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Exercise 2.1
1 Information systems perform a set of information processes requiring participants,
data/information and information technology. They are created to provide access
to information for an organisation or individual.
3 Batch processing collects the transaction data into a group and processes it later. It
has a time delay, and this may be a significant disadvantage. In real-time
processing, each transaction is immediately processed. It provides instant
confirmation of a transaction but does require access to an online database.
4 A DSS depends on the accuracy of the mathematical model and the ability of the
manager to formulate appropriate questions.
6 The knowledge base is a set of general facts and if-then rules supplied by an
expert.
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c The membership data consists of last name, first name, address, phone
number, age, sex, date of birth, and work number.
d The video data consists of an identity number, a title, main stars, a rating, and
an entertainment category.
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
1 The effect of information systems include banking (ATMs, plastic cards), learning
(Internet, educational software), communication (Internet, email, voice mail),
shops (EFTPOS, barcode readers) and individual productivity (PCs, word
processing, databases). Student opinion.
2 Student opinion. Managers could provide staff with comprehensive guidelines and
structures on formatting documents, organising data and surfing the web. Bonuses
could be provided for staff that complete a particular task within a timeframe.
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3 These issues indicate that expert systems are used in areas where the cost of the
expert system is low compared with the expense of paying an expert. Expert
systems are commonly used in medicine and the stock market. Expert systems
would not be used in any area where experts are paid small amounts of money and
are readily available.
Processbuying a product.
Data storedatabase.
5 The ethical issue raise by this situation is privacy. The staff does not have the right
to sell the personal data of the members. Student opinion.
Exercise 2.2
1 Computer-based databases have several advantages over non-computer databases:
2 Flat file databases organise data using data structures called files, records, fields,
and characters:
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3 A primary key is a single key or compound key that must have a value. Primary
keys cannot be empty or null. A secondary key is a field that contains useful items
of data often used in searches. Secondary keys are not always unique.
5 A schema is the data definition for a database. It is an organised plan of the entire
database showing how and where the data is found, descriptions of the data and its
logical relationships.
10 A link is the highlighted text (usually an underlined word or graphic) that allows
an electronic connection. If another computer is the destination of the link, that
computer is called a node.
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14 Links are achieved using HTMLs hypertext-related tag. It is <A> and stands for
anchor. The document to be linked is specified using the instruction
HREF="filename". The filename refers to the location or path of the link. After
the hypertext reference, the text that will provide the link is specified.
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
1 Three non-computer databases are:
2 Students could describe boxes, folders, cupboards, bookcases, desk drawers, filing
cabinets or books. Student answers depend on the structure of the non-computer
database they are using at home.
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CustomersCustomerID.
SeatsSeatNumber.
EventsEventID.
b Data dictionary needs to be created for each entity (customers, seats and
events) using the given attributes. The data type for most attributes is text with
the exception of Deposit (currency) and Date and Time (date). Students
should accurately describe each attribute and specify a realistic field size.
d Data entry form should be designed using appropriate headings and groupings
of attributes.
5 a The attribute that is redundant is DateLastGift and GiftDate. The same data
is stored in different attributes.
b The data structure would be modified by replacing the Address attribute with
attributes called Street, Suburb and PostCode.
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PersonPersonID.
GiftGiftID.
d A data dictionary needs to be created for each entity (person and gift) using the
given attributes. The data type for most attributes is text with the exception of
AmountToDate (currency), DateLastGift (date) and GiftAmount (currency).
Students should accurately describe each attribute and specify a realistic field
size.
6 Students need to create a storyboard with each frame representing a Web page. A
frame representing the Web page would then provide a simple linear path. The
hypertext document could be constructed using a software package such as
PowerPoint.
Exercise 2.3
1 A database contains the data and the DBMS accesses this data.
2 Data is accessed by referring to the index and obtaining the exact location of the
data. Indexed access requires additional time to search the index, as well as
processing time for maintenance of the index.
Hard disk is a magnetic disk made of metal or glass and covered with
magnetic material.
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Magnetic tape is a very long, thin strip of plastic, coated with a thin
layer of magnetic material.
6 A backup is a copy of the data that could be used to rebuild the system. A DBMS
creates a backup at a specified time. If the system goes down, the recovery process
rebuilds the system. It uses the last completed backup and a journal listing all the
actions completed by the DBMS since the last backup.
WHEREthe query.
10 A search engines index is built by regularly scanning the Web for new sites and
accepting submissions from Web page authors.
11 A search engine that offers directories contains lists of Web sites organised into
categories, such as technology, entertainment, or sport.
12 A search robot is a program that accesses Web sites and gathers information for
search engine indexes.
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b All records whose postcode has as the first three numbers 261.
f All records whose colour is Red and cost is greater than $500.
15 a 6.
c Melissa Mullins.
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
1 This question requires students to create a relational database with a filename of
SMALL BUS. There are three entities: Bus, Patron and Job. Teachers need to
assess students skills when completing each task.
