WellControl September 2015 5686869 01

Well Control
Rev. Date Summary Owner

1.0 September Overall review
Tiberiu ioan
2015
Schlumberger-Private
Objectives
On completion of this module you will be able to:

Define a kick and blow out
Describe the causes, detection, prevention and minimization
of kicks
Perform kill mud weight and surface pressure calculation
using U-tube concept
Describe the function of different well control equipments
Describe different well shut-in procedures
Describe the concept of constant BHP killing method and
application
Well Control Incident
Main Root Causes in Well Control Incidents
1. No compliance with standards and procedures

2. Lack of knowledge and skills of rig personnel
3. Lack of commitment and leadership of the Person In Charge
4. Poor work practices
5. Inadequate well design
6. Not following drilling parameters trends
7. No alignment with service providers
8. Inadequate risk management / management of change
process
9. Lack of communication / clarification of work instructions
Definitions
Influx: Intrusion of the formation fluids or formation gas into the wellbore.
Kick: Influx of formation liquids or gas that results in an increase in pit volume.
It is physically observed by the well flowing (i.e. kick) as a result of insufficient
overbalance. Without corrective measure, this condition can result in a blowout.
Blowout: An uncontrolled flow of well fluids and/or formation fluids from the
wellbore or into lower pressured subsurface zones (underground blowout)
Underground Blowout: An uncontrolled flow of formation fluids in the wellbore

from a higher pressure zone into a lower pressure zone, The flow is most likely
to travel up the wellbore, but can on occasions travel down the wellbore to the
receiving formation
Well Control
Primary well control :

The use of the drilling/completion fluids weight to provide sufficient
hydrostatic pressure to prevent an influx.
Secondary well control:
When primary well control is lost, BOPs are closed and and a kick
control method (using a kill mud weight) is implemented to kill the
well.
Tertiary well control:
Relying on the formations strength below surface to contain the
wellbore fluids
(Gunk) plugs, barite plugs, cement plugs may be used, and
ultimately well capping and / or a relief well.
Barriers
Typically, where drilling is in progress, the following barrier status will

normally exist:
A (primary) barrier consisting of a homogenous mud column with
a hydrostatic overbalance on the pore pressure.
A (secondary) barrier consisting of a cemented casing, wellhead,
pipe ram or annular preventer and drill string with kelly valve or
check valve.
During testing, completion, workover and P&A operations (Plugging

and Abandonment), the principle of a double barrier remains similarly
applicable.
Well Control Equipment
BOP Stack
Refer to API ST 53 for some recommended arrangements.
Surface BOP Stack Configuration
No hard rules are given regarding the BOP stack
arrangement (relative position of the different
ANNULAR elements). All stack arrangements have pros and
cons, and it is the project responsibility to decide
which arrangement best suits the project
TOP RAMS Requirements.
BLIND RAMS
Choke line
Kill line HCR
BOTTOM RAMS
BOTTOM RAMS
VR plug may
be installed in
casing head
SubSea BOP Stack Arrangement
Choke
Kill line line
UPPER ANNULAR
LMRP CON
LOWER ANNULAR Inner/Outer choke
Outer/Inner kill BOTTOM RAMS line valve
SHEAR RAMS
line valves
BOTTOM RAMS
UPPER RAMS
Inner/Outer choke
BOTTOM RAMS
MIDDLE RAMS
line valve
Outer/Inner kill
line valves BOTTOM RAMS
LOWER RAMS
Stack connector
Wellhead
Annular
Close/seal on any object in the wellbore

Sizes from 7-1/16 to 29-1/2 in.
Pressures from 2K to 20K psi
Often called the Hydrill
Annular BOP principles
CLOSURE SEQUENCE (OPEN) CLOSURE SEQUENCE (PART CLOSED) CLOSURE SEQUENCE (SEALED OFF)
Packing Unit
Annular Preventer
Pipe Ram
Pipe ram
Fit a specific pipe size

