the development and implementation of environmental management systems, training, monitoring
and reporting;
Measures to minimise emissions from waste treatment and disposal to achieve reductions in
greenhouse gas emissions;
Waste minimisation and recycling strategy - ANZECC Waste Minimisation and Recycling Strategy-
reducing the amount of waste going to landfill;
Reduction of methane emissions form landfill through waste minimisation as well as capturing and
utilisation of landfill methane emissions; and
Reduction of methane emissions from wastewater as well as appropriate, capturing and utilisation 24 .
Tasmanian Greenhouse Statement
The Tasmanian Greenhouse Statement (the Statement) was released in 1999, in support of the
National Greenhouse Strategy that was launched in 1998. The Statement provides details regarding
Tasmanias greenhouse gas emission status and opportunities for contributing to reducing Australias
greenhouse gas emissions. Additional details regarding this statement are outlined in Volume 1,
Chapter 2.
4.21.2 Design Strategies for the Pulp Mill
As part of the pulp mill project, Gunns will be implementing a range of measures to reduce greenhouse
gas emissions, and therefore comply with the NGS and the Tasmanian Greenhouse Statement. This
includes:
24
Source: National Greenhouse Strategy, http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/government/ngs/

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
The pulp mill will implement measures to minimise emissions from waste treatment and disposal to
achieve reductions in low particulate and gaseous emissions both in terms of boiler and lime kiln
stack emissions. These include:
NOx emissions from the recovery boiler are reduced by ensuring proper mixing and division of air
in the boiler.
NOx emissions from lime kiln are reduced by using Low NOx burner design.
The mill has also been designed to generate its own electricity from wood waste and black liquor.
Both of these sources are recognised as renewable energy sources under Australian law. The
contribution of this electricity into the national grid may help displace demand for electricity from non-
renewable energy sources. In addition, the lime kiln uses natural gas instead of oil to mitigate fossil
CO2 generation. The mill will be energy efficient and will produce more steam than it uses. Excess
steam will be used in the condensing turbine to produce sellable energy. This energy replaces
electricity from fossil fuels and reduces CO2 emissions from Tasmania. The total fossil CO2
generation from the pulp mill averaged over a period of one year is 169 kilograms CO2/ADt.
Methane emissions will also be minimal at the landfill, as the main solid wastes to be disposed of are
inorganic and inert (eg. green liquor dregs, lime slaker and lime kiln electrostatic precipitator solids
and boiler ash etc.). No green wastes (other than small volumes of domestic putrescible waste) will
be disposed of to the landfill and all wastes with a calorific value will be reused as fuel for power
production. Each domestic waste cell will have a gas venting pipe but given the volume of domestic
waste stored in each individual domestic cell, the amount of gas generated is expected to be small
and will have negligible commercial value (Pitt and Sherry, 2006a).
Waste minimisation and recycling strategy - ANZECC Waste Minimisation and Recycling Strategy -
reducing the amount of waste going to landfill
Gunns will ensure that a database is in place for recording environmental and safety incidents and
public complaints. This system will be extended to the pulp mill. Gunns chip-milling, sawmilling, and
forestry operations are ISO14001 accredited and the intent is that the pulp mill will also be fully
accredited. Management review will ensure that all incidents and complaints are thoroughly
investigated and closed out. As part of the Gunns Safety Health Environment and Quality
Management System, an environmental audit of the project on a 6 monthly basis will also be
undertaken. Such audits will be developed as part of the pulp mill environmental management
systems as discussed in Volume 4 of the Draft IIS.
4.21.3 Feasible Alternatives to Reduce Overall Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Pulp Mill
The NOx limits in RPDC Emission Limit Guidelines cannot be reached without implementing
management measures. Options to mitigate NOx emissions are considered in the Draft IIS as stated
above. Based on the engineering design and calculation Jaakko Pyry proposed the following changes
to the RPDC Emission Limit Guidelines in order for the pulp mill to comply with emission limits and allow
effective and efficient processing operations:

