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DC Theory Circuits Laboratory

Table of Contents
Resistors

Definition
A component used in every electrical or electronic application which opposes to the flow
of charge through a material.
Resistors

Resistor
Examples Resistance
Resistance Is a measure of the opposition of the flow of charge through a material. This opposition
Values due to collisions between electrons and between electrons and other atoms, converts
Resistance
Measurement electrical energy into another form of energy such as heat.

Unit of Measurement
Its' unit of measurement is ohms and is respresented by the Greek letter
omega.

Symbol

Applications
They are used in a variety of tasks: heating (electric burner) and lighting control, and
velocity (electric fans).

TEEL 3162

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Produced by Awilda Melendez at the Department of Educational Technology,


San Diego State University
Instructor: Dr. F. Saba
2002 by Awilda Melendez. All rights reserved.
DC Theory Circuits Laboratory

Table of Contents
Resistor Examples

For larger views, click on pictures.


Resistors
Fixed Resistors
Resistor
Examples
Resistance
Values
Resistance
Measurement

Wire-wound resistor Carbon resistor

Ceramic resistor

Variable Resistors

TEEL 3162 Potentiometer Potentiometer

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Produced by Awilda Melendez at the Department of Educational Technology,


San Diego State University
Instructor: Dr. F. Saba
2002 by Awilda Melendez. All rights reserved.
DC Theory Circuits Laboratory

Table of Contents
Resistance Values

Resistors The magnitude of the resistance can be determine using an ohmmeter,


the color code, or reading its printed value. The reading method will
Resistor
Examples
depend on the resistor construction. Practice the color code to become
Resistance an expert.
Values
Resistance
Measurement The color code is used in carbon resistors.

You can find printed values in ceramic or wire-wound resistors.

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Produced by Awilda Melendez at the Department of Educational Technology,
San Diego State University
Instructor: Dr. F. Saba
2002 by Awilda Melendez. All rights reserved.
The Original Color Coded Resistance
Calculator
Stripe 1 Stripe 2 Stripe 3 Tolerance
Black Black Black No Band

Black Silver
Brown Gold
Red No Band
Orange
Yellow Result
Green
0 0 0
Blue 10^
20
Violet %
0 +/- 0 Ohms
=
Gray

White
DC Theory Circuits Laboratory

Table of Contents
Resistance Measurement

Resistance is measured with an instrument called ohmmeter.

To measure resistance, select ohms and place the lead connectors red
to V /ohms/continuity and black to common. Then touch the resistor
Resistors terminals with the leads. You will see its value in the display.
Resistor
Examples
When measuring resistance, never touch the resistor terminals with your
Resistance fingers. The measurement will be affected with your body resistance.
Values

Resistance
Measurement

TEEL 3162

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Produced by Awilda Melendez at the Department of Educational Technology,


San Diego State University
Instructor: Dr. F. Saba
2002 by Awilda Melendez. All rights reserved.
DC Voltage Measurement

DC voltage is measured with an instrument named voltmeter. The power


supply must be on for this type of measurement.
To measure voltage in a resistance, select DC V and place the probe
connectors red to V /ohms/continuity and black to common. Place the
leads in parallel with the resistor, one lead on each terminal. It is similar
to resistance measurement. You will see the value in the display.

Never touch the circuit components while the power supply is on.

See how voltage is measured in a circuit.


TEEL 3162
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DC Current Measurement

DC current is measured with an instrument named ammeter. The power


supply must be on for this type of measurement.
To measure current through resistance, select DC mA/A and place the
probe connectors red to mA/A and black to common. Place the leads in
series with the resistor.

You always have to open the circuit to measure current. You will see
the value in the display.

Never touch the circuit while the power supply is on.

TEEL 3162
DC Theory Circuits Laboratory

Table of Contents
Proto Board and Circuit Construction

Proto boards are used to construct and test circuits.

Proto Board

Continuity
Top view Bottom view
Circuit
Construction
from a diagram

TEEL 3162

Proto board strip

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Produced by Awilda Melendez at the Department of Educational Technology,


San Diego State University
Instructor: Dr. F. Saba
2002 by Awilda Melendez. All rights reserved.
ELEC 241 Lab

The Breadboard
The Concept

When building a "permanent circuit" the components can be "grown" together (as in an
integrated circuit), soldered together (as on a printed circuit board), or held together by
screws and clamps (as in house wiring). In lab, we want something that is easy to
assemble and easy to change. We also want something that can be used with the same
components that "real" circuits use. Most of these components have pieces of wire or
metal tabs sticking out of them to form their terminals.

How it Works

The heart of the solderless breadboard is a small metal clip that looks like this:

The clip is made of nickel silver (which like mock turtle soup, contains no silver), a
material which is reasonably conductive, reasonably springy, and reasonably corrosion
resistant. Because each of the pairs of fingers is independent (like the coils of a
Beautyrest mattress) we can insert the end of a wire between any pair without
reducing the tension in any of the other fingers. Hence each pair can hold a wire with
maximum tension.

To make a breadboard, an array of these clips is embedded in a plastic block which


holds them in place and insulates them from each other, like this:
The hole in the block above each pair of fingers holds the wire accurately centered in
the clip.

Depending on the size and arrangement of the clips, we get either a socket strip or a bus
strip. The socket strip is used for connecting components together. It has two rows of
short (5 contact) clips arranged one above another, like this:

The bus strip is used to distribute power and ground voltages through the circuit. It has
has six long (24 contact) clips arranged lengthwise, like this:

Note that in their infinite wisdom, the manufacturer elected not to join the adjacent 24
contact strips into a single, full-length, 48 contact strip. This is actually convenient for
creating isolated power buses, but if you want a single, continuous bus, you will have to
bridge the central gap yourself.

When we combine two socket strips, three bus strips, power connectors, power tie
points, interface modules, and an interface connector on a large printed circuit board, we
get the complete breadboard:
(In this picture we have replaced the plastic covers, hiding the connection between the
terminal points.

The breadboard lets us connect components together and by wiring the bus strips to the
binding posts and the binding posts to the power supply, to connect the power supply to
the circuit. Now what we need is a way to bring connections from the rest of the
instruments into the breadboard.

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