TK Sengupta, Poinsot, Instabilities of Flows With and Without Heat Transfer and Chemical RXN

~ SpringerWienNewYork
CISM COURSES AND LECTURES
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The series presents lecture notes, monographs, edited works and

proceedings in the field of Mechanics, Engineering, Computer Science
and Applied Mathematics.
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and technical community results obtained in some of the activities
organized by CISM, the International Centre for Mechanical Sciences.
INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR MECHANICAL SCIENCES
COURSES AND LECTURES - No. 517
INSTABILITIES OF FLOWS: WITH AND

WITHOUT HEAT TRANSFER AND
CHEMICAL REACTION
EDITED BY
TAPAN K. SENGUPTA
HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING LABORATORY,
DEPT. OF AEROSPACE ENGG.
IIT KANPUR 208 016, INDIA
THIERRY POINSOT
CNRS/INST. DE MECANIQUE DES FLUIDES DE TOULOUSE,
TOULOUSE, FRANCE
This volume contains 133 illustrations
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whether the whole or part of the material is concerned
specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations,
broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine
or similar means, and storage in data banks.
2010 by CISM, Udine
Printed in Italy
SPIN 12822072
All contributions have been typeset by the authors.
ISBN 978-3-7091-0126-1 SpringerWienNewYork

Prefaces
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TK Sengupta wants to acknowledge the help provided by V.K. Suman,
Neelu Singh, Y. Bhumkar, S. Bhaumik and Kamal K. Mishra for help with
preparation of the manuscript.
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ZVSON SXZ_^ Y\ NS]^_\LKXMO] >RO]O \O]ZYX]O] MY_VN LO SX Ô\W] YP ZRc]SMKV
NO
OM^SYX] Z\O]]_\O ÒVYMS^c `Y\^SMS^c ÔWZO\K^_\O O^M ^RY]O ZRc]SMKV
Z\YZO\^SO] \OVO`KX^ ^Y ^RO NcXKWSM] ]RYaSXQ _Z SX QOXO\KV K] P_XM^SYX YP
]ZKMO KXN ^SWO +Xc K\LS^\K\c P_XM^SYX YP ]ZKMO KXN ^SWO MKX LO a\S^ÔX SX
Ô\W] YP 0Y_\SO\6KZVKMO ^\KX]PY\W K] QSÒX Lc

: L H ) ?957D@ 88? !
>
PY\ K ]c]ÔW aRY]O Z\YZO\^c : L H `K\SO] aS^R ^SWO KXN ]SXQVO ]ZKMO NS
WOX]SYX L 3X ^RS] NO XS^SYX KXN ? K\O ^RO MYWZVOb MS\M_VK\ P\O[_OXMc
KXN aKÒ X_WLO\ \O]ZOM^SÒVc + ]ZOMSKV ZYSX^ S] ]^KÔN RO\O ^Y SXÔ\Z\O^
^RO WOKXSXQ YP /[X ! >RO SXÔQ\KV] SX ^RS] O[_K^SYX K\O ZO\PY\WON
KVYXQ ]ZOMSKV MYX^Y_\] SX ^RO MYWZVOb KXN ?ZVKXO KXN K\O MKVVON ^RO
,\YWaSMR MYX^Y_\] aRY]O NO XS^SYX KXN _]KQO] MKX LO P_\^RO\ ]OOX SX @KX
NO\ :YV ,\OWWO\ &"& KXN :KZY_VS] &# >RO ,\YWaSMR MYX^Y_\]
K\O MRY]OX SX ^RO ]^\SZ YP ^ROS\ MYXÒ\QOXMO aRO\O ^ROc K\O NO XON >RS] S]
NS]M_]]ON SX ]OM^SYX # PY\ KX OVKLY\KÔ ObZVKXK^SYX KXN WKXc KZZVSMK
^SYX] PY\ LY_XNK\c VKcO\ SX]^KLSVS^c K\O ]RYaX SX ]OM^SYX # -RYSMO YP ^RO
MYX^Y_\ SX ^RO ZVKXO NOZOXN] YX ^RO ZRc]SMKV Z\SXMSZVO YP 20DB0;8CH 3X
^RO ]KWO aKc ^RO ?ZVKXO MYX^Y_\ RK] ^Y LO MRY]OX SX ]_MR K aKc ^RK^ ^RO
ZYVO] KXN ]SXQ_VK\S^SO] YP ^RO \O]ZYX]O ]RY_VN LO ZY]S^SYXON ^Y KMMY_X^ PY\
^RO MY\\OM^ NS\OM^SYXKVS^c YP ^RO K]]YMSKÔN \O]ZYX]O OVN >RO ^\KX]PY\W]
\OVKÔN ^Y ^SWO NOZOXNOXMO K\O ^R_] ]Y_QR^ SX Ô\W] YP _XSVKÔ\KV 6KZVKMO
0Y_\SO\ ^\KX]PY\W KXN ^RO ^\KX]PY\W] K]]YMSKÔN aS^R ]ZKMO NOZOXNOXMO K\O
NO XON `SK LSVKÔ\KV 6KZVKMO ^\KX]PY\W /[_K^SYX ! S] ^RO SXÒ\]O
^\KX]PY\W ^Y YL^KSX ^RO P_XM^SYX SX ^RO ZRc]SMKV ]ZKMO LK]ON YX ^RO `KV_O
YP ^RO NS\OM^ ^\KX]PY\W ? YL^KSXON SX ^RO ]ZOM^\KV ZVKXO >RO NS\OM^
^\KX]PY\W MKX LO YL^KSXON SX ^_\X P\YW ^RO PYVVYaSXQ

? ) : L H957D@ 8L8H !

3X a\S^SXQ ^RO KLYÒ ^\KX]PY\W S^ S] SWZVSON ^RK^ ^RO SXZ_^ ^Y ^RO ]c]ÔW
S] KZZVSON K^ H ) KXN ^R_] ^RO ^SWO SXÔQ\KV ]^K\^] K^ ^RK^ ^SWO O]]OX^SKVVc
" #" " !""'
PYVVYaSXQ ^RO 75IG5@=HM Z\SXMSZVO 2YaOÒ\ XY ]_MR \O]^\SM^SYX XOON] ^Y LO

KZZVSON PY\ ]ZKMO NOZOXNOXMO YP ^RO P_XM^SYX
>RO NO XS^SYX SXÔQ\KV] YP /[X] ! KXN ! ÔVV _] ^RK^ KXc
K\LS^\K\c ]ZKMO^SWO NOZOXNOX^ P_XM^SYX] MKX LO ^RY_QR^ YP K] KX OX]OWLVO
YP VK\QO X_WLO\] YP aKÒ] aS^R NSO\OX^ MYWLSXK^SYX] YP aKÒ X_WLO\] KXN
MS\M_VK\ P\O[_OXMSO] >RS] K]]OWLVc MY_VN LO K \O]_V^ YP MY_X^KLVc SX XSÔ
X_WLO\] YP aKÒ] Y\ S^ MY_VN \OZ\O]OX^ K MYX^SX_Y_] ]ZOM^\_W >RO\O S] K
NO XS^SÒ \OVK^SYX]RSZ LOâOOX ^RO aKÒ X_WLO\] KXN ^RO MS\M_VK\ P\O[_OX
MSO] K] SNOX^S ON LOPY\O K] ^RO NS]ZO\]SYX \OVK^SYX
6O^ _] ObZVKSX ^RO SWZVSMK^SYX YP NS]ZO\]SYX \OVK^SYX ^R\Y_QR K ]SWZVO
ObKWZVO YP YXONSWOX]SYXKV aKÒ Z\YZKQK^SYX aRY]O QYÒ\XSXQ O[_K^SYX S]
QSÒX Lc
: :
7 ) !
H L
3X ^RS] O[_K^SYX 7 S] ^RO ZRK]O ]ZOON YP ^RO aKÒ AO UXYa ^RK^ ^RO
ObKM^ ]YV_^SYX YP /[X ! ]RYa] ^RO SXS^SKV ]YV_^SYX ^Y ^\KÒV ^Y ^RO
\SQR^ K^ ^RO ZRK]O ]ZOON 7 3P aO _]O ^RO \OZ\O]OX^K^SYX QSÒX Lc /[X
! SX /[X ! aO ^ROX QO^