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
1. Changing the allowable NOx emission limit value of 1.3 kg/ADt to 1.7 kg/ADt in case of natural gas
fired lime kiln or alternatively changing the limit value of 1.3 kg/ADt to 1.5 kg/ADt in case of oil fired lime
kiln.
(Refer to separate report 16B0104-E0014 NOx Issues enclosed as part of Annex XV).
Site Selection - Transport

An assessment of alternative transport options has been completed to identify feasible transport options
for the various pulp mill activities and provide justification on why certain options have not been adopted
where appropriate. This study concluded with the site selection of Bell Bay, which was based around
minimising transport requirements for the supply of resources to the pulp mill, hence minimising
greenhouse gas emissions resulting from transport. The Bell Bay location results in approximately 2
million tonnes less wood being transported to the pulp mill from its notional home region. More detailed
discussion on site selection and transport scenariaos are discussed in Section 10, Volume 1 and Section
4.12 of this Volume, respectively.
Construction of the Pulp Mill

Construction of the pulp mill will take place over 26 months. Transport requirements will be dictated by
the nature of the activity, location of materials and timing hence the best transport option for the activity
will be adopted during this phase of the project.
Given the large number of workers required during the construction phase, an accommodation facility will
be constructed in George Town for some 800 workers. This will result in a positive effect in terms of
reducing CO2 emissions during the construction phase due to the following:
Buses will be utilised to transport workers from the accommodation facility thereby reducing the
number of light vehicles travelling between George Town and the site; and
Less workers will be required to travel from Launceston, which is 50 km return more than the trip
from George Town to site thereby reducing the distance travelled.
Operation of the Pulp Mill

Traffic will be generated from a number of activities associated with the operation of the pulp mill. Table
128 lists the key traffic generating activities and the main mode of transport associated with the each
activity. Fundamentally, there are no feasible alternative transport modes for most of these activities due
to a number of reasons including:
lack of alternative transport options (that is, transport of waste to the landfill by truck and final
product by ship is the only option in each case), and
location of some materials from the site (that is, boiler fuel may not be located close to a railway
hence can only be delivered by road),
infrequent nature of some of the activities (i.e. chemical delivery).

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 128: Operational Pulp Mill Key Traffic Generating Activities and Modes of Transport
Traffic Generating Activities Mode of Transport
Employees Light vehicles
Chemical Delivery Truck
Boiler Fuel Delivery Truck
Two options are being considered:
Timber Resources - By road and rail Combination road/rail and Road only
Waste Disposal Truck
Final product International shipping
Generation of greenhouse gases from the landfill were considered minor and were not included in the
calculations.
4.21.4 Total Annual Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Pulp Mill
The estimated net CO2 balance of Australia due to the mill operation is positive as extra electricity the
mill produces with bio-fuels replaces fossil fuel generated electricity. The total reduction of fossil
greenhouse gas emission in Australia due to the pulp mill producing 820,000 ADt/a is approximately
416,000 t CO2/a (Table 130).
The following information has been taken from Jaakko Pyry (2006).
The Gunns pulp mill has been designed to generate its own electricity from biofuel and black liquor. Both
of these sources are recognised as renewable energy sources under Australian law. The total fossil CO2
generation from the pulp mill averaged over a period of one year is approximately 169 kgCO2/ADt.
Table 129: Mill CO2 Generation with natural Gas as Support Fuel
Plant MWh t CO2 Kg CO2/ADt
Recovery boiler 5 475 000 2 114 000 1 950

Lime kiln 442 490 122 070 149
NCG 29 950 8 100 7
Total 6 449 665 2 382 675 2 275
Mill Fossil Fuel 169
The estimated national net CO2 balance as a result of the mill operation is very positive as extra
electricity the mill produces with bio-fuels, replaces the fossil fuel generated electricity. (Table 130).