Need pipe to make a seal
Reliable and field proven
Only hold pressure from below
Shear/Blind ram
Both shears drill pipe and seals the hole

Capacity to cut through 5 drill pipe
Emergency equipment
Top seal and side packers
Can seal on open hole Top seal
Side Packers
Large frontal area

Shear/Blind ram
Blind Shear Ram
Pipe Ram
Variable Ram
Top Seal Packer
Body
Accumulator
Bop Control Panel
Used to control the BOP

functions
Control Unit Principles
3000
500/1500
1500
Accumulator bottle Sizing
Volume at accumulator Min operating pressure

Pre-charge operating press 200 psi above pre-charge
press
1000 psi 3000 psi
Non-Flammable Gas
1200 psi
Accumulator
Fluid
Usable
volume
Accumulator bottle Sizing
1000 psi 3000 psi

Non-Flammable Gas
1200 psi
Accumulator
Fluid
USABLE
VOLUME
1 2 3
Calculation of Usable (Bottle) Volume
Pre-Charge Operating Useable
Pressure 1000 3000 1200
Gas Vol 10 3.33 8.33
PxV 10,000 10,000 10,000
UV = 6.67 1.67
Liquid Vol 0 6.67 1.67 UV = 5
*) Supporting slide
Accumulator Sizing SLB STANDARD
EXAMPLE:
BOP Equipment: 1 Annular + 3 Rams + HCR Valve
Closing Volume (CV): 20 + (3 x 10) + 1 = 51 Gal
Open Choke Line Valve (OV): 1 = 1 Gal
Usable Volume (UV) = 52 Gal
Nominal Reservoir Volume : 2 x UV = 104 Gal

Choke manifold and kill line
14.7psi
500psi
Choke Manifold
An assembly of HP flanged fittings

Several lateral outlets
Attached to the BOP stack with
choke line
Choke helps to maintain back
pressure
This prevents further influx
The fluid from well can be diverted
The choke is operated manually or
remotely
A choke panel is usually on rig floor
Choke Manifold
Remote Choke Control Panel
SPM Total Strokes
Casing
Drill Pipe Pressure
Pressure
Choke Position
indicator
Choke stick
control
Mud Gas Separator Principle
A MUD GAS SEPARATOR (MGS) separates gas from the drilling mud circulated from a well. It
safely vents the separated gas away from the rig and returns the mud back to the active system.
Mud Gas Separator
(Poor Boy)
Mud Gas Separator
GAS
1 - Diameter and length of the vent line controls
the amount of back pressure in MGS
Baffle Plate
From Choke
Manifold 2 - Diameter, height and internal design
controls the separation efficiency in MGS
Siphon Breaker
Mud
To Shakers
3 - Height of the U tube control the
working pressure and the fluid level to
stop the gas going out of the MGS
Drain Line with valve
The function of the MGS is to mechanically separate gas from the mud.
IDS BOP Pressure Test (IDS-WC-ST-002)
Low Pressure Test

200 300 psi for 5 minutes prior to high pressure test.
High Pressure Test

Rams-type BOPs and related control equipment including the choke
manifold and the wellhead packed-off shall be tested at the anticipated
surface pressure but not to exceed the working pressure or the ram
BOPs.
Annular BOPs with a joint of drillpipe installed should be tested to 70%
of their working pressure or to the test pressure of the ram BOPs
whichever is the lowest.
When a cup tester is used, the above test should not exceed 80% of the
internal yield pressure of the exposed casing.
All high pressure tests will be conducted for 10 minutes.
* Stabilized pressure.
Cup Tester
Run on pipe cup about 6-10 m below

