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Concrete Masonry -
Reinforced
Cantilever
Retaining
Walls
EDITION ISBN
E3, May 2013 0 909407 56 8
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Contents
1 Introduction 2 Design Considerations 3 Design Tables
1.1 General 2.1 Scope 3.1 General
1.2 Glossary 2.2 Limit State Design 3.2 Concrete and Masonry Properties
1.3 Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Masonry 2.3 Partial Loading and Material Factors 3.3 Lean Back
Cantilever Retaining Walls 2.4 Load Combinations and Factors for Stability 3.4 Backfill Slope
1.4 Importance of a Geotechnical Report 2.5 Load Combinations and Factors for Strength 3.5 Live Loads
1.5 Safety and Protection of Existing Structures of Components
3.6 Earthquake Loads
1.6 Global Slip Failure 2.6 Live Loads
3.7 Position of Key
1.7 Differential Settlement 2.7 Earthquake Loads
3.8 Stem Dimensions
1.8 Importance of Drainage 2.8 Wind Loads
3.9 Control Joints
2.9 Hydraulic Loads
3.10 Hob
2.10 Drained Vs Undrained Parameters
3.11 Foundation Material
2.11 Capacity Reduction Factors
3.12 Retained Soils and Infill Material
2.12 Soil Analysis Model
2.13 Active Pressure
2.14 Pressure at Rest
2.15 Passive Pressure
2.16 Bearing Failure 4 Appendices
2.17 Sliding Failure Appendix A Design Tables
2.18 Overturning Appendix B Design Example
2.19 Global slip Appendix C Analysis of Cohesive Soils
Appendix D Site Investigation
Appendix E Construction Specification
Appendix F Reliability of AS 4678
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Controlled fill Class I Soil, rock or other GW Well-graded gravel as defined by 1.3 Behaviour of Reinforced The retained soil exerts an active pressure
inert material that has been placed at the Cassegrande extended classification Concrete Masonry on the infill material above the heel of the
a site in a controlled fashion and under system. Generally in the range of 2 mm to Cantilever Retaining base (in Type 1) and this, in turn, exerts
appropriate supervision to ensure the 60 mm, and graded such that the smaller Walls an active force on the stem of the wall. In
resultant material is consistent in character, particles pack into the spaces between Type2, the retained soil exerts an active
If unrestrained, a soil embankment will
placed and compacted to an average the larger ones, giving a dense mass of pressure directly on the stem. Overturning
slump to its angle of repose. Some soils,
density equivalent to 98% (and no test interlocking particles with a high shear is resisted by the vertical load of the
such as clays, have cohesion that enables
result below 95%) of the maximum dry strength and low compressibility. structure and, where applicable,the soil
vertical and near-vertical faces to remain
density (standard compactive effort) for above the heel. It is usual to disregard any
SW Well-graded sand as defined by the partially intact, but even these may slump
the material when tested in accordance resistance to overturning provided by live
Cassegrande extended classification under the softening influence of ground
with AS 1289.5.1.1. For cohesionless soils, loads.
system. Generally in the range of 0.6 mm water. When an earth-retaining structure
material compacted to at least 75% Density
to 2 mm, and graded such that the smaller is constructed, it restricts this slumping.
index is satisfactory.
particles pack into the spaces between The soil exerts an active pressure on the
Controlled fill Class II Soil, rock or other the larger ones, giving a dense mass of structure, which deflects a little and is then Retained soil
inert material that has been placed interlocking particles with a high shear restrained by the friction and adhesion Infil material
in specified layers and in a controlled strength and low compressibility. between the base and soil beneath, Reinforced concrete masonry
fashion to ensure the resultant material passive soil pressures in front of the stem
GP Poorly-graded gravel as defined by
is consistent in character, placed and structure and the bearing capacity of the Drainage system
the Cassegrande extended classification
compacted to an average density soil beneath the toe of the structure. Reinforced insitu concrete
system. Generally in the range of 2 mm to base
equivalent to 95% (and no test result
60 mm, and of a single size. This material If water is trapped behind the retaining
below 92%) of the maximum dry density TYPE 1
has good drainage properties provided it structure, it exerts an additional hydraulic
(standard compactive effort) for the
is protected from infiltration by silts and pressure. This ground water also reduces
material when tested in accordance with
clays. the adhesion and bearing resistance.
AS 1289.5.1.1. For cohesionless soils,
If massive rock formations are present Retained soil
material compacted to at least 75% Density
immediately behind the structure, these Reinforced concrete masonry
index is satisfactory. Generally the layer stem
will restrict the volume of soil which can be
thickness is specified as a maximum of
mobilised and thus reduce the pressure. Drainage system
300mm.
The walls described in this guide are Reinforced insitu concrete
Uncontrolled fill Soil, rock or other inert base
gravity earth-retaining structures,
material that has been placed at a site and
consisting of a reinforced concrete footing TYPE 2
does not satisfy the materials included
and a reinforced concrete masonry
above. Figure 1.1 Typical Arrangements of
cantilever stem (Figure 1.1).
Reinforced Concrete Masonry Cantilever
Insitu material Natural soil, weathered Retaining Walls
rock and rock materials.
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1.4 Importance of a 1.5 Safety and Protection of 1.6 Global Slip Failure 1.7 Differential Settlement
Geotechnical Report Existing Structures
Soil retaining structures must be checked Techniques to reduce or control the effects
The design of a retaining wall includes two Whenever soil is excavated or for global slip failure around all potential of differential settlement and the possibility
essential parts: embankments are constructed, there is a slip surfaces or circles (Figure 1.2). of cracking include:
n Analysis of the adjacent ground for danger of collapse. This may occur through n Articulation of the wall (by discontinuing
Designers often reduce the heights of
global slip, settlement, drainage and movement of the soil and any associated the normal stretcher bond) at
retaining walls by splitting a single wall
similar global considerations; and structures by: convenient intervals along the length.
into two (or more) walls, thus terracing the
n Analysis and design of retaining wall n rotation around an external failure plane site. Whilst this may assist in the design of n Excavating, replacing and compacting
structure for strength. that encompasses the structure, the individual walls, it will not necessarily areas of soft soil.
n slipping down an inclined plane, reduce the tendency for global slip failure n Limiting the stepping of the base to a
These analyses must be based on an
n sliding forward, or around surfaces encompassing all or some maximum of 200 mm.
accurate and complete knowledge of the
of the retaining walls.
soil properties, slope stability, potential slip n local bearing failure or settlement.
problems and groundwater. A geotechnical The designer should also take into account
These problems may be exacerbated by
report by a qualified and experienced the effects of rock below or behind the
the intrusion of surface water or disruption
geotechnical engineer should be obtained. structure in resisting slip failure.
of the water table, which increase pore
Such a report must address the following water pressures and thus diminish the soils Analysis for global slip is not included in
considerations, as well as any other ability to stand without collapse. this guide and it is recommended that
pertinent points not listed. designers carry out a separate check using
The safety of workers and protection of
n Soil properties; commercially available software.
existing structures during construction
n Extent and quality of any rock, including must be of prime concern and should
floaters and bedrock; be considered by both designers and
n Global slip and other stability problems; constructors. All excavations should be
carried out in a safe manner in accordance Global
n Bedding plane slope, particularly if they slip plane
with the relevant regulations, to prevent
slope towards the cut;
collapse that may endanger life or
n Effect of prolonged wet weather and property. Adjacent structures must be Secondary
the consequence of the excavation founded either beyond or below the zone global slip
remaining open for extended periods; of influence of the excavation. Where there plane
n Effect of ground water; is risk of global slip, for example around Primary
global slip plane
n Steep back slopes and the effect of a slip plane encompassing the proposed
terracing; retaining wall or other structures, or where Figure 1.2 Global Slip Failure
there is risk of inundation by ground water
n Effect of any structures founded within a
or surface water, construction should not
zone of influence.
proceed until the advice of a properly-
qualified and experienced Geotechnical
Engineer has been obtained and remedial
action has been carried out.
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2 Design 2.3 Partial Loading and 2.4 Load Combinations and QC = parts of the live load tending to
Material Factors Factors for Stability cause instability.
Considerations
Partial-loading and partial-material factors The following load combinations and This includes all removable
2.1 Scope enable the designer to assign various levels factors should be applied when checking loads such as temporary
of confidence to assumed or measured soil the stability of the structure. This includes loadings, live loadings applied
This guide considers retaining walls from adjacent buildings,
strengths, material strengths and resistance analysis for:
founded on undisturbed material that construction traffic and soil
to deterioration, predictability of loads n Global slip
is firm and dry and achieves the friction compaction loads and an
and consequence of failure of various
angle and cohesion noted for each n Overturning allowance for the temporary
structures.
particular soil type. It does not cover n Bearing capacity of the foundation stacking of soil of not less than
foundations exhibiting any of the following There are several reasons for compatibility under the toe of the base 5 kPa, except for Structure
characteristics: of loading factors between AS 4678:2002 Classification 3.
n Sliding resistance of the foundation
n Softness and AS 1170 Structural design actions,
under the base(Note 2). C
W u = parts of the wind load tending
which applies to buildings(Note 1).
n Poor drainage to cause instability.
n Buildings are often constructed close (i) 1.25 GC+ 1.5 QC < 0.8 GR+ (F R)
n Fill The factors are such that load
to retaining walls, and therefore apply (ii) 1.25 GC + yc QC+ WCu < 0.8 GR+ (F R)
n Organic matter combination (ii) involving wind
loads on them.
n Variable conditions (iii) 1.25 GC + yc QC + 1.0 FCeq loading, will not be the
n Parts of buildings such as basement governing case when the effect
< 0.8(G + yc Q)R + (F R)
n Heavily-cracked rock walls are often required to withstand
Where: due to wind, WCu is less than
n Aggressive soils. loads imposed by earth and soil. (1.5 - yc ) times the effect due
n The adoption of common load factors
GC = parts of the dead load tending to to live load, QC. For example, for
If these conditions are present, they must cause instability.
be considered by the designer. assists the rational comparison of the a wall that does not support
levels of safety and probability of failure This includes: the weight of the another exposed structure and
of retaining walls and other structures. retained soil, which causes for a minimum live load
2.2 Limit State Design
n The design of concrete, masonry, steel
horizontal pressures on the surcharge of QC = 5 kPa, an
The design limit states considered are: stem, thus tending to cause active pressure coefficient of
and timber components of earth-
n strengths of the various components retaining structures is determined using forward sliding, bearing failure Ka = 0.3 and a live load
subject to ultimate factored loads; Australian Standards which are based on or overturning, or the weight of combination factor of yc =0.6,
n stability of the structure as a whole limit state concepts and loading factors the infill soil, which causes a wind load on the face of
subject to ultimate factored loads; and from AS 1170. horizontal pressures on the the retaining wall less than
facing, thus tending to cause 1.35 kPa will not be the
n serviceability of the structure and its n Most structural engineers are familiar
stem rupture. governing case. However, if
components subject to service loads. with the loading factors of AS 1170.
the wind load is applied to
some supported structure such
NOTES: as a building or a fence, the
1 When published in early 2002, AS 4678 2 Design for bearing capacity and external effect would be more
included load factors which were compatible sliding resistance, involve the factoring-down pronounced.
with the load factors on the version of of the soil properties (density, friction angle
AS 1170 that was then current. However, and/or cohesion) which are providing the
changes to AS 1170 in late 2002 have meant resistance to instability.
that exact similarity of load factors no longer
exists.
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FCeq = parts of the earthquake load 2.5 Load Combinations and 2.6 Live Loads 2.9 Hydraulic Loads
tending to cause instability. Factors for Strength of
The appropriate values for live load must The design example is based on the
For earthquake categories Ae Components
be determined by the design engineer. assumption that a properly-functioning
and Be, design for static loads The following load combinations and AS4678:2002 specifies a minimum live drainage system is effective in removing
without further specific analysis factors should be applied when checking loading of 5 kPa for walls of any height of hydraulic pressure.
is deemed adequate. For the strength of the structure components, Structure Classifications 1 and 2.
earthquake category Ce, a dead including strength of any associated 2.10 Drained v Undrained
load factor of 1.5 (instead For walls under 1.5 metres high which are
concrete, masonry and reinforcement. Parameters
of 1.25) should be used and of Structure Classification 3, the following
specific design for earthquake (i) 1.25 G + 1.5 Q minimum live loads are applicable. Based on an effective drainage system,
may be neglected. For Slope of retained soil 1:4 2.5kPa the design example uses drained soil
(ii) 1.25 G + Wu + yc Q
earthquake categories De and properties. For other situations, the
Slope of retained soil >1:4 1.5kPa
Ee, the structures should be (iii) 1.25 G + 1.0 Feq + yc Q designer must determine whether drained
designed and analysed in or undrained properties are appropriate.
(iv) 0.8 G + 1.5 Q 2.7 Earthquake Loads
accordance with the detailed
method set out in AS 4678, (v) 0.8 G + Wu The appropriate earthquake loads must be 2.11 Capacity Reduction
Appendix I. determined by the designer. If earthquake Factors
(vi) 0.8 (G + yc Q) + 1.0 Feq
load acts on some supported structure
GR = parts of the dead load tending to The material strength factors from AS 4678
Where: such as a building or a fence, the effect
resist instability. Table 5.1 have been used.
G = dead load must be considered.
This includes the self-weight of Q = live load 2.12 Soil Analysis Model
the structure and the weight of 2.8 Wind Loads
soil in front of the structure. Wu = wind load AS 4678 does not specify an analysis
The load factors are such that load
method. This guide uses the Coulomb
F R = the factored design capacity of Feq = earthquake load combination (ii) involving wind loading,
Method to analyse the structure.
the structural component. will not be the governing case when
yc = live load combination factor taken
This includes calculated bearing the effect due to wind, WCu is less than
as 0.4 for parking or storage and
capacity, sliding resistance, (1.5-yc) times the effect due to live load,
0.6 for other common applications
calculated pull-out strength, QC.
on retaining walls.
etc. For example, for a wall that does not
yc = live load combination factor. support another exposed structure and for
a minimum live load surcharge of
This is taken as 0.4 for parking QC = 5kPa, an active pressure coefficient
or storage and 0.6 for other of Ka = 0.3 and a live load combination
common applications on factor of yc = 0.6, a wind load on the face
retaining walls. of the retaining wall less than 1.35 kPa will
(G + ycQ)R = those components of dead not be the governing case. However, if the
and live load which can not wind load is applied to some supported
be removed from the structure such as a building or a fence, the
structure, which are resisting effect must be considered.
instability.
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2.16 Bearing Failure Shape factors: 2.17 Sliding Failure 2.18 Overturning
As soil and water pressure are applied zc = 1.0 zq = 1.0 zg = 1.0 As soil and water pressure are applied to AS 4678:2002 does not specify an analysis
to the rear face of the structure, it will the rear face of the structure, the footing method. This guide considers overturning
Factors for inclined load:
tilt forward and the soil under the toe may slide forward. Such sliding action about a point level with the underside of
is subjected to high bearing pressures. zci = zqi - (1 - zqi)/(Nc tan f) is resisted by the friction and adhesion the key and a nominated distance behind
Bearing is often the critical mode of failure. between the foundation material and the the toe of the structure. If this nominated
zqi = [1 - P*/(Q* + LB c cot f)]2
The following theoretical approach is used footing, and the passive resistance of any distance is one third of the base width and
to analyse this region for bearing pressure zgi = [1 - P*/(Q* + LB c cot f)]3 soil in front of the toe. the factor against overturning is calculated
failure and is based on the Meyerhof as 1.0, this corresponds to the reaction
Factors for sloping bases When considering passive resistance, note
method. This gives consideration to footing being situated within the middle third of
(all = 1.0 for level bases): that material can be inadvertently removed
width, footing tilt and angle of applied load the base at ultimate loads.
from the toe of the wall.
and is explained in a paper by Vesic titled zct = zqt - (1 - zqt)/(Nc tan f)
Bearing Capacity of Shallow Footings in the F = Sliding resistance based on factored 2.19 Global slip
zqt = (1 - a tan f)2
Foundation Engineering Handbook. characteristic soil properties
AS 4678:2002 Clause 3.2 requires stability
zgt = (1 - a tan f)2 = Friction + adhesion + passive resistance
Q = Bearing capacity of foundation (kN) (including rotation) to be checked.
= Q* tan d + c B + Kp 0.5 g He2
= qav LB Q* = vertical load based on factored
The design example and design tables do
loads and soil properties Where:
Where: not include analysis for global slip.
qav = average bearing capacity P* = horizontal load based on factored Q* = vertical load based on factored
based loads and soil properties loads and soil properties
on factored soil properties (kPa) a = angle of base in radians d = external friction angle of the
= c Nc zc zci zct + He Nq zq zqi zqt
Alternately the Terzaghi method may soil calculated from the factored
+ 0.5 B Ng zg zgi zgt be used, which will generate a slightly internal friction angle, assuming
more conservative result. a smooth base-to-soil interface
B = actual base width (m)
(if a rough base-to-soil interface
LB = effective width of base (m) is present, a friction angle of f
c = factored value of drained may be used)
cohesion (kPa) B = actual base width (m)
f = factored value of friction angle c = factored value of adhesion (kPa)
(radians)
Kp = passive pressure coefficient
g = factored value of soil density
(kN/m3) g = factored value of soil density
(kN/m3)
He = depth of undisturbed soil to the
underside of the base, key or He = depth of undisturbed soil to the
bearing pad as appropriate (m) underside of the base, key or
bearing pad as appropriate (m)
Nc = (Nq - 1)cot f
Nq = ep tan f tan2[p/4 + f/2]
Ng = 2(Nq + 1)tan f
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3.8 Stem Dimensions 3.11 Foundation Material 3.12 Retained Soils and Infill The tables provide for (see Figure 3.1):
Material n Cohesionless retained soil, where the
The Tables in this Guide include the The properties of foundation soils vary
following stem types: widely, with combinations of internal The properties of retained soils vary cohesion is assumed to be zero and
friction, external friction and cohesion. It widely, with combinations of internal the required internal friction angle is
n 140 mm hollow block
is a common design practice to ignore friction, external friction and cohesion. It tabulated.
n 190 mm hollow block
cohesion, although this should be done in is a common design practice to ignore n Cohesive retained soil, where the
n 290 mm hollow block the context of close consideration of the cohesion. See Analysis of Cohesive Soils internal friction angle is assumed to be
n Two leaves of 190 mm hollow block, corresponding friction angles. See Analysis Appendix C. 25. In this case the active soil pressure
separated by a cavity of 80 mm and of Cohesive Soils Appendix C. is based on the Coulomb formula, with
In the Tables, it is assumed that any infill
joined by steel ties to prevent spreading the cohesion assumed to be zero.
The Tables are based on two types of soil (between the wall and the retained
during the grouting process, or peeling Important Note
foundation soil (Figure 3.1): soil) is the same as the retained soil; and
of the thin stem away form the thick The tabulated values are intended to
n Cohesionless foundation soil, where that both are the same as the foundation demonstrate some possible combinations of
stem.This arrangement gives a total
the cohesion is assumed to be zero and soil. The designer must consider the suitable soil properties, but the list is neither
width of 460 mm.
the required internal friction angle is validity of both assumptions during the comprehensive nor intended to serve as
The stem width may be progressively design process. recommendations.
tabulated.
increased down the wall to cater for The Design Example Appendix B indicates how
n Cohesive foundation soil, where the to design for different retained soils and infill
increasing loads.
internal friction angle is assumed to material.
be 25 and the required cohesion
3.9 Control Joints
is tabulated. In those cases where
Control joints should be included in the cohesion in excess of 10 kPa is required,
stem at centres up to 16.0 m, depending the table is left blank.
Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 800
on the soil type and quantity of horizontal Important Note
reinforcement that is incorporated. The tabulated values are intended to Total height, H (mm) 1150
demonstrate some possible combinations of Total width, B (mm) 1150
3.10 Hob suitable soil properties, but the list is neither Retained soil slope, b Level 1 in 4 KEY
comprehensive nor intended to serve as Live load surcharge, ql (kPa) 2.5 10 2.5 10 Columns 1 = Cohesive
Reinforced concrete footings for retaining recommendations. soils
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 20 20 25 26 25 26 31
walls should include a means of positively In some cases, foundations with low friction
Retained soil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Columns 2 = Cohesionless
locating the steel starter bars accurately angles require either wide bases or deep keys.
soils
To avoid this situation, one design option is to Foundation internal friction, ff () 20 20 25 26 25 26 31
and a means of providing drainage
remove any material with a low friction angle Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
through the wall at the level of the base. and replace it with a more suitable material with
Both requirements may be achieved by a characteristic internal friction angle of at least Columns: 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
including a concrete hob (or up-stand), 35. Typically, compacted road base would be
through which vertical starter bars are suitable in such an application. The foundation Where it is demonstrated This indicates the system
soil should be excavated and replaced with that a soil with a low friction will not work for this
placed and on which the masonry is
compacted road base to a depth such that angle (below 25) is suitable, Suitable Suitable combination.
built. Horizontal 50-mm diameter weep sliding and bearing resistance can be achieved. cohesive cohesionless
that minimum value for
holes may pass through the hob at 1.2 m In all cases, an experienced civil or geotechnical soil values soil values
friction angle has been
maximum centres. engineer should be engaged to determine the for system for system
appropriate soil properties. tabulated for both cohesive
The Tables are based on a rough interface and cohesionless soils.
between the base and the foundation, such that
the internal angle of friction, f, is applicable. Figure 3.1 Sample of Design Tables and their Interpretation
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65 *
100-mm-deep catch drain with a
minimum grade of 1 in 100
Clear cover connected to a stormwater system
Lap length # N12 bars, lap = 500 mm Geotextile separation layer between drainage ll material
depends and retained ll material
N16 bars, lap = 700 mm
on the bar N20 bars, lap = 1000 mm
diameter #
10-mm crushed rock drainage ll material, minimum 300 mm
Remove face of block to provide a thick, around drainage pipe and extending up the wall
clean-out opening at each vertical bar
100 hob Clear cover 100-mm-dia. slotted PVC agricultural pipe wrapped in
geotextile sock, laid to a minimum uniform grade of 1 in 100
70 * over 15-m length. The low end of each run is to be drained
50-mm-dia. weepholes through the hob to a stormwater system. The upper end of
through hob at 1200 mm centres each run is to be brought to the surface and capped
Concrete footing
Clear cover
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App e n d i x A D ESIGN TA B LES FOR REIN FORC ED CON CRETE MASONRY C ANTILE VER RETAINING WA LLS
D ESIGN DATA FOR T YP E 1 C ANTI LE VER RETAINING WA LL WITH EXPOSED STE M HEIGH T, H w , O F 800 mm
General arrangement Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 800 General details
Total height, H (mm) 1150
B = 0.7H B = 0.7H B = 0.7H
Total width, B (mm) 805
190
B = 0.7H Retained soil slope, b
B = 0.7H B = 0.7H
Level 1 in 4
100 140
Hw Live loadHsurcharge, ql (kPa) 2.5 Hw10 2.5 10 Level or
w
H H H Optional capping sloping backll
B = 0.7H B =soil
Retained 0.7Hinternal friction, fr () 25 B =250.7H 25 31 25 30 36 (1 in 4 maximum)
Hw Retained Hwcohesion, c (kPa)
soil 0 H 0 0Hw 0 0 0 0
H H r 1 Longitudinal reinforcement N12 at 400 crs
Foundation internal friction, ff () 25 25 25 31 25 30 36
BH B
Hwcohesion, c (kPa) BH 800 40 NOTE: All cores fully grouted
H
w Foundation
H f 0 H 0 10w 0 9 0 0 1150
N12 at 400 crs
B
B = 1.0Harrangement B = 1.0H B B
800B = 1.0H
100
General Exposed stem height, Hw (mm)
250
height, H (mm)
B = 1.0H B B = 1.0HTotal
B
1150
B = 1.0H B N12 at 400 crs
Total width, B (mm) 1150 N12 at 300 crs
Hw Hw Hw
H
B = 1.0H H Retained soil slope, b
B = 1.0H H Level
B = 1.0H 1 in 4 Varies 805, 1150 or 1495
Hw Live loadHsurcharge,
w
ql (kPa) 2.5 Hw10 2.5 10
H H H
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 20 20 25 26 25 26 31
NOTES: All cores to be fully grouted.
Hw B Retained soil
Hwcohesion,
B cr (kPa) 0 0 0HwB 0 0 0 0 The tables are also applicable for vertical walls.
H H H This detail to be read in conjunction with Common Details
Foundation internal friction, ff () 20 20 25 26 25 26 31
B = 1.3H B B = 1.3H B B = 1.3H B regarding reinforcement placement and drainage design.
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 See also, Construction Specification for further details.
B = 1.3H B = 1.3H B = 1.3H
B
General arrangement Exposed stem Bheight, Hw (mm) 800 B
Hw Hw Hw
H
B = 1.3H H
B = 1.3HTotal height, H (mm) 1150
H
B = 1.3H
Hw Total
H width, B (mm) 1495 Hw
w
H H H
Retained soil slope, b Level 1 in 4
Hw B Live loadHsurcharge,
w
B ql (kPa) 2.5 Hw10
B 2.5 10
H H H
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 18 18 23 23 24 24 25 28
B B B
Retained soil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Foundation internal friction, ff () 18 18 23 23 24 24 25 28
B B B
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0
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D ESIGN DATA FOR T YP E 1 C ANTI LE VER RETAINING WA LL WITH EXPOSED STE M H EIGH T, H w , O F 1000 mm
General arrangement Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 1000 General details
Total height, H (mm) 1350
B = 0.7H B = 0.7H B = 0.7H
Total width, B (mm) 945
190
B = 0.7H Retained soil slope, b
B = 0.7H B = 0.7H
Level 1 in 4
100 140
Hw Live loadHsurcharge, ql (kPa) 2.5 Hw10 2.5 10 Level or
w
H H H Optional capping sloping backll
B = 0.7H B =soil
Retained 0.7Hinternal friction, fr () 25 B =250.7H 25 31 25 31 35
(1 in 4 maximum)
Hw Retained Hwcohesion, c (kPa)
soil 0 H 0 0Hw 0 0 0 0
H H r
Longitudinal reinforcement N12 at 400 crs
Foundation internal friction, ff () 25 25 25 31 25 31 35 1
BH B BH N12 at 400 crs
w Hwcohesion, c (kPa)
Foundation 0 H 0 10w 0 10 0 0 1000
H H f
500 40 NOTE: All cores fully grouted
1350
B = 1.0H B
General arrangement B = 1.0H B
Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 1000B = 1.0H B lap N12 at 400 crs
100
height, H (mm)
B = 1.0H B B = 1.0HTotal
B
1350
B = 1.0H B 250
Total width, B (mm) 1350 N12 at 400 crs
Hw Hw Hw
H
B = 1.0H H Retained soil slope, b
B = 1.0H H Level
B = 1.0H 1 in 4 N12 at 300 crs
Hw Live loadHsurcharge,
w
ql (kPa) 2.5 Hw10 2.5 10 Varies 945, 1350 or 1755
H H H
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 20 20 25 25 25 27 31
Hw B Retained soil
Hwcohesion,
B cr (kPa) 0 0 0HwB 0 0 0 0 NOTES: All cores to be fully grouted.
H H H
Foundation internal friction, ff () 20 20 25 25 25 27 31 The tables are also applicable for vertical walls.
B = 1.3H B B = 1.3H B B = 1.3H B This detail to be read in conjunction with Common Details
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 regarding reinforcement placement and drainage design.
B = 1.3H B = 1.3H B = 1.3H See also, Construction Specification for further details.
B
General arrangement Exposed stem Bheight, Hw (mm) 1000 B
Hw Hw Hw
H
B = 1.3H H
B = 1.3HTotal height, H (mm) 1350
H
B = 1.3H
Hw Total
H width, B (mm) 1755 Hw
w
H H H
Retained soil slope, b Level 1 in 4
Hw B Live loadHsurcharge,
w
B ql (kPa) 2.5 Hw10
B 2.5 10
H H H
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 19 19 22 22 25 25 25 28
B B B
Retained soil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Foundation internal friction, ff () 19 19 22 22 25 25 25 28
B B B
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0
17
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D ESIGN DATA FOR T YP E 1 C ANTI LE VER RETAINING WA LL WITH EXPOSED STE M H EIGH T, H w , O F 1200 mm
General arrangement Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 1200 General details
Total height, H (mm) 1550
B = 0.7H B = 0.7H B = 0.7H
Total width, B (mm) 1085 190
B = 0.7H Retained soil slope, b
B = 0.7H B = 0.7H
Level 1 in 4 100 140
Level or
Hw Live loadHsurcharge, ql (kPa) 2.5 Hw10 2.5 10 Optional capping sloping backll
w
H H H
B = 0.7H B =soil
Retained 0.7Hinternal friction, fr () 25 B =260.7H 25 30 31 35 (1 in 4 maximum)
Hw Retained Hwcohesion, c (kPa)
soil 0 H 0 0Hw 0 0 0 1
H H r
Foundation internal friction, ff () 25 26 25 30 31 35 40 Longitudinal reinforcement N12 at 400 crs
BH BH BH 1200 N12 at 400 crs
w Foundation wcohesion, cf (kPa) 1 H 0 9w 0 0 0
H H
1550
500 NOTE: All cores fully grouted
B
B = 1.0H arrangement B = 1.0H B B = 1.0H B
General Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 1200 lap N12 at 400 crs N12 at 400 crs
Total height, H (mm) 1550 100
B = 1.0H B B = 1.0H B B = 1.0H B
250
Total width, B (mm) 1550
Hw Hw Hw
H
B = 1.0H H Retained soil slope, b
B = 1.0H H Level
B = 1.0H 1 in 4 N12 at 300 crs
Hw Live loadHsurcharge,
w
ql (kPa) 2.5 Hw10 2.5 10 Varies 1085, 1550 or 2015
H H H
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 20 20 25 25 25 27 31
H wB Retained soil
Hwcohesion,
B cr (kPa) 0 0 0HBw 0 0 0 0
H H H
Foundation internal friction, ff () 20 20 25 25 25 27 31
B = 1.3H B B = 1.3H B B = 1.3H B NOTES: All cores to be fully grouted.
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 The tables are also applicable for vertical walls.
B = 1.3H B = 1.3H B = 1.3H This detail to be read in conjunction with Common Details
B
General arrangement Exposed stem Bheight, Hw (mm) 1200 B regarding reinforcement placement and drainage design.
Hw Hw Hw See also, Construction Specification for further details.
H
B = 1.3H H
B = 1.3HTotal height, H (mm) 1550
H
B = 1.3H
Hw Total
H width, B (mm) 2015 Hw
w
H H H
Retained soil slope, b Level 1 in 4
Hw B Live loadHsurcharge,
w
B ql (kPa) 2.5 Hw10
B 2.5 10
H H H
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 19 19 25 25 25 25 25 30
B B B
Retained soil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Foundation internal friction, ff () 19 19 25 25 25 25 25 30
B B B
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0
18
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D ESIGN DATA FOR T YP E 1 C ANTI LE VER RETAINING WA LL WITH EXPOSED STE M H EIGH T, H w , O F 1400 mm
General arrangement Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 1400 General details
Total height, H (mm) 1750
B = 0.7H B = 0.7H B = 0.7H
Total width, B (mm) 1225
240
B = 0.7H Retained soil slope, b
B = 0.7H B = 0.7H
Level 1 in 4
100 190
Hw Live loadHsurcharge, ql (kPa) 2.5 Hw10 2.5 10 Level or
w
H H H Optional capping sloping backll
B = 0.7H B =soil
Retained 0.7Hinternal friction, fr () 25 B =260.7H 25 30 31 35
(1 in 4 maximum)
Hw Retained Hwcohesion, c (kPa)
soil 0 H 0 0Hw 0 0 0
H H r
1
Foundation internal friction, ff () 25 26 25 30 31 35 N16 at 400 crs
BH B
Hwcohesion, c (kPa) BH 40
H
w Foundation
H f 1 H 0 9w 0 0 0
Longitudinal reinforcement N12 at 400 crs
1400
B = 1.0H B
General arrangement B = 1.0H B
Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 1400B = 1.0H B 1750 700 NOTE: All cores fully grouted
Total height, H (mm) 1750 lap
B = 1.0H B B = 1.0H B B = 1.0H B N16 at 400 crs N16 at 400 crs
Total width, B (mm) 1750
Hw Hw Hw 100
H
B = 1.0H H Retained soil slope, b
B = 1.0H H Level
B = 1.0H 1 in 4 250
Hw Live loadHsurcharge,
w
ql (kPa) 2.5 Hw10 2.5 10
H H H N12 at 300 crs
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 21 21 25 25 25 27 30
Varies 1225, 1750 or 2275
Hw B Retained soil
Hwcohesion,
B cr (kPa) 0 0 0HwB 0 0 0 0
H H H
Foundation internal friction, ff () 21 21 25 25 25 27 30
B = 1.3H B B = 1.3H B B = 1.3H B
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 NOTES: All cores to be fully grouted.
The tables are also applicable for vertical walls.
B = 1.3H B = 1.3H B = 1.3H
B This detail to be read in conjunction with Common Details
General arrangement Exposed stem Bheight, Hw (mm) 1400 B
Hw Hw Hw regarding reinforcement placement and drainage design.
H
B = 1.3H H
B = 1.3HTotal height, H (mm) 1750
H
B = 1.3H See also, Construction Specification for further details.
Hw Total
H width, B (mm) 2275 Hw
w
H H H
Retained soil slope, b Level 1 in 4
Hw B Live loadHsurcharge,
w
B ql (kPa) 2.5 Hw10
B 2.5 10
H H H
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 19 19 22 22 25 25 25 28
B B B
Retained soil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Foundation internal friction, ff () 19 19 22 22 25 25 25 28
B B B
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0
19
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D ESIGN DATA FOR T YP E 1 C ANTI LE VER RETAINING WA LL WITH EXPOSED STE M H EIGH T, H w , O F 1600 mm
General arrangement Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 1600 General details
Total height, H (mm) 1950
B = 0.7H B = 0.7H B = 0.7H
Total width, B (mm) 1365
B = 0.7H Retained soil slope, b
B = 0.7H B = 0.7H
Level 1 in 4 240
20
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D ESIGN DATA FOR T YP E 1 C ANTI LE VER RETAINING WA LL WITH EXPOSED STE M H EIGH T, H w , O F 1800 mm
General arrangement Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 1800 General details
Total height, H (mm) 2150
B = 0.7H B = 0.7H B = 0.7H
Total width, B (mm) 1505 240
B = 0.7H Retained soil slope, b
B = 0.7H B = 0.7H
Level 1 in 4 100 190
Level or
Hw Live loadHsurcharge, ql (kPa) 5 Hw10 5 10
H H
w
H Optional capping sloping backll
B = 0.7H B =soil
Retained 0.7Hinternal friction, fr () 25 B =280.7H 30 33 35 (1 in 4 maximum)
Hw Retained Hwcohesion, c (kPa)
soil 0 H 0 Hw 0 0 0 1
H H r
Foundation internal friction, ff () 25 28 30 33 35
BH B
Hwcohesion, c (kPa) BH 40
H
w Foundation
H f 5 H 0 w 0 0 0
N16 at 400 crs
B = 1.0H B
General arrangement B = 1.0H B
Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 1800B = 1.0H B 1800
Longitudinal reinforcement N16 at 400 crs
2150
height, H (mm)
B = 1.0H B B = 1.0HTotal
B
2150
B = 1.0H B 700 NOTE: All cores fully grouted
Total width, B (mm) 2150 lap
Hw Hw Hw
H
B = 1.0H H Retained soil slope, b
B = 1.0H H Level
B = 1.0H 1 in 4 N16 at 200 crs N16 at 200 crs
100
Hw Live loadHsurcharge,
w
ql (kPa) 5 Hw10 5 10
H H H 250
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 23 23 25 25 25 29 31
Retained soil cr (kPa) N16 at 300 crs
Hw B Hwcohesion,
B 0 0 0HwB 0 0 0 0
H H H
Foundation internal friction, ff () 23 23 25 25 25 29 31 Varies 1505, 2150 or 2795
B = 1.3H B B = 1.3H B B = 1.3H B
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 0 0 0 0 9 0 0
B = 1.3H B = 1.3H B = 1.3H NOTES: All cores to be fully grouted.
B
General arrangement Exposed stem Bheight, Hw (mm) 1800 B The tables are also applicable for vertical walls.
Hw Hw Hw This detail to be read in conjunction with Common Details
H
B = 1.3H H Total
B = 1.3H height, H (mm) 2150
H
B = 1.3H regarding reinforcement placement and drainage design.
Total width, B (mm) 2795 See also, Construction Specification for further details.
Hw H w Hw
H H H
Retained soil slope, b Level 1 in 4
Hw B Live loadHsurcharge,
w
B ql (kPa) 5 Hw10
B 5 10
H H H
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 21 21 22 22 25 27 25 28
B B B
Retained soil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Foundation internal friction, ff () 21 21 22 22 25 27 25 28
B B B
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 0 0 0 0 4 0 9 0
21
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D ESIGN DATA FOR T YP E 1 C ANTI LE VER RETAINING WA LL WITH EXPOSED STE M H EIGH T, H w , O F 2000 mm
General arrangement Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 2000 General details
Total height, H (mm) 2450
B = 0.7H B = 0.7H
Total width, B (mm) 1715 340
22
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D ESIGN DATA FOR T YP E 1 C ANTI LE VER RETAINING WA LL WITH EXPOSED STE M H EIGH T, H w , O F 2200 mm
General arrangement Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 2200 General details
Total height, H (mm) 2650
B = 0.7H B = 0.7H 340
Total width, B (mm) 1855 290
B = 0.7H Retained soil slope, b
B = 0.7H Level 1 in 4 100 190
Level or
Hw Live load surcharge,
H ql (kPa) 5 10 5 10 sloping backll
w Optional capping
H H
B = 0.7H B =soil
Retained 0.7Hinternal friction, fr () 25 28 30 33 34 (1 in 4 maximum)
Hw Retained Hw
soil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 0 1
H H
N16 at 200 crs*
Foundation internal friction, ff () 25 28 30 33 34 40
BH B
Hcohesion,
H
w Foundation
H
w cf (kPa) 5 0 0 0 0 Longitudinal reinforcement
1400 N16 at 400 crs
B
B = 1.0H arrangement B = 1.0H B 700
General Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 2200 2200 lap N16 at 200 crs*
Total height, H (mm) 2650 2650
B = 1.0H B B = 1.0H B
Total width, B (mm) 2650 NOTE: All cores fully grouted
Hw Hw
H
B = 1.0H H Retained soil slope, b
B = 1.0H Level 1 in 4 700
800 Longitudinal reinforcement N16 at 400 crs
Live load surcharge, ql (kPa) 5 10 5 10 lap
Hw Hw
H H N16 at 200 crs* N16 at 200 crs*
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 23 23 24 24 25 28 30
100
HwB Retained soil cohesion,
HBw cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 350
H H
Foundation internal friction, ff () 23 23 24 24 25 28 30
B = 1.3H B B = 1.3H B N16 at 300 crs
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 0 0 0 0 9 0 0
B = 1.3H B = 1.3H Varies 1855, 2650 or 3445
B
General arrangement B
Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 2200 * N16 at 400 crs for B = 0.7 H
Hw Hw
H
B = 1.3H H Total height, H (mm)
B = 1.3H 2650
NOTES: All cores to be fully grouted.
Hw H width, B (mm)
Total
w
3445
The tables are also applicable for vertical walls.
H H
Retained soil slope, b Level 1 in 4 This detail to be read in conjunction with Common Details
regarding reinforcement placement and drainage design.
Hw B Live load surcharge,
Hw B ql (kPa) 5 10 5 10
H H See also, Construction Specification for further details.
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 21 21 22 22 25 26 25 28
B B
Retained soil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Foundation internal friction, ff () 21 21 22 22 25 26 25 28
B B
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 0 0 0 0 3 0 8 0
23
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D ESIGN DATA FOR T YP E 1 C ANTI LE VER RETAINING WA LL WITH EXPOSED STE M H EIGH T, H w , O F 2400 mm
General arrangement Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 2400 General details
Total height, H (mm) 2850
B = 0.7H B = 0.7H 340
Total width, B (mm) 1995 290
B = 0.7H Retained soil slope, b
B = 0.7H Level 1 in 4 100 190
Level or
Hw Live load surcharge,
H ql (kPa) 5 10 5 10 sloping backll
w Optional capping
H H
B = 0.7H B =soil
Retained 0.7Hinternal friction, fr () 25 28 29 33 34 (1 in 4 maximum)
Hw Retained Hw
soil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 0
H H 1
Foundation internal friction, ff () 25 28 29 33 34
40 N16 at 200 crs*
BH B
Hcohesion,
H
w Foundation
H
w cf (kPa) 5 0 0 0 0
Longitudinal reinforcement
B B 1600
B = 1.0H arrangement
General B = 1.0H
Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 2400 N16 at 400 crs
700
Total height, H (mm) 2850 2400
B = 1.0H B B = 1.0H B lap N16 at 200 crs*
Total width, B (mm) 2850 2850
Hw Hw NOTE: All cores fully grouted
H
B = 1.0H H Retained soil slope, b
B = 1.0H Level 1 in 4
Hw Live load surcharge,
Hw ql (kPa) 5 10 5 10 800 700 Longitudinal reinforcement N16 at 400 crs
H H lap
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 23 23 24 24 25 28 30
N16 at 200 crs N16 at 200 crs
HwB Retained soil cohesion,
HBw cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100
H H
Foundation internal friction, ff () 23 23 24 24 25 28 30 350
B = 1.3H B B = 1.3H B
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 0 0 0 0 10 0 0
N16 at 300 crs
B = 1.3H B = 1.3H
B
General arrangement B
Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 2400 Varies 1995, 2850 or 3705
Hw Hw
H
B = 1.3H H Total height, H (mm)
B = 1.3H 2850 * N16 at 400 crs for B = 0.7 H
Hw H width, B (mm)
Total
w
3705 NOTES: All cores to be fully grouted.
H H The tables are also applicable for vertical walls.
Retained soil slope, b Level 1 in 4
This detail to be read in conjunction with Common Details
Hw B Live load surcharge,
Hw B ql (kPa) 5 10 5 10 regarding reinforcement placement and drainage design.
H H See also, Construction Specification for further details.
