Powder Feedstock: Binder: Co-Binder: Surfactant: Anti-Forming Plasticiser: Type of Machine: Publications: Technique:

Agent:
Zeolite 13X and 5A Bentonite Clay (Sigma Poly (vinyl alcohol) -- -- Methyl Cellulose Robocasting 3D Printer 3D -Printed Zeolite Mixed using high
Powders (UOP) Aldrich) (PVA) (Thermo Fisher) (3D Inks, Still water, OK, Monoliths for CO2 performance dispersing
USA) Extrusion: Syringe Removal from intstrument at 2500 rpm,
(80, 85, 90 wt%) (15, 10, 7 wt%) (1.5, 1.5, 1.0 wt%) (3.5, 3.5, 2.0 wt%) (3mL Norson EFD, USA), Enclosed sufficient amount of
nozzle 0.60mm Environments distilled water added and
diameter) mixed rigorously at 2500
rpm (Model IKA-R25
system)
High- Si3N4 Silicon Mixture of polymer, wax -- -- -- Fatty acid plasticiser (10 Stratasys Modeler (FDM) The Extrusion Compounded using
Nitride (H.C Stark, and plasticiser: Saturated vol%) retrofitted with a high- Freeforming of Armoloy Prep Mixer (C.W.
Germany) Grade M-11 Elastomer (25 vol%), pressure extrusion head Functional Ceramic Brabender, Hackensack,
(Particle Size 0.7m) paraffin wax (10 vol%) (Stratasys, Eden Prairie, Prototypes New Jersey)
(55 vol%) Minnesota) Shear mixing at around
120C, ceramic feedstock
extruded into feedstock
rods 15.9mm in diameter
by 152.4mm in length.
PMN-PT Powder as Thermoplastic Binders: -- Steric Acid Solsperse 13940 General polybutylene A modified fused Processing of The solids loading filament
Filler material Base binder, tackifier, wax (Solsperse plasticiser (5 vol%) deposition machine (3-D Advanced was adjusted to obtain 55
(lead-magnesium- and plasticisers Consideration of Hyperdispersants, Modeler Stratasys Inc., Electroceramics vol% filament with
niobate) (ECG9) Oleyl alcohol, Zeneca, NC) Eden Prairie, MN) Components by approximately 23 vol% Ag-
stearyl alcohol, Fused Deposition Pd (49.5 wt% palladium),
Filler Diameter: 1.75- Note: ECG Series contains oleic acid and Techniques 32 vol% filler (lead-
1.78mm) at least one poly-olefin stearic acid. magnesium niobate PMN-
base binder, a Development of PT) and 45 vol% ECG9
hydrocarbon resin Binder Formulation
tackifier, a polyethylene for Fused Deposition
wax and polybutylene of Ceramics
plasticiser
Lead Zirconate Aqueous solution of 0.5 -- -- 0.3 wt% poly(acrylic pH adjustment by Robotic deposition Colloidal Inks for Making of Concentrated
Titanate (PZT) (PZT-5H, wt% cellulose (Methocel acid) preadsorbed as titration of NH4OH and apparatus (Robocaster, Directed Assembly of Colloidal Gels: Adding
Morgan Matroc, F4M, DOW Chemical Co., dispersant HNO3 (reagent grade, Sandia National 3-D Periodic appropriate volume
Electro Ceramics Midland, MI) in deionised Thermo Fisher) Laboratories, Structures fraction (55 vol%) of PZT
Division, Bedford, OH) , water Albuquerque, NM) powder to deionised water
a ferroelectric material Ink housed in a syringe that has been preadjusted
with density (barrel diameter = to pH ~10.35 with NH4OH
7.59g/cm3, specific 4.6mm, EFD Inc. East (Stable suspension
area of 1.86m2/g, Providence, RI) and formed).
average particle size depsited through a Suspension was vigorously
0.64 m ,and size cylindrical nozzle agitated for 10min
ranging from 0.2 to 5 (diameter D = 200m to followed by sonication
m served as colloidal 1 mm, length 14 mm) (XL2020 Sonicator, Misonix
phase. with volumetric flow rate Inc., Farmingdale, NY) for 5
 of 0.25D2v to maintain min with a 1s on/off pulse
constant x-y table speed sequence and power of ~
150W. The suspension was
then gently shaken for 1h
before and after adding an
aliquot of an aqueous
cellulose stock solution.