=?7 957D@ 88? ) !!
>
=SXMO ^RO SXÔQ\KV S] ^\_O KVYXQ ^RO ,\YWaSMR MYX^Y_\] KXN S] O[_KV ^Y
dO\Y ROXMO K XYX^\S`SKV KXN _XS[_O ]YV_^SYX aY_VN \O[_S\O ^RO PYVVYaSXQ
\OVK^SYX ^Y RYVN
) ?7
>RS] S] ^RO NO]S\ON \OVK^SYX]RSZ LOâOOX ^RO MS\M_VK\ P\O[_OXMc KXN ^RO
aKÒ X_WLO\ KXN S] ^RO 38B?4AB8>= A4;0C8>= 0Y\ K QOXO\KV Z\YLVOW QYÒ\XON
Lc Y^RO\ PY\W] YP O[_K^SYX ^RO 38B?4AB8>= A4;0C8>= aSVV LO YP ^RO USXN
) ? !"
>R_] ^RO NS]ZO\]SYX \OVK^SYX PY\ /[X ! S] ^RO ]^KÔWOX^ YP QY`
O\XSXQ O[_K^SYX SX ^RO ]ZOM^\KV ZVKXO KXN ÔVV] _] ^RK^ ^RO ]MKVO YP ]ZKMO
`K\SK^SYX KXN ^RO ]MKVO YP ^SWO `K\SK^SYX K\O XY^ SXNOZOXNOX^ KXN ^ROc K\O
\OVKÔN 0Y\ WKXc Y^RO\ Z\YLVOW] ^RO NS]ZO\]SYX \OVK^SYX aSVV LO MYX]O
[_OXMO YP LY_XNK\c MYXNS^SYX] K] S] YPÔX NO\SÒN PY\ aKÔ\ aKÒ] NOÒVYZ
SXQ PY\ KX O[_SVSL\S_W ]YV_^SYX QSÒX Lc ^RO 6KZVKMO] O[_K^SYX /[_K^SYX
!" SWZVSO] ^RK^ OKMR P\O[_OXMc MYWZYXOX^ aSVV ^\KÒV SX ]ZKMO aS^R ^RO

#"
MY\\O]ZYXNSXQ ZRK]O ]ZOON +Xc ]c]ÔW ^RK^ RK] \OVK^SYX]RSZ ]RYaSXQ ^RK^
^RO ZRK]O MY\\O]ZYXNSXQ ^Y OKMR aKÒ X_WLO\ ^\KÒV] Lc ^RO ]KWO ]ZOON
S] MKVVON K =>= 38B?4AB8E4 BHBC4< 3X MYX^\K]^ K 38B?4AB8E4 BHBC4< S] YXO
PY\ aRSMR NSO\OX^ P\O[_OXMc MYWZYXOX^] ^\KÒV aS^R NSO\OX^ ]ZOON ]_MR
^RK^ KXc MYWZKM^ NS]^_\LKXMO K^ H ) aSVV LO PY_XN NS]ZO\]ON K^ K VKÔ\
^SWO 9XO MKX QOXO\KVSdO ^RO KLYÒ PY\ K ]c]ÔW ^RK^ NS]ZVKc] L\YKNLKXN
NcXKWSM]
9XMO KQKSX PY\ ]_MR K QOXO\KV ]c]ÔW ^RO QYÒ\XSXQ NSO\OX^SKV O[_K
^SYX] KXN ^RO LY_XNK\c MYXNS^SYX] aSVV NOÔ\WSXO ^RO 38B?4AB8>= A4;0C8>=
9XMO aO RKÒ ^RS] \OVK^SYX S^ S] ZY]]SLVO ^Y ^KVU KLY_^ ^RO QOXO\KV Z\YZO\
^SO] YP ^RO \O]ZYX]O OVN 6SQR^RSVV&$% 6O^ _] MYX]SNO\ âY XOSQRLY\SXQ
aKÒ X_WLO\] ? KXN ? YP ^RO \O]ZYX]O OVN 0Y\ ^RO ZRc]SMKV Z\YLVOW
\O]ZYX]O OVN NOZOXN] MYX^SX_Y_]Vc YX ^RO PY\MSXQ KXN K_bSVSK\c MYXNS^SYX]
2OXMO ^RO MY\\O]ZYXNSXQ MS\M_VK\ P\O[_OXMSO] KXN K] YL^KSXON P\YW
^RO 38B?4AB8>= A4;0C8>= aSVV KV]Y LO âY MVY]OVc ]ZKMON XOSQRLY\SXQ ZYSX^] SX
^RO P\O[_OXMc ZVKXO AO NOXYÔ ^RO MY\\O]ZYXNSXQ \O]ZYX]O MYWZYXOX^] Lc
: ) 5 MY]? L H !#K
: ) 5 MY]? L H !#L
AO MYX]SNO\ RO\O YXVc ^RO \OKV ZK\^ YP ^RO \O]ZYX]O OVN + WY\O QOXO\
KVSdON \O]ZYX]O LK]ON YX ^RO ObZ\O]]SYX ! aSVV RKÒ KV]Y KX SWKQSXK\c
MYWZYXOX^ ]SQXSPcSXQ ^RO ZRK]O ]RSP^ YP ^RO Y_^Z_^ aS^R \O]ZOM^ ^Y KZZVSON
SXZ_^ 3X ^RO KLYÒ O[_K^SYX] LY^R ^RO MYWZYXOX^] RKÒ LOOX K]]_WON ^Y
RKÒ ]KWO KWZVS^_NO ^RO NSO\OXMO LOSXQ XOQVSQSLVO K] aO K\O MYX]SNO\
SXQ âY MYWZYXOX^] ^RK^ K\O ]OZK\KÔN Lc KX SX XSÔ]SWKV KWY_X^ SX ^RO
]ZOM^\KV ZVKXO >RO ^Y^KV MYX^\SL_^SYX MYWSXQ P\YW ^RO]O âY MYWZYXOX^]
S] ^ROX QSÒX Lc

: ) : : ) E5 MY] ? ? L HG MY] ? ? L H

!$
>Y^KV OOM^ YP ^RO]O âY MYWZYXOX^] ]RYa] _Z K] K MYWLSXK^SYX YP âY
PKM^Y\] YXO YX K ]VYa ]MKVO QSÒX Lc ^RO \]^ [_KX^S^c SX]SNO ^RO ][_K\O
L\KMUO^ KXN ^RO ]OMYXN [_KX^S^c ^RK^ `K\SO] YX ^RO Y\SQSXKV ]MKVO QSÒX Lc
^RO ]OMYXN MY]SXO P_XM^SYX +] ^RO âY MYWZYXOX^] K\O SX XSÔ]SWKVVc KZK\^
SX ^RO ]ZOM^\KV ZVKXO ^RO ]VYaVc `K\cSXQ ZK\^ MKX LO `SOaON K] ^RO KWZVS^_NO
YP ^RO ^Y^KV OOM^ +] OXO\Qc YP K aKÒ ]c]ÔW S] Z\YZY\^SYXKV ^Y ^RO ][_K\O
YP ^RO KWZVS^_NO YP ^RO aKÒ YXO MKX `SOa ^RO OXO\Qc YP ^RO ]c]ÔW ^Y
`K\c PYVVYaSXQ ^RO ZRK]O `K\SK^SYX YP ^RO KWZVS^_NO >RO\OPY\O ^RO ]ZOON
" #" " !""'
YP Z\YZKQK^SYX YP OXO\Qc S] QSÒX Lc ^RO \KÔ K^ aRSMR ^RO ZRK]O YP ^RO

KWZVS^_NO MRKXQO] KXN S] QSÒX Lc

03 )
? ?
>RS] S] ^RO Q\Y_Z ÒVYMS^c YP ^RO ]SWZVO ]c]ÔW MYX]SNO\ON RO\O aRO\O ^RO
]ZK^SKV `K\SK^SYX S] KVYXQ K ]SXQVO NS\OM^SYX KXN ^RO Q\Y_Z ÒVYMS^c NS\OM^SYX S]
QSÒX KVYXQ ^RS] NS\OM^SYX 0Y\ ^RO YXONSWOX]SYXKV ]c]ÔW SX ^RO VSWS^ aROX
^RO aKÒ X_WLO\] YP ^RO âY MYWZYXOX^] K\O YXVc 8? KZK\^ SX ?]ZKMO ^ROX
YXO MKX MYX]SNO\ KX O[_S`KVOX^ \O]ZYX]O OVN MOXÔ\ON K\Y_XN ^RS] MV_]Ô\
KXN K QOXO\KV ObZ\O]]SYX PY\ ^RO Q\Y_Z ÒVYMS^c S] QSÒX Lc
8
03 ) !%
8?
>RO Q\Y_Z ÒVYMS^c PY\ W_V^SNSWOX]SYXKV Z\YLVOW S] K ÒM^Y\ NOMSNON
Lc ^RO `K\SK^SYX YP MS\M_VK\ P\O[_OXMc aS^R ^RO aKÒ X_WLO\ ÒM^Y\ 3^
S] YXVc ^RO \OKV ZK\^ YP /[X !% ^RK^ S] Ô\WON ^RO Q\Y_Z ÒVYMS^c K]
NS]M_]]ON SX ARS^RKW &$% >R_] ^RS] S] ^RO ÒVYMS^c K^ aRSMR ^RO OXO\Qc
YP K Q\Y_Z YP aKÒ] ^\KÒV MOXÔ\ON KLY_^ ^RO WSNNVO YP ^RO aKÒ X_WLO\
Q\Y_Z 3^ S] XYÔN ^RK^ ^RO YXONSWOX]SYXKV aKÒ QSÒX Lc /[X ! S]
XYXNS]ZO\]SÒ aS^R 03 ) 7
<OQK\NSXQ ^RO MVK]]S MK^SYX YP SX]^KLSVS^SO] SX^Y MYXÒM^SÒ KXN KL]YV_Ô
SX]^KLSVS^c YXO MKX XYa ]OO ^RO NSO\OXMO MVOK\O\ SX Ô\W] YP ^RO Q\Y_Z
ÒVYMS^c 0Y\ KL]YV_Ô SX]^KLSVS^c ^RO Q\Y_Z ÒVYMS^c S] PY_XN ^Y LO dO\Y ]Y
^RK^ ^RO NS]^_\LKXMO] NY XY^ QO^ ]aOZ^ KaKc K] SX MYXÒM^SÒ SX]^KLSVS^c
KXN MYX^SX_O ^Y Q\Ya SX ^RO ZVKMO YP ^ROS\ Y\SQSX 2YaOÒ\ SX WKXc
Ya
]c]ÔW] ^RO]O âY K]ZOM^] MKX \OWKSX ]SW_V^KXOY_]Vc
,DB: #CHI67>A>IN &:8=6C>HBH