the base flange (i.e. below the wellhead)
At the lower end, one or more pipes are
usually installed to facilitate the descent
Allows testing the whole BOP except the
blind rams.
Pressure applied to cup tester directly
imposes a load on drill pipe test string
which could cause drill pipe failure,
particularly with grade E.
Tester cup are swabbing device
therefore tripping speed must be
controlled.
Ensure the running pipe is not
obstructed and communicate to surface.
Tester Plug and Tester Cup
Type of float valves
Inside BOPs
Gray Valve
Release Rod Release tool
Locking Screw
Valve Release rod
Upper Body
Seat
Valve
Valve Spring
Lower
Body
An inside blowout preventer, drill pipe valve, or drop-in check valve should be available for use when
striping the drill string into or out of hole. They should be able to screw into any drill string in use.
Diverter
DIVERTERS,
is not the answer for shallow gas.
If any, move the rig off location.
Diverter
Major Weaknesses Associated with Diverters
Diverter Operation
Flow line to
Shakers Annular packing
element
Head
Piston
Diverter open
port
Diverter close Body

port
Functions should be interlocked

Open Vent Line & Close Diverter
Vent line to
Or over board
Open Diverter & Close Vent Line

Pit Volume Totalizer (PVT)
Delta Flow Meter
Trip tank
Kicks
Causes and Prevention of Kicks
There is ONE condition that allows a kick to occur:
The pressure in the wellbore
becomes less than
the pressure in the formation
Most common Kick Causes
Most
Common
1. Failure to keep hole full of proper weight fluid
2. Drilling into zones of known pressure with mud weight
too low
3. Drilling into unexpected, abnormal formation pressure
4. Lost circulation
5. Swabbing
6. Mud weight high enough to drill, but not to trip
Least
Common
1. Not keeping the hole full
Causes
Not correctly monitoring the displaced volume by drill string
Prevention
Proper use of trip tank and a trip sheet
Use of mud logging unit (pipe displacement monitoring)
Use pump stroke counter (strokes to fill the well when POOH)
Pit volume monitoring (total volume of mud active system)
Use Echo meter if required
Monitor the well all the time (ie logging ops)
2. Low density drilling fluids
Causes
Accidental dilution of drilling fluids
Weighting material settling out (barite, carbonate)
Elimination of weighing
Gas Cutting and oil saltwater cutting (Which one of the two is the
worst?)
Prevention
Diligence on the mud pits
Investigate any reduction of mud weight
Keep mud properties in good shape / monitoring parameters
Perform drills
Effect of gas-cut mud on bottom hole pressure
BHP reduction (psi) with MW cut back (ppg)

Depth 10 ppg 5 ppg 18 ppg 16.2 ppg 18 ppg 9 ppg
1,000 ft 51 31 60
5,000 ft 72 41 82
10,000 ft 86 48 95
20,000 ft 97 51 105
*) Chevron Resources
3. Abnormal formation pressure
Causes
Permeable barrier or rapid deposition preventing normal
pressure
Uplift of a normally pressured zone to a higher depth
Charged up zone due to channeling
Prevention
Seismic data and offset well logs studied
Pore pressure detection and monitoring
Monitor cavings (splintery)
4. Lost circulation
Causes
Formation prone to take fluid
High mud weight
High surge pressures
High ECD
Prevention
Monitor and keep mud properties in good condition
Estimate surge pressure (critical with large OD tool, use trip tank/sheet)
Cure losses before resuming drilling
Consider setting intermediate casing
Monitor delta flow
Use of echo meter if required
Manage ECD in low clearance annulus
5. Swabbing
Causes
Balled-up bottom hole assembly
Pulling pipe too fast (string or wireline tool)
Poor mud properties (high gel strength, progressive gels)
Heaving or swelling formations
Large OD tools (ie casing)
Slim hole
Prevention
Use trip tank and trip sheets
Keep mud in good condition (especially gel, PV/YP)
Pull pipe at reasonable speed
Use effective lubricant and hydraulics to reduce balling
Estimate swab/surge pressure
6. Kicks while tripping
75% of well control incidents reported world wide occurred while

tripping pipe in or out the hole
WHY?
Loss of ECD
Risk of swabbing
Not adequately filling the well
Risk of surging/loss circulation
Less focus from rig crew
Insufficient drilling fluid density
Trip tank and Trip Sheet
Kick Prevention while tripping is best performed by the use of

