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Radiation (Part 2)
There are several things that can be tried to improve convergence for a CHT problem.
1) If you have non-conformal interfaces, make sure that the grid at the interface is not too dissimilar
2) Grid should ideally be very fine at the wall becoming coarser away from the wall
3) Ensure good grid quality by checking equiangle skew and aspect ratio etc.
4) First obtain converged solution using flow equations only, then activate the energy equation and solve
the flow and energy equations simultaneously
5) Obtain converged first-order solution first and then switch to second-order solution
7) Lower the energy under-relaxation factor. Try 0.98 (dont go less than 0.95)
8) Use Pressure-based solver with coupled option, lower the Courant no.
10) If using tetrahedral grid, turn off secondary gradients: > (rpsetvar 'temperature/secondary-gradient? #f)
11) Change multigrid settings (solve>controls>multigrid) for energy. Set it to W cycle with a termination
criteria of 0.01 (or smaller)
12) Increase the upper limits of pressure and temperature in Solve-> Controls-> Limits
The heat transfer coefficient is a characteristic of the flow. It is used to measure the ability of a flow to
convect energy from walls. q"
htc convection
Tw Tref
For forced convection flows, HTC is traditionally conceived to be a function of velocity (flow rate), fluid
properties, and geometry. i.e. htc L
Nu Nu Re, Pr
It is not thought in terms of wall boundary conditions.
This is true only if Tref is a bulk (or "mixing cup", or mass-averaged) fluid temperature. For constant
properties, by this definition, HTC becomes independent of thermal field..
q"convection
1. htc
Tw Tref
q"convection
2. htc
Tw Tcell Tbulk
In this definition, Tcell is the adjacent cell temperature. This definition is much TP
better than a fixed reference temperature for most complicated geometries.
In most cases, if wall functions are used and Y+ is obeyed, the adjacent cell Tw
temperature becomes close to the bulk temperature. (Note that when using
standard wall functions, the Y+ at adjacent cell, ideally, should be between 30
and 60, mostly depending on the application.)
This definition cannot be applied for two-layer model where the first node is
too close to the wall. In this case the adjacent cell temperature will be much
higher than the should-be-used bulk temperature.
q"convection
2. htc
Tw Tcell
Tbulk
TP
Tw
Question:
Heat transfer co-efficient can be calculated using Reynolds analogy as well as using the standard
definition q"/(Twall - Tref). Which one is the better approach to compute heat transfer co-efficient?
Answer:
There is lot of confusion on how to calculate heat transfer coefficient (htc): Should it be based on
Reynolds Analogy or based on standard definition of heat flux divided by difference in temperature?
Lets have a look at Reynolds analogy: Reynold's analogy relates Nu and Cf.