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 21 21 22 22 25 26 25 28
B B
Retained soil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Foundation internal friction, ff () 21 21 22 22 25 26 25 28
B B
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 0 0 0 0 3 0 8 0
24
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D ESIGN DATA FOR T YP E 1 C ANTI LE VER RETAINING WA LL WITH EXPOSED STE M H EIGH T, H w , O F 2600 mm
General arrangement Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 2600 General details
Total height, H (mm) 3050
B = 0.7H B = 0.7H 340
Total width, B (mm) 2135 290
B = 0.7H Retained soil slope, b
B = 0.7H Level 1 in 4 100 190
Level or
Hw Live load surcharge,
H ql (kPa) 5 10 5 10 sloping backll
w Optional capping
H H
B = 0.7H B =soil
Retained 0.7Hinternal friction, fr () 25 28 29 33 34 (1 in 4 maximum)
Hw Retained Hw
soil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 0
H H 1
Foundation internal friction, ff () 25 28 29 33 34
BH B
Hcohesion, 40
H
w Foundation
H
w cf (kPa) 6 0 0 0 0
N16 at 200 crs*
B = 1.0H B
General arrangement B = 1.0H B
Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 2600
1800
Longitudinal reinforcement
N16 at 400 crs
Total height, H (mm) 3050
B = 1.0H B B = 1.0H B 2600 700
Total width, B (mm) 3050 3050 lap N16 at 200 crs*
Hw Hw
H
B = 1.0H H Retained soil slope, b
B = 1.0H Level 1 in 4
NOTE: All cores fully grouted
Hw Live load surcharge,
Hw ql (kPa) 5 10 5 10
H H
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 23 23 24 24 25 28 30 800 700 Longitudinal reinforcement N16 at 400 crs
lap
HwB Retained soil cohesion,
HBw cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N16 at 200 crs N16 at 200 crs
H H
Foundation internal friction, ff () 23 23 24 24 25 28 30 100
B = 1.3H B B = 1.3H B
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 350
B = 1.3H B = 1.3H
B B N16 at 300 crs
General arrangement Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 2600
Hw Hw
H
B = 1.3H H Total height, H (mm)
B = 1.3H 3050 Varies 2135, 3050 or 3965
Hw H width, B (mm)
Total
w
3965 * N16 at 400 crs for B = 0.7 H
H H NOTES: All cores to be fully grouted.
Retained soil slope, b Level 1 in 4
The tables are also applicable for vertical walls.
Hw B Live load surcharge,
Hw B ql (kPa) 5 10 5 10 This detail to be read in conjunction with Common Details
H H regarding reinforcement placement and drainage design.
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 21 21 22 22 25 26 25 28
B B See also, Construction Specification for further details.
Retained soil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Foundation internal friction, ff () 21 21 22 22 25 26 25 28
B B
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 0 0 0 0 4 0 8 0
25
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D ESIGN DATA FOR T YP E 1 C ANTI LE VER RETAINING WA LL WITH EXPOSED STE M H EIGH T, H w , O F 2800 mm
General arrangement Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 2800 General details
Total height, H (mm) 3250
B = 0.7H B = 0.7H 340
Total width, B (mm) 2275 290
B = 0.7H Retained soil slope, b
B = 0.7H Level 1 in 4 100 190
Level or
Hw Live load surcharge,
H ql (kPa) 5 10 5 10 sloping backll
w Optional capping
H H
B = 0.7H B =soil
Retained 0.7Hinternal friction, fr () 25 28 29 33 34 (1 in 4 maximum)
Hw Retained Hw
soil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 0
H H 1
Foundation internal friction, ff () 25 28 29 33 34
BH B N16 at 200 crs*
w Foundation Hcohesion,
w cf (kPa) 6 0 0 0 0 40
H H
Longitudinal reinforcement
B
B = 1.0H arrangement B = 1.0H B N16 at 400 crs
General Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 2800 1800
26
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D ESIGN DATA FOR T YP E 1 C ANTI LE VER RETAINING WA LL WITH EXPOSED STE M H EIGH T, H w , O F 3000 mm
General arrangement Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 3000 General details
Total height, H (mm) 3450
B = 0.7H B = 0.7H 340
Total width, B (mm) 2415 290
B = 0.7H Retained soil slope, b
B = 0.7H Level 1 in 4 100 190
Level or
Hw Live load surcharge,
H ql (kPa) 5 10 5 10 sloping backll
w Optional capping
H H
B = 0.7H B =soil
Retained 0.7Hinternal friction, fr () 25 28 29 33 34 (1 in 4 maximum)
Hw Retained Hw
soil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 0
H H 1
Foundation internal friction, ff () 25 28 29 33 34
BH B
Hcohesion, 40
H
w Foundation
H
w cf (kPa) 6 0 0 0 0
N16 at 200 crs*
B = 1.0H B
General arrangement B = 1.0H B
Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 3000
1800
Longitudinal reinforcement
N16 at 400 crs
Total height, H (mm) 3450
B = 1.0H B B = 1.0H B 700
Total width, B (mm) 3450 3000 lap NOTE: All cores fully grouted
Hw Hw 3450
H
B = 1.0H H Retained soil slope, b
B = 1.0H Level 1 in 4
Hw Live load surcharge,
Hw ql (kPa) 5 10 5 10 N16 at 200 crs
H H
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 24 24 25 25 29 30 Longitudinal reinforcement N16 at 400 crs
1200
HwB Retained soil cohesion,
HBw cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 0 0 N16 at 200 crs*
H H 700
Foundation internal friction, ff () 24 24 25 25 29 30 lap N16 at 200 crs N16 at 200 crs
B = 1.3H B B = 1.3H B
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 0 0 0 0 0 0
100
B = 1.3H B = 1.3H
B
General arrangement B
Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 3000 350
Hw Hw
H
B = 1.3H H Total height, H (mm)
B = 1.3H 3450
N16 at 300 crs
Hw H width, B (mm)
Total
w
4485
H H Varies 2415, 3450 or 4485
Retained soil slope, b Level 1 in 4
* N16 at 400 crs for B = 0.7 H
Hw B Live load surcharge,
Hw B ql (kPa) 5 10 5 10
H H
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 22 22 25 27 25 28 25 32
B B NOTES: All cores to be fully grouted.
Retained soil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 The tables are also applicable for vertical walls.
This detail to be read in conjunction with Common Details
Foundation internal friction, ff () 22 22 25 27 25 28 25 32
B B regarding reinforcement placement and drainage design.
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 0 0 1 0 4 0 9 0 See also, Construction Specification for further details.
27
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D ESIGN DATA FOR T YP E 1 C ANTI LE VER RETAINING WA LL WITH EXPOSED STE M H EIGH T, H w , O F 3200 mm
General arrangement Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 3200 General details
Total height, H (mm) 3650 340
B = 0.7H B = 0.7H
Total width, B (mm) 2555 290
100 190
B = 0.7H Retained soil slope, b
B = 0.7H Level 1 in 4 Level or
Live load surcharge, ql (kPa) 5 10 5 10 Optional capping sloping backll
Hw H w (1 in 4 maximum)
H H
B = 0.7H B =soil
Retained 0.7Hinternal friction, fr () 25 28 29 33 34
Hw Hw 1
H Retained
H soil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 0
Longitudinal reinforcement
Foundation internal friction, ff () 25 28 29 33 34 N16 at 400 crs
40
BH B
Hcohesion,
H
w Foundation
H
w cf (kPa) 7 0 0 0 0
B B 1800
B = 1.0H arrangement
General B = 1.0H
Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 3200 N20 at 400 crs*
1000
Total height, H (mm) 3650 lap
B = 1.0H B B = 1.0H B 3200 NOTE: All cores fully grouted
Total width, B (mm) 3650
Hw Hw 3650
H
B = 1.0H H Retained soil slope, b
B = 1.0H Level 1 in 4
Hw Live load surcharge,
Hw ql (kPa) 5 10 5 10 N20 at 200 crs
H H
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 24 24 25 25 29 30
1400 Longitudinal reinforcement N16 at 400 crs
HwB Retained soil cohesion,
HBw cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 0 0
H H 1000 N20 at 400 crs*
Foundation internal friction, ff () 24 24 25 25 29 30 lap
B = 1.3H B B = 1.3H B N20 at 200 crs N20 at 200 crs
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 0 0 0 0 0 0
B = 1.3H B = 1.3H 100
B
General arrangement B
Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 3200 350
Hw Hw
H
B = 1.3H H Total height, H (mm)
B = 1.3H 3650
N16 at 300 crs
Hw H width, B (mm)
Total
w
4745
H H
Retained soil slope, b Level 1 in 4 Varies 2555, 3650 or 4745
Hw B Live load surcharge,
Hw B ql (kPa) 5 10 5 10 * N20 at 200 crs for B = 1.3 H
H H
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 21 21 23 23 25 26 25 29
B B
Retained soil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NOTES: All cores to be fully grouted.
Foundation internal friction, ff () 21 21 23 23 25 26 25 29 The tables are also applicable for vertical walls.
B B This detail to be read in conjunction with Common Details
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 0 0 0 0 4 0 8 0 regarding reinforcement placement and drainage design.
See also, Construction Specification for further details.
28
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D ESIGN DATA FOR T YP E 1 C ANTI LE VER RETAINING WA LL WITH EXPOSED STE M H EIGH T, H w , O F 3400 mm
General arrangement Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 3400 General details
340
Total height, H (mm) 3850
B = 0.7H B = 0.7H 290
Total width, B (mm) 2695 100 190
Level or
B = 0.7H Retained soil slope, b
B = 0.7H Level 1 in 4
Optional capping sloping backll
Hw Live load surcharge,
H ql (kPa) 5 10 5 10 (1 in 4 maximum)
w
H H
B = 0.7H B =soil
Retained 0.7Hinternal friction, fr () 25 28 29 33 34 1
Hw Retained Hw
soil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 0
H H
Foundation internal friction, ff () 25 28 29 33 34 40 Longitudinal reinforcement
BH BH N16 at 400 crs
H
w Foundation
H cohesion,
w cf (kPa) 7 0 0 0 0 1800
B
B = 1.0H arrangement B = 1.0H B
General Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 3400 1000
N20 at 400 crs*
lap
Total height, H (mm) 3850 3400
B = 1.0H B B = 1.0H B
Total width, B (mm) 3850 NOTE: All cores fully grouted
3850
Hw Hw
H
B = 1.0H H Retained soil slope, b
B = 1.0H Level 1 in 4 N20 at 200 crs
29
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D ESIGN DATA FOR T YP E 1 C ANTI LE VER RETAINING WA LL WITH EXPOSED STE M H EIGH T, H w , O F 3600 mm
General arrangement Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 3600 General details 510
Total height, H (mm) 4200 460
B = 0.7H
Total width, B (mm) 2940 100 190
Level or
B = 0.7H Retained soil slope, b Level 1 in 4 Optional capping sloping backll
(1 in 4 maximum)
Hw Live load surcharge, ql (kPa) 5 10 5 10
H 1
B = 0.7H Retained soil internal friction, fr () 25 27 29 32 33
Hw Retained soil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 0
H 40 N20 at 200 crs
Foundation internal friction, ff () 25 27 29 32 33
BH NOTE: All cores and
w Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 6 0 0 0 0 1800 cavity fully grouted
H
B 1000 Longitudinal reinforcement
B = 1.0H arrangement
General Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 3600 lap N16 at 400 crs
Total height, H (mm) 4200
B = 1.0H B Ties (100 cog each end) N10 at 400 crs
Total width, B (mm) 4200 3600 this course, R6 at 400 crs for remainder
Hw 4200
H
B = 1.0H Retained soil slope, b Level 1 in 4 N20 at 200 crs
Hw Live load surcharge, ql (kPa) 5 10 5 10
H Longitudinal reinforcement
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 24 24 24 24 28 29 2-N16 at 400 crs
1800
HwB Retained soil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 0 0
H N20 at 200 crs
Foundation internal friction, ff () 24 24 24 24 28 29 1000
B = 1.3H B
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 0 0 0 0 0 0 lap
N20 at 200 crs N20 at 200 crs
B = 1.3H
B
General arrangement Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 3600 100
Hw
H
B = 1.3H Total height, H (mm) 4200 500
Hw Total width, B (mm) 5460
H
Retained soil slope, b Level 1 in 4 N16 at 200 crs
Hw B Live load surcharge, ql (kPa) 5 10 5 10
H Varies 2940, 4200 or 5460
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 21 21 22 22 25 26 25 27
B
Retained soil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NOTES: All cores to be fully grouted.
Foundation internal friction, ff () 21 21 22 22 25 26 25 27 The tables are also applicable for vertical walls.
B This detail to be read in conjunction with Common Details
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 0 0 0 0 3 0 8 0 regarding reinforcement placement and drainage design.
See also, Construction Specification for further details.
30
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D ESIGN DATA FOR T YP E 2 C ANTI LE VER RETAINING WA LL WITH EXPOSED STE M HEIGH T, H w , O F 800 mm
General arrangement Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 800 General details
Total height, H (mm) 1150
B = 0.7H B = 0.7H B = 0.7H 190 50
Total width, B (mm) 805
140
B = 0.7H 0.7H soil slope, b
B =Retained Level
B = 0.7H 1 in 4 Level or
Optional capping sloping backll
Hw H surcharge, ql (kPa)
Live load
w
2.5 Hw 10 2.5 10 (1 in 4 maximum)
H H H
B = 0.7H B = 0.7Hfriction, fr ()
Retained soil internal 25 30 B= 0.7H
37 25 33 39 1 Longitudinal reinforcement
Hw Retained Hw
soil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 H Hw 0 0 0 0 N12 at 400 crs
H H 800 40
Foundation internal friction, ff () 25 30 37 25 33 39 1150
B B B N12 at 400 crs
Hw Hw Hw0
H H cohesion, cf (kPa)
Foundation 3 0 H 10 0 0 100
NOTE: All cores fully grouted
250
B = 1.0H B B Exposed B
= 1.0H stem height, B800
= 1.0H B
General arrangement Hw (mm) N16 at 400 crs
Total height, H (mm) 1150 N12 at 300 crs
B = 1.0H B B = 1.0H B B = 1.0H B
Total width, B (mm) 1150 Varies 805, 1150 or 1495
Hw Hw Hw
H H Retained soil slope, b H Level 1 in 4
B = 1.0H B = 1.0H B = 1.0H
Hw Live load surcharge,
H ql (kPa) 2.5 H10 2.5 10
w w
H H H
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 25 26 25 33 25 30 36
NOTES: All cores to be fully grouted.
B Hw Retained soil
B cohesion,
Hw cr (kPa) 0 0 B0 Hw0 0 0 0 The tables are also applicable for vertical walls.
H H H This detail to be read in conjunction with Common Details
Foundation internal friction, ff () 25 26 25 33 25 30 36
B = 1.3H B = 1.3H B = 1.3H regarding reinforcement placement and drainage design.
B B B
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 1 0 6 0 4 0 0 See also, Construction Specification for further details.
31
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D ESIGN DATA FOR T YP E 2 C ANTI LE VER RETAINING WA LL WITH EXPOSED STE M H EIGH T, H w , O F 1000 mm
General arrangement Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 1000 General details
Total height, H (mm) 1350
B = 0.7H B = 0.7H B = 0.7H 190 50
Total width, B (mm) 945
140
B = 0.7H 0.7H soil slope, b
B =Retained Level
B = 0.7H 1 in 4 Level or
Optional capping sloping backll
Hw H surcharge, ql (kPa)
Live load
w
2.5 Hw 10 2.5 10 (1 in 4 maximum)
H H H
B = 0.7H B = 0.7Hfriction, fr ()
Retained soil internal 25 31 B= 0.7H
37 34 40
Hw Retained Hw
soil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 H Hw 0 0 0 1 N12 at 400 crs
H H
Foundation internal friction, ff () 25 31 37 34 40 1000
40 Longitudinal reinforcement
B B B 500
Hw Hw Hw0 1350 N12 at 400 crs
H H cohesion, cf (kPa)
Foundation 5 0 H 0 0 lap
N12 at 400 crs
B B B 100
B = 1.0H
General arrangement BExposed
= 1.0H stem height, Hw (mm) B1000
= 1.0H NOTE: All cores fully grouted
250
Total height, H (mm) 1350 N16 at 400 crs
B = 1.0H B B = 1.0H B B = 1.0H B
Total width, B (mm) 1350 N12 at 300 crs
Hw Hw Hw
H H Retained soil slope, b H Level 1 in 4 Varies 945, 1350 or 1755
B = 1.0H B = 1.0H B = 1.0H
Hw Live load surcharge,
H ql (kPa) 2.5 H10 2.5 10
w w
H H H
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 25 28 25 34 25 31 37
B Hw Retained soil
B cohesion,
Hw cr (kPa) 0 0 B0 Hw0 0 0 0 NOTES: All cores to be fully grouted.
H H H The tables are also applicable for vertical walls.
Foundation internal friction, ff () 25 28 25 34 25 31 37
This detail to be read in conjunction with Common Details
B = 1.3H B B = 1.3H B B = 1.3H B
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 2 0 7 0 6 0 0 regarding reinforcement placement and drainage design.
See also, Construction Specification for further details.
B = 1.3H B = 1.3H B = 1.3H
B
General arrangement B
Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 1000 B
Hw Hw Hw
H H Total height, H (mm) H 1350
B = 1.3H B = 1.3H B = 1.3H
Hw H width, B (mm)
Total
w
1755 Hw
H H H
Retained soil slope, b Level 1 in 4
B Hw Live load
B surcharge,
H ql (kPa) 2.5 B 10H 2.5 10
w w
H H H
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 25 27 25 31 25 30 25 34
B B B
Retained soil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Foundation internal friction, ff () 25 27 25 31 25 30 25 34
B B B
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 1 0 5 0 4 0 9 0
32
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D ESIGN DATA FOR T YP E 2 C ANTI LE VER RETAINING WA LL WITH EXPOSED STE M H EIGH T, H w , O F 1200 mm
General arrangement Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 1200 General details
Total height, H (mm) 1550
B = 0.7H B = 0.7H B = 0.7H 190 50
Total width, B (mm) 1085
140
B = 0.7H 0.7H soil slope, b
Retained
B= Level
B = 0.7H 1 in 4 Level or
Optional capping sloping backll
Hw H surcharge, ql (kPa)
Live load
w
2.5 Hw 10 2.5 10 (1 in 4 maximum)
H H H
B = 0.7H B = 0.7Hfriction, fr ()
Retained soil internal 25 32 B= 0.7H
38 35 40 1
Hw Retained Hw
soil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 H Hw 0 0 0
H H 40 N12 at 400 crs
Foundation internal friction, ff () 25 32 38 35 40 1200
B Hw Hw B B Hw0
H cohesion, cf (kPa)
Foundation 7 0 1550
H 0 0 Longitudinal reinforcement
H 500
N12 at 400 crs
lap
B = 1.0H B B Exposed B
= 1.0H stem height, B1200
= 1.0H B N12 at 400 crs
General arrangement Hw (mm) 100
NOTE: All cores fully grouted
Total height, H (mm) 1550 250
B = 1.0H B B = 1.0H B B = 1.0H B
Total width, B (mm) 1550 N16 at 400 crs
Hw Hw Hw N12 at 300 crs
H H Retained soil slope, b H Level 1 in 4
B = 1.0H B = 1.0H B = 1.0H
Live load surcharge, ql (kPa) 2.5 Varies 1085, 1550 or 2015
Hw H w H10
w
2.5 10
H H H
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 25 30 25 34 25 32 37
B Hw Retained soil
B cohesion,
Hw cr (kPa) 0 0 B0 Hw0 0 0 0 NOTES: All cores to be fully grouted.
H H H The tables are also applicable for vertical walls.
Foundation internal friction, ff () 25 30 25 34 25 32 37
B = 1.3H B B = 1.3H B B = 1.3H B This detail to be read in conjunction with Common Details
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 4 0 8 0 7 0 0 regarding reinforcement placement and drainage design.
B = 1.3H B = 1.3H B = 1.3H See also, Construction Specification for further details.
B
General arrangement B
Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 1200 B
Hw Hw Hw
H H Total height, H (mm) H 1550
B = 1.3H B = 1.3H B = 1.3H
Hw H width, B (mm)
Total
w
2015 Hw
H H H
Retained soil slope, b Level 1 in 4
B Hw Live load
B surcharge,
H ql (kPa) 2.5 B 10H 2.5 10
w w
H H H
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 25 28 25 33 25 31 25 35
B B B
Retained soil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Foundation internal friction, ff () 25 28 25 33 25 31 25 35
B B B
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 2 0 6 0 5 0 10 0
33
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D ESIGN DATA FOR T YP E 2 C ANTI LE VER RETAINING WA LL WITH EXPOSED STE M H EIGH T, H w , O F 1400 mm
General arrangement Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 1400 General details
Total height, H (mm) 1750
B = 0.7H B = 0.7H B = 0.7H 240 50
Total width, B (mm) 1225
190
B = 0.7H 0.7H soil slope, b
B =Retained Level
B = 0.7H 1 in 4 Level or
Optional capping sloping backll
Hw H surcharge, ql (kPa)
Live load
w
2.5 Hw 10 2.5 10 (1 in 4 maximum)
H H H
B = 0.7H B = 0.7Hfriction, fr ()
Retained soil internal 25 32 B = 0.7H37 35 40 1
Hw Retained Hw
soil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 H Hw 0 0 0 N16 at 400 crs
H H 40
Foundation internal friction, ff () 25 32 37 35 40 Longitudinal reinforcement
B Hw Hw B B Hw0 1400 N12 at 400 crs
H H cohesion, cf (kPa)
Foundation 7 0 H 0 0
1750 700
NOTE: All cores fully grouted
B = 1.0H B B Exposed B
= 1.0H stem height, B1400
= 1.0H B lap
General arrangement Hw (mm) N16 at 400 crs
Total height, H (mm) 1750 100
B = 1.0H B B = 1.0H B B = 1.0H B
Total width, B (mm) 1750 250
Hw Hw w H N16 at 400 crs
H H Retained soil slope, b H Level 1 in 4
B = 1.0H B = 1.0H B = 1.0H N12 at 300 crs
Hw Live load surcharge,
H ql (kPa) 2.5 H10 2.5 10
w w
H H H Varies 1225, 1750 or 2275
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 25 30 25 34 25 33 37
B Hw Retained soil
B cohesion,
Hw cr (kPa) 0 0 B0 Hw0 0 0 0
H H H
Foundation internal friction, ff () 25 30 25 34 25 33 37
B = 1.3H B B = 1.3H B B = 1.3H B NOTES: All cores to be fully grouted.