a TRIP TANK to keep the hole full mud
Kick detection while tripping is done by monitoring pipe
displacement with a TRIP SHEET and trained personnel
The TRIP TANK is the most important device on the rig for
kick prevention and detection
The use of a trip tank in IDS well operations is mandatory
If the well cannot be filled, a good fluid level meter is the best
device to monitor the fluid column
Kick detection while drilling
Kick Detection while Drilling
Earliest
Sign How to check it:
1. Increase in flow-line Stop pumps &
discharge CHECK FOR FLOW
2. Increase in pit volume Stop pumps &
CHECK FOR FLOW
3. Increase in SPM/Speed & Stop pumps &

decrease in circ press CHECK FOR FLOW
Very late
Kick Detection while Drilling
Earliest
Sign How to check It:
4. Drilling break Stop pumps & CHECK FOR
FLOW (circ bottoms up??)
5. Water-cut mud, salinity
Stop pumps &
increase (fresh water
CHECK FOR FLOW
muds)
Stop pumps &
6. Gas-cut mud
CHECK FOR FLOW
Very late
Types of Gas
Drilled gas:
Gas that is produced from the volume of cutting drilled. It is usual to record
peak drilled gas level on the mud log.
Back ground gas:
The gas that enters the bore hole during drilling or circulating (correspond to
dynamic well bore conditions). It is the average gas level excluding peaks.
Connection Gas:
The gas that enters the borehole when circulation is stopped (static conditions)
during the time taken for a typical connection.
Flow check gas:

The gas that enters the borehole when circulation is stopped (static conditions)
during the time taken for a typical flow check (i.e. 15 min, 1/2 hretc)
Types of Gas
Trip gas:
Gas that enters the bore hole when the drill string is tripped out of the hole, or partially
trip out of the hole (i.e. short trips)
Re circulated gas:
Gas which is not removed by surface equipment and re circulated into the bore hole.
May be detected when re circulated back to surface.
Swab gas:
Gas that is introduced into the Well bore when the hydrostatic bottom hole pressure is
temporary less than the gas bearing formation pore pressure at the point of interest.
The temporary reduction in pressure is caused by the swabbing effect of the drilling
string moving upward.
Kick gas :
Gas that enters into the bore hole when the reservoir pore pressure exceeds the mud
hydrostatic pressure, either while circulating or under static conditions. Reservoir
pressure may include virgin reservoir pressure or pressure surcharged by mud losses.
Flow Checking
When should a flow check be performed (as a minimum)??

After all drilling breaks
When tripping
Just off bottom
At the lowest casing shoe
Prior to pulling drill collars through the BOP stack
Note: While tripping out of the reservoir with a core barrel the
geometry of the BHA will be close to full bore & the tendency to
swabbing will be far greater
Flow Checking
If the well continues to flow after the pumps are off, then:
SHUT THE WELL IN
There are other reasons that can cause the well to flow:
Unbalanced U-Tube
Flow-back from fractures (caused by increased pressure in
the wellbore while circulating)
Ballooning
Until you are certain the flow is NOT caused by underbalance

SHUT THE WELL IN
The U tube
The U Tube Model
A U tube system is present when two side by side tubular columns or

pipes containing fluids of same or different density and height. The two
columns are communicated at their basis
A C B
Pressures on bottom of both columns are equalized at the communication

point. That is:
Pressure at A = Pressure at C = Pressure at B
Basic Concepts: Static U Tube
Concept one:
The sum of pressures on the bottom of one pipe of the U
tube is exactly equal to the sum of pressures on the bottom of
the second pipe
Concept two:
In any static U tube, the sum of pressures exerted above a
given point or depth in either of the two pipes, is exactly equal
to the sum of pressures exerted below the same point or
depth
The well seen as a U Tube (static)
Drill Pipe column Annulus column
[BHP] DRILL PIPE = [BHP] ANNULAR
Communicated at bottom
Static U Tube - Concept One
SIDPP = 500 psi
Given:
Well shut-in after a gas kick
Depth: 10,000 ft
SICP = 700 psi
MW: 10 ppg
Calculate:
BHP on the DP side
BHP on the annulus side
Kill Mud Weight (KMW)
Gas density: 1.923 ppg
476 ft
P1 = P2
Static U Tube - Concept Two
SIDPP = 500 psi
Given:
SICP = 1000 psi
Well is shut in after a gas kick is circulated up
the annulus until 5000 ft where it has
expanded to a length of 1190 ft
Well depth: 10,000 ft
MW: 10 ppg
5,000 ft Top @ 5000
Gas density: 1.923 ppg
Calculate: 1190 ft
BHP on annular side