2O\O âY ]SWZVO MK]O] YP SX]^KLSVS^SO] K\O MYX]SNO\ON ^Y OWZRK]SdO ^RO
MYXMOZ^] NO]M\SLON KLYÒ AO LOQSX Lc NS]^SXQ_S]RSXQ ^RO NSO\OXMO LOâOOX
]^K^SM KXN NcXKWSM SX]^KLSVS^c Lc MYX]SNO\SXQ ^RO ]^KLSVS^c YP K^WY]ZRO\O K]
KX ObKWZVO
AROX K ZK\MOV YP KS\ SX ^RO K^WY]ZRO\O S] WYÒN \KZSNVc P\YW KX O[_SVSL
\S_W MYXNS^SYX KXN S^] ÔXNOXMc ^Y MYWO LKMU ^Y S^] _XNS]^_\LON ZY]S^SYX S]
XYÔN ^ROX aO Ô\W ^RO K^WY]ZRO\O K] ]^K^SMKVVc ]^KLVO >RO WYÒWOX^ YP
^RO ZKMUO^ S] MYX]SNO\ON K] SWZ_V]SÒ ^Y Z\OMV_NO KXc ROK^ ^\KX]PO\ P\YW ^RO
ZK\MOV ^Y ^RO KWLSOXMO >RS] ÔXNOXMc YP ]^K^SM ]^KLSVS^c aROX ObS]^] S] N_O
^Y ^RO L_YcKXMc PY\MO MK_]ON Lc ^RO NOX]S^c NSO\OX^SKV N_O ^Y ÔWZO\K^_\O
`K\SK^SYX aS^R ROSQR^ KXN ]_MR LYNc PY\MO KM^] _ZYX ^RO NS]ZVKMON KS\ZK\MOV

#"
3X ]^K^SM ]^KLSVS^c ]^_NSO] aO NY XY^ VYYU PY\ NO^KSVON ^SWONNOZOXNOX^ WY

^SYX YP ^RO ZK\MOV PYVVYaSXQ ^RO NS]ZVKMOWOX^ K] ^RO K]]YMSKÔN KMMOVO\K^SYX]
K\O MYX]SNO\ON XOQVSQSLVO
NC6B>8 ,I67>A>IN D; ,I>AA IBDHE=:G:

0Y\ ^RO NcXKWSM ]^KLSVS^c ]^_Nc aO MYX]SNO\ YXMO KQKSX K ZK\MOV YP KS\ ^Y LO
K^ O[_SVSL\S_W K^ K ROSQR^ N KXN S] NS]ZVKMON ^Y K ROSQR^ N ^Y PYVVYa S^]
NO^KSVON ^SWO RS]^Y\c YP WY^SYX AO XYÔ ^RK^ ^RO WY^SYX S] MK_]ON KQKSX
Lc ^RO L_YcKXMc PY\MO MK_]ON Lc ^RO ÔWZO\K^_\O `K\SK^SYX YP ^RO KWLSOX^
KS\ QSÒX Lc . ) . N 2O\O ^RO Ò\^SMKV NS]ZVKMOWOX^ YP ^RO KS\ZK\MOV S]
KXN ^RO NcXKWSM] PYVVYa] ^RO PY\MO LKVKXMO O[_K^SYX
g ) ; F
"
aRO\O g S] ^RO SX]^KX^KXOY_] KMMOVO\K^SYX ObZO\SOXMON Lc ^RO ZK\MOV YP KS\
.OX]S^c YP ^RO NS]ZVKMON ZK\MOV S] MYX]SNO\ON ^Y LO QSÒX Lc aRSVO ^RO
KWLSOX^
_SN RK] ^RO NOX]S^c ]Y ^RK^ ^RO \SQR^ RKXN ]SNO YP ^RO KLYÒ
O[_K^SYX \OZ\O]OX^] ^RO L_YcKXMc PY\MO /[_SVSL\S_W ^RO\WYNcXKWSM] ÔVV]
_] ^RK^ PY\ K ]SWZVO MYWZ\O]]SLVO ]_L]^KXMO aS^R YXVc YXO WYNO YP aY\U
KXc ]^KÔ Z\YZO\^c MKX LO \OZ\O]OXÔN Lc KXc âY Y^RO\ Z\YZO\^SO] KXN VO^
_] MYX]SNO\ ^ROW ^Y LO ^RO Z\O]]_\O D KXN ^RO OX^\YZc G >R_] _]SXQ K
>KcVY\ ]O\SO] aO MKX \OVKÔ ^RO NOX]S^c YP ^RO KWLSOX^ KS\ K^ ^RO âY ROSQR^]
K]

N ) N EDNDNG EGNGNG "
D ? G <
9XMO KQKSX aO aSVV K]]_WO ^RK^ ^RO NS]ZVKMOWOX^ Z\YMO]] YP ^RO KS\
ZK\MOV S] S]OX^\YZSM ^RO\O K\O XY `S]MY_] Y\ ROK^ VY]]O] K]]YMSKÔN aS^R ^RO
\KZSN WYÒWOX^ YP ^RO ZK\MOV KXN ^R_] PY\ ^RO KS\ZK\MOV

N ) N EDN DNG "
D ?
3X /[X] " KXN " WOMRKXSMKV O[_SVSL\S_W OX]_\O] ]KWO D
KXN N ) N >R_] ^RO NOX]S^c NSO\OX^SKV MK_]SXQ ^RO L_YcKXMc S]
QSÒX Lc

8G
F
) EGN GNG ) "!
G < G < 8N
AO MKX KV]Y \OVKÔ ^RO NOX]S^c YP ^RO KS\ZK\MOV K^ ^RO âY ROSQR^] K]
! " #" " !""'

8D 8D
N ) N ) N
D ? 8N 7 8N
aRO\O 7 S] ^RO ]ZOON YP ]Y_XN /[_K^SYX " MKX KV]Y LO a\S^ÔX SX Ô\W]
YP ^RO ]ZOMS M `YV_WO J ) _]SXQ /[X "! K]

g ; ; J 8G J 8D
) F
)
J G < 8N 7 8N
0<
0\YW ^RO WOMRKXSMKV O[_SVSL\S_W 0F ) ; KLYÒ MKX LO P_\^RO\ ]SW
ZVS ON ^Y

g ; J 8G ;
)
J G < 8N 7

B
AO MKX P_\^RO\ ]SWZVSPc Lc _]SXQ ^RO ^RO\WYNcXKWSM \OVK^SYX]' ) ?
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4 ' ) ' 0\YW ^RO 7KbaOVV] \OVK^SYX < ) ' aO
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J . < < . 8N J . < 7

B
3P aO MYX]SNO\ KS\ K] K ZO\POM^ QK] D ) ,. ^ROX ' ) J. KXN
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^RO KLYÒ P_\^RO\ ]SWZVS O] ^Y

; 8. ; ;
g )
. 8N < 7
3P aO P_\^RO\ MYX]SNO\ ^RO ]ZOON YP ]Y_XN 7 ^Y LO Ò\c VK\QO ^ROX ^RO
KLYÒ O[_K^SYX MKX LO P_\^RO\ KZZ\YbSWKÔN ^Y

#" "
g ( ) ""
aRO\O (
) B3 0?
? < 0F
AO MKX MYX]SNO\ ^RO PYVVYaSXQ ZY]]SLSVS^SO]'

