ECE-305: Fall 2016

Material Properties 1
Pierret, Semiconductor Device Fundamentals (SDF)
Chapter 1 (pp. 3-19)

Professor Peter Bermel

Electrical and Computer Engineering
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
pbermel@purdue.edu

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 outline

1. Graphene

2. Silicon

3. Miller indices

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 semiconductors

column
4

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table
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 carbon energy levels

C atom ( = 6)

2p6
4 valence electrons
energy

8 valence states
2s2

1s2 core level

4
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 Graphene: 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics

Graphene is a one-atom-thick planar carbon sheet with a

triangular lattice with 2 atoms per unit cell.

source: CNTBands 2.7.2

https://nanohub.org/resources/1838

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 triangular lattice + 2 atom basis

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 outline

1. Graphene
2. Silicon

3. Miller indices

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 silicon energy levels

4s0

3p2
4 valence electrons
energy

8 valence states
3s2

2p6

2s2 core levels

1s2
8
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 cartoon Si crystal

What would you get from combining carbon in the

same way?
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 3D crystal structure

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bravais_lattice
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 silicon in diamond lattice

https://nanohub.org/tools/crystal_viewer
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 The diamond lattice

Atoms per unit cell

8 times 1/8 + 6 times + 4

8 atoms per unit cell

https://nanohub.org/tools/crystal_viewer
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 Silicon: nearest neighbor (NN) spacing

https://nanohub.org/tools/crystal_viewer
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 Silicon: density

=
Volume
Lattice constant = 5.4307

Mass
=
Volume

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 Si atoms in a solid

1) In a Si crystal, each atom occupies, a specific

location in a crystal lattice.

2) Polycrystalline Si consider of many

crystalline grains with different orientations.

3) In amorphous Si, the atoms are more or less

randomly distributed throughout the solid.

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 semiconductors

column
4

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table
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 semiconductors

Col. Col.
3 5

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table
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 outline

1. Graphene
2. Silicon
3. Miller indices

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 Miller index prescription for describing planes
z x, y, and z-axis intercepts:

(1, 2, 1) plane 2a, 1a, 2a

2, 1, 2
2a
invert:
a y
. 1,
2a
Rationalize:

1, 2, 1
x
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 question

Where does this prescription come from?

Answer: If we remember the equation for a plane, we can

figure it out.

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 where it comes from
z equation of a plane:
x y z
(1, 2, 1) plane + + =1
xint yint zint
2a describe with the numbers:
1 1 1
y , ,
a xint yint zint
2a equivalent to:
1 1 1
, ,
xint a yint a zint a
x
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 prescription for describing directions
z equation of a vector:

v = 2,2,3
3a
v = 2ax + 2ay + 3az

describe with components:

2a y 2a,2a,3a
2a
equivalent to:

2,2,3
x
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 direction normal to a plane
z

(1, 2, 1) plane

2a v = 1,2,1
Why is [1, 2, 1] normal to
(1, 2, 1)?
a y
2a

x
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 where it comes from
z equation of a plane:
x y z
(1, 2, 1) plane f ( x, y, z ) = + + =1
xint yint zint
2a N = 1,2,1
normal to a plane:

f f f
a y N = f ( x, y, z ) = x + y + z
x y x
2a
(gradient)
1 1 1
N= x + y + z
xint yint zint
x
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 angle between planes

N1 = 1,0,0

N 2 = 1,1,1

(1, 0, 0) plane q

(KOH etching)

N1 N 2 = N1 N 2 cosq

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 angle between planes

N1 = 1,0,0
N N2
cosq = 1
N1 N 2 N 2 = 1,1,1

N1 = h1 ,k1 ,l1
1+ 0 + 0
cosq =
12 + 02 + 02 122 + 122 + 122
N 2 = h2 ,k2 ,l2

1
cosq =
h1h2 + k1k2 + l1l2 3
cosq =
h12 + k12 + l12 h22 + k22 + l22
q = 54.7

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 summary

(h k l) A specific plane.

A direction normal
h k l to the plane above.

{h k l} A set of equivalent planes.

hkl A set of equivalent directions.

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 what plane is this?
z

a
-a y
a a 2a 3a

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 what plane is this?
z

Bermel ECE-305 F16

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 Silicon: atoms / cm2 on (100)

Lattice constant: 5.4307 Ang

Atoms on face = 4 times +1 = 2

Ns = 2/a2

Ns = 6.81x 1014 /cm2

https://nanohub.org/tools/crystal_viewer

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 outline

1. Graphene

2. Silicon

3. Miller indices

Online tools:
https://nanohub.org/tools/crystal_viewer
http://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/tlplib/miller_indices/lattice_draw.php
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