BHP on DP side
Pressure at 5,000 ft P1 = P 2
Static U Tube - Concept Two
BHP on the DP side SIDPP = 500 psi
BHP( DP ) PDP Gauge PDP Mud SICP = 1000 psi

500 0.052 *10 *10,000
5,700 psi
BHP( Ann ) PAnn Gauge PMud above gas PGas PMud below gas
1,000 0.52 * 5,000 0.1*1,190 0.52 * 3,810
1190 ft
5,700 psi
Pressure at 5,000 ft
HP(Top gas ) PAnn Gauge PMud above gas
P1 = P2
1,000 0.52 * 5,000
3,600 psi
Bottom Hole Pressure Calculations
What is the physical meaning of SIDPP?

Why the SIDPP reading is currently used for well control
calculations instead of SICP?
Your are taking a kick:
In which cases do you have SIDPP = SICP?
What does it mean when SIDPP = 0 and SICP has a value?
What does it mean when SIDPP=SICP=0?
The well seen as a U Tube (dynamic)
+PDP +PDHT
Dynamic U Tube circulating fluid
What does the circulating drill pipe CDPP
pressure (CDPP) measure? CCP

It is a measure of the mechanical
force supplied by the mud pump
to move the fluid through the
circulating system
It is the sum of all pressure drops
due to restriction to flow in the
system components when fluid
is the same in both sides.
The concept 1 of the static U
tube is still valid but the pressure
losses need to be taken into
account for BHP calculation.
CDPP
DPSurf
CCP
CDPP = DPSurf + DPDP + DPbit + DPA + DPch
DPDP
where, DPch = CCP
DPA
DPbit
Example of calculations: CDPP = 2000 psi
Given: CCP = 500 psi
Well depth: 10,000 ft

Mud weight, MW: 10 lb /gal
Circulating DP Pressure, CDPP = 2,000 psi
Circulating Casing Pressure, CCP = 500 psi
(back pressure imposed with choke)
Drill Pipe Pressure Losses, DPTP = 1,300 psi
Annular Friction Losses, DPA = 200 psi
Pressure zone, P2 = 5,700 psi
Calculate Bottom Hole Circulating Pressure using DP & P1 P2

annular sides
CDPP = 2000 psi
BHP on the DP side
CCP = 500 psi
BHP( DP ) CDPP PDP Mud DPDP
2000 0.052 *10 *10,000 1300
5,900 psi
Top @ 5000
BHP( Ann ) CCP PMud DPAnn

500 0.052 *10,000 *10 200
5,900 psi
P1 = P 2
Well Control Prevention - by design
Well control by design
Obtain an adequate pore pressure / fracture gradient prognosis

from the G&G department
Casing seat selection: Proper casing program should separate
weak formations (with low fracture pressure) from higher-pressured
formations. This allows drilling into high-pressure formations with
higher-density drilling fluid, while eliminating the risk of lost
circulation into weaker formations (and a possible subsequent well
kick).
Casing design: For well control purposes, the internal pressure
rating (burst resistance) of casing should be designed to handle
the anticipated surface pressure, imposed by the load case used
which depends on the casing type (intermediate, production, etc).
Well control by design
Kick Tolerance - Definitions
Kick Tolerance: The maximum volume of influx that can be taken and
circulated out without breaking down the weakest formation
Kick Intensity: The increase in mud density required to balance the

