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 Indices and Logarithms

CHAPTER 5 : INDICES AND LOGARITHMS

1.1 Finding the value of number given in the form of :-

Type of indices In General Examples
(a) Integer indices (i) positive indices 35 3 3 3 3 3
a n a a a ..... a
n factors (4)2
a = base(non zero number)
n = index(positive integer)
(0.2) 3

3
1

5

(ii) negative indices 1

21 =
1 2
a n
an
32

4
2

(b) Fractional indices 1 1

(i) a n n a 42 42
1
n = positive integer
16 4 [2]
a 0 1
32 5
[2]

a
m 2
m
(ii) a n
a
n m n
27 ( 3 27)2 32 9
3

2
83 [4]
3
16 4 [8]

Notes : Zero Index : a 0 1, where a 0

0
1
Examples : 50 1, 2.20 1, (3)0 1, 1
2

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 Indices and Logarithms

ACTIVITY 1:
Find the value for each of the following;
1 1
(a) 64 2 64 8 (b) 8 3
[2]

1 2
4 5
(c) 16 (d) 32
[2] [4]
2 1

(e) 27 3 (f) 25 2

1
[ ]
[9] 2
1 2
1

3 1
(g) (h)
8 4
[2] [16]

1 2
1 1
(i) (j)
32 3
[32] [9]

EXERCISE 1
1. Evaluate the following:
3 1 1
(a) 4 2
(b) (16) 4 1
(c)
25
[8] [2] [25]

1
(e) (51 )2
1
32 5 (f) 4 2
(d)
81
2 1 1
[ ]
[ ] 25 [ ]
3 2

2. Write in index form

1 1 1
(a) (b) 1
p q3 (c)
p
[p-1] [q-3]
[p1]

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 Indices and Logarithms

LAWS OF INDICES

a m a n a m n a m a n a mn (a m ) n a mn

n
a an
(ab) a b
m m m
n
b b

ACTIVITY 2:
1. Simplify each of the following:
(a) a 2 a 5 a 25 (b) 52 n 53n
a7

[55n ]
x6 (d) 4n 2n 23n
(c)
x2

[ x4 ] [1]
1 1
(e) p q 6 4 2
(f) a b
4 12 4

[ p3 q 2 ] [ab3 ]
1
(h) 16 2n 4
(g) 81p8 q 2 2

[9 p 4 q 1 ] [28 n ]

(i) 32 63 2 1 1
(j) 32 5 125 3

[35 24 ] 2
[ ]
5
(k) 2n1 4 2n1 a 2 n a 3n
(l)
a2 a4

[4] [a 5 n 6 ]

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 Indices and Logarithms

2. Prove that
(a) 4 n1 4 n 3 4 n1 is divisible by 17 (b) 5 n 5 n1 5 n2 is divisible by 31 for
for all positive integers of n . all positive integers of n.

4n
4n 41 4n 3
41
3
4n (4 1 )
4
17 n
4
4
17(4n1 )

17(4n-1) is a multiple of 17 and hence, [31(5n) is a multiple of 31 and hence, 31(5n) is

divisible by 31].
17(4n-1) is divisible by 17.

(c) 3n 3n1 3n2 is divisible by 13 for (d) 2 p2 2 p3 is divisible by 12 for all

all positive integers of n. positive integers of p.

[13(3n) is a multiple of 13 and hence, 13(3n) is [12(2p) is a multiple of 12 and hence, 12(2p) is
divisible by 13]. divisible by 12].

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 Indices and Logarithms

2. LOGARITHMS AND THE LAW OF LOGARITHMS.

_____________________________________________________________________
2.1 Express equation in index form to logarithm form and vice versa

Definition of logarithm
If a is a positive number and a 1 , then
Loga N is read as logarithm of N
to the base a
N ax log a N x
`
(INDEX FORM) (LOGARITHM FORM)
N = Number
a = base
Notes! x = index
Since a1 = a then loga a = 1
Since a0 = 1 then loga 1 = 0

We can use this relation to convert from index form to logarithm form or vice versa.

ACTIVITY 3:
1. Convert each of the following from index form to logarithm form:
INDEX FORM LOGARITHM FORM
(a) 43 = 64 log 4 64 3

(b) 34 = 81

1
(c) 2-3 =
8

(d)10-2 = 0.01

1
(e) = 31
3

2. Convert each of the following from logarithm form to index form:

LOGARITHM FORM INDEX FORM
(a) log7 49 = 2 49 7 2

(b) log3 27 = 3

1
(c) log9 3 =
2

(d) log10 100 = 2

1
(e) log5 =-4
16

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 Indices and Logarithms

3. Find the value of x .

a) log2 x = 1 b) log10 x = -3
x 21 2
[0.001]
c) log3 x = 4 d) loga x = 0
[81] [1]

2.2 Finding logarithm of a number

Logarithm to the base of 10 is known as the common logarithm. The value of

common logarithms can be easily obtained from a scientific calculator .
In common logarithm, if log10 N = x , then , antilog N = 10x. [lg N = log10N]