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 4 0 9 0 8 0 0 The tables are also applicable for vertical walls.
B = 1.3H B = 1.3H B = 1.3H This detail to be read in conjunction with Common Details
B
General arrangement B
Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 1400 B regarding reinforcement placement and drainage design.
Hw Hw Hw See also, Construction Specification for further details.
H H Total height, H (mm) H 1750
B = 1.3H B = 1.3H B = 1.3H
Hw H width, B (mm)
Total
w
2275 Hw
H H H
Retained soil slope, b Level 1 in 4
B Hw Live load
B surcharge,
H ql (kPa) 2.5 B 10H 2.5 10
w w
H H H
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 25 29 25 33 25 32 35
B B B
Retained soil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Foundation internal friction, ff () 25 29 25 33 25 32 35
B B B
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 3 0 7 0 6 0 0
34
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D ESIGN DATA FOR T YP E 2 C ANTI LE VER RETAINING WA LL WITH EXPOSED STE M H EIGH T, H w , O F 1600 mm
General arrangement Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 1600 General details
Total height, H (mm) 1950
B = 0.7H B = 0.7H B = 0.7H 240 50
Total width, B (mm) 1365
190
B = 0.7H 0.7H soil slope, b
B =Retained Level
B = 0.7H 1 in 4 Level or
Optional capping sloping backll
Hw H surcharge, ql (kPa)
Live load
w
5 Hw 10 5 10 (1 in 4 maximum)
H H H
B = 0.7H B = 0.7Hfriction, fr ()
Retained soil internal 36 B= 0.7H
39 38 41 1
Hw Retained Hw
soil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 H Hw 0 0 0
H H 40
Foundation internal friction, ff () 36 39 38 41 N16 at 400 crs
B Hw Hw B B Hw0 1600
H H cohesion, cf (kPa)
Foundation 0 H 0 0 Longitudinal reinforcement
1950 N12 at 400 crs
B = 1.0H B B Exposed B
= 1.0H stem height, B1600
= 1.0H B 700
General arrangement Hw (mm) NOTE: All cores fully grouted
lap
Total height, H (mm) 1950 N16 at 400 crs
B = 1.0H B B = 1.0H B B = 1.0H B
Total width, B (mm) 1950 100
Hw Hw w H 250
H H Retained soil slope, b H Level 1 in 4
B = 1.0H B = 1.0H B = 1.0H
Hw Live load surcharge,
H ql (kPa) 5 H10 5 10 N12 at 300 crs N16 at 400 crs
w w
H H H
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 25 34 36 36 38 Varies 1365, 1950 or 2535
B Hw Retained soil
B cohesion,
Hw cr (kPa) 0 0 B Hw0 0 0
H H H
Foundation internal friction, ff () 25 34 36 36 38
B = 1.3H B B = 1.3H B B = 1.3H B NOTES: All cores to be fully grouted.
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 9 0 0 0 0 The tables are also applicable for vertical walls.
B = 1.3H B = 1.3H B = 1.3H This detail to be read in conjunction with Common Details
B
General arrangement B
Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 1600 B regarding reinforcement placement and drainage design.
Hw Hw Hw See also, Construction Specification for further details.
H H Total height, H (mm) H 1950
B = 1.3H B = 1.3H B = 1.3H
Hw H width, B (mm)
Total
w
2535 Hw
H H H
Retained soil slope, b Level 1 in 4
B Hw Live load
B surcharge,
H ql (kPa) 5 B 10H 5 10
w w
H H H
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 25 33 25 35 25 35 37
B B B
Retained soil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Foundation internal friction, ff () 25 33 25 35 25 35 37
B B B
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 6 0 9 0 10 0 0
35
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D ESIGN DATA FOR T YP E 2 C ANTI LE VER RETAINING WA LL WITH EXPOSED STE M H EIGH T, H w , O F 1800 mm
General arrangement Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 1800 General details
Total height, H (mm) 2150
B = 0.7H B = 0.7H B = 0.7H 240 50
Total width, B (mm) 1505
190
B = 0.7H 0.7H soil slope, b
Retained
B= Level
B = 0.7H 1 in 4 Level or
Optional capping sloping backll
Hw H surcharge, ql (kPa)
Live load
w
5 Hw 10 5 10 (1 in 4 maximum)
H H H
B = 0.7H B = 0.7Hfriction, fr ()
Retained soil internal 36 B= 0.7H
39 39 41 1
Hw Retained Hw
soil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 H Hw 0 0 0
H H
Foundation internal friction, ff () 36 39 39 41 40
B Hw Hw B B Hw0 N16 at 400 crs
H H cohesion, cf (kPa)
Foundation 0 H 0 0
1800
Longitudinal reinforcement
B = 1.0H B B Exposed B
= 1.0H stem height, B1800
= 1.0H B 2150
General arrangement Hw (mm) N16 at 400 crs
700
Total height, H (mm) 2150 NOTE: All cores fully grouted
B = 1.0H B B = 1.0H B B = 1.0H B lap
Total width, B (mm) 2150 N16 at 400 crs*
Hw Hw w H 100
H H Retained soil slope, b H Level 1 in 4
B = 1.0H B = 1.0H B = 1.0H 250
Hw Live load surcharge,
H ql (kPa) 5 H10 5 10
w w
H H H N16 at 400 crs N16 at 400 crs
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 25 35 37 37 39
B Hw Retained soil
B cohesion,
Hw cr (kPa) 0 0 B Hw0 0 0 Varies 1505, 2150 or 2795 * N16 at 200 crs for B = 1.3 H
H H H
Foundation internal friction, ff () 25 35 37 37 39
B = 1.3H B B = 1.3H B B = 1.3H B
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 10 0 0 0 0
B = 1.3H B = 1.3H B = 1.3H NOTES: All cores to be fully grouted.
B
General arrangement B
Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 1800 B The tables are also applicable for vertical walls.
Hw Hw Hw This detail to be read in conjunction with Common Details
H H Total height, H (mm) H 2150 regarding reinforcement placement and drainage design.
B = 1.3H B = 1.3H B = 1.3H
See also, Construction Specification for further details.
Hw H width, B (mm)
Total
w
2795 Hw
H H H
Retained soil slope, b Level 1 in 4
B Hw Live load
B surcharge,
H ql (kPa) 5 B 10H 5 10
w w
H H H
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 25 34 25 36 36 38
B B B
Retained soil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 0 0
Foundation internal friction, ff () 25 34 25 36 36 38
B B B
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 7 0 10 0 0 0
36
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D ESIGN DATA FOR T YP E 2 C ANTI LE VER RETAINING WA LL WITH EXPOSED STE M H EIGH T, H w , O F 2000 mm
General arrangement Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 2000 General details
Total height, H (mm) 2450
B = 0.7H B = 0.7H 340 50
Total width, B (mm) 1715
290
B = 0.7H = 0.7H soil slope, b
BRetained Level 1 in 4 190
Level or
Hw H surcharge, ql (kPa)
Live load
w
5 10 5 10
Optional capping sloping backll
H H
B = 0.7H Retained soil internal friction, fr ()
B = 0.7H 34 37 37 39 (1 in 4 maximum)
Hw Hw
RetainedHsoil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0
H
Foundation internal friction, ff () 34 37 37 39 1
Longitudinal reinforcement
B Hw Hw B 1200 N16 at 400 crs
H H cohesion, cf (kPa)
Foundation 0 0 0 0
40
B = 1.0H B BExposed B
= 1.0H stem height, 2000 N16 at 400 crs
General arrangement Hw (mm) 2000
2450
Total height, H (mm) 2450
B = 1.0H B B = 1.0H B N16 at 400 crs
Total width, B (mm) 2450
Hw Hw 800 700 Longitudinal reinforcement
1.0H soil slope, b
Level 1 in 4
B =Retained
H H lap
B = 1.0H N16 at 400 crs
Hw Live load surcharge,
H ql (kPa) 5 10 5 10
H H
w 100 NOTE: All cores fully grouted
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 25 33 35 35 37
350 N16 at 400 crs
B Hw Retained soil
B cohesion,
Hw cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 0
H H
Foundation internal friction, ff () 25 33 35 35 37 N16 at 400 crs
B = 1.3H B B = 1.3H B
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 9 0 0 0 0 Varies 1715, 2450 or 3185
B = 1.3H B = 1.3H
B
General arrangement B Hw (mm)
Exposed stem height, 2000
Hw Hw NOTES: All cores to be fully grouted.
H H Total height, H (mm) 2450 The tables are also applicable for vertical walls.
B = 1.3H B = 1.3H
This detail to be read in conjunction with Common Details
Hw H width, B (mm)
Total
w
3185
regarding reinforcement placement and drainage design.
H H
Retained soil slope, b Level 1 in 4 See also, Construction Specification for further details.
B Hw Live load
B surcharge,
H ql (kPa) 5 10 5 10
w
H H
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 25 31 25 33 34 36
B B
Retained soil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 0 0
Foundation internal friction, ff () 25 31 25 33 34 36
B B
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 6 0 9 0 0 0
37
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D ESIGN DATA FOR T YP E 2 C ANTI LE VER RETAINING WA LL WITH EXPOSED STE M H EIGH T, H w , O F 2200 mm
General arrangement Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 2200 General details
Total height, H (mm) 2650
B = 0.7H B = 0.7H 340 50
Total width, B (mm) 1855
290
B = 0.7H = 0.7H soil slope, b
BRetained Level 1 in 4 190
Level or
Hw H surcharge, ql (kPa)
Live load
w
5 10 5 10
Optional capping sloping backll
H H
B = 0.7H Retained soil internal friction, fr ()
B = 0.7H 35 37 38 40 (1 in 4 maximum)
Hw Hw
RetainedHsoil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0
H 1
N16 at 400 crs
Foundation internal friction, ff () 35 37 38 40
B B
40
Hw Hw
H H cohesion, cf (kPa)
Foundation 0 0 0 0 Longitudinal reinforcement
1400 N16 at 400 crs
B = 1.0H B BExposed B
= 1.0H stem height, 700
General arrangement Hw (mm) 2200
2200 lap N16 at 400 crs
Total height, H (mm) 2650 2650
B = 1.0H B B = 1.0H B
Total width, B (mm) 2650
Hw Hw N16 at 400 crs
H H Retained soil slope, b Level 1 in 4
B = 1.0H B = 1.0H 800 700 Longitudinal reinforcement
Hw Live load surcharge,
H ql (kPa) 5 10 5 10 lap N16 at 400 crs
w
H H
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 33 35 36 37 NOTE: All cores fully grouted
100
B Hw Retained soil
B cohesion,
Hw cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0
350
H H N16 at 400 crs
Foundation internal friction, ff () 33 35 36 37
B = 1.3H B B = 1.3H B
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 0 0 0 0 N16 at 400 crs
38
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D ESIGN DATA FOR T YP E 2 C ANTI LE VER RETAINING WA LL WITH EXPOSED STE M H EIGH T, H w , O F 2400 mm
General arrangement Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 2400 General details
Total height, H (mm) 2850
B = 0.7H B = 0.7H 340 50
Total width, B (mm) 1995
290
B = 0.7H = 0.7H soil slope, b
BRetained Level 1 in 4 190
Level or
Hw H surcharge, ql (kPa)
Live load
w
5 10 5 10
Optional capping sloping backll
H H
B = 0.7H Retained soil internal friction, fr ()
B = 0.7H 36 38 38 40 (1 in 4 maximum)
Hw Hw
RetainedHsoil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0
H 1
Foundation internal friction, ff () 36 38 38 40
B B
40 N16 at 400 crs
Hw Hw
H H cohesion, cf (kPa)
Foundation 0 0 0 0
Longitudinal reinforcement
B = 1.0H B BExposed B
= 1.0H stem height, 1600
General arrangement Hw (mm) 2400 N16 at 400 crs
700
Total height, H (mm) 2850 2400
B = 1.0H B B = 1.0H B lap N16 at 400 crs
Total width, B (mm) 2850 2850
Hw Hw
1.0H soil slope, b
Level 1 in 4
B =Retained
H H N16 at 400 crs
B = 1.0H
Hw Live load surcharge,
H ql (kPa) 5 10 5 10 700
w 800 Longitudinal reinforcement
H H lap
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 34 36 36 38 N16 at 400 crs
B Hw Retained soil
B cohesion,
Hw cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 100 NOTE: All cores fully grouted
H H
Foundation internal friction, ff () 34 36 36 38 350 N16 at 400 crs
B = 1.3H B B = 1.3H B
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 0 0 0 0
N16 at 400 crs
B = 1.3H B = 1.3H
B
General arrangement B Hw (mm)
Exposed stem height, 2400 Varies 1995, 2850 or 3705
Hw Hw
H H Total height, H (mm) 2850
B = 1.3H B = 1.3H NOTES: All cores to be fully grouted.
Hw H width, B (mm)
Total
w
3705
The tables are also applicable for vertical walls.
H H
Retained soil slope, b Level 1 in 4 This detail to be read in conjunction with Common Details
regarding reinforcement placement and drainage design.
B Hw Live load
B surcharge,
H ql (kPa) 5 10 5 10
H H
w See also, Construction Specification for further details.
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 25 33 35 35 37
B B
Retained soil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 0
Foundation internal friction, ff () 25 33 35 35 37
B B
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 8 0 0 0 0
39
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D ESIGN DATA FOR T YP E 2 C ANTI LE VER RETAINING WA LL WITH EXPOSED STE M H EIGH T, H w , O F 2600 mm
General arrangement Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 2600 General details
Total height, H (mm) 3050
B = 0.7H B = 0.7H 340 50
Total width, B (mm) 2135
290
B = 0.7H = 0.7H soil slope, b
BRetained Level 1 in 4 190
Level or
Hw H surcharge, ql (kPa)
Live load
w
5 10 5 10
Optional capping sloping backll
H H
B = 0.7H Retained soil internal friction, fr ()
B = 0.7H 36 38 39 41 (1 in 4 maximum)
Hw Hw
RetainedHsoil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0
H 1
Foundation internal friction, ff () 36 38 39 41
B Hw Hw B 40
H H cohesion, cf (kPa)
Foundation 0 0 0 0
N16 at 400 crs
B = 1.0H B BExposed B
= 1.0H stem height, 1800
General arrangement Hw (mm) 2600 Longitudinal reinforcement
N16 at 400 crs
Total height, H (mm) 3050
B = 1.0H B B = 1.0H B 2600 700
Total width, B (mm) 3050 lap N16 at 400 crs
Hw H 3050
w
H H Retained soil slope, b Level 1 in 4
B = 1.0H B = 1.0H
Hw Live load surcharge,
H ql (kPa) 5 10 5 10 N16 at 200 crs
w
H H
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 35 36 37 38 800 700 Longitudinal reinforcement
lap N16 at 400 crs
B Hw Retained soil
B cohesion,
Hw cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0
H H
Foundation internal friction, ff () 35 36 37 38 100 NOTE: All cores fully grouted
B = 1.3H B B = 1.3H B
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 0 0 0 0 350 N16 at 400 crs
B = 1.3H B = 1.3H
B
General arrangement B Hw (mm)
Exposed stem height, 2600 N16 at 400 crs
Hw Hw
H H Total height, H (mm) 3050 Varies 2135, 3050 or 3965
B = 1.3H B = 1.3H
Hw H width, B (mm)
Total
w
3965
H H NOTES: All cores to be fully grouted.
Retained soil slope, b Level 1 in 4 The tables are also applicable for vertical walls.
B Hw Live load
B surcharge,
H ql (kPa) 5 10 5 10 This detail to be read in conjunction with Common Details
w
H H regarding reinforcement placement and drainage design.
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 25 34 35 36 37 See also, Construction Specification for further details.
B B
Retained soil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 0
Foundation internal friction, ff () 25 34 35 36 37
B B
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 9 0 0 0 0
40
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D ESIGN DATA FOR T YP E 2 C ANTI LE VER RETAINING WA LL WITH EXPOSED STE M H EIGH T, H w , O F 2800 mm
General arrangement Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 2800 General details
Total height, H (mm) 3250 340 50
B = 0.7H B = 0.7H
Total width, B (mm) 2275 290
B = 0.7H = 0.7H soil slope, b
BRetained Level 1 in 4 190
Level or
Hw H surcharge, ql (kPa)
Live load
w
5 10 5 10 Optional capping sloping backll
H H (1 in 4 maximum)
B = 0.7H Retained soil internal friction, fr ()
B = 0.7H 37 39 39 41
Hw Hw
RetainedHsoil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 1
H
Foundation internal friction, ff () 37 39 39 41 N16 at 400 crs
B Hw Hw B 40
H H cohesion, cf (kPa)
Foundation 0 0 0 0
Longitudinal reinforcement
B = 1.0H B BExposed B
= 1.0H stem height, 1800 N16 at 400 crs
General arrangement Hw (mm) 2800
Total height, H (mm) 3250 700 N16 at 400 crs
B = 1.0H B B = 1.0H B 2800
Total width, B (mm) 3250 lap
3250 NOTE: All cores fully grouted
Hw Hw
H H Retained soil slope, b Level 1 in 4
B = 1.0H B = 1.0H
Hw Live load surcharge,
H ql (kPa) 5 10 5 10
w
H H N16 at 200 crs
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 35 37 38 39 1000 900
B Retained soil
B cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 bar Longitudinal reinforcement
Hw Hw N16 at 400 crs
H H
Foundation internal friction, ff () 35 37 38 39
B = 1.3H B B = 1.3H B 100
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 0 0 0 0
350 N16 at 400 crs
B = 1.3H B = 1.3H
B
General arrangement B Hw (mm)
Exposed stem height, 2800
Hw Hw N16 at 400 crs
H H Total height, H (mm) 3250
B = 1.3H B = 1.3H Varies 2275, 3250 or 4225
Hw H width, B (mm)
Total
w
4225
H H
Retained soil slope, b Level 1 in 4
NOTES: All cores to be fully grouted.
B Hw Live load
B surcharge,
H ql (kPa) 5 10 5 10 The tables are also applicable for vertical walls.
w
H H This detail to be read in conjunction with Common Details
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 25 34 36 36 38
B B regarding reinforcement placement and drainage design.
Retained soil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 0 See also, Construction Specification for further details.
Foundation internal friction, ff () 25 34 36 36 38
B B
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 10 0 0 0 0
41
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D ESIGN DATA FOR T YP E 2 C ANTI LE VER RETAINING WA LL WITH EXPOSED STE M H EIGH T, H w , O F 3000 mm
General arrangement Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 3000 General details
Total height, H (mm) 3450 340 50
B = 0.7H B = 0.7H
Total width, B (mm) 2415 290
B = 0.7H = 0.7H soil slope, b
BRetained Level 1 in 4 190
Level or
Hw H surcharge, ql (kPa)
Live load
w
5 10 5 10 Optional capping sloping backll
H H (1 in 4 maximum)
B = 0.7H Retained soil internal friction, fr ()
B = 0.7H 37 39 40 41
Hw Hw
RetainedHsoil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 1
H
Foundation internal friction, ff () 37 39 40 41
B Hw Hw B 40
H H cohesion, cf (kPa)
Foundation 0 0 0 0 N16 at 400 crs
B B 1800
B = 1.0H
General arrangement BExposed
= 1.0H stem height, Hw (mm) 3000
Longitudinal reinforcement
N16 at 400 crs
Total height, H (mm) 3450 700
B = 1.0H B B = 1.0H B 3000
Total width, B (mm) 3450 lap N16 at 400 crs
Hw Hw 3450
1.0H soil slope, b
Level 1 in 4
B =Retained
H H
B = 1.0H
N16 at 200 crs
Hw Live load surcharge,
H ql (kPa) 5 10 5 10
w
H H Longitudinal reinforcement
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 36 37 38 39
1200 N16 at 400 crs
B Hw Retained soil
B cohesion,
Hw cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0
H H 700
Foundation internal friction, ff () 36 37 38 39 lap N16 at 200 crs
B = 1.3H B B = 1.3H B
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 0 0 0 0 NOTE: All cores fully grouted
100
B = 1.3H B = 1.3H 350
B
General arrangement B Hw (mm)
Exposed stem height, 3000 N16 at 400 crs
Hw Hw
H H Total height, H (mm) 3450 N16 at 400 crs
B = 1.3H B = 1.3H
Hw H width, B (mm)
Total
w
4485
Varies 2415, 3450 or 4485
H H
Retained soil slope, b Level 1 in 4
NOTES: All cores to be fully grouted.