formation pressure. It can also be defined as the difference between the
kicking formation pore pressure and the current mud density.
Rig Detection Threshold: The volume of influx that can be detected by

the kick detection system of the specific rig and as determined by the
most recent field tests by the personnel of the rig.
Kick Margin: The difference between the formation strength and the
maximum wellbore pressure gradient when handling a kick.
IPM Kick Tolerance
Standard IDS-WC-ST-005
The minimum kick tolerance shall be at least three times the rigs detection threshold.
Vinf = 3 x Rigs kick detection threshold (in bbls)
All Kick Tolerance shall be more than 25 bbls
Vinf > 25 bbls
The Kick Tolerance shall be calculated for each hole section and using a kick intensity
of 0.5 ppg for development wells and 1.0 ppg for exploration wells
Calculation Process
PShoe = P2
H2 Gas
V2
Mud
V1
PForm = P1
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
Calculate H2 , derive V2 , derive V0 P2 x V2
V1 =
P1
V2 = H2 x Ann Cap DP/OH
V0 = H2 x Ann Cap DC/OH
Well Shut in
Shut In Procedure
Hard shut-in vs soft shut-in
Hard Shut-in Procedure Step 1
Hard Shut-in Procedure Step 2
Soft Shut-in Procedure Step 1
Hard Shut-in vs Soft Shut-in
Conclusions
Soft shut-in:
Little improvement to pressure pulse.
Significant effect from additional influx.
Hard shut-in:
Water hammer smaller than shut-in pressure rise.
Formation exposed to lower net pressure.
Results favor hard shut-in.
Minimum confusion, less influx volume, lower annular pressure.
Safety of personnel and equipment without risk to well.
Constant BHP Well Control
Gas Behavior
One tube is open to the atmosphere and the other one is closed.
Imagine two tubes full of mud.
Imagine two equal quantities of gas injected into the tubes.
0 0 0 ?
Bubble of Gas
Open Closed Open Closed
Free Gas Expansion in an open well
A 10,000ft mud column with a gradient of 0.5

psi/ft compresses one barrel of gas at TD.
Gm = 0.5 psi/ft
10,000 ft
Gas
The gas bubble pressure is:

TVD 10,000 10,000 x 0.5 = 5,000 psi
Pressure 5,000
Vol.Gas 1
Press. x Vol. gas = the constant.
Constant 5,000
The gas has risen so that the top of the

bubble is at 5,000ft from the surface.
5,000 ft
The pressure in the gas is:
Gm = 0.5 psi/ft 5,000 x 0.5 = 2,500 psi
Using the constant, the volume of gas is

found:
TVD 10,000 5,000 5,000 / 2,500 = 2 barrels
Pressure 5,000 2,500
Vol.Gas 1 2
Constant 5,000 5,000
The top of the bubble is at 2,500ft
2,500 ft
from the surface.
Gm = 0.5 psi/ft
The pressure in the gas is;
2,500 x 0.5 = 1,250 psi
The volume of gas is found:

TVD 10,000 5,000 2,500 5,000 / 1,250 = 4 barrels
Pressure 5,000 2,500 1,250
Vol.Gas 1 2 4
Constant 5,000 5,000 5,000
At 1,250ft from the

surface.
1,250 ft
Pressure;
1,250 x 0.5 = 625 psi
Gm = 0.5 psi/ft
Volume of gas;
5,000 / 625 = 8bbl
TVD 10,000 5,000 2,500 1,250