ACTIVITY 4
1. Use a calculator to evaluate each of the following;

(a) log10 16 = 1.2041 (b) log10 0.025 =

[-1.6021]
2
(c) log10 = (d) log10 52 =
3
[-0.1761]
[1.3979]
(e) antilog 0.1383 = (f) antilog (- 0.729) =

[1.3750] [0.1866]
(g) antilog 1.1383 = (h) 10- 2 =

[13.7450] [0.01]

2. Find the value of the following logarithms.

(a) log4 16= log 4 42 2 (b) log3 27

[3]
1 (d) log8 2
(c) log2
2
[-1]
[3]

(e) log2 23 (f) loga a4

[3] [4]

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 Indices and Logarithms

2.3 Finding logarithm of a numbers by using the Laws of Logarithms

LAWS OF
LOGARITHMS

loga xy = loga x + loga y

loga xm = m loga x

x
log a = loga x - loga y
y

ACTIVITY 5:

1. Evaluate each of the following without using calculator.

(a) log 2 32= log 2 25 5 (b) log 3 27

[3]

(c) log 3 1 (d) log 3 9

[ 0] [2]
(e) log 8 64 (f) log 2 8

[2] [3]

2. Find the value of

(a) log 2 6 + log 2 12 log 2 18 (b) log 3 18 + 2log 3 6 log 3 72
6(12)
log 2
18
log 2 4
2

[2]

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 Indices and Logarithms

(c) 2log 4 2 - log 4 3 + log 4 12 (d) log 5 45+ log5 100 log5 10 log5 18

[2] [2]

3.. Given that log 2 3 = 1.585 and log 2 5 = 2.322 . Evaluate each of the following.
(a) log 2 15 (b) log 2 75

[3.907] [6.229]
(c) log 2 20 (d) log 2 1.5

[4.322] [0.585]

5. Given that log3 2 = 0.6309 and log3 5 = 1.4650. Evaluate each of the following.
(a) log 3 10 (b) log 3 18

[2.0959] [2.6309]

(c) log 3 45 (d) log 3 0.3

[-1.0959]

[3.4650]

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 Indices and Logarithms

2.4 Simplifying logarithmic expressions to the simplest form .

ACTIVITY 6
1. Express each of the following in terms of log a , log b and/or log c .
(a) log ab (b) log a3b 2

[log a + log b] [3log a + 2log b]

(c) log ab 2 ab
3
(d) log
c

[3log a +6 log b]
[log a + log b-logc]

2. Express each of the following in term of log a x and log a y .

(a) log a xy (b) log a x2y3

[log a x log a y] [2log a x 3log a y]

x2 a 2 x3
(c) log a (d) log a
y y

[2log a x log a y] [2 3log a x log a y]

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 Indices and Logarithms

3. Write each of the following expressions as single logarithm:

(a) lg 3 + lg 25 = lg 3 + lg 5 (b) 3 lg 2 + 2 lg 3 2 lg 6

= lg 15

[log 2]

(c) log 2 x + log 2 y 2 (d) lg 6 + 2 lg 4 lg 8

[ log 2 xy 2 ] [log 12]

(e) lg x +2lg y - 1 1
(f) 3 lg x lg y4 + 2
2

xy 2 100 x3
[ log [ log ]
] 2
y
10
(g) 2log a x - 1 + log a y (h) log 3 x + 2log 3 y 1

x2 y xy 2
[ log a [ log 3 ]
] 3
a
(i) log b x + log b y + 1 (j) log a x + log a y 1

xy
[ log a a ]
[ logb xyb ]

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 Indices and Logarithms

3. CHANGE OF BASE OF LOGARITHMS

_________ __________________________________________________________________
3.1 Finding logarithm of a number by changing the base of the logarithm to a
suitable base
The base of logarithms can be changed to other base by using a formula :

log c b
log a b
log c a

log b b
When c = b, then log a b
log b a
1
=
log b a

ACTIVITY 7:
If c = b, soGive
1. Find the value of each of the following. loga your
b = answer correct to four
significant figures.

(a) log 2 (b) log 3 8

log5 2
log 5
0.3010

0.6990
0.431
[1.893]
(c) log3 4 (d) log 2 0.5

[1.262] [-1.00]

2. Find the value of each of the following without using calculator..

(a) log 2 9. log3 8 log3 9 log3 8 (b) log 3 7. log 7 2. log 2 3 =

log3 2 log 3 3
2 36
[1]

(c) log 4 16 . log 3 125 = (d) log 4 5. log 5 3. log 3 7. log 7 64 =

[8] [3]

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 Indices and Logarithms

3.2 Solving Problems involving the change of base and laws of logarithms.

ACTIVITY 8
1. Given that log 2 3 = 1.585 and log 2 5 = 2.322.Find the value of each of the
following.

