ICEE 2016 Souvenir: 3rd International Conference on Earth Sciences and Engineering

Souvenir
3rd International Conference on

Earth Sciences and Engineering
[ICEE 2016]
17th 18th June, 2016
Jointly Organized by
Department of Civil Engineering
NEHRU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
CAFET-INNOVA TECHNICAL SOCIETY
Hyderabad, India
In Association With
Andalas University, Indonesia
&
Basha Research Corporation, Singapore
Editors: Raju Aedla, Brema J, Vadivel M
ISBN: 978-93-5265-658-5 http://icee.cafetinnova.org/

3rd International Conference on Earth Sciences and Engineering (ICEE 2016)
17th18th June, 2016
http://icee.cafetinnova.org/
About Conference
Department of Civil Engineering, Nehru Institute of Technology (NIT), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu,
India and Cafet Innova Technical Society (CITS), Hyderabad, Telangana, India are jointly
organizing 3rd International Conference on Earth Sciences and Engineering (ICEE2016) during
17th - 18th June, 2016. Conference aims to bring together and provide a platform to Researchers,
Engineers, Scientists and Academicians as well as Industrial Professionals from all over the globe to
present, share and exchange their research results and developmental activities about all parts of
earth sciences and engineering. ICEE-2016 is unique in itself due to fusing earth sciences with
engineering, which helps the delegates to exchange their experiences face to face, establish research
relations and to find global partners for future research collaboration.
3rd ICEE 2016

After 9 years of its existence, CITS has organized more than 35 national and international
conferences, workshops, symposiums on its own banner and in association with various reputed
universities from all over the globe. CITS has organized First International Conference on Earth
Sciences and Engineering (ICEE-2010) during 21st 22nd August, 2010 at Hyderabad, Telangana,
India. 2nd ICEE, was organized during 20th21st March, 2015 at Nehru Institute of Technology
(NIT), Coimbatore, India. The third in series of ICEE, i.e. 3rd International Conference on Earth
Sciences and Engineering (ICEE-2016) emphasis on recent scientific developments in Earth
Sciences and Engineering.
About Nehru Institute of Technology

Nehru Institute of Technology established in the year 2008 is a private self-financing technical
institution recognized by AICTE, New Delhi and affiliated to Anna University, Coimbatore. NIT is
an Endeavour of Nehru College of Educational and Charitable Trust, established at an auspicious
moment in the year 1968, with the primary objective of rendering selfless and dedicated service to
the cause of higher education originally in the field of Aeronautical Engineering and subsequently in
the rest of Engineering branches, Management, Arts, Science, and Paramedical Sciences. Over the
period of nearly four decades, it has established and patronized a number of prestigious Educational
Institutions, all of which have grown to the stature of being accredited with ISO13001:2008
certification by the International Certification Services. Nehru Institute of Technology is located at
in the midst of Western Ghats, in an environmentally unpolluted locality at the outskirts of
Coimbatore. The College has completed 7 years of its service with excellent state of art facilities and
committed faculty members.
Department of Civil Engineering

Department of Civil Engineering was started in the year 2008 with highly qualified, committed and
research oriented faculty members. The department functions as a centre of academic excellence by
emphasizing the curriculum with special guest lectures and in-plant training for students every
semester on various topics to meet the global challenges of engineering industry. The department is
committed to develop internationally prominent educational and research programme that will
benefit the society.
Jointly Organized by Nehru Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, India and Cafet-Innova Technical Society, Hyderabad, India
ISBN: 978-93-5265-658-5
17th18th June, 2016
About CAFET-INNOVA TECHNICAL SOCIETY
The CAFET-INNOVA Technical Society (CITS) is an international non-profit organization helping