Particle gelation was
induced by lowering the
pH via HNO3 titration. The
colloidal gel (now PZT vol%
= 47 and cellulose
concentration of 5mg/mL)
was vigorously shaken for
1h and its pH measured.
Metal-Based powders Polylactic-co-glycolic acid Tri-solvent mixture -- -- -- 3D-BioPlotter Metallic
(1-5m): Fe2O3 (PLGA, 85:15 PLA-PLG by (all from sigma) (EnvisionTEC GmbH, Architectures from
(Sigma), NiO and CuO mass) copolymer comprised of Germany) at extrusion 3D-Printed Powder
(American Elements), dichloromethane pressures ranging from Based Liquid Inks
Co3O4 (Inframat (DCM), dibutyl 50 to 300 kPa with linear
Advanced Materials) phthalate (DBP) and printing speeds ranged
ethylene glycol butyl from 5 to 150 mms-1)
Powder to PLGA ratios: ether (Mass Mixture
7:3, 8:2 and 9:1 by volume Ratio 15:1:2) 0.9g of
were used. dibutyl phthalate was
added for every 1cm3
of metal oxide
powder added
Graphene Oxide (use The ink contains 1.57 wt% -- Branched Composition and Gluconic--lactone Robotic Deposition Printing in Three Built in air through nozzles
of chemically modified to 3 wt% GO and small copolymer architecture of BCS (GL): dissolves then Device (Robocad 3.0, 3D Dimensions with with internal dimeters
graphene CMG and its amounts of additives surfactant, BCS: provide multiple hydrolyses water to Inks, Stillwater, OK) Graphene ranging from 100 to 500m
reduced form rGO). [GO/BCS ratio of 6/1, Copolymer functional groups gluconic acid. using pressures between 1
Average flake size of a GL/BCS ratio of 3.8/1, composed of two that enable the Diameter of printing and 4 bar depending on ink
typical solution is 9 m and GO Organics (BCS and main domains: poly adsorption of BCS nozzles ranged from 100 formulation.
with sizes ranging from GL) ratio of 1.3/1] (methacrylic acid) molecules on GO in a to 500m (EFD precision
1 to 50 m. PMA and water suspension nozzles, EFD, East Inks were prepared at least
polyethylene glycol Providence, RI, USA) 24 h before printing to
This work functionalise GO suspensions were (PEG) which are ensure stable rheological
CMG with a responsive prepared by the crosslinked with response, pressure
polymer (branched exfoliation of graphite ethylene glycol regulated during printing in
copolymer surfactant using the modified dimethacrylate air to maintain constant
BCS) to create Hummers method. The (EGDMA) to provide ink flow.
responsive sheets suspensions were purified a branched
whose interactions in with deionized water to architecture. Each
water can be regulated remove residual salts and polymer chain end
acids. Non-exfoliated contains 1-
using external stimulus particles were removed dodecanethiol
such as pH. by centrifugation. (DDT) which offer
multiple
hydrophobic
anchoring groups.
Commercial 8.8 wt% sodium Printable GNPs inks-- -- -- Custom three-axis Printing Graphene After each addition, the ink
functionalised polynaphthalenesulfonate were developed robocasting system (A- Nanoplatelets into was homogenised by
graphene (DNa, DarvanPNS-Na, sequentially adding to 3200, 3D Ink LLC USA), Highly Electrically planetary centrifugal
nanoplatelets (GNPs, Vanderbuilt Minerals, LLC, deionized water the using tips with diameters Conductive Three- mixing (ARE-250, Thinky
grade N008-P-10, USA 57-68 wt% of water following materials. of 400m. Dimensional Porous Company, USA) at 2000
Angstron Materials content), 2.3 wt% Macrostructures rpm for 30-60s.
