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<h1>
Full text of "<a href="/details/jstor-4061786">The Forms of Edentulous Jaws
in the Human Subject</a>"
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<h2 class="pull-right">
<small><a href="/details/jstor-4061786">See other formats</a></small>
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<pre>
STOP
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1893.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 11
" On a now extinct species of Cyprinidae," by Edw. D. Cope.

"On the Inheritance of Modifications due to the Disturbance of
the Early Stage of Development in the Japanese Domesticated
Races of Gold Carp," by John A. Ryder.
" The Vascular Respiratory Mechanism of the Vertical Fins in the

Viviparous Embiotocidse," by John A. Ryder.
January 17.
The President, General Isaac J. Wistar, in the chair.
Fifty-three persons present.
Papers under the following titles were presented for publication :

" Catalogue of the Crustaceans in the Museum of the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia," by Benjamin Sharp, M. D.
" Description of a New Species of Neotoma," by Witmer Stone.
Mr. Chas. P. Perot was elected Treasurer to fill the vacancy
caused by the death of Mr. Isaac C. Martindale.
January 24.
The President, General Isaac J. Wistar, in the chair.
Fifty-nine persons present.
A paper entitled " New Species of North American Fungi from

various localities," by J. B. Ellis and B. M. Everhart, was presented
for publication.
The deaths of Dr. J. S. Newberry and Sir Richard Owen, corres-

pondents, were announced.
The Forms of Edentulous Jaivs in the Human Subject. Dr. Har-

rison Allen demonstrated the peculiarities of the edentulous
upper and lower jaws of the human subject. He held that the
statement made that the jaws exhibit the result of uniform absorp-
tion of the alveolar processes was not true. The bone tissue which
held the teeth in place being a com piemen tal structure is indeed
rapidly absorbed after the teeth are lost. But when the alveolar
processes have disappeared, a secondary process of adaptive hyperos-
tosis takes place. These statements relate in the main to the upper
jaw, but the conclusions can be applied also to the lower jaw.
This adaptive process occurs in three regions, namely, that for

the incisor teeth, that for the canine tooth and the first bicuspid tooth,
and that for the second bicuspid tooth and the molar teeth. These
12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1893.
regions answer roughly to those occupied by various kinds of teeth,

and differ in much the same way as the incisiform, caniniform
and molariform teeth differ from one another. The region of the
incisor teeth is compressed and beaked, that of the canine tooth and
the first bicuspid tooth is coarsely conical or tubercular, while that
of the second bicuspid and molar teeth is eith'er broad and massive,
or compressed. It is rare to find an edentulous dental arch uni-
formly hyperostosed or uniformly atrophied, but one or more of the
regions above named assume the form described, or at least exhibit
indications of changes different in character from the mere loss of
the alveolar processes.
The lower jaw passes up in front of the upper jaw in aged individ-
uals who have lost teeth. As a result, the attrition of the incisorial
region of the lower jaw is secured against the/ro< of the upper jaw.
The result attained by such attrition Dr. Allen called "shearing."
Shearing takes place in proportion as the upper jaw at its anterior
arc is beaked. It is interesting to find that when "shearing" is
present the articular surface of the condyloid process is invariably
at the anterior part.
The loss of the alveolar process in the incisorial region of the

upper jaw causes the incisive foramen to assume an absolutely new
position in relation to the line of mastication. It exhibits a dispo-
sition to lie in the dental arch instead of back of it. The attri-
tion by " shearing " however, protects the contents of the foramen
from pressure.
The region in the upper alveolar arch directly back of the last
molar is apt to become symmetrically hyperostosed. These masses
appear to be dominated by the pyramidal process of the palatal
bones and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone. At least
they are not used for mastication.
The subdivision of the teeth into kinds, which answer to the

incisors, canines, bicuspids and molars, correlates to the strongest
suture lines in the face, that is to say, the incisors correspond to the
premaxillo-vomerine junction, the canine and first bicuspid to the
fronto- maxillary junction, and the remaining teeth to the fronto-malar
junction.
The edentulous skulls examined were 14 in number, distributed

as follows; Ancient Egyptian, 3; Arabian, 2; Hindu, 2; Peru-
vian, 2 ; Negro, 1 ; N. A. Indian, 2 ; Anglo-American, 2. Of this
number the Anglo-Americans alone could by any possibility repre-
sent the teeth of persons who could have worn artifical teeth, and in
this way modify the act of mastication in the aged. Since one of
the Anglo-American crania was that of an idiot, the probability is
reduced to a minimum that an artificial denture had been used
during life in any of the specimens examined.
1893.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 13
f Entire arch hyperostosed, 3.

\ Entire arch absorbed, 4.
f Left side arch hyperostosed, 1.
\ Right side arch hyperostosed, 0.
( Left side; arch absorbed, 2.
\ Right side arch absorbed, 4.
Region of incisors hyperostosed (" beaked "), 6.
Region of incisors " sheared, 5.

f Right and Left, 2.
Region of canine and first bi-cuspid hyperostosed J Left, 1.
(Right, 1.
{Right and Left, 2.

Left, 0.
Right, 0.
Region of second bicuspid and | J ' 1 '
molars hjperostosed 1 ... l, ,'
Region of second bicuspid and J j f. " 'V
molars absorbed j . ,'
Region of second bicuspid and J . j? ' '
molars " beaked " 1 '. /. _'
(.Right, 0.
Symmetrical hyperostoses in alveolar arch in front of pterygoid process 8.