the scientific community, laid its foundation in 2007 in Hyderabad, India. The main motto of CITS
is to encourage the young talent towards the field of Research and Development (R&D) and harness
their intellectual abilities for the betterment of industry.
CITS has been organizing various international/national conferences, Workshops and Guest lectures
etc., across the world. CITS has been Publishing International Journals like International Journal of
Earth Sciences and Engineering (IJEE)ISSN 0974-5904, International Journal of Biological
Sciences and Engineering (IJBE) - ISSN 0976-1519, International Journal of Industrial Electronics,
Control and Robotics (IJICR)- ISSN 2231-4903 and an exclusive journal for Engineering and
Science students is International Journal of Engineering and Science Students (IJESS) - ISSN 2278
7607.
International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering (IJEE) ISSN 0974-5904 [Scopus Journal
Rating-0.15 & CSIR-NISCAIR, INDIA IF-0.13] is indexed in Scopus Compendex and Geobase
(products hosted on Engineering Village) Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Chemical Abstract
Services-USA, Geo-Ref Information Services-USA and it emphasizes on Earth sciences and
Engineering. International Journal of Biological Sciences and Engineering (IJBE) ISSN 0976-1519
is indexed in Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), USA and it focuses on Biological
Sciences and Engineering. International Journal of Industrial Electronics, Control and Robotics
(IJICR) ISSN 2231-4903 focuses on Electronics, Electrical and Mechanical Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Students (IJESS) ISSN 2278 7607 aims at
providing platform to young researchers in the fields of Science and Engineering.
It is one of the Worlds first free student international journals to exclusively highlight the research
contribution of undergraduate, Post graduate and Research students in the field of engineering and
science. The journal believes that the true research potential of students can be realized by
encouraging them to participate in research and acknowledging their achievements.
Founder Members
(Dr. Raju Aedla and Dr. Hafeez Basha R)
Prof. D. Venkat Reddy

President, Cafet Innova Technical Society
ISBN: 978-93-5265-658-5
17th18th June, 2016
UNAND is the oldest university outside of Java Island, and the fourth oldest university in Indonesia.
This university was established in 1956 following the Decree of Minister of Education and Culture
No. 80016/Kab; 23 December 1955. UNAND was officially launched at 13 September 1956 by four
of its founding fathers together with the Dr. st Mohammad Hatta, Indonesia's 1Vice President, and
the Minister of Education and Culture Bapak Sarino Mangoenpranoto. In its early years, UNAND
had five faculties that were spread at different municipalities. Faculty of Agriculture in
Payakumbuh, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Natural Science in Bukittinggi, Faculty of Law in
Padang, and Faculty of Teaching and Education in Batusangkar. Then Faculty of Economics and
Faculty of Animal Husbandry were established in the year 1961 and 1963, consecutively. Other
faculties, i.e. Humanities, Engineering, Social and Politics, Pharmacy, Agricultural Technology, and
Public Health have been established afterwards. In 1965, Faculty of Teaching and Education split
from UNAND and has become Institute of Teaching and Education of Padang (IKIP)
Padang.UNAND is now having 15 faculties and Postgraduate Program and is home for almost
25000 students. To date, UNAND has three campuses, i.e Campuss I in Padang covers the area of
500 ha (main campuss); campuss II in Payakumbuh for Animal Science and Economics; and campus
III in Dharmasraya for Agroecotechnology.
Basha Research Corporation, Singapore
The Basha Research Corporation (BRCORP) aims at providing services to accelerate the scientific
research globally, with a prime objective of bridging the gap between the scientific world and
academic community. The organization is focused on creating discussion forums for technology
innovation, platform to share research ideas, guidance to science investigators and publishing the
associated literature. The insight of a strong visionary, founded Basha Research Corporation with a
mission to exaggerate its services globally and attain the unreached. The strong values and dedicated
resources of this organization shall make it competent with leading research and development
service providers, technical committees and periodical publishers worldwide.
[http://basharesearch.com/].
RM Vision Minds Private Limited, Hyderabad, India
RM Vision Minds Technologies is a global software services company focusing on Software