-K]O' 3P ( ^ROX ^RO NcXKWSM] YP ^RO NS]ZVKMOWOX^ aSVV LO Z_\OVc
Y]MSVVK^Y\c SWZVcSXQ XO_^\KV ]^KLSVS^c YP ^RO ]^K^SM K^WY]ZRO\O
-K]O' 3P ( ^ROX ^RO Ò\^SMKV NS]ZVKMOWOX^ aSVV `K\c K]
H ) 9 ! @ 9 ! @
aRO\O ^RO \]^ MYWZYXOX^ MVOK\Vc SXNSMKÔ] SX]^KLSVS^c ( S] MKVVON ^RO

AD=C EJ
08BJ
0;J
0 Y\ L_YcKXMc P\O[_OXMc +] QSÒX KLYÒ PYVVYaSXQ >RYWZ
]YX &$ aO MKX YL^KSX ^RS] P\O[_OXMc aS^R KS\ ^\OKÔN K] KX SNOKV QK]
Lc
; 8. ;
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0Y\ N\c KS\ ) 5WOÔ\ KXN ROXMO PY\ ]^KLSVS^c YP N\c K^WY
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0F 5WOÔ\
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6KXNK_ NSN XY^ KNN\O]] ^RO S]]_O YP ZRK]O KXQVO ]OO 6KXNK_ &!! S^
aK] VKÔ\ NO\SÒN Lc ^\OK^SXQ ^RO VKXNK_ MYOMSOX^ @ K] K MYWZVOb [_KX^S^c
K] QSÒX SX ^RO VK]^ ]OM^SYX .O]ZSÔ ^RO XYXVSXOK\S^c YP /[X "$ S^ S]
\OKNSVc SXÔQ\KLVO ^Y Z\Y`SNO

) "
1 E
G9
@
aRO\O S] ^RO `KV_O YP + K^ ^) KXN 1 K] NO XON LOPY\O +ZZ\YKMR YP

+ ^Y 1 aS^R H SXNSMKÔ] ^RO SXNOZOXNOXMO YP 1 YX K] KV]Y XYÔN
Lc ^RO SXNOZOXNOXMO YP MYWZ_^K^SYXKV WO^RYN]
ARSVO VY^] YP K^ÔX^SYX RKÒ LOOX ZKSN YX ^RO \OKV ZK\^ YP 6KXNK_]
O[_K^SYX ^RO SWKQSXK\c ZK\^ RK] XY^ LOOX KXKVcdON SX Q\OK^ NO^KSV +] +
KZZ\YKMRO] S^] K]cWZ^Y^SM `KV_O 1 ^RO MS\M_VK\ P\O[_OXMc 0
0@ KV]Y \OKMRO]
S^] K]cWZ^Y^SM `KV_O 1 >R_] ^RO =^\Y_RKV X_WLO\ S] PY_XN ^Y LO KWZVS
^_NO NOZOXNOX^ KXN S] QSÒX Lc
@5
1 ) > "
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3X]ÔKN YP _]SXQ ^RS] O[_K^SYX SX ^RO VSÔ\K^_\O ^RO\O K\O POa WYNOV]
Z\YZY]ON Lc aRSMR ^RO P\O[_OXMc Y\ =^\Y_RKV X_WLO\ YP ^RO ]RONNSXQ S]
bON 5YMR &%" Z\YZY]ON K \O]YXKXMO WYNOV ^RK^ bO] S^ PY\ K ZK\^SM
_VK\ VYMK^SYX SX ^RO aKUO Lc K VYMKV VSXOK\ ]^KLSVS^c KXKVc]S] ?Z]^\OKW YP
^RS] VYMK^SYX
Ya S] KL]YV_ÔVc _X]^KLVO KXN NYaX]^\OKW ^RO
Ya NS]ZVKc]
MYXÒM^SÒ SX]^KLSVS^c 8S]RSYUK =K^Y &$ Z\YZY]ON ^RK^ ^RO P\O[_OXMc
]OVOM^SYX S] LK]ON YX WKbSW_W ]ZK^SKV Q\Ya^R \KÔ SX ^RO aKUO >RO `Y\Ôb
]RONNSXQ ZROXYWOXYX ]^K\^] `SK K VSXOK\ SX]^KLSVS^c KXN ^RO VSWS^ McMVOVSUO
Y]MSVVK^SYX] \O]_V^ P\YW XYXVSXOK\ ]_ZO\ M\S^SMKV ]^KLSVS^c YP ^RO
Ya NO]M\SL
KLVO Lc /[X "
>RO NS]M_]]SYX PYVVYaSXQ /[X "% SWZVc K ]SXQVO 2YZP LSP_\MK^SYX
aROX <OcXYVN] X_WLO\ SXM\OK]O] LOcYXN ,9/> 3^ S] SXÔ\O]^SXQ ^Y XYÔ ^RK^
6KXNK_ &!! ^KVUON KLY_^ P_\^RO\ SX]^KLSVS^SO] PYVVYaSXQ ^RO XYXVSXOK\ ]K^
_\K^SYX YP ^RO Z\SWK\c SX]^KLSVS^c WYNO >RS] S] KUSX ^Y 0VY[_O^ KXKVc]S] YP
^RO \O]_V^SXQ ^SWO ZO\SYNSM ]c]ÔW ,OXNO\ 9\]dKQ &$% >RO ZY]]SLSV
S^c YP W_V^SZVO LSP_\MK^SYX aK] KV]Y WOX^SYXON SX .\KdSX <OSN &% aRY
]^KÔN ^RK^ 8= <>A4 2><?;4C4 <>34;B >5 7H3A>3H=0<82 BC018;8CH F4 B70;; B44
C70C C74A4 <0H 14 5DAC74A 185DA20C8>=B 5A>< C74 B>;DC8>= ) 4
6
F74A4
C74 =4GC ;40BC BC01;4 <>34 >5 C74 10B82 >F 142><4B D=BC01;4 0=3 5A>< C74
B>;DC8>= ) 1 >Y ^RO UXYaVONQO YP ^RO Z\O]OX^ K_^RY\] XY ^ROY\O^SMKV
KXKVc]S] ObS]^ ^RK^ ]RYaON W_V^SZVO LSP_\MK^SYX LOPY\O PY\ ^RS]
Ya 2O\O
%# # ' !""'
^RS] S] ]RYaX _]SXQ ^RO X_WO\SMKV ]SW_VK^SYX \O]_V^] PYVVYaSXQ ^RO WO^RYN
YP .SZKXUK\ =OXQ_Z^K >KVVK $
'JB:G>86A ,>BJA6I>DC D; ADL )6HI 6 >G8JA6G NA>C9:G

3X ^RO X_WO\SMKV ]SW_VK^SYX âY NSWOX]SYXKV 8K`SO\=^YUO] O[_K^SYX SX
]^\OKW P_XM^SYX `Y\^SMS^c PY\W_VK^SYX S] ]YVÒN ARSVO ]YV`SXQ ^RO `Y\^SMS^c
^\KX]ZY\^ O[_K^SYX ^RO XYX VSXOK\ MYXÒM^SYX Ô\W] K\O NS]M\O^SdON _]SXQ
RSQR KMM_\KMc .<: WO^RYN YP =OXQ_Z^K 1KXO\SaKV .O KXN =OX
Q_Z^K =S\MK\ .SZKXUK\ # ^RK^ Z\Y`SNO] XOK\]ZOM^\KV KMM_\KMc SX ^RO
KdSW_^RKV ZO\SYNSM NS\OM^SYX + ]SWSVK\ KMM_\KMc S] K^^KSXON K^ KVV SXÔ\SY\
ZYSX^] SX ^RO \KNSKV NS\OM^SYX ObMOZ^ K^ ^RO LY_XNK\c ZYSX^] ,OMK_]O YP
^RO]O K " ! Q\SN RK] LOOX _]ON SX KVV ^RO MKVM_VK^SYX] \OZY\ÔN RO\O
aS^R " ZYSX^] SX ^RO KdSW_^RKV NS\OM^SYX >RO VYKN] RKÒ LOOX MKVM_VKÔN
Lc ]YV`SXQ ^RO :YS]]YX O[_K^SYX PY\ ^Y^KV Z\O]]_\O 6SP^ N\KQ KXN Y_^ YP
ZVKXO WYWOX^ RKÒ LOOX YL^KSXON P\YW ^RO]O \O]_V^] 0\YW ^RO NO^KSVON
^SWO `K\SK^SYX YP ^RO N\KQ RS]^Y\c K] ]RYaX SX 0SQ " aO O]^SWKÔN ^RO
XYX NSWOX]SYXKV ^SWO H1 K^ aRSMR K]cWZ^Y^SM `KV_O YP 0 S] \OKMRON KXN
ZVY^ÔN S^] `K\SK^SYX aS^R <OcXYVN] X_WLO\ SX 0SQ "
3^ S] \OKNSVc O`SNOX^ ^RK^ ^RS] ^SWO H1 \ON_MO] \KZSNVc K] ^RO <OcXYVN]
X_WLO\ SXM\OK]O] LOcYXN ,9/> +V]Y K] YXO KZZ\YKMRO] ,9/> P\YW KLYÒ
H1 SXM\OK]O] SX KVWY]^ KX _XLY_XNON WKXXO\ AO OWZRK]SdO ^RK^ ^RO ZO\S
YNSM `K\SK^SYX YP VSP^ aK] YL^KSXON aS^RY_^ KXc K\^S MSKV ObMS^K^SYX K] RK]
LOOX NYXO SX WKXc Z\O`SY_] SXÒ]^SQK^SYX] >RS] Q_\O [_KVS^K^SÒVc NS]
ZVKc] ^RO PKM^ ^RK^ ^RO SX]^KLSVS^c KXN S^] ]_ZO\M\S^SMKV ]K^_\K^SYX MRKXQO]
aROX ^RO <OcXYVN] X_WLO\ ^\KX]S^] ^R\Y_QR ,9/>
>Y _XNO\]^KXN LO^Ô\ ^RO [_KVS^K^SÒ KXN [_KX^S^K^SÒ MRKXQO] K] ^RO
Ya
^\KX]S^] ^R\Y_QR ,9/> KXN ,9/> SX 0SQ " aO RKÒ ZVY^ÔN ^RO MYWZ_ÔN
K]cWZ^Y^SM KWZVS^_NO 1 PY\ NSO\OX^ <OcXYVN] X_WLO\] ]RYaX Lc NS]M\OÔ
]cWLYV] 3X .\KdSX <OSN &% > S] KZZ\YbSWKÔN ^Y ?,9 ,9/>
KXN ^R_] /[X "& LOMYWO]
1 ?,9 ,9/> @> "!
2O\O 1 `K\SO] [_KVS^K^SÒVc K] aRO\O ) ,9 ,9/> AO RKÒ