B Hw Live load
B surcharge,
H ql (kPa) 5 10 5 10
w The tables are also applicable for vertical walls.
H H
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 35 36 37 38 This detail to be read in conjunction with Common Details
B B regarding reinforcement placement and drainage design.
Retained soil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0
See also, Construction Specification for further details.
Foundation internal friction, ff () 35 36 37 38
B B
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 0 0 0 0
42
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D ESIGN DATA FOR T YP E 2 C ANTI LE VER RETAINING WA LL WITH EXPOSED STE M H EIGH T, H w , O F 3200 mm
General arrangement Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 3200 General details
Total height, H (mm) 3650 340 50
B = 0.7H B = 0.7H
Total width, B (mm) 2555 290
190
B = 0.7H = 0.7H soil slope, b
BRetained Level 1 in 4 Level or
Optional capping sloping backll
Hw H surcharge, ql (kPa)
Live load
w
5 10 5 10
(1 in 4 maximum)
H H
B = 0.7H Retained soil internal friction, fr ()
B = 0.7H 38 39 40 42
1
Hw Hw
RetainedHsoil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0
H Longitudinal reinforcement
Foundation internal friction, ff () 38 39 40 42 40 N16 at 400 crs
B Hw Hw B
H H cohesion, cf (kPa)
Foundation 0 0 0 0
1800
B = 1.0H B BExposed B
= 1.0H stem height, N20 at 400 crs
General arrangement Hw (mm) 3200 1000
Total height, H (mm) 3650 lap
B = 1.0H B B = 1.0H B 3200 NOTE: All cores fully grouted
Total width, B (mm) 3650
Hw H 3650
w
H H Retained soil slope, b Level 1 in 4
B = 1.0H B = 1.0H
Hw Live load surcharge,
H ql (kPa) 5 10 5 10 N20 at 200 crs*
w
H H
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 36 38 38 40
Longitudinal reinforcement
1400
B Hw Retained soil
B cohesion,
Hw cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 1000 N16 at 400 crs
H H
Foundation internal friction, ff () 36 38 38 40 lap
B = 1.3H B B = 1.3H B N20 at 400 crs
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 0 0 0 0 N20 at 200 crs*
B = 1.3H B = 1.3H 100
B
General arrangement B Hw (mm)
Exposed stem height, 3200 350 N16 at 400 crs
Hw Hw
H H Total height, H (mm) 3650
B = 1.3H B = 1.3H N16 at 400 crs * N20 at 400 crs for B = 0.7 H
Hw H width, B (mm)
Total
w
4745
H H Varies 2555, 3650 or 4745
Retained soil slope, b Level 1 in 4
B Hw Live load
B surcharge,
H ql (kPa) 5 10 5 10
w
H H
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 35 37 37 39 NOTES: All cores to be fully grouted.
B B The tables are also applicable for vertical walls.
Retained soil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0
This detail to be read in conjunction with Common Details
Foundation internal friction, ff () 35 37 37 39 regarding reinforcement placement and drainage design.
B B See also, Construction Specification for further details.
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 0 0 0 0
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D ESIGN DATA FOR T YP E 2 C ANTI LE VER RETAINING WA LL WITH EXPOSED STE M H EIGH T, H w , O F 3400 mm
General arrangement Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 3400 General details
340 50
Total height, H (mm) 3850
B = 0.7H B = 0.7H 290
Total width, B (mm) 2695
190
Level or
B = 0.7H = 0.7H soil slope, b
BRetained Level 1 in 4
Optional capping sloping backll
Hw H surcharge, ql (kPa)
Live load
w
5 10 5 10 (1 in 4 maximum)
H H
B = 0.7H Retained soil internal friction, fr ()
B = 0.7H 38 40 40 42 1
Hw Hw
RetainedHsoil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0
H
Foundation internal friction, ff () 38 40 40 42 40 Longitudinal reinforcement
B Hw Hw B N16 at 400 crs
H H cohesion, cf (kPa)
Foundation 0 0 0 0 1800
B = 1.0H B BExposed B
= 1.0H stem height,
General arrangement Hw (mm) 3400 1000
N20 at 400 crs
lap
Total height, H (mm) 3850
B = 1.0H B B = 1.0H B 3400
NOTE: All cores fully grouted
Total width, B (mm) 3850
Hw Hw 3850
1.0H soil slope, b
Level 1 in 4
B =Retained
H H N20 at 200 crs
B = 1.0H
Hw Live load surcharge,
H ql (kPa) 5 10 5 10 Longitudinal reinforcement
w
H H
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 37 38 39 40 N16 at 400 crs
B Hw Retained soil
B cohesion,
Hw cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 1600
H H N20 at 400 crs
Foundation internal friction, ff () 37 38 39 40 1000
B = 1.3H B B = 1.3H B lap
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 0 0 0 0 N20 at 200 crs
B = 1.3H B = 1.3H
B
General arrangement B Hw (mm)
Exposed stem height, 3400 100
Hw Hw 350
H H Total height, H (mm) 3850 N16 at 400 crs
B = 1.3H B = 1.3H
Hw H width, B (mm)
Total
w
5005
N16 at 300 crs
H H
Retained soil slope, b Level 1 in 4
Varies 2695, 3850 or 5005
B Hw Live load
B surcharge,
H ql (kPa) 5 10 5 10
w
H H
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 36 37 38 39
B B NOTES: All cores to be fully grouted.
Retained soil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 The tables are also applicable for vertical walls.
Foundation internal friction, ff () 36 37 38 39 This detail to be read in conjunction with Common Details
B B regarding reinforcement placement and drainage design.
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 0 0 0 0 See also, Construction Specification for further details.
44
CONTENTS DESIGN TABLE INDEX PREVIOUS VIEW PREVIOUS PAGE NEXT PAGE
D ESIGN DATA FOR T YP E 2 C ANTI LE VER RETAINING WA LL WITH EXPOSED STE M H EIGH T, H w , O F 3600 mm
General arrangement Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 3600 General details 510 50
B 1000
B = 1.0H
General arrangement Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 3600 lap
Ties (100 cog each end)
Total height, H (mm) 4200
B = 1.0H B N10 at 400 crs this course,
Total width, B (mm) 4200 3600 R6 at 400 crs for remainder
Hw 4200
H Retained soil slope, b Level 1 in 4
B = 1.0H N20 at 400 crs
Hw Live load surcharge, ql (kPa) 5 10 5 10
H Longitudinal reinforcement
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 34 35 36 38 2-N16 at 400 crs
1800
B Hw Retained soil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0
H N20 at 400 crs
Foundation internal friction, ff () 34 35 36 38 1000
B = 1.3H B lap
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 0 0 0 0
N20 at 400 crs
B = 1.3H
B
General arrangement Exposed stem height, Hw (mm) 3600 100
Hw
H Total height, H (mm) 4200
B = 1.3H 500 N16 at 400 crs
Hw Total width, B (mm) 5460
H
Retained soil slope, b Level 1 in 4 N16 at 200 crs NOTE: All cores and
Live load surcharge, ql (kPa) 5 10 5 10 cavity fully grouted
B Hw Varies 2940, 4200 or 5460
H
Retained soil internal friction, fr () 33 34 35 36
B
Retained soil cohesion, cr (kPa) 0 0 0 0 NOTES: All cores to be fully grouted.
Foundation internal friction, ff () 33 34 35 36 The tables are also applicable for vertical walls.
B This detail to be read in conjunction with Common Details
Foundation cohesion, cf (kPa) 0 0 0 0 regarding reinforcement placement and drainage design.
See also, Construction Specification for further details.
45
CONTENTS DESIGN TABLE INDEX PREVIOUS VIEW PREVIOUS PAGE NEXT PAGE
Appendix B Location, Service and Environmental L slope 1 L slope 2 Dead horizontal line load
Conditions DH = 0.1 kN/m (nominal)
Design Example Service life
Live horizontal line load
Yserv = 60 years
Introduction Hbarrier LH = 0.1 kN/m (nominal)
Ambient temperature at surface b2
The following example demonstrates the b1 Wind horizontal line load
method used by the CMAA to design T = 30 C
WH = qw (Hbarrier+ H1)
retaining walls in accordance with AS 4678. Location w
= 0.9 (1.80 + 3.0)
External Design. The external design Sydney
= 4.3 kN/m
(for sliding, bearing and overturning) is Underlying soil H1
applicable to: Earthquake horizontal line load
Not more than 30 m of stiff hard clay
EH = 0.6 kN/m
n Segmental Concrete Gravity Retaining
Wind load
Walls Hw front Hw rear Position of Line Loads
qw = 0.9 kPa Determined from
n Segmental Concrete Reinforced Soils
(Measured from ground level in front of
AS/NZS 1170.2
Retaining Walls embankment. See Figure B2)
Groundwater
n Reinforced Concrete Masonry Cantilever Figure B1 Profile and Supported Height of horizontal line dead load
Allow for partial inadequacy of drainage
Retaining Walls Structure yDH = 3.900 m (At top of barrier)
system during rapid drawdown of water in
Internal Design. The internal design is front of wall. Height of horizontal line live load
specific to Reinforced Concrete Masonry Loads yEH = 3.900 m (At top of barrier)
Height of water table in front of wall Dead load vertical surcharge
Cantilever Retaining Walls
(from soil surface at toe) qd = 2.5 kPa (assumed) Height of horizontal line wind load
Hw front = 0.100 m yWH = 2.400 m (At mid-height of
Design Brief Live load vertical surcharge combined barrier and retaining wall)
Geometric Data Height of water table behind wall ql = 5.0 kPa (AS 4678)
(from soil surface at toe) Height of horizontal line earthquake load
Exposed height of retaining wall
Hw rear = 0.400 m Wind vertical surcharge yEH = 3.900 m (At top of barrier)
H1 = 3.000 m
qw = 0.1 kPa (nominal)
Slope of retaining wall (measured from Supported Structures Horizontal lever arm to vertical line dead
Barrier is 140 mm reinforced concrete Earthquake vertical surcharge load
vertical)
blockwork on 450 mm x 300 mm qe = 0.1 kPa (nominal) xDV = 0.400 m (Constructed behind
w = 1.43 (1 in 40 from vertical)
reinforced concrete footing Dead vertical line load the retaining wall facing)
Slope of retained soil close to retaining wall
Height of barrier Dv = Hbarrier Tbarrier gbarrier + Horizontal lever arm of vertical line live
(measured from horizontal)
Hbarrier = 1.800 m Hfooting Tfooting (gfooting gsoil) load
b1 = 14.04 (1 in 4 from horizontal)
= (1.80 x 0.14 x 22) + (0.45 x 0.30) x xLV = 0.400 m (Constructed behind
Length of slope at wall the retaining wall facing)
Lslope 1 = 3.000 m (24 20)
= 6.1 kN/m
Slope of retained soil at distance from
retaining wall (measured from horizontal) Live vertical line load
b2 = 1.43 (1 in 40 from horizontal) Lv = 0.1 kN/m (nominal)
46
CONTENTS DESIGN TABLE INDEX PREVIOUS VIEW PREVIOUS PAGE NEXT PAGE
DH xDV qd
LH DV ql
WH xLV qw
EH LV qe
yDH L slope 1 L slope 2
yLH B4 T1 L
yWH Wu Lb
yEH L L
L L
T2
L
From ground level
b1 b2
h h
b
Nominated dimensions (mm)
H1 = 3000
H2 = 350
w H7 H3 = 270
Thin stem
H7 = 1800
H8 = 1000
H1 H1
H H4 H H13 = 100
B1 = 2240
B3 = 300
Hbp H3 Key
B2 B3
x e
B1 (Wuc)
B/2 B/2
B
Wu Wc
Bbp toe Wuc
Bact
Retained Soil Properties Properties of Earth Retaining Geometry of the Retaining Structure Dimensions
The retained soil is an Insitu soil of one of Structure Total width of retaining structure (at the
the following types: Gravity wall density
Retaining Structure base) selected by trial and error based
Stiff sandy clays, gravelly clays, compact gi = 20.0 kN/m3 (ie, facing and any System is a gravity wall, of one of the on approximately 0.7 times the exposed
clayey sands and sandy silts, compact confined soil) following types: height (see Figures B2 and B3).
clay fill (Class 2) n Segmental Concrete Gravity Retaining Wuc = 0.7(H1 + Hemb)
In order to simplify the comparison of the
Wall = 0.7 x (3.0 + 0.2)
Retained soil density three alternative retaining wall systems, an
= 2.240 m
gr = 20 kN/m3 average density 20.0 kN/m3 has been n Segmental Concrete Reinforced Soils
adopted in this worked example, for Retaining Wall Width of infill behind facing at the base of
Retained soil conservative estimate of the
both the retaining wall facing and the infill n Type 1(Note 1) Reinforced Concrete the retaining structure
mean internal friction angle
material, including no-fines concrete. Masonry Cantilever Retaining Wall. Wc = Wuc - Wu
fr = 30
More common values are: = 2.240 -0.3
Retained soil conservative estimate of the = 1.940 m
Dense concrete footings 24.0 kN/m3
mean cohesion
Dense concrete masonry 22.0 kN/m3 Length of infill behind facing at the base of
cr = 5.0 kPa
(This should be reduced to allow for the retaining structure
Except in those cases of relatively low voids in the facing that cannot be filled) L = 1.940 m
retaining walls where the Rankine-Bell
Compacted soil infill 20.0 kN/m3 L is commonly the same as Wc (i.e. the
method is used, cohesion of the retained
No-fines concrete infill 18.0 kN/m3 depth into the embankment of the
soil will be assumed to be zero.
retaining structure is the same at the
Foundation Soil Properties Infill soil density top as at the bottom). However, this is not
The foundation soil is an Insitu soil of one gi = 20 kN/m3 necessarily always the case.
of the following types: See note above. Width increase due to backfill slope
Stiff sandy clays, gravelly clays, compact
L = [L. tan(b1) tan(w)]/[1 tan(b1).tan(w)]
clayey sands and sandy silts, compact
= [1.940 x tan(14.04) tan(1.43)] /
clay fill (Class 2)
[1 tan(14.04) tan(1.43)]
Foundation soil density = 0.012 m
gf = 20 kN/m3
Width at top of backfill slope
Foundation soil conservative estimate of Lb = L + L
the mean internal friction angle NOTES: = 1.940 + 0.012
ff = 30 1 Type 1 structures have an elongated heel = 1.952 m
extending behind the wall under the infill
Foundation soil conservative estimate of soil, which contributes to the weight of the Height from top of wall to top of slope
the mean cohesion total structure. h = Lb tan(b1)
cf = 5.0 kPa Type 2 has an elongated toe extending = 1.952 x tan(14.04)
in front of the wall, but not supporting = 0.488 m
Designer must determine whether this any soil. Because the total weight of
value should be used. Type 2 structures (including the infill soil) This equation is only valid if the failure
is less than Type 1 structures of similar plane passes through b slope. If not the
dimensions, the resistance to sliding and change in grade will need to be taken into
overturning is lower. Type 2 structures must
be designed for this reduced resistance. consideration.
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Embedment (including footings, if Bearing Pad Dimensions Earthquake Considerations If a Mononobe-Okabe Pseudo-Static
applicable, but excluding bearing pad The actual width of the bearing pad should Acceleration coefficient Analysis for earthquake loads were to be
Hemb = 0.200 m be selected to be just greater than that a = 0.08 carried out, the following factors would be
required by the analysis below. applicable.
In the case of a reinforced concrete Site factor
masonry cantilever gravity retaining Bearing pad thickness S = 1.0 Nominal horizontal acceleration
wall of this height, the thickness of the Hbp = 270 mm ah = 0.04 m/s
Local acceleration
reinforced concrete base would be of the
Factor for the spread of load through the aS = a S Nominal vertical acceleration
order of 0.350 m. However, a value of
bearing pad. = 0.08 x 1.0 av = 0.00 m/s
0.200 m has been adopted to maintain
The following assumptions are made to = 0.08
consistency between the worked examples Average amplified horizontal acceleration
determine how effective the bearing pad is
for varoius systems of retaining wall. Earthquake design category within the retained soil
in spreading load down to the foundation.
Ceq = Ber amh = If [ah < 0.45, (1.45- ah)ah , ah]
Height of wall (including embedment)
Kbp = 2 for compacted road base = 0.056 m/s
H = H1 + h + Hemb There is no need to use increased factors or
= 4 for cement-stabilised
= 3.000 + 0.488 + 0.200 particular analysis for earthquake. Average amplified vertical acceleration
compacted road base
= 3.688 m within the retained soil
= 8 for reinforced concrete.
amv = If [av < 0.45, (1.45- av) av, av)
Effective slope of retained soil (measured
Actual width of bearing pad = 0.00 m/s
from horizontal)
Bact = 3.400 m
= tan-1[{Lslope 1 tan(b1) + Lslope 2 Horizontal seismic coefficient
tan(b2)}/(Lslope 1 + Lslope 2)] Depth of bearing pad kh = 0.056
= tan-1[{3.0 x tan(14.04) + 1.0 x Hbp = 0.270 m
Vertical seismic coefficient
tan(1.43)}/(3.0 + 1.0)]
Maximum potential effective width of a kv = 0.0
= 11.0
bearing pad
Earthquake factors
Angle of underside of base (measured from B = min [Bact, (Wuc + Kbp Hbp)]
qeq = Max [tan-1(kh /(1- kv)),
horizontal) = min [3.400, (2.240 + 4 x 0.270)]
tan-1(kh/(1+ kv)]
a = 0 Horizontal = 3.320 m
= Max [tan-1(0.056 /(1- 0)),
This is the width of bearing pad into which tan-1(0.056 /(1+ 0)]
the vertical load (without lateral load) = 3.2
could be distributed, if it were central
under the retaining structure, giving
consideration to the particular material, its
strength and stiffness.
Facing/Stem
In order to simplify the comparison of the
three alternative retaining wall systems,
an average density 20.0 kN/m3 has been
adopted in this worked example, for both
the retaining wall facing and the infill
material, including no-fines concrete.
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Ultimate load (limit Table B1 Partial Load Factors and Material Factors
state) calculations in Long-term
Ultimate Short-term serviceability serviceability
accordance
Load case U (i) U (ii) U (iii) SS (i) SS (ii) SS (iii) SS (iv) SS (v) LS (i)
AS 4678:2002
Overturning (active) soil loads Gdos 1.25 1.25 1.25 NA NA 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Partial Load Factors and Material
Factors Overturning dead loads Gdo 1.25 1.25 1.25 NA NA 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
This design is based on AS 4678. Overturning live loads Glo 1.50 0.60 0.60 NA NA 0.00 0.60 0.60 0.00
TableB1 sets out the load combinations
Overturning wind loads Gwo 0.00 1.00 0.00 NA NA 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.00
that should be checked, together with the
corresponding load and materials factors. Overturning earthquake loads Geo 0.00 0.00 1.00 NA NA 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
In this worked example, only the Ultimate Resisting dead loads Gdr 0.80 0.80 0.80 NA NA 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Case, U (i) has been checked. Resisting live loads
(eg over infill material) Glr 0.00 0.00 0.00 NA NA 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Water in tension cracks and
groundwater Gv 1.00 1.00 1.00 NA NA 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
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EXTERNAL STABILITY AT ULTIMATE LOADS AND RESISTANCES Total horizontal forces causing forward movement (at the interface between the retaining
structure and bearing pad)
Horizontal Forces
Pb H = Pq H + Ps H + Pw front + Pw rear + PD H + PL H + PW H + PE H + Pwc H
Horizontal active force due to surcharge
= 14.0 + 60.8 -0.44 + 1.77 + 0.13 + 0.15 + 0.0 + 0.0 + 0.0
Pq H = Kar [Gdo qd + Glo ql + Gwo qw + Geo qe] H cos(d*r w)
= 76.4 kN/m
= 0.394 [(1.25 x 2.5) + (1.5 x 5.0) + (0 x 0.1) + (0 x 0.1)] 3.688 x cos(26.1 1.43)
= 14.0 kN/m Horizontal active force due to surcharge on bearing pad
Pbpq H = Kar [Gdo qd + Glo ql + Gwo qw + Geo qe] Hbp cos (d*r)
Horizontal active force due to soil
= 0.394 [(1.25 x 2.5) + (1.5 x 5.0) + (0 x 0.1) + (0 x 0.1)] 0.270 x cos (26.1)
Ps H = Kar 0.5 (Gdo g*r) H2 cos (d*r w)
= 1.0 kN/m
= 0.394 x 0.5 (1.25 x 20.0) 3.6882 x cos (26.1 1.43)
= 60.9 kN/m The same active pressure coefficent as is applicable for the upper part of the retaining
structure, Kar, has been used. This is based on:
Horizontal force due to water in front of wall
Pw front = - [0.5 g*w (Hw front + Hemb)2] The internal friction angle for retained soil (acting against bearing pad granular material)
= - [0.5 x 9.81 x (0.100 + 0.200)2] The layback of the upper structure, w. (Slightly non-conservative assumption)
= -0.44 kN/m Horizontal active force due to soil on bearing pad
Horizontal force due to water behind infill Pbps H = Kar Gdos gb 0.5 [(H + Hbp)2 - H2] cos (d*r)
Pw rear = 0.5 g*w (Hw rear + Hemb)2 = 0.394 x 1.25 x 20.0 x 0.5 x [(3.688 + 0.270)2 - 3.6882] x cos (26.1)
= 0.5 x 9.81 x (0.400 + 0.200)2 = 9.1 kN/m
= 1.77 kN/m The average pressure, acting on the thickness of bearing pad, Hbp, is at a depth of
Horizontal force due to dead line load 0.5 [H + (H + Hbp)]
PD H = Gdo DH The same active pressure coefficent as is applicable for the upper part of the retaining
= 1.25 x 0.1 structure, Kar, has been used. See comment above.