Incisive foramen in line of dental arch 8.
It is noteworthy that from the entire series only four showed com-
plete absence of any secondary bone adaptation consequent upon
the loss of alveolar processes, and that all of these were from civil-
ized races, two ancient Egyptian and two Anglo-American. The
want of harmony between the secondary adaptations probably cor-
relates with the irregular rate at which the teeth are lost. Individ-
ual peculiarities in this regard are doubtless numerous.
Dr. Allen assumed that the coarse food of savage and semi-savage
people caused the jaws even in an edentulous condition to be used
actively in the act of mastication, while the more carefully prepared
food suitable to the aged of civilized people enabled the jaws to have
comparative rest, and hence the mechanical conditions which pre-
determined the localization of new structures were not active. The
speaker concluded that the series of observations strengthens the
position taken that the same forces which differentiate the kind of
teeth operate in fashioning the shape of the jaws, even after the loss
of the teeth.
Dr. C. N. Pierce remarked that the four superior arches, which

Doctor Allen has presented as being representatives of civilized
races, could not be accepted as indicating a uniform condition of
edentulous jaws at the present time. The crania collected from
civilized communities in the future will, in their edentulous jaws,
certainly show less irregularity in the individual alveolar ridges
than was present in the several specimens exhibited by Dr.
Allen, and in the absence or presence of a ridge would not
14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1893.

display the uniformity seen in the four exhibited. In the future,
the greatest variations will certainly be exhibited. In some a prom-
inence will be present, which in life amounted to almost a monstros-
ity, while in others there will be found a complete atrophy or
absorption of the entire ridge in both the superior and inferior
maxilla. The symmetry of the ridge will in a measure be due to
the uniformity of pressure from an artificial denture, and an absence of
the forces alluded to by Dr. Allen, which doubtless had had in some
cases an influence in the secondary development of bony structure,
while those parts were forced to perform the function of the teeth
which had been prematurely lost, though some of the prominences
to which attention bad been drawn, were, in the estimation of Dr.
Pierce, due to the difference in the time of the loss of the teeth.
Why some maxillaries should show such complete atrophy, while
others had secondary development, Dr. Pierce could not explain, but
he believed it was associated with temperamental and nutritional
conditions. The development certainly indicated a healthy recupera-
tive power on the part of the individual.
With reference to the protrusion of the lower jaw and chin, and the
change in adaptation of condyle to glenoid cavity, which Dr. Allen
had so aptly illustrated, Dr. Pierce thought they could be explained
upon the principle of use and disuse, with adaptation of structures.
In infancy, the angle resulting from the relation of the ramus to the
body of the bone was much greater than a right angle, indeed the
ramus was but little above the same horizontal plane occupied by the
body of the bone, and the jaw was capable only of vertical and antero-
posterior motion, such as is essential to sucking or nursing. As the
three true or permanent molars are developed, the ramus assumes its
vertical position, forming almost a right angle with the body of the
bone, and at the same time making lateral or horizontal movement
possible while establishing the concomitant relation between the
condyles and glenoid cavities. As these permanent molars later in
life are lost, the force upon the jaw in occlusion is confined to the
anterior part or incisive locality, which would necessarily tend to
increase the angle and protrude the chin. This occurs sometimes
quite early in life and while all the anterior teeth are in position.
At the same time that the vertical motion is exerting this influence
the necessity for lateral motion has ceased, by the loss of the
grinders; hence the change in the relative position of the condyle,
which was so well shown by the previous speaker, and which has
been necessitated by a return to the vertical and anteroposterior
motion common to infancy, with the loss of the horizontal or lateral
motion of maturity.
In consequence of his election to the office of Treasurer, Mr.

Chas. P. Perot resigned from the Finance Committee. Dr. Geo. H.
Horn was elected to fill the vacancy.
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Early Journal Content on JSTOR, Free to Anyone in the World

Read more about Early Journal Content at http://about.jstor.org/participate-

1893.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 11

" On a now extinct species of Cyprinidae," by Edw. D. Cope.

" The Vascular Respiratory Mechanism of the Vertical Fins in the

Papers under the following titles were presented for publication :

A paper entitled " New Species of North American Fungi from

The deaths of Dr. J. S. Newberry and Sir Richard Owen, corres-

The Forms of Edentulous Jaivs in the Human Subject. Dr. Har-

This adaptive process occurs in three regions, namely, that for

12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1893.

regions answer roughly to those occupied by various kinds of teeth,

The loss of the alveolar process in the incisorial region of the

The subdivision of the teeth into kinds, which answer to the

The edentulous skulls examined were 14 in number, distributed

1893.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 13

f Entire arch hyperostosed, 3.

Region of incisors hyperostosed (" beaked "), 6.

Region of incisors " sheared, 5.

Region of canine and first bi-cuspid hyperostosed J Left, 1.

{Right and Left, 2.

Region of second bicuspid and | J ' 1 '

molars hjperostosed 1 ... l, ,'

Region of second bicuspid and J j f. " 'V

molars absorbed j . ,'

Region of second bicuspid and J . j? ' '

molars " beaked " 1 '. /. _'

Symmetrical hyperostoses in alveolar arch in front of pterygoid process 8.

Dr. C. N. Pierce remarked that the four superior arches, which

14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1893.

In consequence of his election to the office of Treasurer, Mr.

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