Development and Products. We provide a complete suite of IT services in the business applications
domain, specializing in multiple verticals including financial services, education and allied
industries. Technology leadership is the most successful strategy to challenge competitors and
consolidate our position since business and technology work hand in hand. Our firms belief in this
synthesis has motivated and enabled us to deliver solutions with a decisive competitive advantage.
RM Vision Minds Technologies, today, is a new generation framework of technology innovators to
accelerate growth. RM Vision Minds Technologies is best at offering fully fledged services for
software development and engineering empowering effective near-shore management to its clients.
ISBN: 978-93-5265-658-5
17th18th June, 2016
Organizing Committee
Chief Patron
Krishnadas P, Managing Trustee, Nehru Group of Institutions, INDIA

Krishnakumar P, CEO & Secretary, Nehru Group of Institutions, INDIA
Patron
Joseph Xavier R, Director of Academics, Nehru Group of Institutions, INDIA
Conference Chair
Venkat Reddy D, President, Cafet-Innova Technical Society, Hyderabad, INDIA
Technical Chair
Dwarakish G S, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, INDIA
Technical Co-Chair
HafeezBasha R, Vice-President, Basha Research Corporation, Singapore
Organizing Chair
Brema J, Principal, NIT, Coimbatore, INDIA

Raju Aedla, Founder & Secretary General, Cafet-Innova Technical Society, INDIA
Organizing Secretary
Vadivel M, Associate Professor, NIT, Coimbatore, INDIA
Organizing Members
Aarthi R Madhavi Vadla

Akila V Nafeesa Parveen
Ashok Kumar K Samatha Adla
Avinash A Samuel Thanaraj M
Dibya J P Sanjeev Adla
Gobinath S Santhoshini N R Aedla
Gowdhami V Selvaram P
Imran Udayagiri Shobana K
Irish Nivitha Sukumar S
Madhan Vijay Kumar P
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International Advisory Committee
Alper Baba, Izmir Institute of Technology, TURKEY

Abdul Hakam, Andalas University, Padang, INDONESIA
Abhash Kumar, National Energy Technology Laboratory, Pittsburgh, USA
Amde Meskel Amde, University of Maryland, USA
Andrew Zhang, Maple Culture Exchange Services, CANADA
Arash Ebrahimabadi, Azad University, Qaemshahr, IRAN
Bambang Istijono, Andalas University, Padang, INDONESIA
Biswajeet Pradhan H, University Putra Malaysia, MALAYSIA
Das S, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, INDIA
Deepak T J, INTI International University, Kaula Lumpur, MALAYSIA
Defa Hu, Human University of Commerce, Humana, P R CHINA
Fwa Tien Fang, National University of Singapore, SINGAPORE
Ganesan N, National Institute of Technology, Calicut, Kerala, INDIA
Girish Gopinath, CWRDM, Kerala, INDIA.
Hany Farouk Shehata, Soil-Structure Interaction Group in Egypt, EGYPT
James E J, Director, Water Institute, Karunya University, INDIA
John L Daniels, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA
Johnson Alengaram, University of Malaya, Kaula Lumpur, MALAYSIA
Jonna Maria Dulinska, Cracow University of Technology, POLANAD
Kar S C, NCMRWF, Minister of Earth Sciences (MoES), INDIA
Katta Venkataramana, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, INDIA
Krishna R Reddy, University of Illinois, Chicago, USA
Linhua Sun, Suzhou University, Suzhou, CHINA
Madhav M R, Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, INDIA
Mashamba Able, University of Johannesburg, SOUTH AFRICA
Murali Krishna I V, IST, JNTU, Hyderabad, INDIA
Narasimha Prasad N B, CWRDM, Calicut, INDIA
Neelamani S, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, KUWAIT
Paloma Pineda, University of de Sevilla, Seville, SPAIN
Pavanaguru, Osmania University, Hyderabad, INDIA
Pramila Goyal, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, INDIA
Raj R Kallu, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
Raju Sarkar, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, INDIA
Ramachandra Reddy P, NGRI, Hyderabad, INDIA
Reddy A G S, Rajiv Gandhi National Ground Water Training & Research Institute, Raipur, INDIA
Robert Jankowski, Gdansk University of Technology, POLAND
Saeed Khorram, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, CYPRUS
Saibaba Reddy E, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Odisha, INDIA
Sangam Shrestha, Asian Institute of Technology, THAILAND
Shuichi TORII, Kumamoto University, JAPAN
Stefano Sorace, University of Udine, ITALY
Trilok N Singh, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, INDIA
Umamaheshwar Rao, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, INDIA
Vladimir Vigdergauz, ICEMR, Russian Academy of Sci., RUSSIA
Zhuping Sheng, Texas A&M University System, USA
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International Technical Committee
Amit Kumar Verma, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, INDIA