N\KaX ^R\OO MYX^SX_Y_] VSXO] ^Y \OZ\O]OX^ NSO\OX^ ]OQWOX^] YP 0SQ "
^RK^ MKX LO ZK\KWO^\SMKVVc \OZ\O]OXÔN K]
9 ) E? ? ?

? G "!
>RO ]YV_^SYX K] QSÒX Lc /[X "! MYX^KSX] YXVc ^RO \]^ Ô\W YP
/[X "! +V]Y XYÔ ^RK^ SX NO]M\SLSXQ ^RS] `K\SK^SYX ^RO ,9/> _]ON

#" %$
550
500
450
400
350
te
300
250
200
150
50 100 150 200 250

Re
><JG: 'DC 9>B:CH>DC6A I>B: 6I 6BEA>IJ9: H6IJG6I>DC KH

+:NCDA9H CJB7:G
SX MY\\O]ZYXN] ^Y ^R\OO NSO\OX^ `KV_O] SXNSMKÔN SX ^RO VK]^ MYV_WX YP

>KLVO" KXN WK\UON SX 0SQ "
-67A: D:8>:CIH JH:9 >C I=: H6IJG6I>DC 6BEA>IJ9: :FJ6I>DC

F
)4H %>
A0=64 ? ? ?
? ,9/>
"& ! ^Y % $#& &# #$! # "& !
% ^Y !! " " $ # %#%
^Y " "$ &"% $# %!#"!
3X ^_\X ^RO]O ^R\OO M\S^SMKV <OcXYVN] X_WLO\ `KV_O] KVYXQ aS^R ^RO ?5 G
]RYaX SX /[X "! RKÒ LOOX YL^KSXON Lc _]SXQ NS\OM^ ]SW_VK^SYX NK^K
SX /[X "! PY\ NSO\OX^ <OcXYVN] X_WLO\] SX ^RO KZZ\YZ\SKÔ \KXQO 3^
S] XYÔN ^RK^ ^RO ?5 G RKÒ `KV_O] SX ^RO ]KWO \KXQO PY\ ^RO]O ^R\OO <OcXYVN]
X_WLO\ SXÔ\`KV] ObMOZ^ ? 3X ^RO ]OMYXN SXÔ\`KV ? SXM\OK]O] \Y_QRVc
Lc K PKM^Y\ YP % KXN S] MYWZK^SLVO aS^R 0SQ " +] ^RO Z\O`SY_] VSXOK\
]^KLSVS^c \O]_V^] P\YW 4KMU]YX &%$ DOLSL &%$ KXN 7Y\dcX]US >RSOVO
%% # ' !""'
0.6 Present Results (By DNS)

Present Results (By Eq. 5.4.2)
Norberg (2003)
0.5
0.4
Ae
0.3
0.2
Recr1 = 51.934
Recr2 = 63.868
0.1 Recr3 = 84.615
0
50 100 150 200 250
Re

><JG: /6G>6I>DC D; ,6IJG6I>DC 6BEA>IJ9: D; A>;I 8D:8>:CI

L>I= +:NCDA9H CJB7:G
&& SXNSMKÔ K ]WYY^R `K\SK^SYX YP > KM\Y]] ,9/> K] aOVV K] ,9/> S^

S] ^RO\OPY\O MY\\OM^ ^Y ]^KÔ ^RK^ ^RO NS]MYX^SX_Y_] MRKXQO] YL]O\ÒN SX ^RO
KWZVS^_NO M_\Ò K\O N_O ^Y \KZSN MRKXQO] K]]YMSKÔN aS^R NOM\OK]SXQ `KV_O YP
^RO 6KXNK_ MYOMSOX^ >R_] ^RO [_KVS^K^SÒ MRKXQO KM\Y]] M\S^SMKV <OcXYVN]
X_WLO\] WKc LO K^^\SL_ÔN N_O ^Y MRKXQO SX ^RO XYXVSXOK\ Z\YZO\^c YP ^RO
_SN NcXKWSMKV ]c]ÔW 3^ S] KV]Y XYÔN ^RK^ ? ?

KXN ? K\O Y\NO\] YP
WKQXS^_NO NSO\OX^ P\YW ? KXN K\O _XSWZY\^KX^ XOK\ \O]ZOM^SÒ ,9/> KXN
YXVc ROVZ] SX ObZVKSXSXQ ]WYY^R ^\KX]S^SYX P\YW YXO SXÔ\`KV YP <OcXYVN]
X_WLO\ ^Y ^RO Y^RO\
3^ S] XYÔN ^RK^ ? S] MYWZK\K^SÒVc NYWSXKX^ SX ^RO \]^ SXÔ\`KV aRSVO
?
\ON_MO] Lc XOK\Vc âY NOMSWKV ZVKMO] P\YW ^RO \]^ ^Y ^RS\N SXÔ\`KV +]
^RO]O Ob^\K Ô\W] K\O XOONON XOK\ ^RO YÒ\VKZ \OQSYX YP ^RO SXÔ\`KV] ^ROS\
Z\O]OXMO SXNSMKÔ KX SXÔ\KM^SYX YP ^RO RSQRO\ Y\NO\ WYNO] YP ^RO ]c]ÔW
LOPY\O ^\KX]S^SXQ ^Y ^RO XOb^ SXÔ\`KV 0SQ " SXNSMKÔ] ^RK^ ^RO \]^ 2YZP
LSP_\MK^SYX YMM_\] K^ ,9/> ) "& ! .SO\OXMO LOâOOX ^RS] `KV_O KXN ^RO
Y^RO\ `KV_O] QSÒX Lc 4KMU]YX &%$ DOLSL &%$ KXN 7Y\dcX]US >RSOVO
&& S] O]]OX^SKVVc N_O ^Y NSO\OX^ O\\Y\ ]Y_\MO] YP NSO\OX^ WO^RYN] KM
M_W_VK^SXQ ^Y ^\SQQO\ `Y\Ôb ]RONNSXQ SX ^RO aKUO +X KMM_\KÔ WO^RYN