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
Table 130: Reduction of CO2 Caused by Mill Operation
Plant MWh t CO2 Kg CO2/ADt

Recovery boiler 53 265 14 685 18
Lime kiln 442 490 122 070 149
NCG 6 470 1 750 2
Extra electricity -1 340 540 -554 450 -676
Total -838 315 -415 945 -507
Given Tasmainia is connected to the national power grid through Basslink, it is reasonable to assume
that energy from the pulp mill may replace energy generated by less efficient and higher CO2 generating
power stations. With approximately 90 % of Australias energy production from fossil fuels, and of that 90
% from coal fired plants, the marginal generators which could be replaced by the pulp mill generator are
likely to be older, coal fired plants.
Transport
The total annual greenhouse gas emissions in terms of carbon dioxide mass equivalents have been
estimated for the transport requirements of the pulp mill. The following table summarises the CO2
emissions associated with each area of traffic generation during operation and provides a total amount of
CO2 emissions for two transport scenarios at pulp mill start-up and at two future points where production
varies thus affecting transport requirements. There are two transport scenarios being considered in terms
of timber resource delivery. The first scenario involves a combination of road and rail to deliver the timber
resource to the site while the second scenario involves the delivery of timber resource by road only. The
ultimate decision regarding which scenario will be utilised will depend on a range of factors and will not
be made in the short-term. CO2 emissions have also been calculated for the construction phase of the
proposed development where possible however due to the significant variation in transport requirements
over this period, it is difficult to estimate the emissions accurately.
Table 131: Transport Greenhouse Gas Emission Estimates
Construction of Pulp Mill

Construction workers 4477.36
Deliveries 251.01
Total CO2 Emissions (t CO2-e)

during 3-year construction
phase 4728.36
Operation of Pulp Mill Startup (2008/09) Snapshot 1(2013-2015) Snapshot 2 (2019-2021)

Anticipated Plantation Anticipated Plantation Anticipated Plantation

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
RAIL SCENARIO
Light vehicles - 60%
Launceston 1128 1128 1128 1128 1128 1128
Light vehicles - 40% George
Town 215 215 215 215 215 215
Chemical Delivery 129 129 129 129 129 129
Boiler Fuel Delivery 3453 3453 3453 3453 3453 3453
Timber Resources - By road 23455 23455 23041 26199 27137 30089
Timber Resources - By rail 39 37 97 117 100 99
Waste Disposal 17 17 17 17 17 17
Final product delivery 251478 251478 307362 307362 307362 307362
Total CO2 Emissions (t CO2-e) 279913 279912 335441 338619 339540 342491
NO RAIL SCENARIO
Light vehicles - 60%
Launceston 1128 1128 1128 1128 1128 1128
Light vehicles - 40% George
Town 215 215 215 215 215 215
Chemical Delivery 129 129 129 129 129 129
Boiler Fuel Delivery 3453 3453 3453 3453 3453 3453
Timber Resources - By road 26811 26679 31416 36282 35751 38662
Waste Disposal 17 17 17 17 17 17
Final product delivery 251478 251478 307362 307362 307362 307362
Total CO2 Emissions (t CO2-e) 283230 283098 343719 348585 348054 350965
Notes and Assumptions:
Ref: AGO Factors and Methods Workbook, December 2005; AGO Aust Methodology for the Estimation of GHG Emissions and
Sinks, 2003; GHD Pulp Mill TIA
Operation:
Light vehicles travel Launceston to Bell Bay return; 35 km each way; 60% of 275 veh/day; assume 365 days/yr and use of petrol
Light vehicles travel George Town to Bell Bay return; 10 km each way; 40% of 275 veh/day; assume 365 days/yr and use of petrol
Appendix 20, Volume 9 details the calculations required to prepare the above summary table.
4.21.5 Ozone Depleting Substances
The pulp mill will comply with the relevant ozone protection provisions of EMPCA 1994. Modern pulp
mills do not utilise ozone depleting substances, including the most significant substances such as CFC's,
HCFC's, CCl4, CH3CCl3, and CH3Br. Some substances featuring low or moderate GWP's (global
warming potential) can be identified (esp. methane) in addition to CO2.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
The pulp mill is energy self sufficient and greenhouse positive through the generation of power utilising
waste streams from the pulping process and from other facilities in northern Tasmania. There will also
be an insignificant increase in transport related greenhouse emissions based on the proposed utilisation
of rail for longer haul log transport.
related to greenhouse gas and ozone depleting substances is provided below.
Table 132: Summary of potential impact rating and management measures Greenhouse and
Ozone Depleting Substances

