MATH 311

Practice Final Exam Questions

Question 1 Z
z
Evaluate the line integral dz along the simple closed contour C
C z
shown in the diagram below.

2j

O
2 1 1 2

Solution:
The curves in the picture can be parametrized as following:

C1 : z = 2ejt , t [0, ], C2 : z = t, t [2, 1]

C3 : z = ejt , t [0, ], C4 : z = t, t [1, 2]
Now we have:
Z Z Z Z Z
z z z z z
dz = dz + dz dz + dz
C z C1 z C2 z C3 z C4 z
Z 1 Z jt Z 2
2ejt
Z
jt t e jt t
= jt
2je dt + dt jt
je dt + dt
0 2e 2 t 0 e 1 t
e3jt e2jt 2 4
= 2j |0 + 1 j | +1=2 =
3j 2j 0 3 3

Question 2 Z
1
Evaluate the integral dz where C is any contour from z1 = j to z2 = j
z
C
that except for the end points, lies on the left side of the y-axis.

Solution:
Take the branch of the logarithmic function

log z = ln z + j, [0, 2)

1
 1
which is an antiderivative of f (z) = on a domain that contains the curve C.
z
Hence Z j
1 3
dz = log z  = log (j) log (j) = j j = j.

z j 2 2
C

Question 3
Find the disc of convergence for the series:

X 3n X nn
(a) (z j)n (b) (z + 1)n
n! n!
n=0 n=0
Solution:
3n n
(a) Use Ratio Test with an = (z j) .
n!
 
 
 an+1   3n+1 (z j)n+1 n!   
 3 (z j) 
lim  = lim = lim =0<1
 
n
  
an  n  (n + 1)! 3n (z j)  n  n + 1 
 
n

We conclude that the series is convergent for any z C.

nn
(b) Use Ratio Test with an = (z + 1)n .
n!
   n 
 
 an+1   (n + 1)n+1 (z + 1)n+1 n!   1 
lim   = lim  = lim 1 + (z + 1)  = e |z + 1|
   
an (n + 1)! nn (z + 1)n  n  n
 
n  n  

The series converges if e |z + 1| < 1 and diverges if e |z + 1| > 1 hence the disc
of convergence is |z + 1| < 1e .

Question 4
Use the geometric series to obtain the Maclaurin series of the function f (z) =
z3
, |z| < 1.
(z + j)2

Solution:
 
z 
Since   < 1, we successively have
j
 n X
1 1 1 X
n z (1)n+1 n
=   = j (1) = z
z+j j 1 z n=0
j n=0
j n1
j

Taking the derivatives of both sides, differentiate the series term by term and then
multiplying both sides by z 3 yields:

z3 X n(1)n n+2
= z
(z + j)2 n=1
j n1

2
Question 5
Find the Laurent series of the functions:
1
(a) f (z) = z 3 cos about z0 = 0
z
2 1
(b) f (z) = z sin about z0 = 1.
z+1
Solution:
(a)
1 2n


3 1 3
X
n z
X (1)n 1
f (z) = z cos = z (1) =
z n=0
(2n)! n=0
(2n)! z 2n3

(b) If we set u = z + 1 z = u 1 than we have

1 2n+1


2 1 2 1  2 X
n u
f (z) = z sin = (u 1) sin = u 2u + 1 (1)
z1 u n=0
(2n + 1)!

X (1)n 1 X (1)n 2 1 X (1)n 1
= 2n1
2n
+ 2n+1
n=0
(2n + 1)! u n=0
(2n + 1)! u n=0
(2n + 1)! u

X (1)n 1 X (1)n 2 1 X (1)n1 1
= 2n1
2n
+
n=0
(2n + 1)! u n=0
(2n + 1)! u n=1
(2n 1)! u2n1

!
X (1)n (1)n1 1 X (1)n 2 1
= u+ +
n=1
(2n + 1)! (2n 1)! u2n1 n=0 (2n + 1)! u2n

X (1)n1 (4n2 + 2n 1) 1 X (1)n 2 1
= z+1+ 2n1
n=1
(2n + 1)! (z + 1) n=0
(2n + 1)! (z + 1)2n

Question 6
Find the residue at z0 = 0 of the following functions by finding their Laurent
series
1 sinh z
(a) f (z) = (b) f (z) = 4
z + z2


z 1 z2

Question 7  
Let f (z) = sin 1 z1
(a) Find the Laurent series about z0 = 0
(b) Find the residue of f at z0 = 0 and classify the singularity.