Pressure 5,000 2,500 1,250 625
Vol.Gas 1 2 4 8
Constant 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000
Gm = 0.5 psi/ft
TVD 10,000 5,000 2,500 1,250 0
Pressure 5,000 2,500 1,250 625 14.7
Vol.Gas 1 2 4 8 341
Constant 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000
Exercise
1
PRESSION = f (Gas migration)
Well closed (Constant volume)
133 psi 998,4 psi 1336
0 ft
2202 psi
2600 ft
dboue= 8,9 ppg
Gas
3405 psi
5200 ft
dg = 2,5 ppg
Gas
3743
7800 ft
PG= 3743 psi PG= 3743
Exercise
133 998 1336 2202 2540 3405
2202 3743
3405
3405 3743 4946
6150
4946 1
133 psi
PRESSION = f (Gas migration)
998,4 psi
Well closed (Constant volume)
1336
0 ft
2202 psi
2600 ft
dboue= 8,9 ppg
Gas
3405 psi
5200 ft
dg = 2,5 ppg
Gas
3743
7800 ft
PG= 3743 psi PG= 3743
Gas Behavior Closed Well
Hence, gas expansion must be allowed to reduce wellbore

pressures.
This is the basis of well kill methods.
Well Control Methods
Constant BHP Well Control
1. Drillers method.
Circulating kick out.
Pumping kill weight mud.
2. Wait and Weight method.
3. Volumetric
Kill Sheet
All Well Control Methods
Pre-measure Slow Circulation Rate (SCR).

Determine the friction losses.
Measure at rates that you plan to pump.
Measure several rates (e.g. 20, 30, 40 spm).
Measure with all rig mud pumps.
Stabilized SIDPP
Understand MAASP
Pre-calculate pipe and hole capacities.
Calculate KMW (Kill Mud Weight)
Pre fill a kill sheet.
Drillers method 1st circulation
Pressure
BHP
ICP
SICP
Old
Mud
SIDPP
New
Mud
Gas Well Starting the Pump at Influx at Influx at Pumps off Pump
Shut-in Pump SCR shoe BOP strokes
Drillers method 2nd circulation
Pressure
BHP
ICP
Old FCP
Mud SICP
SIDPP
New
Mud
Gas Well Starting the Pump at KMW KMW at Pump

Pumps off
Shut-in Pump SCR at bit surface strokes
Wait and Weight Method
Pressure
BHP
ICP
SICP
Old FCP
Mud
SIDPP
New
Mud
Gas Well Starting the Pump at KMW at KMW at Pump

Shut-in Pump SCR Rig floor bit strokes
Pressure Changes at Casing Shoe
Case 1 Case 2 Case 3a Case 3b
Drillers Method Wait and Weight Wait and Weight
First circulation (No gas migration) (Gas migration)
Drillers Method
Advantages:
Simplicity Less calculations are required than Wait and Weight
method.
Can start circulation immediately Effect of gas migration reduced.
Removes influx and stabilizes wellbore pressure at earliest
possible time.
Viable option if limited barite is available.
Disadvantages:
Method will require at least two circulations.
Under certain conditions the highest shoe pressure.
Two circulations may cause damage to well control equipment.
Wait and Weight Method
Advantages:
In some circumstances, it generates the lowest pressure on the
formation near casing seat.
In a long open hole section, it is the least likely method to induce lost
circulation.
Requires one less circulation, therefore less damage to equipment.
De facto standard for majority of our Clients.
Disadvantages:
Requires longest waiting period prior to circulation. In a case where a
significant amount of hole is drilled prior to encountering the kick, the
cuttings may settle out and plug annulus.
Gas migration is a problem while the density of the system is increased.
Volumetric Method
Use the Volumetric Method when Drillers and W&W can not be
used and gas is migrating. For example, when:
String out of hole
Power or mechanical failure
String plugged
Weighting up period very long
Wash out in the drill string
String very far from bottom with the kick below the string
This method cannot be used with the OBM. Due to the gas
solubility in OBM, the influx does not migrate.
Volumetric Method: drill pipe communication
The bit is on bottom:

The DP gauge should be utilized, keeping 100 psi above
initial Shut-in pressure for a safety factor.
Maintain the new DP pressure constant by bleeding mud from
the annulus until the gas reaches surface.
Then perform Lubricate and bleed technique to get the gas
out
Volumetric Method: No drill pipe communication
Monitor Casing pressure, allowing it to increase by 100 psi above

initial Shut-in pressure for a safety factor.
Calculate the hydrostatic pressure exerted by each barrel of mud in

the annulus or in the gauge hole
Calculate the Volume to bleed which is correspond to the increase
in casing pressure
Maintain the new Casing pressure constant and keep a record of

time, pressures and volumes bled.
Then Lubricate and bleed when gas reaches surface.