#" %&
^RK^ S] VO]] KOMÔN Lc ^RO NS]ZO\]SYX KXN X_WO\SMKV NS]]SZK^SYX aSVV SXNS
MKÔ K RSQRO\ ,9/> aS^RY_^ ]SQXS MKX^ NSO\OXMO 2YaOÒ\ SP ^RO O\\Y\
SX MYWZ_^K^SYX Y\ NS]^_\LKXMO SX KX ObZO\SWOX^ MKX LO NKWZON K] SX ^RO
ObZO\SWOX^] YP 2YWKXX & # ^ROX ^RO \]^ M\S^SMKVS^c MKX LO MYWZVOÔVc
LcZK]]ON >RO RSQR `S]MY]S^c YP ^RO aY\USXQ
_SN SX ^RO ObZO\SWOX^ aY\U]
VSUO K ]Y_\MO YP NS]]SZK^SYX SX ^RO aKUO K] ]RYaX SX =^\cUYa]US =\OOXS
`K]KX && ObZO\SWOX^KVVc KXN SX .SZKXUK\ =OXQ_Z^K >KVVK $
MYWZ_^K^SYXKVVc Lc K ]WKVV MYX^\YV McVSXNO\
3^ S] KV]Y ZY]]SLVO ^RK^ YXO MKX \OSXÔ\Z\O^ ^RO 6KXNK_ O[_K^SYX KXN
a\SÔ S^] KWZVS^_NO `K\SK^SYX Lc
8
) > @> "!
8H
ARO\O
@>
@> ) 7 7 7
"!!
7 7 7
3X /[X "!! ^RO 6KXNK_ MYOMSOX^ @> S] ^\_Vc K MYX]^KX^ SXNOZOXNOX^
YP <O( S^] NOZOXNOXMO YX <OcXYVN] X_WLO\ MYWO] P\YW ^RO PKM^Y\ SX ^RO
NOXYWSXK^Y\ ^R\Y_QR 9XMO KQKSX YXO aY_VN XOON NSO\OX^ `KV_O] YP ?5 G
PY\ NSO\OX^ <OcXYVN] X_WLO\ \KXQO] K] QSÒX SX >KLVO "
3X 0SQ " MYWZ_ÔN 1 S] KV]Y MYWZK\ON aS^R ^RO MY\\OVK^SYX Z\YZY]ON
Lc 8Y\LO\Q LK]ON YX RS] ObZO\SWOX^KV \O]_V^] 0Y\ RS] ObZO\SWOX^KV
PKMSVS^c ,9/> ) !$ KXN SX ^RO \KXQO !$ ,9 & K]cWZ^Y^SM KWZVS^_NO

`K\SK^SYX \W] aS^R <O S] QSÒX Lc 1 )
ARO\OK] SX
^RO \KXQO #" ,9 ^RS] S] ]SWZVc \OZVKMON Lc 1 ) ! >RO
WKSX ^\OXN] KZZOK\ ^Y LO ]SWSVK\ aS^R NS]MYX^SX_S^SO] SXNSMKÔN SX ^RO \KXQO
#" ,9 & SX 8Y\LO\Q] MY\\OVK^SYX N_O ^Y MRKXQO P\YW ZK\KVVOV ^Y
YLVS[_O ]RONNSXQ SX ^RO aKUO ]OO ASVVSKW]YX &%&
=YWO SXÒ]^SQK^Y\] RKÒ ]^_NSON ^RO OOM^] YP XYS]O YX ZS^MRPY\U KXN 2YZP
LSP_\MK^SYX KXN \OZY\ÔN XNSXQ MRKXQON M\S^SMKV ZK\KWOÔ\] 0Y\ ObKWZVO
4_OV .K\Lc]RS\O 7_VVSX &&$ \OZY\ÔN YXVc MRKXQO SX ^RO ZK\KW
OÔ\ `KV_O ^YaK\N] ]_LM\S^SMKVS^c aROX WOK]_\ON aS^R \O]ZOM^ ^Y 6KXNK_
WYNOV >RS] S] SXNOON K Ò\c ]WKVV MRKXQO K] MYWZK\ON ^Y ObZO\SWOX^KV
`KV_O YP M\S^SMKV ZK\KWOÔ\ ^RK^ S] WY\O ^RKX " PY\ ^RO
Ya ZK]^ K McVSX
NO\ >RO O]^SWKÔ] SX 4_OV .K\Lc]RS\O 7_VVSX &&$ K\O aS^R \O]ZOM^
^Y aRSÔ XYS]O ^RK^ S] RK\NVc ^cZSMKV YP ObZO\SWOX^KV PKMSVS^SO] 3XÔ\O]^
SXQVc ASO]OXPOVN 7M8KWK\K &%# RKÒ \OZY\ÔN ^RK^ XOK\ ^RO YX]O^ YP
NcXKWSM SX]^KLSVS^c KXc ^SWOZO\SYNSM ]c]ÔW MKX KM^ ^Y KWZVSPc ]WKVV ZO
\SYNSM ZO\^_\LK^SYX] aRY]O NO^KSV] NOZOXN ]YVOVc YX ^RO ^cZO YP LSP_\MK^SYX
SX`YVÒN 3X K ^_XXOV Z\O]OXMO YP ]_MR ZO\SYNSM ZO\^_\LK^SYX] MKX XY^ LO
& # ' !""'
0.21
Present Results (By DNS)
0.2 Norberg (2003)
Henderson (1997)
0.19
0.18
0.17
St
0.16
0.15
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11
50 100 150 200 250
Re
><JG: /6G>6I>DC D; ,IGDJ=6A CJB7:G L>I= +:NCDA9H CJB7:G
\_VON Y_^ KXN ^RK^ MKX ObZVKSX K aRYVO \KXQO YP ,9/> \OZY\ÔN ObZO\SWOX
^KVVc ,K]ON YX ^RS] NS]M_]]SYX YXO MKX MYXTOM^_\O ^RK^ ^RO KZZOK\KXMO YP
,9/> KXN ,9/> K\O N_O ^Y ^RO Z\O]OXMO YP ]_MR ]WKVV ZO\SYNSM ZO\^_\LK^SYX]
3X 2YWKXX] ObZO\SWOX^ ^RO `S]MY_] NS]]SZK^SYX YP ^RO aY\USXQ
_SN MY_VN
NOVKc `Y\Ôb ]RONNSXQ aRSVO SX =^\cUYa]US =\OOXS`K]KX && Z\O]OXMO
YP ]WKVV MYX^\YV McVSXNO\ KMÔN K] K ]Y_\MO YP NS]]SZK^SYX ^RK^ ROVZON SX ]_Z
Z\O]]SYX YP ]RONNSXQ ^Y RSQRO\ <OcXYVN] X_WLO\ :\O]OX^ SXÒ]^SQK^SYX aK]
\O]^\SMÔN _Z ^Y ,9 " K] LOcYXN aRSMR
Ya MKX XY^ LO \OZ\O]OXÔN Lc
âY NSWOX]SYXKV ]SW_VK^SYX ]OO 2OXNO\]YX &&$ >R_] ^RO ObS]ÔXMO YP
KXc Y^RO\ M\S^SMKV <OcXYVN] X_WLO\ LOcYXN ,9/>
S] YP VO]]O\ SXÔ\O]^
3X 0SQ "! ^RO MYWZ_ÔN =^\Y_RKV X_WLO\ S] ]RYaX ZVY^ÔN KQKSX]^
<OcXYVN] X_WLO\ Lc NS]M\OÔ ]cWLYV KXN ]YVSN VSXO 3X ^RO ]KWO Q_\O ^RO
NY^ÔN M_\Ò ]RYa] ^RO MY\\OVK^SYX Z\YZY]ON Lc 8Y\LO\Q LK]ON YX
ObZO\SWOX^KV NK^K P\YW RS] PKMSVS^c >RO OWZS\SMKV MY\\OVK^SYX] K\O QSÒX
Lc -H ) ##
%1
PY\ !$ ,9 & KXN -H ) %& %1

$% ,9 PY\ #" ,9 # >R_] S^ S] Ò\c KZZK\OX^ ^RK^ SX ^RO
ObZO\SWOX^KV PKMSVS^c YP 8Y\LO\Q ^RO =^\Y_RKV X_WLO\ `K\SK^SYX S]
NS]MYX^SX_Y_] Y\ XYX_XS[_O SX ^RO \KXQO #" ,9 & >RS] S] N_O ^Y ^RO
NSO\OXMO LOâOOX ZK\KVVOV KXN YLVS[_O ]RONNSXQ SX ^RO aKUO ^RK^ RK] KV]Y

#" &
1
Present Results
(We obtained by DNS)
Morzynski & Thiele (1993)
(W by linear stability theory)
0.96
0.92
W
0.88
0.84
0.8
50 60 70 80
Re
><JG: >G8JA6G ;G:FJ:C8N D; A>C:6G >CHI67>A>IN 6C9 >IH

CDCA>C:6G HJE:G8G>I>86A H6IJG6I>DC EADII:9 6H 6 ;JC8I>DC D;
+:NCDA9H CJB7:G
LOOX KNN\O]]ON SX 2KWKMRO 1RK\SL && KXN ASVVSKW]YX &%& 9_\

MKVM_VKÔN =^\Y_RKV X_WLO\ NS]ZVKc] K NS]^SXM^ ]VYZO NS]MYX^SX_S^c K\Y_XN
,9 # KXN S] MYX]S]ÔX^ aS^R /[ ! ^RK^ ]RYa] ^RO XYXVSXOK\ OOM^ YP
^RO =^\Y_RKV X_WLO\ ^R\Y_QR S^] NOZOXNOXMO YX KWZVS^_NO 3^ S] SXÔ\O]^SXQ
^Y XYÔ ^RK^ >Y\NOVVK -KXMOVVS && RKÒ \OZY\ÔN K =^\Y_RKV X_WLO\
NS]MYX^SX_S^c K^ K\Y_XN ,9 & ^RK^ aK] KV]Y \OZY\ÔN Lc >\S^^YX &$
>RO XYXVSXOK\ OOM^] YX `Y\Ôb ]RONNSXQ S] KV]Y NOWYX]^\KÔN SX 0SQ
"" aRO\O ^RO Z\O]OX^ MYWZ_ÔN =^\Y_RKV X_WLO\ S] MYWZK\ON aS^R VSXOK\
QVYLKV ]^KLSVS^c \O]_V^] YP 7Y\dcX]US >RSOVO && 2K`SXQ YL^KSXON 1
Lc NS\OM^ ]SW_VK^SYX YXO MKX O]^SWKÔ ^RO SWKQSXK\c ZK\^ YP ^RO 6KXNK_
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20 20 20 20 20
Distance from axis [mm]