2 a The query displays the attributes FirstName and LastName using the
Employee and Wage entities. It finds all the records whose department is
Sport and weekly pay is greater than 1000. The result of the query is sorted
by family name in ascending order.
b The query displays the attribute EmployeeID using the Employee and Wage
entities. It finds all the records whose suburb is Cabramatta and pay date is
31/07/01. The result of the query is sorted by last name in descending order.
c SQL query:
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3 Student investigation.
4 Student investigation.
Exercise 2.4
1 A report is the formatted and organised presentation of data.
2 Examples of reports are mailing labels, invoices, sales summaries and telephone
lists.
3 Reports are often based on a query as the user needs to select the required records
to be presented. For example, you may not need a mailing label for everybody in
the School database.
4 Most DBMS have the following sections in a report: report header, page header,
details section, page footer and report footer.
5 A report header appears once at the beginning of a report. A page header displays
information needed at the top of every page. A page header appears after the report
header on the first page of the report.
7 a The purpose of the RTA to ensure vehicles are safe, protect road users and
provide individuals with a drivers licence.
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c Data in the registration table would include plate number, expiry date, last
name, first name, street, suburb, postcode, year, make, model, shape, chassis
number and engine number.
d Data in the drivers licence table would include licence number, first name,
middle name, last name, address, suburb, post code, home phone, work phone,
birth date, expiry date, donor and photograph.
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
1 This question requires students to create a relational database with a filename of
RTA. Teachers need to assess students skills when completing each task.
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Exercise 2.5
1 An informal source of data is obtained casually during a conversation, meeting or
observations. A formal source of data is obtained from a report, a book or an
official document. It often provides data that is logically organised.
4 Four methods of validating data are a range check, list check, type check and a
check digit.
5 A range check is used if the data is restricted to a small range of particular values.
For example, when a date is entered in the format 21/2/2001, a range check
determines whether the first two digits are in the range of 1 to 31 and the second
two digits are in the range of 1 to 12.
6 Privacy is a major concern for those involved with databases and their use. Large
organisations, such as banks, use databases to store information about their
customers. This information is confidential. It should not be used for other
purposes or be made available to anyone outside the organisation.
7 The Freedom of Information Act is designed to allow individuals to find out what
data is being kept by the government and other public bodies. It states that
individuals have the right to access information where it relates to the individual
and does not invade another persons privacy.
8 The problem with data mining is that many of the patterns occur by chance and
have no value in making decisions.
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
1 The relational database for student records will provide a more flexible way of
manipulating and combining data. Each file (student, financial, teacher and
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assessment) would become an entity in the relational database. This would reduce
the duplication of data (data redundancy) such as entering students names into
separate files for student data and assessment data. Entering the data only once
provides a better structure to keep the data accurate and makes the data more
efficient. It is also easier to secure the data and certain entities from people
without access rights.
4 The ethical issue raise by this situation is privacy. Max Music does not have the
right to sell the personal data of its customers. Student opinion.
Chapter review 2
PART A
1 A
2 C
3 B
4 C
5 A
6 C
7 D
8 C
9 D
10 C
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PART B
1 (g) relational
2 (k) SQL
3 (l) URL
4 (b) direct
5 (i) schema
6 (d) key
7 (a) data dictionary
8 (h) report
9 (e) normalisation
10 (c) hypertext
11 (j) sequential
12 (f) query
PART C
1 Hypermedia is a combination of media whose information is linked electronically
to provide an easy way to navigate between information. The information is stored
using a set of documents that may contain text, images, audio, video or executable
programs. Hypertext allows documents to be cross-linked in such a way that the
user can move from one document to another by clicking on a link.
b Data validation is used to check the entry of data and includes range check,
type check, list check and check digit. Data redundancy is the undesirable
duplication of data within a database.
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4 A flat file database organises data into a single table. It organises data using data
structures called files, records, fields, and characters. A relational database
organises data using a series of related tables. Relationships are built between the
tables to provide a flexible way of manipulating and combining data. The
organisation of data in a relational database involves a schema that defines the
entities, attributes and relationships.
6 Two common methods for constructing a query are QBE and SQL. QBE requires
the user to enter the criteria against a field. SQL is a query language used to access
and manipulate data in a relational database. SQL statements contain keywords
that are used to perform a particular task, such as SELECT, FROM, WHERE and
ORDER BY.
7 A search engine allows a keyword search to retrieve data from its index. A
keyword is entered related to the topic of interest. Most search engines allow a
search on a series of keywords and for specific information. When the user
requests a keyword search, the search engine scans the index for the keywords and
lists the Web sites that contain those keywords.
8 Students can select a social or ethical issue, such as data sources, accuracy of data,
privacy, access to data and data mining. They need to specify some of the methods
of protecting the rights of individuals, such as Copyright Act, data validation and
Freedom of Information Act.
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