Solution:

3
 (a) We have
     
1 1 1
f (z) = sin 1 = sin 1 cos cos 1 sin
z z z
1 2n 1 2n+1



X X
n z n z
= sin 1 (1) cos 1 (1)
n=0
(2n)! n=0
(2n + 1)!

X (1)n sin 1 1 X (1)n+1 cos 1 1
= +
n=0
(2n)! z 2n n=0 (2n + 1)! z 2n+1

(b) Since the principal part of the Laurent series has infinitely many terms,
z = 0 is an essential singularity. The coefficient of z1 is obtained by taking n = 0 in
the second sum. We obtain Res{f (z)) = cos 1.
z=0

Question 8
1
For the function f (z) = (z1)(z2) find the Laurent series expansion about
z0 = 0 in
(a) the region |z| < 1
(b) the region 1 < |z| < 2
(c) the region |z| > 2.

Solution:
First we express the function as a sum of partial fractions:
1 1 1
f (z) = =
(z 1) (z 2) 1z 2z

 
(a) Since |z| < 1 we also have  z2  < 1 hence, by using the geometric series

1 X
= zn
1z n=0
 n
1 1 1 1X z X 1 n
= z = = n+1
z
2z 21 2 2 n=0 2 n=0
2

Hence

2n+1 1 n

1 1 X 1 X
f (z) = = 1 n+1 z n = z
1z 2 z n=0 2 n=0
2n+1

   
(b) Since 1 < |z| < 2 we have  z1  < 1 and also  z2  < 1 thus by using the
geometric series
 n
1 1 1 1 X 1 X 1
= 1 = =
1z z 1 z z n=0 z n=0
z n+1
 n
1 1 1 1X z X 1 n
= z = = n+1
z
2z 21 2 2 n=0 2 n=0
2

4
 Therefore

1 1 X 1 n X 1
f (z) = = z +
1z 2 z n=0 2n+1 n=0
z n+1
   
(c) Since |z| > 2 we have  z1  < 1
2 < 1 and also  z2  < 1 and as above
 n
1 1 1 1 X 1 X 1
= 1 = = n+1
1z z 1 z
z n=0 z n=0
z
 n
1 1 1 1 X 2 X 2n
= 2 = =
2z z 1 z
z n=0 z n=0
z n+1

Therefore

1 1 X 1 X 2n X 2n 1
f (z) = = n+1
+ n+1
=
1z 2 z n=0 z n=0
z n=0
z n+1

Question 9
For each function determine which singular points are poles. Determine the
order of each pole and find the corresponding residue.
1 cos z cos(3z) cos(2z) z
(a) f (z) = (b) f (z) = (c) f (z) =
z4 + z3 z6 e2z 1
Solution:
(a) z = 0 is a double root for numerator and triple root for the denominator,
hence 0 is a simple pole. In this case
1 cos z 1 cos z 1
Res{f (z)} = lim z = lim = .
z=0 z0 z 3 (z + 1) z0 z2 2
z = 1 is a simple root for denominator and it is not a root for the numerator.
1 cos z 
Hence it is a pole of order 1. We have Res {f (z)} = 3 = cos 1 1.
4z + 3z 2 z=1

z=1
(b) The Laurent series expansion of f about z = 0 can be immediately
obtained:

cos(3z) cos(2z)
f (z) =
z6 z6
2n 2n6
X 3 z X 22n z 2n6
= (1)n (1)n
n=0
(2n)! n=0
(2n)!

X 32n 22n 2n6
= (1)n z
n=0
(2n)!