Anand V Shivapur, SDM College of Engineering & Technology, Karnataka, INDIA
Anant B Parekh, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, INDIA
Arkal Vittal Hegde, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, INDIA
Basavarajappa H T, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, INDIA
Bheemalingeswara K, Mekelle University, Mekelle, ETHOPIA
Chachadi A G, Goa University, Goa, INDIA
Chakraborty S, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, INDIA
Deepak T J, INTI International University, Kaula Lumpur, MALAYSIA
Deva Pratap, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Telangana, INDIA
Elangovan K, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Girish Gopinath, CWRDM, Kerala, INDIA
Glenn T Thong, Nagaland University, Kohima, INDIA
Gopal Krishan, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, INDIA
Gopala Krishna GVT, PSNA College of Engineering and Technology, Dindigul, INDIA
Gopala Raju SSSV, GITAM University, INDIA
Jayaprakash, MITE, Moodabidr, Karnataka, INDIA
Jitendra Virmani, Thapar University, Punjab, INDIA
Kar S C, NCMRWF, MoES, INDIA
Karra Ramchandar, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, INDIA
Kishore S Kulkarni, K L E Dr. M S Sheshgiri College of Engineering and Technology, INDIA
Krishna Achutarao, Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, IIT Delhi, New Delhi, INDIA
Kumanan C J, Bharathidasan University, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Kumar Raju B C, Jain University, Karnataka, INDIA
Madhu Chandra R Kalapureddy, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, INDIA
Mahendran N, PSNA College of Engineering and Technology, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Mahesh Kumar Jat, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, INDIA
Mandla V Ravibabu, Vellore Instite of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Manjaiah M, University of Johannesburg, SOUTH AFRICA
Manjula R, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirapally, INDIA
Mohammed Sharif, Jamia University, New Delhi, INDIA
Muralidhar Avvari, University of Johannesburg, SOUTH AFRICA
Muthupriya P, Karunya university, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Muthupriya P, Karunya University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Nadjadji Anwar, Institute of Technology Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya, INDONESIA
Nalanth N, Noorul Islam University, Nagarcoil, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Narayana R M, Dr. MGR University, Chennai, Tamil nadu, INDIA
Natarajan C, National Institute of Technology Thiruchirapally, Tamilnadu, INDIA
Paresh Chandra Deka, National Institte of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, INDIA
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Pavanaguru, Osmania University, Hyderabad, INDIA