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-20 -20 -20 -20 -20
-40 -40 -40 -40 -40
-30 30 -30 30 -30 30 -30 30 -30 30

Ux [m/s] Ux [m/s] Ux [m/s] Ux [m/s] Ux [m/s]
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0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
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40 40 40 40 40 LDV
20 20 20 20 20

0 0 0 0 0
-20 -20 -20 -20 -20
-40 -40 -40 -40 -40
-30 0 30 60 -30 0 30 60 -30 0 30 60 -30 0 30 60 -30 0 30 60

Ux [m/s] Ux [m/s] Ux [m/s] Ux [m/s] Ux [m/s]
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40 40 40 40 40 LDV
20 20 20 20 20
0 0 0 0 0
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-40 -40 -40 -40 -40
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
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40 40 40 40 40 LDV
20 20 20 20 20

0 0 0 0 0
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40 40 40 40 40 LDV
20 20 20 20 20
0 0 0 0 0
-20 -20 -20 -20 -20
-40 -40 -40 -40 -40
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
Ut' [m/s] Ut' [m/s] Ut' [m/s] Ut' [m/s] Ut' [m/s]
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1 2 3 4 5 6
80
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Percent
-40
0.1640 0.1645 0.1650 0.1655 0.1660 0.1665

Time (s)
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1600 800
Spark power
Combustion heat release
Mean temperature
1200
Integral power (kW)
700
Temperature (K)
800
600
400
0 500
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Time (ms)
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& # !
Velocity (m/s) Velocity (m/s)

50 5
45 4.5
40 TC1 4 TC1
TC2 TC2
35 3.5
30 3
25 2.5
20 2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Normalized wall distance Normalized wall distance
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(9-D ) WKbI M I M 5B8

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Ya
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Differences
(log scale)
1e+00
1e-03
Nmax TC1/TC2
Nmean TC1/TC2
1e-06 Nmax LP1/LP2
Nmean LP1/LP2
1e-09
1e-12
1e-15
0 1e+05 2e+05 3e+05 4e+05
Number of iterations
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ZO\^_\LK^SYX S] KZZVSON ^Y ^RO ]^\OKWaS]O ÒVYMS^c MYWZYXOX^ =SW_
VK^SYX] aS^R NSO\OX^ VYMK^SYX] YP ^RO ZO\^_\LK^SYX aO\O \_X ^Y OX]_\O ^RK^
^ROS\ ZY]S^SYX NSN XY^ KOM^ \O]_V^]
0SQ_\O $ ]RYa] ^RK^ ^RO Q\Ya^R \KÔ YP ^RO NSO\OXMO LOâOOX >-
KXN >-! S] ObKM^Vc ^RO ]KWO K] ^RO YXO YL]O\ÒN LOâOOX >- KXN >-
KV]Y NS]ZVKcON SX 0SQ $' âY ]YV_^SYX] ]^K\^SXQ P\YW K Ò\c ]VSQR^Vc
ZO\^_\LON SXS^SKV MYXNS^SYX NSÒ\QO K] PK]^ K] âY ]YV_^SYX] ]^K\^SXQ P\YW ^RO
]KWO ]YV_^SYX L_^ \_XXSXQ YX NSO\OX^ X_WLO\] YP Z\YMO]]Y\] 8YÔ ^RK^ ^RO
NSO\OXMO LOâOOX \_X] >- KXN >- MYWO] P\YW \KXNYW \Y_XNSXQ O\\Y\]
SX^\YN_MON K^ OKMR ^SWO ]ÔZ aRSVO >- KXN >-! NSO\ YXVc ^R\Y_QR ^RO
SXS^SKV MYXNS^SYX' XY ZO\^_\LK^SYX S] KNNON N_\SXQ ^RO ]SW_VK^SYX =^SVV ^RO
NSO\OXMO] LOâOOX >- KXN >-! SXM\OK]O K] PK]^ K] ^RY]O LOâOOX >-
KXN >-' ^RS] MYX \W] ^RK^ K ^_\L_VOX^
Ya KWZVS O] KXc NSO\OXMO SX ^RO
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^RO SXS^SKV MYXNS^SYX]
:8IH D; !G6E= (G9:G>C<

3^ RK] KV\OKNc LOOX SXNSMKÔN ^RK^ ZO\PY\WSXQ ^RO ]KWO ]SW_VK^SYX âSMO
aS^R ^RO ]KWO X_WLO\ YP Z\YMO]]Y\] KXN ]KWO SXS^SKV MYXNS^SYX] VOKN] ^Y
!" &$
Differences
(log scale)
1e+00
1e-03
Nmax TC1/TC2
Nmean TC1/TC2
1e-06 Nmax TC3/TC4
Nmean TC3/TC4
1e-09
1e-12
1e-15
0 1e+05 2e+05 3e+05 4e+05
><JG: /OM^] YP SXS^SKV MYXNS^SYX] .SO\OXMO] LOâOOX ]YV_^SYX]

WOK]_\ON Lc (9-D YZOX ]cWLYV] KXN (91-: MVY]ON ]cWLYV] Ò\]_] S^
O\K^SYX =[_K\O]' NSO\OXMO] LOâOOX >- KXN >- NSO\OX^ X_WLO\] YP
Z\YMO]]Y\] -S\MVO]' NSO\OXMO] LOâOOX >- KXN >-! NSO\OX^ SXS^SKV
MYXNS^SYX]
ObKM^Vc ^RO ]KWO \O]_V^ 2YaOÒ\ ^RS] S] YXVc ^\_O K] VYXQ K] ObKM^Vc ^RO
]KWO MYNO S] _]ON 3^ S] XY^ Ò\S ON KXc WY\O K] ]YYX K] K WYNS MK^SYX
KOM^SXQ \Y_XNSXQ O\\Y\] S] NYXO SX ^RO MYNO +^ ^RS] ZYSX^ ]Y WKXc PKM^Y\]
KOM^SXQ \Y_XNSXQ O\\Y\] MKX LO MSÔN ^RK^ K QOXO\KV NS]M_]]SYX S] ZYSX^VO]]
>RS] MRKZÔ\ aSVV PYM_] YX P_VVc ObZVSMS^ MYNO] KXN YX YXO ObKWZVO YXVc' ^RO
Y\NO\ _]ON ^Y KNN \O]SN_KV] K^ XYNO] SX K MOVV Ò\Ôb ]MROWO >RS] Y\NO\
S] MYX^\YVVON Lc ^RO NOÒVYZO\ 0Y\ ]SW_VK^SYX >-" ^RO Y\NO\SXQ YP ^RS]
KNNS^SYX aK] MRKXQON \OÒ\]O -_^RSVV7M5OO KVQY\S^RW' ^RO \O]SN_KV K^ K
QSÒX WO]R XYNO aK] K]]OWLVON Lc KNNSXQ ^RO MYX^\SL_^SYX] ^Y K MOVV \O]SN_KV
SX K NSO\OX^ Y\NO\ >RS] MRKXQO NYO] XY^ KOM^ ^RO
Ya NK^K' SX >-" ^RO
XYNO \O]SN_KV SX K \OQ_VK\ Ô^\KRON\KV WO]R S] YL^KSXON Lc !, ,
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KXN Lc !, ,
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aRK^ ^RS] Ô]^ ^\SO] ^Y S]YVKÔ >-" KXN >- K\O ZO\PY\WON aS^R ^RO ]KWO
SXS^SKV MYXNS^SYX KXN \_X YX YXO Z\YMO]]Y\ YXVc >RO YXVc NSO\OXMO S] ^RO
Q\KZR \OY\NO\SXQ ]^\KÔQc
+] ]RYaX Lc 0SQ % ^RO NSO\OXMO] LOâOOX >-" KXN >- K\O KQKSX
]SWSVK\ ^Y ^RY]O YL]O\ÒN LOâOOX >- KXN >- YL^KSXON Lc MRKXQSXQ ^RO
X_WLO\ YP Z\YMO]]Y\] >RS] MYX \W] ^RK^ \Y_XNSXQ O\\Y\] KXN XY^ ^RO
ZK\KVVOV MRK\KMÔ\ YP ^RO MYNO K\O ^RO ]Y_\MO YP ^RO ]YV_^SYX NSÒ\QOXMO 3^
&% # !
Differences
(log scale)
1e+00
1e-03
Nmax TC1/TC2
Nmean TC1/TC2
1e-06 Nmax TC3/TC5
Nmean TC3/TC5
1e-09
1e-12
1e-15
0 1e+05 2e+05 3e+05 4e+05
><JG: /OM^] YP KNNS^SYX Y\NO\ .SO\OXMO] LOâOOX ]YV_^SYX] WOK