Rating
Greenhouse and Ozone Depleting Substances
CO2 Generation Moderate Cogeneration plant Major positive Minor

negative impact positive
impact impact
Transport Greenhouse Moderate Utilisation of Rail Transport Moderate Insignificant

Emissions negative positive impact impact
impact
Ozone Depleting Insignificant Will not use ozone depleting Insignificant Insignificant
Substances impact substances impact impact
Overall, the project is considered to have an insignificant impact on Greenhouse Gas and Ozone
Depletion.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill

V2a PDF

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

V2a PDF

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Gunns Limited

Bell Bay Pulp Mill

Volume 2 - Bell Bay Site

2. Existing Environment 2-2

2.5 Air Quality 2-9

Impact Assessment Methodology 2-208

3. Impact Assessment Methodology 3-209

32/11709/IIS_Volume 2 Draft Integrated Impact Satement

4. Potential Environmental Impacts and Management

4.2 Land Use and Planning 4-212

4.5 Air Quality 4-235

4.8 Estuarine Ecology 4-286

4.11 Reserves and Protected Areas 4-324

4.14 Waste Management 359

4.17 Visual 4-401

4.20 Health 4-459

5. Risk Assessment 5-478

5.4 Methodology 5-482

32/11709/IIS_Volume 2 Draft Integrated Impact Satement

5.8 Effluent Pipeline Risk Assessment 5-494

6. Potential Economic Impacts and Management Measures 6-498

6.2 Tasmanias Historical Economic Performance 6-498

7. Potential Social and Community Impacts and

7.2 Methodology 7-551

7.5 Community Consultation Issues 7-560

7.10 Mitigation Measures 7-596

8. Summary of Triple Bottom Line Assessment - Pulp Mill 8-600

Wharf Facility 8-609

9. Description of the Proposed Wharf Facility 9-610

9.2 Infrastructure and Services 9-610

32/11709/IIS_Volume 2 Draft Integrated Impact Satement

10.3 Topography, Climate and Meteorology 10-624

10.6 Groundwater and Hydrology 10-628

10.9 Terrestrial Fauna 10-649

10.12 Noise 10-650

10.15 Visual Amenity 10-652

Landfill, Quarry and Water Reservoir 10-656

11. Description of the Landfill (Solid Waste Disposal Facility),

11.4 Water Reservoir 11-677

12. Potential Environmental Impacts and Management

32/11709/IIS_Volume 2 Draft Integrated Impact Satement

12.5 Geology and Soils 12-697

12.8 Terrestrial Fauna 12-715

12.11 Noise and Vibration 12-720

12.14 Aboriginal and Historic Heritage 12-724

13. Abbreviations 13-733

14. Glossary 14-745

15. References 15-750

32/11709/IIS_Volume 2 Draft Integrated Impact Satement

32/11709/IIS_Volume 2 Draft Integrated Impact Satement

32/11709/IIS_Volume 2 Draft Integrated Impact Satement

32/11709/IIS_Volume 2 Draft Integrated Impact Satement

32/11709/IIS_Volume 2 Draft Integrated Impact Satement

32/11709/IIS_Volume 2 Draft Integrated Impact Satement

32/11709/IIS_Volume 2 Draft Integrated Impact Satement

32/11709/IIS_Volume 2 Draft Integrated Impact Satement

32/11709/IIS_Volume 2 Draft Integrated Impact Satement

32/11709/IIS_Volume 2 Draft Integrated Impact Satement

32/11709/IIS_Volume 2 Draft Integrated Impact Satement

32/11709/IIS_Volume 2 Draft Integrated Impact Satement

32/11709/IIS_Volume 2 Draft Integrated Impact Satement

32/11709/IIS_Volume 2 Draft Integrated Impact Satement

32/11709/IIS_Volume 2 Draft Integrated Impact Satement