= 0.13 kN/m
Horizontal force due to water in front of bearing pad
Horizontal force due to live line load at top Pbw front = - 0.5 *w [(Hw front + Hemb + Hbp)2 - [(Hw front + Hemb)2]
PL H = Glo LH = - [0.5 x 9.81 x [(0.100 + 0.200 + 0.270)2 - [(0.100 + 0.200)2] ]
= 1. 5 x 0.1 = -1.15 kN/m
= 0.15 kN/m
Horizontal force due to water behind bearing pad
Horizontal force due to wind line load at top Pbw rear = 0.5 g*w [(Hw rear + Hemb + Hbp)2 - (Hw rear + Hemb)2]
PW H = Gwo WH = 0.5 x 9.81 x [(0.400 + 0.200 + 0.270)2 - (0.400 + 0.200)2]
= 0 x 4.3 = 1.95 kN/m
= 0.0 kN/m
Total horizontal forces causing forward movement (at the interface between the bearing
Horizontal force due to earthquake line load at top pad and foundation)
PE H = Geo EH Pf H = Pb H + Pbpq H + Pbps H + Pbw front + Pbw rear
= 0 x 0.6 = 76.4 + 1.0 + 9.1 - 1.15 + 1.95
= 0.0 kN/m = 87.3 kN/m
Horizontal active force due to water in tension cracks
Pwc H = 0.0 kN/m
This force will only apply in some cases of cohesive soil (when using Rankine-Bell method),
where the fill is not protected against ingress of water.
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Vertical Forces Vertical friction component of active surcharge load acting on the retained soil behind the structure
Weight of thin stem Pq V = Kar[Gdo qd + Glo ql + Gwo qw + Geo qe] H sin (g*r w)
P1 V = Gdr gmasonry H7 T1 = 0.394 [(1.25 x 2.5) + (1.5 x 5.0) + (0 x 0.1) + (0 x 0.1)] 3.688 x sin (26.1 1.43)
= 0.8 x 22.0 x 1.800 x 0.190 = 6.44 kN/m
= 6.02 kN/m Vertical friction component of active soil load behind the structure
Weight of thick stem (including hob) Ps V = Kar 0.5 (Gdo g*r) H2 sin (g*r w)
P2 V = Gdr gmasonry H8 T2 = 0.394 x 0.5 (1.25 x 20.0) 3.6882 x sin (26.1 1.43)
= 0.8 x 22.0 x 1.050 x 0.460 = 27.96 kN/m
= 8.50 kN/m Vertical line dead load (on wall stem and infill)
PD V = Gdr Dv
Weight of soil above thick stem
= 0.8 X 6.0
P3 V = Gdr g*i H7 (T2 - T1)
= 4.80 kN/m
= 0.8 x 20.0 x 1.800 x (0.460 0.190)
= 7.78 kN/m Vertical line live load (on wall stem and infill)
PL V = Glr Lv
Weight of soil block = 0.0 X 0.1
P5 V = Gdr g*i (B1 - B4 - T2)Hsoil = 0.00 kN/m
= 0.8 x 20.0 x (2.240 0.110 0.460) x 2.850
Vertical uplift force of ground-water displaced by the retaining structure
= 76.15 kN/m
Pw V = -g*w [0.5 (Hw front + Hw rear) + Hemb] Wuc
Weight of base = -9.81 x [0.5 x (0.100 + 0.400 ) + 0.200] x 2.240
P6 V = Gdr g*c B1 H2 = -9.89 kN/m
= 0.8 x 24.0 x 2.240 x 0.350 It is assumed that the water table varies linearly from the rear of the retaining structure to the front
= 15.05 kN/m
Total vertical force at the interface of the retaining structure and bearing pad
Check: PV = Pf V + Pf slope V + Pq V + Ps V + PD V + PL V + Pw V
Vertical weight of the gravity structure = 114.6 + 7.62 + 6.45 + 27.97 + 4.80 + 0.00 - 9.89
Pf V = P1 V + P2 V + P3 V + P5 V + P6 V = 151.6 kN/m
= 6.21 + 8.77 + 7.78 + 76.15 + 15.68 Weight of bearing pad
= 114.6 kN/m Pbp V = Gdr g*b Hbp (B - Bk)
Vertical load due to sloping soil above the structure = 0.80 x 20.0 x 0.270 x (3.320 - 0.300)
Pf slopeV = Gdr gsu 0.5 Lb h = 13.05 kN/m
= 0.8 x 20 x 0.5 x (2.240 0.300) x 0.488 The weight of the bearing pad has been calculated on the following basis.
= 7.57 kN/m The effective width of the bearing pad, B, will include allowance for the spread of load from the underside of
the retaining structure, down through the bearing pad.
For reinforced concrete masonry cantilever gravity retaining walls, which include a key (positioned at the rear
of the base), the width of the bearing pad is the total width, B, less the width of the key, Bk.
The effective width of the bearing pad, B, can not exceed the actual width of the bearing pad, Bact.
Weights and reactions outside the extent of the effective width of the bearing pad, B, are considered to balance
each other and are disregarded in the calculations.
Provided that the effective width of the bearing pad, B, does not extend behind the rear of the structure, the
assumptions above will be valid.
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Depth of tension cracks in fissured Horizontal Lever Arms Horizontal lever arm for vertical soil load Sliding Resistance of Structure on
cohesive soil Horizontal lever arms may be calculated xsv = Wu + B + 0.333 H tan w Bearing Pad
The following approach is applicable to the from any point, and the toe is commonly = 0.300 + 1.940 + [0.333 x 3.688 x Friction resistance of structure on bearing
application of water in tension cracks in selected as the reference point. A check of tan (1.43)] pad
cohesive soils. overturning about the centroid of reaction = 2.271 m Pbf = Pv tan(f*b) Fn
will be carried out later, but at this stage = 151.1 x tan(38.6) x 1.0
2 c Horizontal lever arm to vertical line dead
Hc = in the calculations, the eccentricity is = 120.6 KN/m
(g Kar 0.5) - (Gdo qd + Glo ql) load
unknown.
Gdo g xDV = 0.400 m The vertical load, Pv, is the sum of vertical
Horizontal lever arm of thin stem Nominated in design brief loads that have already been factored by
=0m
X1v = B4 + T1 /2 the relevant load factor for resisting loads,
Horizontal lever arm of vertical line live
Vertical lever arm of horizontal water in = 0.110 + 0.190 /2 Gdrs.
load
tension cracks = 0.205 m
xLV = 0.400 m In this case, the key at the back of the
ych = H1 0.667 Hc
Horizontal lever arm of thick stem Nominated in design brief footing captures the bearing pad
=0m
X2v = B4 + T2 /2 material, mobilising the internal friction of
Horizontal lever arm from toe for water
= 0.110 + 0.460 /2 the bearing pad material to resist forward
uplift
= 0.340 m sliding.
xfv wu = 0.5 Wuc
Horizontal lever arm of soil above thick = 0.5 x 2.240 In other retaining systems (eg reinforced
stem = 1.120 m soils) it is assumed that the interface
X3v = B4 + T1 + (T2 - T1) /2 between the retaining structure (granular
= 0.110 + 0.190 + (0.460 0.190) /2 soil fill in hollow concrete facing units
= 0.435 m plus either compacted infill soil of no-
fines concrete) is rough. Therefore the
Horizontal lever arm of soil above heel
appropriate external friction angle is the
X5v = B4 + T2 + (B1 - B4 - T2)/2
minimum of the internal friction angles of
= 0.110 + 0.460 + (2.240 - 0.110 - 0.460)/2
the structure and the bearing pad.
= 1.405 m
If the retaining structure surface had been
Horizontal lever arm of base
substantially smooth concrete and no key,
X6v = 0.5B1
the appropriate external friction angle
= (0.5 x 2.24)
would be some lesser value, approximately
= 1.12 m
two thirds of the internal friction angle.
Horizontal lever arm of sloping soil
Base adhesion of structure on bearing pad
xf slope v = Wu + 0.667 L + (H1 + Hemb + 0.5 h) tan w
Pba = (Gdrs c*b Wuc Fn
= 0.3 + (0.667 x 1.940) + [(3.000 + 0.200 + (0.5 x 0.488)] tan (1.43)
= (0.80 x 0.09) x 2.24 x 1.0
= 1.679 m
= 0.16 KN/m
Horizontal lever arm for vertical surcharge load
The adhesion of a retaining structure
xqv = Wu + B + 0.5 H tan w
on a bearing pad is the minimum of
= 0.300 + 3.32 + [0.5 x 3.688 x tan (1.43)]
the adhesion (stickiness) of the interface
= 3.66 m
and the cohesion of the bearing pad
material. For a granular base, the cohesion
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is normally zero, and the adhesion is Sliding Resistance of Bearing Pad on Resisting passive earth pressure on
therefore also zero. For a cement-stabilized Foundation structure
material where the units are laid before the Friction resistance of bearing pad on Pfp = 0.5 Kpb(Gdrs gb)(Hemb + Hbp)2 Fn
cement has hydrated, there may be some foundation = 0.5 x 2.58 x 0.80 x 20.0 x (0.200 + 0.270)2 x 1.0
small value of adhesion. In this example, Pff = Pf V tan(f*b) Fn = 4.55 KN/m
a small nominal value has been assumed = 162.0 x tan(26.1) x 1.0
to demonstrate the method. In practice, = 79.4 KN/m It is the designers choice of whether or not
it is common for a designer to ignore this to use passive resistance, giving consideration
The appropriate external friction angle is
value. to issues of disturbance, erosion and poor
the lesser of the values for the bearing pad
compaction of the material in front of the
The components of base adhesion have and the foundation.
structure. It is common practice to ignore
not already been factored by the relevant
Base adhesion of structure on bearing pad passive resistance.
load factor for resisting loads, Gdrs , which
Pfa = (Gdrs c*f Wuc Fn The components of passive resistance have
should be included in this formula.
= (0.80 x 3.5) x 2.24 x 1.0 not already been factored by the relevant
Resisting passive earth pressure on = 6.27 KN/m load factor for resisting loads, Gdrs, which
structure should be included in this formula.
The adhesion of a bearing pad on the
Pbp = 0.5 Kpb (Gdrs gb) Hemb2 Fn
foundation approximates the cohesion Total sliding resistance of facing on bearing
= 0.5 x 2.58 x 0.80 x 20.0 x 0.2002 x 1.0
of the foundation. In this example, a pad
= 0.83 KN/m
small nominal value has been assumed Rf = Pff + Pfa + Pfp
It is the designers choice of whether to demonstrate the method. In practice, = 79.6 + 6.27 + 4.55
or not to use passive resistance, giving it is common for a designer to ignore this = 90.4 kN/m
consideration to issues of disturbance, value.
> Pf H = 87.3 kN/m OK
erosion and poor compaction of the The components of foundation adhesion
material in front of the structure. It is have not already been factored by the Factor against sliding = Rf /Pf H
common practice to ignore passive relevant load factor for resisting loads, = 90.4/87.3
resistance. Gdrs, which should be included in this = 1.04
formula.
The components of passive resistance have
not already been factored by the relevant
load factor for resisting loads, Gdrs, which
should be included in this formula.
Total sliding resistance of facing on bearing
pad
Rb = Pbf + Pba + Pbp
= 120.8 + 0.16 + 0.82
= 121.8 kN/m
> Pb H = 76.4 kN/m OK
Factor against sliding = Rb/Pb H
= 121.8/76.4
= 1.59
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B/2 B/2
B
Bbp toe Wuc
Bact
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Factors for inclined load Internal Design Required clear cover to steel from face shell
xqi = [1 - PBH/(Pv + B c*f cot f*f )]2 cc.req = Max (20 mm aggregate,
= [1 76.4/{151.05 + 2.620 x 3.5 x cot (26.1)}]2 Masonry Properties 15 mm cover)
= 0.302 Block height = 20 mm AS 3700 Table 5.1
xci = xqi - (1 - xqi)/(Nc tan f*f ) hu = 190 mm Width of web
= 0.302 [(1 0.304)/(22.5 x tan (26.1)] Mortar joint thickness bw = 1000 mm
= 0.241 tj = 10 mm Capacity reduction factor
xyi = [1 - PH /(Pv + B c*f cot f*f )]3 Height ratio f = 0.75 AS 3700 Table 4.1
= [1 76.4/{151.05 + 2.620 x 3.5 x cot (26.1)}]3 hu /tj = 190/10
= 0.164 = 19.0
Thin-Stem Strengths
Factors for sloping bases Compressive strength factor
xqt = (1 - a tan f*f )2 kh = 1.3 AS 3700 Table 3.2 Blockwork width
= 1.0 for level base T1 = 190 mm
Masonry factor for face-shell-bedded
xct = xqt - (1 - xqt)/(Nc tan f*f ) concrete units Face-shell thickness
= 1.0 for level base km = 1.6 AS 3700 Table 3.1 ts1 = 30 mm
xgt = (1 - a tan f*f )2 Mortar type Block core taper
= 1.0 for level base M3 (1:5 + water thickener) tt1 = 3 mm
Average bearing capacity based on factored soil properties Characteristic unconfined unit strength Steel reinforcement N16 bars at 400-mm
qav = c Nc xc xci xct + g (Hemb + Hbp) Nq xq xqi xqt + 0.5 g B Ng xg xgi xgt fuc = 15 MPa centres
= (3.5 x 22.5 x 1.0 x 0.241 x 1.0) + (20.0 x [0.200 + 0.270) x 12.0 x 1.0 x 0.304 x 1.0) + Diameter of reinforcement
(0.5 x 20.0 x 3.320 x 12.8 x 1.0 x 0.167 x 1.0) Characteristic masonry strength for Rdia 1 = 16 mm
= 124.2 kPa 76-mm-high units
fmb = km (fuc)0.5 AS 3700 Clause Required cover to steel centreline
Bearing capacity of the foundation = 1.6 (15.0)0.5 3.3.2(a)(i) creq 1 = cc.req + Rdia 1 /2 + tt1 + ts1
Pv cap = qav B = 6.20 MPa = 20 + 16/2 + 3 + 30
= 124.2 x 2.620 = 61 mm
= 325.4 kN Characteristic unconfined compressive
masonry strength Specify cover to steel centreline
> 161.8 kN OK fm = kh fmb AS 3700 Clause c = 65 mm (ie from rear face of block)
= 1.3 x 6.20 3.3.2(a)(i) > 61 mm OK
Factor of Safety against bearing failure
Fbearing = Pv cap /Pv = 8.06 MPa Effective depth
= 325.4/161.8 Characteristic shear strength d1 = T1 - c1
= 2.01 fms = 0.35 MPa = 190 - 65
(at interface) AS 3700 Cl 3.3.4(d) = 125 mm
fvm = 0.35 MPa AS 3700 Cl 8.8
Reinforcement strength
fsy = 500 MPa AS 3700 Table 3.7
Design shear strength
fvs = 17.5 MPa AS 3700 Cl 8.8
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Vertical lever arm of horizontal active force due to surcharge Thick Stem Design
gq H thin = 0.5 H7
Height of stem (including hob)
= 0.5 x 1.800
H8 = 2.85 m
= 0.900 m
Horizontal active force due to surcharge
Vertical lever arm of horizontal active force due to soil
Pq H thick = Kai (Gdo qd + Glo ql + Gwo qw + Geo qe) H8 cos (d*i w)
gs H thin = 0.333 H7
= 0.362 [(1.25 x 2.5) + (1.5 x 5.0) + (0 x 0.1) + (0 x 0.1)] 2.850 x cos (19.6 1.43)
= 0.333 x 1.800
= 10.42 kN/m
= 0.600 m
Horizontal active force due to soil
Vertical lever arm of horizontal force due to dead line load
Ps H thick = Kai 0.5 (Gdo g*i) H82 cos (d*i w)
gD H thin = gDH H1 + H7
= 0.362 x 0.5 (1.25 x 20.0) 2.8502 x cos (19.6 1.43)
= 3.900 3.000 +1.800
= 34.92 kN/m
= 2.700 m
Horizontal force due to dead line load
Vertical lever arm of horizontal force due to live line load at top
PD H thick = Gdo DH
gL H thin = gLH H1 + H7
= 1.25 x 0.1
= 3.900 3.000 +1.800
= 0.13 kN/m
= 2.700 m
Horizontal force due to live line load at top
Vertical lever arm of horizontal force due to wind line load at top
PL H thick = Glo LH
gW H thin = gWH H1 + H7
= 1. 5 x 0.1
= 2.600 3.000 +1.800
= 0.15 kN/m
= 1.400 m
Horizontal force due to wind line load at top
Vertical lever arm of horizontal force due to earthquake line load at top
PW H thick = Gwo WH
gE H thin = gDH H1 + H7
= 0 x 4.3
= 3.900 3.000 +1.800
= 0.0 kN/m
= 2.700 m
Horizontal force due to earthquake line load at top
Maximum bending moment at base of thin stem
PE H thick = Geo EH
M*H thin = Pq H thin gq H thin + Ps H thin gs H thin + PD H thin gD H thin + PL H thin gL H thin +
= 0 x 0.6
PW H thin gW H thin + PE H thin gE H thin
= 0.0 kN/m
= (6.58 x 0.900) + (13.91 x 0.600) + (0.13 x 2.700) + ( 0.15 x 2.700) +
Total horizontal forces on thick stem
(0 x 1.400) + (0 x 2.700)
PH thick = Pq H thick + Ps H thick + PD H thick + PL H thick + PW H thick + PE H thick
= 15.0 kN.m/m
= 10.42 + 34.92 + 0.13 + 0.15 + 0.0 + 0.0
< 20.8 kN.m/m OK = 45.7 kN/m
< 106.0 kN/m (reinforced blockwork) OK
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Vertical lever arm of horizontal active force due to surcharge Base Design
gq H thick = 0.5 H8
Upper-bound estimates of the shear force and bending moments
= 0.5 x 2.850
in the heel of the base may be calculated as follows.
= 1.425 m
Upper-bound bending moment
Vertical lever arm of horizontal active force due to soil
M*base = M*thick
gs H thick = 0.333 H8
= 49.0 kNm/m
= 0.333 x 2.850
= 0.949 m < 80.8 kNm/m OK
Vertical lever arm of horizontal force due to dead line load Upper-bound shear force
gD H thick = gDH H1 + H8 V*base = M*base /(0.5 B1)
= 3.900 3.000 +2.850 = 49.0 /(0.5 x 2.240)
= 3.750 m = 43.8 kN/m
Vertical lever arm of horizontal force due to live line load at top < 113 kN/m OK
gL H thick = gLH H1 + H8
= 3.900 3.000 +2.850
= 3.750 m
Vertical lever arm of horizontal force due to wind line load at top
gW H thick = gWH H1 + H8
= 2.600 3.000 +2.850
= 2.450 m
Vertical lever arm of horizontal force due to earthquake line load at top
gE H thick = gDH H1 + H8
= 3.900 3.000 +2.850
= 3.750 m
Maximum bending moment at base of thick stem
M*thick = Pq H thick gq H thick + Ps H thick gs H thick + PD H thick gD H thick +
PL H thick gL H thick + PW H thick gW H thick + PE H thick gE H thick
= (10.42 x 1.425) + (34.96 x 0.949) + (0.13 x 3.750) +
( 0.15 x 3.750) + (0 x 2.450) + (0 x 3.750)
= 49.0 kN.m/m
< 99.6 kN.m/m OK
n END
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Appendix C Typical Soils Table C1 Soil Classification and their Properties [After AS 4678]
Analysis of Cohesive Most soils include both internal friction and Soil parameters
Soils cohesion, but in varying proportions.
n Sands, gravels and the like, which
Internal
Soil Cohesion friction
Soil Properties have low cohesion or no cohesion, are
group Typical soils in group (kPa) (degrees)
described as cohesionless. Retaining
The stability of an embankment is Poor Soft and firm clay of medium to high plasticity, silty clays,
structures in such soils are normally
influenced by loading, ground water and loose variable clayey fill, loose sandy silts 0 to 5 17 to 25
designed assuming cohesion of zero.
soil properties. The most common soil
n Clays, silts and the like, which have Average Stiff sandy clays, gravelly clays, compact clayey sands and
properties used for design are: sandy silts, compacted clay fill (ClassII) 0 to 10 26 to 32
low internal friction and substantial
n Density
cohesion, are generally described as Good Gravelly sands, compacted sands, controlled crushed
n External friction cohesive. sandstone and gravel fills (ClassI), dense well-graded sands 0 to 5 32 to 37
n Internal friction Very good Weak weathered rock, controlled fills (ClassI) of roadbase,
Table C1, from AS 4678, describes the
n Cohesion. gravel and recycled concrete 0 to 25 36 to 43
internal friction angle and cohesion for a
The two common properties representing range of typical soils.
soil strength are internal friction and
cohesion. Foundation Sliding Resistance and Horizontal Forces due to Retained Soil Based on this , any value for C > 0 is not
Bearing Capacity recommended
n A broad description of internal friction n The Coulomb formula (used for the
of a soil is its resistance to rupture, The sliding resistance, applied by a determination of lateral soil loads in Problems Associated with Design
which is proportional to an applied foundation soil to a structure, results from the Appendix A Design Tables and in Based on Cohesion
external pressure. It is expressed as a combination of external friction (closely the Appendix B Design Example) does
an angle, the tangent of which gives related to internal friction), cohesion and not consider cohesion. This is most There are practical limitations in respect
the increase in strength relative to (in some cases) passive resistance. The appropriate for cohesionless soils, such of the use of cohesion, including its
a corresponding increase in applied bearing capacity of a foundation soil results as sands, gravels and the like. unpredictability, particularly when there is
pressure. from a combination of internal friction, groundwater present or when water can
n The Coulomb formula may also be used
density and cohesion. In this Guide, fill tension cracks in fissured clay. Extreme
n Cohesion results for several diverse to determine lateral soil loads exerted
cohesion is considered for both sliding caution should be exercised by the
factors, but is a taken in this Guide on retaining walls by cohesive soils,
resistance and bearing capacity, although design engineer in these circumstances.
to include the combined effect of all such as clay, silt and the like, provided
its contribution has been capped at Notwithstanding these limitations, it
properties that resist soil rupture at zero a sensible value for internal friction is
10kPa. This is to maintain consistency with is instructive to consider the effect of
internal friction. assumed. (See further comment below)
AS4678 Table D4 (see Table C1). cohesion in the case of relatively low
n Alternatively, there are other approaches retaining walls in some soils. If one
that could be used to account for describes the soil in an embankment in
cohesion, including Rankine-Bell terms of both friction and cohesion (either
Analysis and General Wedge Analysis. based on test results and/or observation),
This Guide does not seek to differentiate and then ignores the cohesion component,
between these methods, or to comment the performance of the embankment will
on their relative reliabilities. Caution is probably be underestimated.
strongly recommended if a designer
should choose to use either of the
methods that consider cohesion.