32 22 1 34 24 1 36 26 X 32n 22n 2n6
= 4
+ 2
+ (1)n z
2 z 4! z 6! n=4
(2n)!

We conclude that z = 0 is a pole of order four and Res{f (z)} = 0.

z=0

5
 Notice: We might use an alternative argument. Let g(z) = cos(3z) cos(2z).
Since g(0) = g 0 (0) = 0 and g 00 (0) 6= 0 we conclude that z = 0 is a double root for
numerator. It is a root of order 6 for denominator hence is a pole of order 4 for f.
However, if you use the formula that gives the residue at a pole of order m for this
particular situation, that is
 000
1 cos(3z) cos(2z)
Res{f (z)} = lim z 4
z=0 (4 1)! z0 z6
you will find that the calculation is quite long.

(c) The solutions of the equation e2z 1 = 0 are zk = kj, k Z. z0 = 0 is a

simple root for the numerator and denominator hence it is a removable singularity,
in this case, Res{f (z)} = 0. If k 6= 0,then zk = kj are simple poles (since are
z=0
simple roots for the denominator and none of them is a root for numerator). We
have
z  zk kj
Res {f (z)} = 2z  = = .
z=zk 2e z=zk 2 2

Question 10
EvaluateZthe integrals
ez
Z
(a) dz (b) tan zdz
sinh z
|z|=2 |z|=10
where the circles are positively oriented and traversed once.
Solution:
z
e
(a) The singular points of the function f (z) = sinh z are the solutions of the
equation sinh z = 0 i.e., zk = kj, k Z. All of these singular points are simple
poles since none of them is a root of the denominator. Only z0 = 0 is inside the
circle |z| = 2. We have
ez 
Res{f (z)} = =1
cosh z z=0

z=0
and hence, by the Theorem of Residues
ez
Z
dz = 2jRes{f (z)} = 2j.
sinh z z=0
|z|=2

(2k+1)
(b) The function f (z) = tanh z has singularities at zk = 2 , k Z, all of
them are simple poles. We have
sin z 
Res {f (z)} = = 1.
sin z z=zk

z=zk

On the other hand |zk | < 10 |2k + 1| < 20/ 20+ 2 < k <
20
2 . The
solutions are all the integers in the interval [3, 2] (six integers).
We conclude that
Z X2
tan zdz = 2j Res {f (z)} = 12j.
z=zk
k=3
|z|=12

6
Question 11
z3
Z
Find the value of the integral dz, taken counterclockwise
(z + 1)(z 2 + 4)
C
around the circle, traversed once:

(a) |z + 2| = 2 (b) |z| = 3

Solution:
z3
(a) The singular points for f (z) = (z+1)(z 2 +4) are z = 1 and z = 2j.
Since |1 + 2| < 2 and |2j + 2| > 2, we conclude that only z = 1 is inside the
circle |z + 2| = 2. Since z = 1 is a simple pole for f, one obtains
" #
z3 1
Res {f (z)) = lim (z + 1) =
z=1 z1 (z + 1)(z 2 + 4) 5

and by using the Residue Theorem we get

z3
Z
2j
dz = .
(z + 1)(z 2 + 4) 5
C

(b) z = 1 and z = 2j are simple poles inside the circle |z| = 3 and since
Res {f (z)) = 24j
5 we get
z=2j

z3
 
1 2 + 4j 2 4j
Z
dz = 2j + + = 2j
(z + 1)(z 2 + 4) 5 5 5
C

Notice that for solving part (b) we may also use the Single Residue Theorem.

Question 12 Z
dz
Find the value of the integral , taken counterclockwise around
z 8 (z + 2)2
C
the circle traversed once:

(a) |z| = 1 (b) |z 1| = 2

Solution:
(a) z = 0 is the only singular point inside the curve. It is a pole of order 8.
We have
 n X
1 1 1 1X n z (1)n n
= = (1) = z
z+2 21+ z 2 n=0 2 n=0
2n+1
2
Taken the derivative of both sides one obtains

1 X (1)n n1
2
= nz
(z + 2) n=1
2n+1

and hence, if multiply both sides with z 8 , we get

7

1 X n(1)n1 n9
= z
z 8 (z + 2)2 n=1
2n+1

1
The coefficient of in the above expansion is
z
8 1
Res{f (z)} = = .
z=0 29 64
Hence Z
dz 1
= 2j = j.
z 3 (z + 4) 64 32
|z|=1

(b) Since only z = 0 is a singular point inside the circle |z 1| = 2 the

solution and the answer is the same as in (a).