Inc., USA with average polyethylene glycol (PEG,
thickness and x-y PEG8000, Fisher Scientific,
dimensions of 50-100 Spain, <5 wt% of water
nm and 7 m content) and 2.8 wt% of
respectively) were polyethylenimine (PEI, PEI
employed as graphene 25000, Sigma Aldrich,
source: 36 wt% of Spain; <1 wt% of water
GNPs content)
Raw Single Layer GO Typical Synthesis: Gelled using organic sol-gel chemistry: The GO ink was housed Highly Compressible GO Suspensions prepared
Powder (Cheaptubes) Gelled using the native functionality on the GO sheets: Sol-gel mixture consisted of an aqueous solution of resorcinol in a 3ml syringe barrel 3D periodic via ultrasonication at
was produced by the Ammonium Carbonate ((NH4)2CO3) solution (0.3wt%) was used. (R), Formaldehyde (F), and sodium carbonate catalyst (C). (EFD) attached by a luer- Graphene Aerogel concentrations of 20 and
Hummers method, GO Inks were prepared by mixing 6g of 40 mg ml-1 GO The R:F mole ratio was 200:1 and the resultant R-F lok to a smooth-flow Microlattices 40 mg ml-1 in water for 24h
with lateral dimensions suspension, 0.343g (NH4)2CO3 solution and 0.7g fumed silica concentration was 11 wt% R-F solids. In a typical synthesis, tapered nozzle (250m in a VWR Scientific Mdel
of 300-700nm (EH-5, Cabot) 3.6g of 40 mg ml-1 GO suspensions, 2g of R-F solution and inner diameter, d) An air- 57T aquasonic (sonic
0.7g of fumed silica was mixed. powered flud dispenser power ~90 W, frequency
(Ultimus V, EFD) ~40 kHz)
provided appropriate
pressure to extrude the The 3DGO structures were
ink through the nozzle. printed onto silicon wafers
Target samples were in an isooctane (2,2,4-
printed usig a three-axis trimethylpentane) bath,
positioning stage (ABL with an initial nozzle height
9000, Aerotech) of 0.7d to ensure adhesion
to the substrate.
Li4Ti5O12 (LTO mean Ethylene glycol (EG) and Glycerol (Fisher -- 3-axis micropositioning 3D Printing of The LFP and LTO inks are
diameter of 50nm) and glycerol Scientific), 3.5 wt% stage (ABL 900010, Interdigitated Li-Ion housed in separate
LiFePO4 (LFP mean aqueous Aerotech Inc., Pittsburgh, Microbattery syringes (3 mL barrel, EFD
diameter of 180 nm) hydroxypropyl PA), whose motion is Architectures Inc., East Providence,
cellulose (HPC, Sigma controlled by computer- RI), which are attached by
LTO and LFP Inks: Aldrich Mw~100 000) aided design software luer-lok to a borosilicate
Nanoparticles in a solution, and 3 wt% (RoboCAD, 3D Inks, micronozzle (30 m in
solution composed of aqueous hydroxyethyl Stillwater, OK) diameter produced using a
deionised water, cellulose (HEC, Sigma P-2000 micropipette
ethylene glycol, Aldrich) solution. puller, Sutter Instrument
glycerol, cellulose- Co., Novato, CA).
based viscosifiers The resultant
homogenized
LTO mixture is
composed of (relative
to their solids content)
27 wt% Glycerol, 20
30 wt% EG, 9 wt%
HPC, 1 wt% HEC, and
DI water; whereas the
LFP contained 20 wt%
glycerol, 20 30 wt%
EG, 8 wt% HPC, 2 wt%
HEC, and DI water.