]_\ON Lc (9-D YZOX ]cWLYV] KXN (91-: MVY]ON ]cWLYV] Ò\]_] SÔ\K^SYX
=[_K\O]' NSO\OXMO] LOâOOX >- KXN >- -S\MVO]' NSO\OXMO] LOâOOX
>- KXN >-"
KV]Y ]RYa] ^RK^ KXc WYNS MK^SYX YP ^RO MYNO aRSMR MKX SX^\YN_MO K ]WKVV
WYNS MK^SYX YP ^RO \O]_V^] aS^RSX WKMRSXO KMM_\KMc MKX ^ROX VOKN ^Y
]_MR K NSÒ\QOXMO ]_QQO]^SXQ ^RK^ \OZOK^SXQ KX 6/= ]SW_VK^SYX aS^R ^RO
]KWO MYNO KPÔ\ K POa WYNS MK^SYX] aSVV Z\YLKLVc XOÒ\ cSOVN ^RO ]KWO
SX]^KX^KXOY_]
Ya OVN] ZYÔX^SKVVc VOKNSXQ ^Y NS]M_]]SYX] YX ^RO `KVSNS^c
YP ^RO WYNS ON MYNO
:8IH D; ->B: ,I:E

3^ S] SXÔ\O]^SXQ ^Y Ò\SPc ^RK^ X_WO\SMKV K]ZOM^] NY XY^ SX
_OXMO ^RO Q\Ya^R
\KÔ YP ^RO ]YV_^SYX] NSO\OXMO KXN ^RK^ ^RO Q\Ya^R \KÔ S] YXVc NOÔ\WSXON
Lc ^RO ZRc]SMKV KXN QOYWO^\SMKV ZK\KWOÔ\] YP ^RO MYX Q_\K^SYX 9X ^RK^
KMMY_X^ ]SW_VK^SYX] >-# KXN >-$ K\O ZO\PY\WON aS^R K ^SWO ]ÔZ \ON_MON
Lc K PKM^Y\ MYWZK\ON ^Y ]SW_VK^SYX] >- KXN >- >-# KXN >-$ K\O
MK\\SON Y_^ YX \O]ZOM^SÒVc ! KXN % Z\YMO]]Y\] >RO XY\W] LOâOOX >-#
KXN >-$ K\O NS]ZVKcON SX 0SQ & KXN MYWZK\ON ^Y ^RO XY\W] LOâOOX
>- KXN >- 0\YW ^RO ObZVKXK^SYX] QSÒX KLYÒ ]SWSVK\ Q\Ya^R \KÔ] K\O
ObZOMÔN aROX MYWZK\SXQ ^RO Q\Ya^R \KÔ] YÒ\ ZRc]SMKV ^SWO >RO Q\Ya^R
\KÔ] YL]O\ÒN SX 0SQ & K\O SXNOON Ò\c ]SWSVK\ >RO ]VSQR^ NSO\OXMO S]
Z\YLKLVc N_O ^Y ^RO `K\SK^SYX YP ^RO X_WO\SMKV NS]ZO\]SYX KXN NS]]SZK^SYX
Z\YZO\^SO] YP ^RO ]MROWO aS^R ^RO ^SWO ]ÔZ E&#G
!" &&
Differences
(log scale)
1e+00
Nmax TC1/TC2
1e-06 Nmean TC1/TC2
Nmax TC6/TC7
Nmean TC6/TC7
1e-12
1e-18
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Physical time (s)
><JG: /OM^] YP ^SWO ]ÔZ .SO\OXMO] LOâOOX ]YV_^SYX] WOK]_\ON

Lc (9-D YZOX ]cWLYV] KXN (91-: MVY]ON ]cWLYV] Ò\]_] ZRc]SMKV ^SWO
=[_K\O]' NSO\OXMO] LOâOOX >- KXN >- ^SWO ]ÔZ H -S\MVO]' NSO\
OXMO] LOâOOX >-# KXN >-$ ^SWO ]ÔZ H
:8IH D; &68=>C: )G:8>H>DC
+ VK]^ Ô]^ ^Y Ò\SPc ^RK^ ^RO NSÒ\QOXMO LOâOOX ]YV_^SYX] S] XY^ N_O ^Y K
Z\YQ\KWWSXQ O\\Y\ L_^ NOZOXN] Z\SWK\SVc YX \Y_XNSXQ O\\Y\] S] ^Y ZO\PY\W
^RO ]KWO MYWZ_^K^SYX aS^R ]SWZVO[_KN\_ZVO Z\OMS]SYX SX]ÔKN YP NY_LVO
Z\OMS]SYX =SW_VK^SYX] >- KXN >- aO\O \OZOKÔN _]SXQ ]SXQVO Z\OMS]SYX
SX \_X] >-% KXN >-& >KLVO KXN [_KN\_ZVO Z\OMS]SYX SX >- KXN
>- >Y MYWZOX]KÔ PY\ ^RO SXM\OK]O SX MYWZ_^K^SYXKV ^SWO PY\ [_KN\_
ZVO Z\OMS]SYX ]SW_VK^SYX] \Y_QRVc K PKM^Y\ ÔX MYWZK\ON ^Y NY_LVO Z\OMS]SYX
>- KXN >- aO\O MK\\SON Y_^ YX \O]ZOM^SÒVc % KXN Z\YMO]]Y\] SX Y\
NO\ ^Y cSOVN K \OK]YXKLVO \O]^S^_^SYX ^SWO <O]_V^] K\O NS]ZVKcON SX 0SQ
KXN MYWZK\ON ^Y ^RO NSO\OXMO LOâOOX >- KXN >-
0SQ_\O ]RYa] ^RK^ ^RO ]YV_^SYX NSO\OXMO] PY\ >-%>-& KXN >->-
\Y_QRVc ]^K\^ P\YW ^RO \O]ZOM^SÒ WKMRSXO KMM_\KMSO] NSO\OXMO] YP PY\
]SXQVO Z\OMS]SYX KPÔ\ YXO SÔ\K^SYX NSO\OXMO] YP
PY\ [_KN\_ZVO Z\O
MS]SYX KPÔ\ YXO SÔ\K^SYX KXN SXM\OK]O ObZYXOX^SKVVc aS^R ^RO ]KWO Q\Ya^R
\KÔ LOPY\O \OKMRSXQ ^RO ]KWO NSO\OXMO VOÒV] PY\ KVV ^R\OO MK]O] >RS]
]RYa] ^RK^ RSQRO\ Z\OMS]SYX MYWZ_^K^SYX] MKXXY^ Z\OÒX^ ^RO ObZYXOX^SKV
NSÒ\QOXMO YP ^\KTOM^Y\SO] L_^ YXVc NOVKc S^
# !
Differences
(log scale)
1e+00
1e-06
Nmax TC1/TC2
Nmean TC1/TC2
1e-12 Nmax TC8/TC9
Nmean TC8/TC9
Nmax TC10/TC11
1e-18 Nmean TC10/TC11
1e-24
1e-30
0 1e+05 2e+05 3e+05 4e+05
><JG: /OM^] YP WKMRSXO KMM_\KMc .SO\OXMO] LOâOOX ]YV_^SYX]

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NSO\OXMO] LOâOOX >- KXN >- [_KN\_ZVO Z\OMS]SYX
DC8AJH>DCH
>RS] MRKZÔ\ PYM_]ON YX ^RO ]OX]S^S`S^c YP SX]^KX^KXOY_] 6/= OVN] ^Y
W_V^SZVO ZK\KWOÔ\] ]_MR K] X_WLO\ YP Z\YMO]]Y\] SXS^SKV MYXNS^SYX ^SWO
]ÔZ MRKXQO] SX KNNS^SYX Y\NO\SXQ YP MOVV \O]SN_KV] PY\ MOVV Ò\Ôb WO^RYN]
>RO LK]OVSXO ]SW_VK^SYX _]ON PY\ ^RO Ô]^] aK] K P_VVc NOÒVYZON ^_\L_VOX^
MRKXXOV >RO MYXMV_]SYX] K\O ^RO PYVVYaSXQ'
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^Y^KVVc NSO\OX^ 6KWSXK\
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TK Sengupta, Poinsot, Instabilities of Flows With and Without Heat Transfer and Chemical RXN

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~ SpringerWienNewYork

CISM COURSES AND LECTURES

The Secretary General

The series presents lecture notes, monographs, edited works and

COURSES AND LECTURES - No. 517

INSTABILITIES OF FLOWS: WITH AND

This work is subject to copyright.

All contributions have been typeset by the authors.

ISBN 978-3-7091-0126-1 SpringerWienNewYork

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