Volumetric Method principal
Expansion at P = Cst
Migration at V = Cst
Expansion at P = Cst
Migration at V = Cst
Volumetric Charts
Bleed & Migration
DP
Bleed & Migration
865
DP
Bleed & Migration
795
DP
SICP+ margin = 725
SICP = 625
2970
Pore Pressure + margin
2900
Pore Pressure = 2800

0 100 200 300 400 Time
Lubricate & Bleed Method
Slowly pump a selected volume of

mud into the annulus.
Allow the mud to fall through the gas.
Bleed gas from the wellbore allowing
casing pressure to fall only an
amount equal to the hydrostatic
pressure of the mud being pumped
into the wellbore.
Repeat until all gas has been bled off

or the desired surface pressure is
reached.
Do not Bleed Mud!!

BOP Stack Configuration
The well is under pressure:

1. Is it possible to repair the side
AP outlets?
2. Is it possible to replace the PR
by new ones?
3. Is It possible to replace the
PR packing element on the annular
BOP?
4. Is it possible to replace the SBR
SBR by another type of PR?
5. Is it possible to kill the well using
the Drillers Method?
HCR

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Well Control

Rev. Date Summary Owner

On completion of this module you will be able to:

1. No compliance with standards and procedures

Underground Blowout: An uncontrolled flow of formation fluids in the wellbore

Primary well control :

Typically, where drilling is in progress, the following barrier status will

A (primary) barrier consisting of a homogenous mud column with

During testing, completion, workover and P&A operations (Plugging

LOWER ANNULAR Inner/Outer choke

Close/seal on any object in the wellbore

Fit a specific pipe size

Both shears drill pipe and seals the hole

Large frontal area

Blind Shear Ram

Used to control the BOP

Volume at accumulator Min operating pressure

1000 psi 3000 psi

1000 psi 3000 psi

Usable Volume (UV) = 52 Gal

Nominal Reservoir Volume : 2 x UV = 104 Gal

An assembly of HP flanged fittings

Drain Line with valve

Low Pressure Test

High Pressure Test

Run on pipe cup about 6-10 m below

Valve Release rod

Diverter close Body

Functions should be interlocked

Open Diverter & Close Vent Line

There is ONE condition that allows a kick to occur:

BHP reduction (psi) with MW cut back (ppg)

75% of well control incidents reported world wide occurred while

Kick Prevention while tripping is best performed by the use of

3. Increase in SPM/Speed & Stop pumps &

Back ground gas:

Flow check gas:

When should a flow check be performed (as a minimum)??

Until you are certain the flow is NOT caused by underbalance

A U tube system is present when two side by side tubular columns or

Pressures on bottom of both columns are equalized at the communication

Gas density: 1.923 ppg

BHP on annular side

BHP( DP ) PDP Gauge PDP Mud SICP = 1000 psi

What is the physical meaning of SIDPP?

What does the circulating drill pipe CDPP

pressure (CDPP) measure? CCP

Given: CCP = 500 psi

Well depth: 10,000 ft

Calculate Bottom Hole Circulating Pressure using DP & P1 P2

BHP( Ann ) CCP PMud DPAnn

Obtain an adequate pore pressure / fracture gradient prognosis

Kick Intensity: The increase in mud density required to balance the

Rig Detection Threshold: The volume of influx that can be detected by

Hard shut-in vs soft shut-in

A 10,000ft mud column with a gradient of 0.5

The gas bubble pressure is:

The gas has risen so that the top of the

Using the constant, the volume of gas is

The top of the bubble is at 2,500ft

The volume of gas is found:

At 1,250ft from the

TVD 10,000 5,000 2,500 1,250