Question 13
Evaluate
Z the integrals
(2z 6 + 1)dz z 3 (2 3z 5 )dz
Z
(a) (b)
z(z + 1)2 (2z 5)4 (1 + z)(1 + 2z 8 )
C C
where C denote the positively oriented circle |z| = 3 traversed once.

Solution:
2z 6 +1
(a) f (z) = z(z+1) 2 (2z5)4 is analytic on C except points z = 0, z = 1, z =

5/2 which are poles inside the circle |z| = 3. We can use the Single Residue Theorem.
2+z 6
Since z12 f z1 = z(1+z)


2 (25z)4 one obtains

 ) ( ( )
2 + z6
Z
1 1
f (z) dz = 2jRes f
= 2jRes
z=0 z z2 z=0 z(1 + z)2 (2 5z)4
C
( )
2 + z6 1
= 2j lim z 2 4
= 2j = j.
z0 z(1 + z) (2 5z) 8 4
3 5
z (23z )
(b) f (z) = (1+z)(1+2z 8 ) is analytic on C except points z = 1 and any
1
solution of the equation 2z 8 = 1. Since 2z 8 = 1 |z| = 8
2
< 3 we conclude
8
that any solution of the equation 2z = 1 is inside the circle |z| = 3. So,we may
use the Single Residue Theorem again:
(  ) (
)
1
z3 2 z35
Z
1 1 1
f (z) dz = 2jRes f = 2jRes
z 2 1 + z1 1 + z28



z=0 z2 z z=0
C
( )
2z 5 3
 
3
= 2j lim z = 2j = 3j.
z0 z (z + 1) (z 8 + 2) 2

8
Question 14
UseZresidues to evaluate the following improper integrals:
Z
x2 dx x2 dx
(a) (b)
(x2 + 1)(x2 + 9)


0 0 x2 + 9 (x2 + 1)2

Solution:
z2
(a) Let f (z) = and the curve C = [R, R]CR positively
(z 2 + 1) (z 2 + 9)
oriented. The

poles that are inside C are Rj and 3j, which are simple poles. Since
lim zf (z) = 0, we conclude that lim CR f (z) dz = 0. Hence
z R

Z
x2
   
  1 3
2 2
dx = 2j Res f (z) + Res f (z) = 2j + =
(x + 1) (x + 9) z=j z=3j 16j 16j 4

Therefore, since f is even we get

Z
x2
dx = .
(x2 + 1) (x2 + 9) 8
0

2
z
(b) Let f (z) = (z2 +9)(z 2 +1)2 and the curve C = [R, R] CR positively

oriented. The poles that are inside C are 3j (simple) and j ( double). Since lim

R z
zf (z) = 0, we conclude that lim CR f (z) dz = 0. Hence,
R

Z
x2
 

2 dx = 2j Res f (z) + Res f (z)
(x2 + 9) (x2 + 1) z=3j z=j

We have :
( )
 z2 3
Res f (z) = lim (z 3j) f (z) = lim (z 3j) 2 =
z=3j z3j z3j (z 3j) (z + 3j) (z 2 + 1) 128j
( )0
 2 2 z2 5
Res f (z) = lim (z j) f (z) = lim (z j) 2 2 =
z=j zj zj (z j) (z + j) (z 2 + 9) 128j
Z
x2
 
3 5
2 dx = 2j
128j
+
128j
=
32
(x2 + 9) (x2 + 1)