Poornachandra Pandit, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, Karnataka, INDIA
Prabu Sevugan, VIT University Vellore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Pradeep Kumar R, Indian Institute of Information Technology Gachibowli, INDIA
Pradhan S P, IIT Roorkee, INDIA
Pratap Chandra Sethy, Sambalpur University, Odisha, INDIA
Rajeshwar Singh Banshtu, National Institute of Technology Hamirpur, INDIA
Rajeshwara Rao N, University of Madras, Tamilnadu, INDIA
Raju Sarkar, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, INDIA
Ramanmurthy M V, Geological Survey of India, Bangalore, INDIA
Reddy A G S, Rajiv Gandhi National Ground Water Training & Research Institute, Raipur, INDIA
Sandi Kumar Reddy, National Institute of Rock Mechanics, Karnataka, INDIA
Saravanan S, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirapally, INDIA
Satyanarayana Reddy C N V, Andhra University, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA
Shamsher B Singh, BITS Pilani, Rajasthan, INDIA
Shreelaxmi Prashanth, Manipal Institute of Technonoply, Manipal, Karnataka, INDIA
Shreerup Goswami, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, Odisha, INDIA
Sivapragasam C, Kalasalingam University, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Subba Rao Nadipati, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA
Sunitha V, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA
Suresh Babu S, Adhiyamaan College of Engineering, Tamilnadu, INDIA
Suresh Gandhi M, University of Madras, Tamilnadu, INDIA
Swati Dixit, Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow, INDIA
Theingi Shwe, Yangon Technological University, Yangon, MyANMAR
Thirumalai R, SNS College of Technology, Coimbatore, INDIA
Tiwari R N, Govt. PG Science College, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, INDIA
Vasudev Raman, TIST, Cochin, Kerala, INDIA
Vasumathi A M, KLN College of Information Technology, Pottapalayam, Tamilnadu, INDIA
Venkata Reddy K, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA
Vinayaka Ram V, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyd-Campus, INDIA
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Adv. (Dr.) P. Krishnadas

Managing Trustee
Nehru Group of Institutions
INDIA
MESSAGE
The conference is a yearly event for a world-class gathering of researchers from academia
and industry, practitioners, and business leaders, providing a forum for discussing cutting edge
research, and to lay directions for new innovative business and technology.
I see that this International Conference on Earth Sciences include a highly selective technical
sessions consisting of submitted papers, a small set of invited papers on important and timely topics
from well-known leaders in the field. Such kind of focused workshops and panel discussions on
emerging topics will allow for a lively exchange of ideas amongst experts.
I hope the international academicians invited for keynote address will share their
perspectives, and will complement the technical programme. Im also feeling delighted that, Cafet-
Innova, the technical society associated with this conference is sharing the same vision as that of the
home institution towards the precipitation of research ideas amongst the students of rural areas. At
the outset, I wish the conference team a great success and the delegates to have a knowledge sharing
two days.
Krishnadas P
ISBN: 978-93-5265-658-5
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Dr. P. Krishnakumar
CEO & Secretary
Nehru Group of Institutions
INDIA
MESSAGE
International Conference on Earth Sciences is one of the necessary events for its emerging
global needs. Human civilization has always relied on various Earth resources for survival, growth
and development. I hope this conference in association with Cafet Innova Technical Society,
provides a global intellectual platform for top notch academic and industry professionals to actively
interact and share their groundbreaking research achievements.
Our institution has always been dedicated in promoting research and development and offers an
inter-disciplinary intellectual platform for leading scientists, researchers, academicians and industry
professionals across the country to actively interact and collaborate with their counterparts across
the globe. With this strong belief, we motivate and promote organizing such conferences and
seminars across all the disciplines of engineering in our institutions.
We are honored to be chosen as host for this conference by the technical society, Cafet-Innova,
reflects our institutions role as a bridge between the academia and industry, where habitual practices
meet the necessity.
May this Conference conducted in the spirit of open communication among all participant, yield
scientific profit to all of you, so that in this way the meeting will contribute to promote the progress
towards the conservation of earth resources. May it in this way contribute to further the prosperity
and welfare of people.
I wish the conference team the best of efforts and the delegates and speakers eventful and fruitful
scientific deliberations.
Krishnakumar P
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Dr. D.Venkat Reddy