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CONTENTS DESIGN TABLE INDEX PREVIOUS VIEW PREVIOUS PAGE NEXT PAGE
Shear stress, t
Failure envelope of soil such that there can be no ingress of any
strength at a limited range of normal stress
f2 water into the soil behind the retaining
(Figure C1).
f1 wall, are deemed to be outside the
Shear scope of the design.
stress, t n Retained soil shall have a Plasticity Index,
Critical state line PI, less than 20.
n The design shall be applicable to cuts
in insitu soils. The design shall not be
Cohesion, C applicable to cohesive fill.
n The design shall be based on a 0.8
C2
factor on the vertical component of
C1 fcv soil friction, for both permanent and
Normal stress, sn 0
Normal stress, sn imposed soil and surcharge loads.
Figure C1 Method for Determining Figure C2 Effect of Non-linear Soil Failure Envelope [After Hong Kong Geoguide]
Cohesion
Limitations on the use of Cohesion in n All retaining walls shall comply with
Having been so determined, the cohesion
Determining Lateral Loads AS 4678 Structure Classification A.
is often then assumed to be zero, and the
The design shall be applicable for for
internal friction angle is used alone in the This Guide does not consider cohesion a maximum imposed load of 2.5 kPa.
design process. However, if the relationship in determining lateral loads, as would If imposed loads greater than 2.5 kPa
is not linear, then the value of internal be the case if the Rankine-Bell method, are expected, the design shall not be
friction angle so determined would be General Wedge theory or similar were appropriate.
incorrect. Caution should be exercised used. However, if a designer does opt to
when making assumptions about the shear n Retaining soil heights shall be within the
consider cohesion, the following limitations
strength at low levels of normal stress. This range 800 mm to 1200 mm.
(adapted from CMAA MA 53 Appendix D)
point is demonstrated by the following should be applied. n All retaining walls shall have level
diagram (Figure C2), reproduced from backfill. If the backfill has a slope greater
n All retaining walls shall be designed to
the Hong Kong Geoguide, in which the than 1 in 8, the design shall not be
AS 4678 (Including Amendment 1).
effective friction angle at low normal applicable.
stresses (low retaining walls) is shown to
be considerably higher than that at high
normal stresses (high retaining walls).
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Proximity of other structures and loads to the face of the retaining wall: * Please indicate the appropriate type(s) and add any other notes.
Structure or load Distance (m) Hard rock, sandstone, gravel, sand, silty sand, clayey sand, stiff clay, weak clay, other
Distance of live loads from top of wall
Distance of dead loads from top of wall Are soil strength tests required? (yes/no)
Distance of other structures from base of wall
Is there ground water seepage present? Now ( yes/no ) After heavy rain (yes/no)
Structure classification:
If yes, how much?
For guidance refer AS 4678, Table 1.1
Structure Classification Examples
C Where failure would result in significant damage or risk to life Is it practical to install subsurface drainage (yes/no) and surface drainage (yes/no)?
B Where failure would result in moderate damage and loss of services
A Where failure would result in minimal damage and loss of access
How will the drainage system affect the site?
Required design life:
For guidance refer AS 4678, Table 3.1
Type of Structure Design life (years)
Temporary site works 5 What is the effect of excavation or filling?
Mine structures 10
Industrial structures 30
River and marine structures 60
Residential dwellings 60 Are there obvious global stability problems? (yes/no)
Minor public works 90
Major public works 120
What is the effect of ground movement?
Required wall type:
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APPENDIX E AS 3600 Concrete Structures n Sufficient permeability to maximise the This will depend in part, on whether the
amount of water passing through the soil is particularly coarse or particularly
Construction AS 3700 Masonry structures
outer surface fine. In this specification, a value
Specification AS 3798 Guidelines on earthworks for n Sufficient void size, under load, to permeability, k, of the geotextile not less
commercial and residential developments convey the required water flow to the than 1 times the permeability of the soil
stormwater system. has been adopted. In the case of important
AS/NZS 4671 Steel reinforcing materials
Supervision structures, or those where the permeability
n Pore size small enough to block fine
AS 3972 Portland and blended cements of the geotextile is critical, more precise
The Contractor shall ensure that the work material from entering the drainage
is performed and directly supervised by AS 1672.1 Limes and limestone - Limes for methods and different specifications
system, without compromising the
appropriately-experienced personnel. building should be employed. This specification
permeability requirements
is not suitable for fine clay, and may not
AS 4455.1 Masonry units n Strength, toughness and abrasion match the flow of water through coarse
Quality Assurance resistance to resist damage during
AS 2001.2.3.1 Methods of test for textiles- sands and gravels. The designer must
Suppliers and contractors shall provide construction and service consider variations to this specification in
Determination of maximum force and
assurance of the quality of all goods, Geocomposites shall comply with the these circumstances.
elongation at maximum force using the strip
materials and services to be provided. specification Geotextiles for Filters and
method Opening Size
The following are deemed to meet this Drains.
requirement: AS 3706.2 Geotextiles - Methods of test Several authors provide recommendations
- Determination of tensile properties Wide Notes: for determining the maximum opening
n a quality assurance system complying
strip method Permeability, Permittivity and Flow size of a filter. To prevent piping (drawing
with AS/NZS ISO 9001, or of fine soil particles into the filter), Calhoun
The permeability test measures the water
n a quality control system approved by AS 3706.3 Geotextiles - Methods of test flow through a sample of the subject recommends that the O95 of the geotextile
the Builder. - Determination of tearing strength - geotextile under constant head filter should be not more than the D15 of
Trapezoidal method coarse soils and not more than 200 m of
Building Regulations and Thickness of the sample t
AS 3706.4 Geotextiles - Methods of test - cohesive soils. The general limits adopted
Standards Head during test h = 100 mm in this specification are as follows:
Determination of burst strength - California
All materials and construction shall comply bearing ratio (CBR) - Plunger method
Flow rate under 100 mm of head For cohesive soil (D20 soil 75m),
with the most recent version of: Q100 O95 geotextile should be between
AS 3706.7 Geotextiles - Methods of test-
n the relevant parts of the Building Determination of pore size distribution - Dry 150m and 250 m.
Regulations; Permittivity y = Q100/h
sieving method For non-cohesive soil (D20 soil > 75m),
n the Standards referred to therein; Permeability k=yt O95 geotextile should be between
AS 3706.9 Geotextiles - Methods of test
n other Standards nominated in this - Determination of permittivity, permeability Flow may be unidirectional (only 80m and 250 m.
specification; and and flow rate perpendicular to the geotextile) or may To minimize clogging of a geotextile filter,
n other relevant Regulations. be multidirectional. This specification the O95 opening size should be not less
Materials deals only with unidirectional flow and than 3 times the D15 of the soil.
Relevant Standards does not deal with problem soils. Several
AS 4678 Earth retaining structures Geocomposites authors (Calhoun, Ogink, McKeand, An alternative specification to minimize
Geocomposites shall comply with the Giroud, Schober and Teinol) provide clogging is to require the Austroads
AS 2758.1 Aggregates and rock for
Drawings, Building Regulations and recommendations for specifying the GRating (if available) to be less than 3.
engineering purposes - Concrete aggregates
relevant Standard (AS 3706). Unless stated permeability, k, of a filter, ranging from 0.1
otherwise, geocomposites shall exhibit: to 10 times the permeability of the soil.
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Geotextiles for Filters and Drains Function Filter and drainage Drainage Fill
Geotextiles for filters and drains shall Drainage fill material shall comply with
Drain soil behind retaining walls and
comply with the Drawings, Building Typical location structures the Drawings, Building Regulations and
Regulations and relevant Standard relevant Standard (AS 2758.1). Unless
(AS3706). Unless stated otherwise, The geotextile shall be protected against tear stated otherwise, drainage fill material shall
geotextiles for filters and drains shall Protection to geotextile or puncture. Note 2 be GP (poorly graded gravel) single-sized
exhibit: Cohesive and other gravel of nominal size 10 mm to 20 mm
fine grained soils such Cohesionless soils complying with the following specification.
n Sufficient permeability to maximise the
as silts and some such as some
amount of water passing through the Soil TypeNote 1 claysNote3 sandsNote3 Sieve (mm) Percent Passing
outer surface 26.5 100
Where required by the Engineer: Minimum Wide Strip
n Sufficient void size, under load, to 19.0 70 - 100
Tensile Strength shall be as high as practical, but not
convey the required water flow to the less thanNote 2 7.5 kN/m 7.5 kN/m 13.2 0 - 100
stormwater system.
Minimum Trapezoidal Tear Strength shall be as high as 9.52 00
n Pore size small enough to block fine practical, but not less thanNote 2 210 N 210 N
material from entering the drainage Concrete
Where required by the Engineer: Minimum CBR Burst
system, without compromising the Concrete shall comply with the Drawings,
Strength shall be as high as practical, but not less
permeability requirements thanNote 2 1,500 N 1,500 N Building Regulations and relevant Standard
n Strength, toughness and abrasion (AS 3600). Unless stated otherwise,
Pore Size O95 by dry sieving, shall be in the range 150 mm to 250 mm 80 mm to 250 mm properties shall be not less than:
resistance to resist damage during
construction and service. Permittivity, shall be as high as practical, but not less n Characteristic compressive strength of
than 2.0 sec-1 0.7 sec-1 20 MPa (Strength grade N20)
Geocomposites shall comply with the
Flow Rate under 100 mm Head shall be as high as n Maximum aggregate size of 20 mm
specification Geotextiles for Filters and practical, but not less than 100 l/m2/sec 70 l/m2/sec
Drains. n Of sufficient slump to facilitate the
Coefficient of Permeability shall be as high as practical, 0.00001 m/sec 0.003 m/sec nominated means of placement
but not less thanNote 3 (1 x 10-5 m/sec) (3 x 10-4 m/sec) Note: Superplasticied cohesive concrete
Notes: with a slump of not less than 200 mm
1. This specification does not apply to problem soils, defined as exhibiting one or more of the and a spread of 400 to 600 mm (using a
following: slump cone) is considered suitable.
Silty soils with hydraulic gradients greater than 3
Widely-graded or gap-graded particle size distribution n Subject to plant control testing.
Dispersive clays and silts
Uniform silts and sands with a coefficient of uniformity under 3.
2. The geotextile shall be protected against tear or puncture by either:
Avoiding fill with sharp angular aggregate, heavy compaction (over 95% standard) and fill
depths over 3.0 m, or
Providing a protective layer of drainage aggregate not less than 50 mm thick.
If these criteria are not met, the specified strength properties must be at least doubled.
3. In this specification, permeability, k, of the geotextile not less than 1 times the permeability of
the soil has been adopted. In the case of important structures, or those where the
permeability of the geotextile is critical, more precise methods and different specifications
should be employed. This specification is not suitable for fine clay, and may not match the
flow of water through coarse sands and gravels. The designer must consider variations to this
specification in these circumstances.
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Reinforcement Joint Material n Rebate Moulds shall be constructed Concrete Blocks for Reinforced
Reinforcement shall comply with the Joint material shall comply with the of a rigid PVC material and form a true Masonry Applications
Drawings, Building Regulations and Drawings, Building Regulations and square or rectangular rebate. Concrete blocks for reinforced masonry
relevant Standard (AS/NZS 4671). Unless relevant Standard (AS 4678). Unless stated n Dowel Sleeves shall include provision applications shall comply with the
stated otherwise, properties shall be not otherwise: for longitudinal expansion in the ends Drawings, Building Regulations and
less than: n Backing rod for control joints, expansion of all sleeves, stiffening ribs to minimise relevant Standard (AS/NZS 4455.1). Unless
n Deformed bars - 500 MPa, normal joints and articulation joints shall be distortion, end clips to ensure correct stated otherwise, properties shall be not
ductility (N) expanded polystyrene tube or bead or, alignment during pour and end closures less than:
n Square fabric, rectangular fabric and rigid steel backing profile with closed to prevent entering of slurry. n Dimensional category DW4
trench mesh - 500 MPa, low (L) or cell foam adhered to the metal profile n Expansion Caps shall fit a variety n Salt attack resistance grade shall be:
normal (N) ductility ribbed wires face. of dowel sizes and provide internal General Purpose except as listed
n Fitments - 500 MPa, low (L) or normal (N) n Joint sealant shall be gun-grade multi- compression pins for longitudinal below for Exposure Grade where the
ductility ribbed wires purpose polyurethane sealant. expansion. masonry is:
n Round bar (eg R250 N10 for dowels) - Expansion Joints for Continuous Pours n Permanent Flexible Plastic Capping shall subject to saline wetting and
250 MPa round. Expansion joints for continuous pours be UV-treated PVC material and provide drying; or
shall comply with the Drawings, Building a bevelled edge to the joint. in aggressive soils; or
Bar Chairs
Bar chairs shall comply with the Drawings, Regulations and relevant Standard n Removable Capping shall be PVC in a severe marine environment; or
Building Regulations and relevant Standard. (AS4678). Unless stated otherwise, material and provide a bevelled edge to subject to saline or contaminated
Unless stated otherwise, properties shall expansion joints in continuous pour the joint. water, including tidal spash zones; or
such that: applications shall provide a full depth n Foam Filler compression strips shall be in especially aggressive
n Reinforcement is positioned in the top
straight joint and a purpose built dowelling closed-cell polyethylene foam. environments. e.g. subject to attack
half of the concrete slab system to provide positive load transfer by corrosive liquids or gasses,
n Key Joint Joiners shall provide
across the finished slab. or within 1 km of industry in which
n Reinforcement in footings has 40 mm accurate alignment of key joints in
in concrete in contact with unprotected Concrete Jointing Accessories both horizontal and vertical directions chemical pollutants are produced.
ground and 30 mm to a sealed vapour Concrete jointing accessories shall comply without interrupting the capping line. n Minimum characteristic compressive
barrier. with the Drawings, Building Regulations strength shall be as nominated by the
and relevant Standard (AS4678). Unless engineer and not less than 15 MPa.
Formwork
stated otherwise, concrete jointing The required strength depends on the
Formwork shall comply with the Drawings,
accessories shall have appropriate the particular application. Refer to the
Building Regulations and relevant Standard
properties to ensure they fulfil their manufacturers design literature for
(AS 3610).
intended function and can be accurately guidance.
Curing Compounds installed.
Curing compounds shall comply with n Dowel Cradles shall provide accurate
the Drawings, Building Regulations horizontal and vertical alignment of
and relevant Standards. Unless stated dowels.
otherwise, curing compounds shall be
n Crack Inducers shall provide an
hydrocarbon, solvent-based acrylic, water-
based acrylic or wax-based acrylic. Wax- adequate crack to relieve contraction
based compounds shall not be used in stresses.
areas requiring the subsequent application
of curing adhesives.
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n Dimensions and core configuration shall Definitions Water Thickener Concrete Grout
be such that: Dimensional Category DW4 - For Water thickener shall be methyl-cellulose Concrete grout shall comply with the
If units are intended to incorporate a sample of 20 units, the standard based. Drawings, Building Regulations and
both horizontal and vertical deviation of work sizes shall be not more relevant Standard (AS 3700). Unless stated
Sand
reinforcement and are not than 2 mm, and the difference between otherwise, properties shall be:
Sand shall be well-graded and free from
protected both sides by a the mean and the work size shall be n a minimum portland cement content of
salts, vegetable matter and impurities.
waterproof membrane, they shall not more than 3 mm. For split faces, the 300 kg/cubic metre;
Sand shall not contain more than 10% of
be: dimensional deviations shall not apply
the material passing the 75 micron sieve. n a maximum aggregate size of 10 mm;
- H or Double U configuration to the width of the unit, provided the
Sand within the following grading limits n sufficient slump to completely fill the
with appropriate web rebates average width is not less than 90% of
complies with this requirement and is cores; and
for horizontal reinforcement; or the work size.
deemed suitable for concrete masonry.
General Purpose Salt Attack Resistance n a minimum compressive cylinder
- if flush-ended, have web rebates
Grade - Performance such that it is Sieve Percent Passing strength of 20 MPa.
not less than 35 mm deep and
be constructed such that all possible to demonstrate that the 4.76 mm 100 Surface Sealing Material
horizontal reinforcement has product has a history of surviving under 2.36 mm 95100 The material used to seal the surface of the
at least 30 mm cover then units non-saline environmental conditions 1.18 mm 60100 fill shall be compacted clay.
are laid with the rebates similar to those existing at the site
considered, but not expected to meet 600 m 30100 Alternatively, a 0.2 mm thick PVC
coinciding
the mass loss criterion for Exposure 300 m 1050 membrane or a needle-punched bentonite
Units may be fully grouted and liner overlaid by at least 150 mm of bulk fill
Grade Salt Attack Resistance Grade. 150 m 010
may be reinforced both vertically material may be used in lieu of the clay.
and horizontally; Exposure Grade Salt Attack Resistance 75 m 04
Grade - Performance such that it is Bulk Fill Material
Grout must flow easily around and Joint Material
possible to demonstrate that the Bulk fill material shall be uniform and of
enclose the reinforcement in all Joint material shall comply with the
product has a history of surviving under maximum particle size of 100 mm.
cores; and Drawings, Building Regulations and
saline environmental conditions similar
Cover is consistent with the to those existing at the site considered; relevant Standard (AS 3700). Unless stated
requirements for durability, strength and less than 0.2 grams mass loss in otherwise:
and fire resistance as appropriate. 40cycles in AS/NZS 4456.10, Method B n Backing rod for control joints, expansion
n Mean Coefficient of Residual Drying test. joints and articulation joints shall be
Contraction shall be not more than expanded polystyrene tube or bead or,
Cement rigid steel backing profile with closed-
0.6mm/m.
Cement shall be Type GP portland cement cell foam adhered to the metal profile
n If intended for face applications and or GB blended cement complying with the
exposed to the weather: face.
relevant Standard (AS 3972).
Permeability shall be not more than n Joint sealant shall be gun-grade multi-
2 mm/minute Lime purpose polyurethane sealant.
Lime shall be hydrated building lime n Control joints and articulation joints
Efflorescence Potential shall be Nil
complying with the relevant Standard shall incorporate de-bonding tape.
or Slight
(AS 1672).
Colour and texture shall be within
an agreed range.
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Retained Soil Constructing Drainage Fill Depending on the volume of groundwater All concrete shall be compacted by
If the existing retained material, within an Drainage fill shall be: expected, (assessed by the Engineer at the mechanical immersion vibrator.
envelope at 45 (1 : 1 batter) from a point n Above and beside the drainage pipe time of construction), a geotextile sock
Unless noted otherwise on the drawings,
300 mm behind proposed heel of the with a minimum cover of 150 mm may be required. If required, geotextiles
reinforced concrete footings for retaining
structure, does not have the properties shall comply with the specification
n Behind the wall to a minimum width of walls shall include a level concrete hob (or
specified in the design, or has insufficient Geotextiles for Filters and Drains.