Since f is even we get

Z
x2
2 dx =
64
(x2 + 9) (x2 + 1)
0

9
Question 15
UseZresidues to evaluate the following improper
Z integrals:

cos ax cos x
(a) 2
dx, a 0 (b) 2 2
dx
0 x +4 (x + 1)(x + 4)

Solution:
(a) We have

Z Z

cos ax 1 jax

dx = Re e dx
x2 + 1

2
x +1

Let g (z) = z21+4 ejaz and the curve C = [R, R] CR positively oriented. The
only pole inside the curve is z = 2j (simple pole). Since lim z21+4 = 0 we conclude
R z
that lim CR g (z) dz = 0.
R

Hence
Z
1 e2a
ejax dx = 2j Res g (z) = 2j

= 2a
x2 +4 z=2j 4j 2e

Therefore
Z Z

cos ax 1
dx = Re ejax dx = 2a
x2 + 4
x2 + 4
2e

Consequently Z
cos ax
dx = 2a .
0 x2 + 4 4e
(b) We have

Z Z

cos x 1 jx

dx = Re e dx
(x2 + 1)(x2 + 4)

2 2
(x + 1)(x + 4)

1
Let g (z) = ejz and the curve C = [R, R]CR positively oriented.
(z 2 + 1)(z 2 + 4)
The poles of g that are inside the curve C are j and 2j (simple poles). Since
1 R
lim 2 2
= 0 we conclude that lim CR g (z) dz = 0.
z (z + 1)(z + 4) R
Hence
Z
ejx
 
 
dx = 2j Res g (z) + Res g (z)
(x2 + 1)(x2 + 4) z=j z=2j

" # !
e1 e2 1 e2
= 2j = e
6j 12j 3 2
and therefore
Z !
cos x 1 e2
2 2
dx = e
(x + 1)(x + 4) 3 2

10
Question 16
UseZresidues to evaluate the following improper
Z integrals:

x sin x x sin x
(a)
2 dx, a > 0 (b) 4 2
dx, a > 0
0 2
x +a 2 x + a

Solution:
(a) We have

Z Z

x sin x x jx

2 dx = Im 2 e dx
(x2 + a2 )
(x2 + a2 )

z jz
Let g(z) = (z2 +a 2 )2 e and the curve C = [R, R] CR positively oriented.
There is only one pole inside the curve z = aj, which is a double pole. Since
z R
lim = 0 we conclude that lim CR g (z) dz = 0. Hence
z (z 2 + a2 )2 R

Z !0 !0
x jx
 1 2 z jz zejz
2 e dx = 2j z=aj Res g (z) = 2j lim (z aj) e = 2j lim
(x2 + a2 ) 1! (z 2 + a2 )2 zaj (z + aj)2
zaj

!
ejz jz 2 (a + 1)z + aj ea
= 2j lim 3
= 2j =j .
zaj (z + aj) 4a 2aea
Hence
Z Z Z
x sin x x sin x 1 x sin x
2 2 2 dx = 2aea and 2 2 2 dx = 2 2 dx =
4aea
.
(x + a ) 0 (x + a ) (x2 + a2 )

(b) We have

Z Z

x sin x x jx

dx = Im e dx
x4 + a2
x4 + a2


z jz
Let g(z) = and the curve C = [R, R] CR positively oriented. The
z 4 +a2 e

solutions of the equation z 4 + a2 = 0 are zk = aej ( 4 + 4 ) , k = 0, 1, 2, 3 and they
2k

are simpleppoles for the function pg(z). Only two of these poles are inside the curve
z
C : z1 = a/2(1 + j) and z2 = a/2(1 + j). Since lim z4 +a 2 = 0 we conclude
R z
that lim CR g (z) dz = 0). Hence
R
Z  
x
ejx dx


= 2j Res g (z) + Res g (z)
x4 + a2 z=z1 z=z2

" #
e a/2 sin a/2
p p
zejz  zejz  sin a/2
= 2j + = 2j = j
4z 3 z=z1 4z 3 z=z2 2a
 
ae a/2
Hence
Z p
x sin x sin a/2
dx =
x4 + a 2 ae a/2

11