(a) log3 15 (b) log 3 3

5

[2.4650] [-0.4650]

2. Given that log2 a = b. Without using the calculator, express the following in terms
of b:

(a) loga 16 (b) log 16 a

4 b
[ ] [ ]
b 4
(c) log 4 a (d) log a 32a

b 5
[ ] [ 1]
2 b

3. If log 3 x = r and log 3 y = s , express each of the following in terms of r and s .

9x
(a) log 3 x2y (b) log 3
y

[2r+s] [2+r-s]

4. If log 2 x m and log 2 y n , express each of the following in terms of m and n.

(a) log 4 xy (b) log x y 2

1 2n
[ [ m n] ] [ ]
2 m

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 Indices and Logarithms

4. EQUATION INVOLVING INDICES AND LOGARITHMS

4.1 Solving equations involving indices

METHOD:
1. Comparison of indices or base
(i) If the base are the same , when a x a y , then x = y
(ii) If the index are the same , when a x b x , then a = b

2. Using common logarithm

ACTIVITY 9:
1. Solve the following equations:
(a) 3x = 81 (b) 16x = 8

3x 34
x4 3
[ ]
4

(c) 8x+1 = 4 (d) 9x+1 = 3

1 1
[ ] [ ]
3 2
(e) 9x. 3x-1 = 81 (f) 2x + 3 - 42x = 0

5
[ ] [1 ]
3

(g) x 4 81 1
x 3
(h)
125

[3] [5 ]

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 Indices and Logarithms

2. By using common logarithm(log10), solve the following equations and give your
answer correct to two decimal places.

(a) 2x = 3 (b) 7 x 8
x lg 2 lg 3
lg 3
x 1.58
lg 2
[-1.07]
(c) 42x+1 = 7 x x
(d) 2 .3 = 18

[0.2] [1.61]
5 2 x x 4
(e) 6 4 (f) 2 .3 9
x x

[2.11] [21.68]

3. By using replacement method, solve each of the following equations:

(a) 2 x4 2 x3 1 (b) 3 x1 3 x2 4

2 x 2 4 2 x 23 1 Substitute y 2 x ,
let y 2 x 1
2x
16 y 8 y 1 8
8y 1 23 2 x
1 x 3
y [x = -1]
8

(c) 3x1 3x 9 (d) 2 x3 2 x2 12

[x = 2] [x = 0]

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 Indices and Logarithms

4.2 Solving Equations involving logarithms

METHOD:
1. For two logarithms of the same base, if log a m log a n , then m = n .
2. Convert to index form, if log a m n , then m = a n.

ACTIVITY 10:
1. Solve the following equations.
(a) lg x = lg 3 + 2 lg 2 lg 2 (b) 2 lg 3 + lg (2x) = lg (3x + 1)

3 22
lg
2
x6

1
[ ]
15
(c) lg (4x 3) = lg (x + 1 ) + lg 3 (d) lg (10x + 5) lg ( x+ 4 ) = lg 2

3
[ ]
[6 ] 8

2. Solve the following equations :

(a) lg 25 + lg x lg (x 1) = 2 (b) lg 4 + 2 lg x = 2

25 x
lg 2
x 1
25 x 10 2 ( x 1)
25 x 100 x 100
75 x 100
4
x
3

[5]

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 Indices and Logarithms

(c) lg x + lg (2x 1) = 1 (d) log x 8 5 log x 4

5
[ 2, ]
2 [2]

(e) 3 log x 4 5 log x 2 (f) log5 (2 x 5) 2log5 6 log5 4

[2] [7]

(g) log2 x2 = 3 + log2 (x + 6) (h) log 4 ( x 6) log 2 3

[-4,12] [3]

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 Indices and Logarithms

SPM QUESTIONS

1. SPM 2003
Given that log 2 T log 4 V 3 , express T in terms of V .[4 marks] [T = 8 V ]

2. SPM 2003
Solve the equation 4 2 x 1 7 x . [4 marks] [x = 1.677]

3. SPM 2004
Solve the equation 32 4 x 48 x6 . [3 marks] [x = 3]

4. SPM 2004
Given that log 5 2 m and log 5 7 p , express log 5 4.9 in terms of m and p.
[4 marks] [2p m -1]

5. SPM 2005
3
Solve the equation log 3 4 x log 3 (2 x 1) 1 . [3 marks] [x ]
2

6. SPM 2005
Solve the equation 2 x4 2 x3 1 . [3 marks] [x = - 3]

7. SPM 2005
27m
Given that log m 2 p and log m 3 r , express log m in terms of p and r .
4
[4 marks] [3r 2p + 1]

8. SPM 2006
1
Solve the equation 82 x 3 . [3 marks] [x =1]
4x2

9. SPM 2006

Given that log 2 xy 2 3log 2 x log 2 y , express y in terms of x.

[3 marks] [y=4x]
10. SPM 2006

1
Solve the equation 2 log3 ( x 1) log3 x . [3 marks] [ x 1 ]
8

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