300 mm to within 300 mm of the top up-stand), through which vertical starter
friction angle and cohesion to remain
n Protected by a geotextile envelope that Positioning Reinforcement bars are placed and on which the masonry
stable at the design batter, it shall be
completely isolates the drainage fill from Starter bars shall be tied into position to is built. Horizontal 50 mm diameter weep
removed and replaced with a material
the retained fill provide the specified lap above the top holes shall pass through the hob at
that is stable. These properties may be
surface of the footing. The starter bars 1.2m maximum centres. The top of the
achieved by modification of suitable site n Adequately drained away from the
shall be held in position by a timber hob footing immediately behind the hob shall
materials (as advised by a suitably-qualified retaining structures by the drainage
form and controlled within a tolerance of be sloped at 1 in 100 to provide for the
Geotechnical Engineer) provided the system.
5mm through the wall and 50 mm drainage pipe.
properties are not injurious to any of the
Constructing the Drainage System along the wall.
other materials in the structure. Finishing Concrete
The drainage pipe shall be positioned in
Bar chairs shall be placed at one metre Concrete surfaces shall be finished as
Drainage System the drainage fill at a minimum uniform
centres both ways to give the following noted below unless specified otherwise in
The drainage system shall comply with grade of 1 in 100 over a length not
clear cover. Chair bases shall be used the Drawings.
the Drawings, Building Regulations and exceeding 15 metres. It shall be connected
to prevent sinking of the chairs. Unless n Floor slabs - Steel float
relevant Standard (AS 4678). Unless stated to the storm-water system at the lower
specified otherwise on the drawings,
otherwise, the drainage system shall end of each run and shall drain positively n External paths, driveways and parking
structural laps and cover shall be as follows.
consist of: away from base of the retaining wall. The areas at less than 10% slope - Fine
n Horizontal 50-mm diameter weep holes drainage pipe shall be brought to the Required Cover broomed steel float
passing through a hob (or the reinforced surface at the upper end of each run to n 40 mm in concrete in contact with n External paths, driveways and parking
masonry stem if appropriate) at 1.2 m facilitate future flushing, capped and its unprotected ground areas at greater than 10% slope - Coarse
maximum centres. positioned marked. broomed steel float
n 40 mm in concrete exposed externally
n A permeable drainage layer not less Sub-surface Drainage n 30 mm to a sealed vapour barrier n Vertical surfaces exposed in the
than 300 mm wide adjacent to the stem Sub-surface drainage shall comply with completed building All voids filled
n 20 mm to the internal surface.
of the wall. the Drawings, Building Regulations and and rubbed back to provide a smooth
n A 100-mm slotted PVC agricultural pipe relevant Standard. Unless stated otherwise, Reinforcement Required Laps surface
sub-surface drainage shall consist of one of Bars 500 mm n Vertical surfaces not exposed in the
n For applications with high water table,
the following: Fabric 2 cross wires overlapping completed building - Off form finish.
200-mm wide geocomposite strips at
2.0 m centres at the existing 1 : 1 batter, n Slotted PVC agricultural pipe, of Trench mesh 500 mm Curing Concrete
connected to the agricultural pipe diameter nominated on the drawings
Two N12 corner bars 1.0 metre long shall All concrete shall be cured using a sprayed
drainage system. and not less than 100 mm; or
be placed at all re-entrant corners. curing compound.
n Polypropylene drainage cell, of diameter
nominated on the drawings and not less Placing Concrete Wax-based compounds shall not be
than 30 mm. Trenches and footing excavations shall be used in areas requiring the subsequent
dewatered and cleaned prior to concrete application of curing adhesives.
placement so that no softened or loosened
material remains.
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Stripping Formwork Constructing the Reinforced Masonry If the retaining consists of two leaves of Concrete grout shall be placed in the cores
Unless adverse weather or the use of Stem cavity construction, suitable cavity ties shall either by pumping or, for small projects,
retarders delays the hardening of concrete, The first course of a reinforced masonry be built in at centres such that the wet by bucket. Grout shall be compacted so
the minimum stripping time for formwork wall shall consist of clean-out blocks grout pressure does not cause spreading that there are no voids, using either a high
shall be 3 days. (with only one face shell) to permit the of the cavity. Ties shall incorporate 100 frequency pencil vibrator or by rodding.
subsequent removal of debris and mortar cogs at each end that shall bear snugly (The main vertical bars shall not be moved
Mortar
fins. The opening of the clean-out blocks against the rebate in the blocks and shall to compact the grout.)
For general applications (except as listed
shall face the soil embankment, except be securely fixed by embedment in mortar.
for M4), Type M3 mortar shall be used, and On completion of the grouting, capping
where there is insufficient access. The The following combinations are deemed to
shall consist by volume of: blocks shall be installed (if required) and
blocks shall be positioned to provide meet this requirement:
1 part GP or GB cement, 1 part lime, any control joints finished.
55mm cover from the face of the bar to Maximum Tie
6 parts sand (water thickener optional) the rear face of the blockwork. (This will Constructing Bulk Fill Material
grout (Grade Maximum spacing
1 part GP or GB cement, 5 parts sand allow 35 mm for the face shells of upper height 250) (Vertical x Horizontal) Bulk fill material shall be uniform and of
plus water thickener courses and 20 mm of cover within the maximum particle size of 100 mm.
2.0 metres R6 400 mm x 400 mm
1 part masonry cement, 4 parts sand grout).
Bulk filling material shall be placed and in
Where a retaining wall consists of a single-
For the applications listed below, Type M4 Provide drainage through the stem of the layers not exceeding 200 mm at a moisture
leaf stem supported by a cavity stem, links
mortar shall be used, and shall consist by wall by; content within 2% of Optimum Moisture
shall be provided in the first joint below
volume of: n Horizontal 50-mm diameter weep holes Content (OMC) to achieve 85% Standard
the junction of cavity stem and single leaf
at 1,200 mm maximum centres through Compaction.
1 part GP or GB cement, 0.5 part lime, stem to prevent widening of the cavity.
4.5 parts sand (water thickener optional) a hob, or The following reinforcement is deemed to At the end of each days construction, the
1 part GP or GB cement, 4 parts sand n Horizontal 50-mm diameter weep holes meet this requirement: infill material shall be sloped such that any
plus water thickener at 1,200 mm maximum centres through rainwater is directed away from the face of
Maximum Shear reinforcement of
the reinforced masonry stem. the retaining wall and to a temporary (or
1 part GP or GB cement, 0-0.25 parts height single-leaf stem
permanent) drainage system.
lime, 3 parts sand (water thickener Subsequent courses shall consist of 2.0 metres SL62 Fabric
optional) H-Block or Double U-Block. Horizontal Constructing Surface Sealing Material
reinforcement shall be placed centrally Debris and mortar fins shall be removed by and Catch Drain
n Elements in interior environments
on the webs during the laying of the rodding and hosing out the cores. The whole of the disturbed fill surface shall
subject to saline wetting and drying
blockwork. If blocks with webs flush Vertical steel reinforcement shall be be sealed and drained by compacting a
n Elements below a damp-proof course
with the ends are to be used, horizontal positioned towards the rear of the cores to layer of surface-sealing material of suficient
or in contact with ground in aggressive
reinforcement shall be suspended above provide the cover noted above. thickness to ensure that groundwater does
soils
the webs on 30 mm mortar pack on the not seep into the fill material. It shall be not
n Elements in severe marine environments centre web only. Vertical steel reinforcement shall be tied less than 150-mm thick and not less than
n Elements in saline or contaminated through clean-out openings with wire 300-mm thick in applications subject to
Mortar joints shall be 10-mm-thick and ties to the steel starter bars and fixed in
water including tidal splash zones significant groundwater flow and shall be
shall be face-shell-bedded and ironed position at the top of the wall by plastic
n Elements within 1 km of an industry in accordance with the relevant Standard
(unless a flush joint is specified for clips before the placing of any grout.
producing chemical pollutants. (or AS 4768).
aesthetic reasons). Control joints shall
be built into the masonry at joints in When cleaning out and tying of steel are The drainage shall shed water away from
the footing, at significant changes in complete, the opening shall be blanked the retaining wall structure. This may be
wall profile or at centres not exceeding off with a timber form suitably propped to achieved by constructing a 100-mm deep
16metres. prevent movement. Alternatively blocks catch drain to drain to the site drainage
which incorporate purpose-designed system at a minimum slope of 1 in 100.
blanks may be used.
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CONTENTS DESIGN TABLE INDEX PREVIOUS VIEW PREVIOUS PAGE NEXT PAGE
Hold or
Tolerances Inspections and Tests Item or Product Inspection Required Accept Criteria Witness
Unless specified otherwise for reasons of When work reaches a stage of requiring Inspect controlled Controlled copy of
aesthetics or by the client or architect, all inspection, (eg footing reinforcement, Drawings & Specifications documents latest issue on site Hold
construction shall be within the following geogrids and drainage) the Contractor shall Foundation & retained soil
Density Density meter *
tolerances: advise the Engineer, before proceeding Friction angle Shear box * As specified Hold
to cover, close or complete the work. The Cohesion Shear box *
following inspections shall be performed. Levelling pad
Width Spot check + 10%, - 2% Hold
Vertical Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Depth Spot check + 10%, - 2% Hold
Density Density meter * As specified Hold
Element Position Position Alignment Alignment
Friction angle Shear box * As specified Hold
Soil surface 100 mm - - - Cohesion Shear box * As specified Hold
Footing dimensions
Facings and 20 mm 20 mm Width Spot check + 10%, - 2% Hold
wall structures 50 mm 50 mm in 3 m in 3 m Length Spot check + 10%, - 2% Hold
Reinforcement cover Check chair size As specified Hold
Footings and 20 mm 20 mm Edge forms Check all edges 20 mm Hold
supports 50 mm 50 mm in 3 m in 3 m Level on soil Spot check levels + 10 mm, -50 mm Hold
Footing Reinforcement
Reinforcement grade Spot check markings As specified Hold
Reinforcement diameter Spot check diameter As specified Hold
Reinforcement spacing Spot check 10% Hold
Reinforcement laps Spot check 10% Hold
Reinforcement ligature spacing Spot check 10% Hold
Concrete strength Spot check dockets As specified Witness
Concrete curing Spot check As specified Witness
Masonry units
Type Spot check As specified Hold
Dimensions Spot check As specified Witness
Strength Spot check dockets As specified Witness
Mortar mix Spot check As specified Witness
Weep holes Spot check As detailed Hold
Cover Spot check As spec >15 mm Hold
Wall Reinforcement
Reinforcement grade Spot check markings As specified Hold
Reinforcement diameter Spot check markings As specified Hold
Reinforcement spacing Spot check 10% Hold
Reinforcement laps Spot check 10% Hold
Editable Specification Concrete grout strength Spot check dockets As specified Witness
This specification is provided by Notes: Cleaning Visual As per test panel Witness
Electronic Blueprint for use by Concrete All tolerances shall be as shown, Drainage system Flush pipes Positive 1 in 100 Hold
Masonry Association of Australia. except where overridden by Granular fill Visual Grading Hold
architectural or regulatory Geotextile Visual As specified Hold
For an editiable electronic version go to: requirements. Fill Visual Grading Witness
www.electronicblueprint.com.au The Engineer may relax
Sealing and surface drains Visual Located to drawing Witness
requirements marked *, if other
satisfactory controls are in
place. 77
CONTENTS DESIGN TABLE INDEX PREVIOUS VIEW PREVIOUS PAGE NEXT PAGE
Appendix F 2 The spreadsheetthen was checked Benchmark Construction Retaining Walls Studied
by worked example. To make this
Reliability of AS 4678 comparison meaningful for all three
In order to calibrate AS 4678 and the External design considerations are
CMAA Manuals, it was necessary to common to all types of gravity walls,
structures, an idealised structure has
Background adopt benchmarks of acceptable designs including:
been selected that best mimics all
that have a long history of satisfactory n Concrete Segmental Reinforced Soil
The design of gravity structures (including three, and, most important, is able to
performance, which can be justified by a Structures
Concrete Segmental Reinforced Soil bechecked by working stress to Code
combination of theory and experience.
Structures, Segmental Concrete Gravity of Practice CP2. This involves constant n Concrete Segmental Gravity Retaining
The CMAA chose the working stress design
Retaining Walls and Reinforced Concrete density (20 kN/m3), idealised block (also Walls (with or without no-fines concrete)
method(Note 1) and soil properties set out
Masonry Cantilever Retaining Walls) 20 kN/m3), level slope of retained soil, n Type 1 Reinforced Concrete Masonry
in:
was previously governed principally by near vertical face, embedment of H/15, Cantilever Retaining Walls.
overturning about the toe. However, external friction 30 degrees, internal Civil Engineering Code of Practice No2
design for forward sliding or bearing now friction 30 degrees, and live load of (1951) Earth Retaining Structures, The The following idealised structure, which
often governs the design process. This 5.0kPa. Institution of Structural Engineers (UK). best fits all three types, has been analysed.
has major implications for the economy The tabulated typical wall details are
3 The next step was tocompare designto Code of Practice No 2 was published in
of all gravity structures. AS 4768 indicates applicable for vertical walls.
AS 4678 with design to Code of Practice 1951, reprinted in 1975 and the methods
that most structures in cohesive soils CP2 fora series of idealised structures of described therein remained in common
have difficulty in meeting the sliding different heights, soils, slopes, and water use to the turn of the century. Thus, for 4
(external design) limit state, for the types table. over fifty years it has provided the basis 1 q
of soil parameters commonly assumed by of design of most retaining walls in the
4 The final step was to investigate any
Australian design engineers. English speaking world, including Australia.
peculiarities related to any particular 1
The Concrete Masonry Association of system, ie: Whilst there are sound reasons to 40
Australia has prepared a detailed study 1.43 Density
Slope of RSS and Gravity Walls deviate from Code of Practice No 2 for H
of the implications of external design for 20 kN/m3
Toe in front for Type 2 Cantilever uncommon consequence of failure or for Water table
sliding, overturning and bearing, common Walls uncommon levels of workmanship, it still
to all gravity retaining wall systems. remains an acceptable starting point for
Reduced density of no-fines
1 The first step in the investigation was segmental gravity walls the benchmarking process for the most
tocreate a spreadsheet that can handle Key in Type 1 and Type 2 Cantilever common situations.
all practical variables; ie structure H/15
walls
density, wall slope, backfill slope, soil
properties,bearing pad, distributed Case 1: Case 2:
loads, line loads, water table, wind and Level retained soil 1:4 slope of retained soil
q = minimum 1.5 kPa q = minimum 1.5 kPa
earthquake.
No water table No water table
Case 3: Case 4:
Level retained soil Level retained soil
q = 10.0 kPa q = minimum 1.5 kPa
Notes: No water table Water table at half wall height
1 The reasons for adopting a new approach
(eg adopting a limit state standard instead
of working stress standard) relate to Figure F1 Idealised Structure and
flexibility and application, and are explained Cases used in the Analysis
later in this paper.
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CONTENTS DESIGN TABLE INDEX PREVIOUS VIEW PREVIOUS PAGE NEXT PAGE
n The assumed shape of the gravity Table F1 Minimum Uniform Imposed Load (kPA) Table F2 Heights Analysed
structure is a parallelogram, with
horizontal base and horizontal top, Backfill Slope (Horizontal : Vertical) Exposed Embedment Total
with vertical front face and parallel rear Classification Height Steeper than 4:1 4:1 of flatter height depth height
surface. The rear face is at 1.43 (I in 40) (m) (m) (m)
B, C Any 2.5 kPa 5.0 kPa
to vertical. The tabulated typical wall 1.50 0.10 1.60
details are applicable for vertical walls. A 1.5 mNote 1 1.5 kPa 2.5 kPa
3.00 0.20 3.20
n Density of the gravity structure is a Notes
1 Classification A retaining walls must be equal to or less than 1.5 m high. 4.50 0.30 4.80
uniform value, approximating the
average density of the soil and concrete, 6.00 0.40 6.40
and taken as 20 kN/m3 (Note 1)
n Embedment of the structure is taken as
the exposed height divided by 15.(Note2) Table F3 Structure Classification Analysed Table F4 Load Cases Analysed
n Minimum imposed (live) load of 1.5kPa,
Exposed heights Total heights Imposed Height of
except in Load Case 3 (Table F4) where assumed assumed Slope of Load water table
a minimum of 10 kPa is specified.(Note 3) Structure applicable applicable Load retained Surcharge behind
In the case of walls designed to AS 4678, Consequence of failure Classification (m) (m) Case soil (kPa) structure
the minimum values of imposed (live)
Failure results in minimal damage and 1 Nil 1.5 Nil
surcharge are given in Table F1. loss of access ANote 1 1.50 1.60 2 1 in 4 1.5 Nil
n Because the purpose of the study was
Failure results in moderate damage 3 Nil 10.0 Nil
to determine the broad effects of the and loss of service B 3.00 & 4.50 3.20 & 4.80
various design standards, possible Half wall
pragmatic construction expedients to Failure results in significant damage or 4 Nil 1.5 height
risk to life C 6.00 6.40
make the structures more economic
were ignored. For example, the following Notes
expedients, although considered to be 1 Definitions and height limit for A are taken from AS 4678.
good engineering were not assumed:
Excavation and replacement of weak
foundation material (Soil type 2 and 3).
Notes
Draining the water table (Load case 4).
1 Reinforced soils generally require total height /20 embedment. Low-height segmental gravity walls may be built with zero embedment. Type 1
Sloping the face more than the 1.43 cantilever walls often require 300 + mm depth to cover the footing. The selected compromise embedment is exposed height /15.
(I in 40).
2 Although CP2 and the NCMA method do not specify a minimum imposed (live) load, it is impossible to have a zero imposed load case. There
will always be at least some (perhaps unspecified) imposed (live) load that a designer must consider. Failure of a designer to formally assume
at least some value for imposed (live) surcharge would leave the designer exposed in any potential litigation, and a competent designer using
CP2 or the NCMA method would always adopt some value. The question is, What is a reasonable minimum value? AS 4678 assumes a general
minimum of 5 kPa (except in low-risk walls). In this analysis, a much more optimistic minimum value of 1.5 kPa has been assumed.
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CONTENTS DESIGN TABLE INDEX PREVIOUS VIEW PREVIOUS PAGE NEXT PAGE
Table F5 Soil Types Analysed Conclusions n These observations lead to the following
broad conclusions:
The study provided the following
Effective angle of Effective angle of Effective AS 4678 is not conservative when
conclusions:
Soil internal friction external friction cohesion compared to traditional working
Type Soil Description f (degrees) d (degrees) co (kPa) n The ultimate-load, limit-state method of
stress methods. To the contrary, it is
AS 4678 generally yields a more liberal
1 Cohesionless soil, moist backing 35 20 0.0 consistently slightly more liberal.
design than the historical working stress
2 Cohesive soil, silt with both friction method of Code of Practice CP 2. Unlike traditional working stress
and cohesion 20 0 7.2 methods, AS 4678 caters, to some
n The difference lies in the ability of
3 Cohesive soil, non-fissured clay 0 0 14.3 extent, for the need for greater safety
AS4678 to take advantage of a stiff
in structures with high consequence
Note: bearing pad to allow the point of
of failure and lower safety in
The soil properties and water table to be checked are from Appendix D of Code of Practice No 2. rotation to approach the toe of the
structures with low consequence of
retaining wall and to spread the load
failure.
deep into the foundation. The working
stress method limits this reaction to There are some marginal savings in
Analyses Undertaken
within the middle third of the footing. structure volume to be derived from
It was necessary to determine whether or using AS 4678, when compared to
n Load Case 1. (cohesionless soil) is limited
not there is any mandatory requirements in traditional working stress methods.
by overturning for both methods,
AS 4678, the CMAA Manuals (MA 51, MA 52 The difficulties in designing for
although AS 4678 has an advantage.
or MA 53), or the NCMA Method that lead cohesive soils derive not from
to either unsafe or uneconomical design. n Load Case 2 (silt) shows close
AS4678, but from the assumptions
The following steps were undertaken. relationship between both methods,
made in respect to soil properties.
generally limited by forward sliding.
n For a range of heights and soil types
(Tables F2 and F5) determine the n Load Case 3 (non-fissured clay) can not
required width of gravity structure be sensibly designed in either case,
necessary to satisfy Code of Practice because the clay foundation can not
CP2, AS 4678 and NCMA Method. prevent forward sliding. This leads to the
logical conclusion that such foundations
n Calculate the Reliability Indices, b,
should replaced by material with high
for each of the preliminary designs
friction.
for sliding, bearing and overturning
(including premature bearing).(Note 1)
n Determine initial Target Reliability
Indices, btarget, for particular
The study is available on application from
applications, based on ISO 2394
Concrete Masonry Association of Australia.
Table E1.
Concrete Masonry Association of Australia
PO Box 370 Artarmon NSW 1570
Notes: Telephone 02 8448 5500
1 Sliding may occur independently of both overturning and bearing failure. Bearing failure may Facsimile 02 9411 3801
occur independently of both sliding and overturning. Overturning may occur about the toe
under conditions of adequate bearing. However, if bearing failure occurs, it causes overturning For details of masonry manufacturers, see
failure. Therefore the Reliability Index for overturning is the minimum of the indices calculated CMAA Web Site: www.cmaa.com.au
for overturning about the toe and that calculated for bearing failure.
80
PO Box 370, Artarmon NSW 1570 Australia
Suite 3.02, Level 3, 44 Hampden Road Artarmon NSW 2064 Australia
Telephone +61 2 8448 5500 Fax +61 2 9411 3801
ABN 33 065 618 804
ISBN 0 909407 56 8
www.cmaa.com.au