Conference Chair ICEE 2016
President, Cafet-Innova Technical Society
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering
National Institute of Technology Karnataka,
Surathkal, Mangalore-575 025, India
President, Cafet Innova Technical Society, Hydrabad, India
Email dvr1952@gmail.com, chiefeditor_ijee@yahoo.com
MESSAGE
I am delighted to know that the International Conference on Earth Sciences and Engineering (ICEE
2016) is being organized jointly by Department of Civil Engineering, Nehru Institute of Technology,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu and Cafet-Innova Technical Society, Hyderabad, India in technical
association with Andalas University, Indonesia and Basha Research Corporation, Singapore during
17th -18th June, 2016.
I am happy to note that International Conference is aimed at highlighting research innovativies in

earth sciences and engineering. Cafet Innova Technical Society team is very happy to collaborate
and join for the success of the conference as a research collaboration. Selected papers from ICEE
2016 will be considered for the publication in International Journal of Earth Sciences and
Engineering (IJEE), publishing by Cafet Innova Technical Society.
I am pleased to extend our collaboration with Andalas University, Indonesia and Basha Research
Corporation, Singapore for their technical and reserch collaboration. I would like to congratulate the
Prof. (Mrs). Brema J, Organizing Chair, Prof. Vadivel M and their team for organizing and
supporting such an excellent international event.
I also thank Dr. Raju Aedla, Founder & Secretary General, CITS, who took responsibility to bring
all into a common platform and making it to a grand success.
I am cofident that the two day conference will serve as a platform for exchanging the scientific &
technical ideas among the participants belongs various research backgrounds.
I wish the conference a grand success.
D.Venkat Reddy
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Dr. Shuichi TORII

Assistant Director, College of Cross-Culture and
Multidisciplinary Studies
Professor, Faculty of Engineering
Kumamoto University
JAPAN
MESSAGE
Congratulations! I would like to congratulate the success of the 3rd International Conference on
EARTH SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING (ICEE 2016) which is organized by Nehru Institute of
Technology (NIT) and CAFET INNOVA Technical Society (CITS), India. This conference intends
to provide a common platform for bringing together researchers from participating institutions for
expanding academic collaboration. As part of this conference, the researchers from abroad are
invited and get exposed to its educational and research activities. The event focuses on the current
research and development of the participating institutions on topics of mutual interest, with a special
emphasis on Science & Technology based on Engineering. The emerging technology and
scientific advancements are discussed during the conference. Presentations give new and innovative
technologies in the relevant fields. The topics include a wide spectrum of themes covering all major
disciplines of science and engineering.
The efforts put in by the faculty, the staff and the students in organizing this event are greatly
appreciated. I sincerely hope that participants will find the contents of this conference useful and
productive. I look forward to intense academic collaborations and research interactions and to
achieve the common goal of technological advancement for global peace and prosperity.
I wish the ICEE all the very best in future endeavours. Once again, congratulations on the success
of ICEE 2016.
Shuichi TORII
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Dr. J.K. Kishore

Associate Project Director, SPADEX
IRS & SSS Programme
ISRO Satellite Center,
Bangalore 560017
INDIA
MESSAGE
It is important to act Today for Green Tommorrow
The International Conference on Earth Sciences is important in the context of the global thrust being
given to Green Energy / Climate Change / Sustainable development / Low carbon economy etc., It
provides a platform for exchange of ideas between academia, industry and business leaders to
prepare the green citizens and economy of future. The ideas presented by the distinguished
speakers can help MNRE which is working towards a Renewable Energy Act for India.
It is important to ensure both electricity and education in the rural areas to spread development and
reduce migration to urban areas. This will reduce the pressure on the already overloaded urban
infrastructure. In countries like India, care for elders is dependent on family support which has been
seriously affected by migration from rural areas to urban areas. This has also resulted in increased
labour costs as skilled people have to support themselves in urban locations and also their families
in rural areas. The large scale displacement of people has hurt the social fabric of the nation. I am
positive that Solar / Green India will result in improved energy, environmental and social security
and lead to sustainable development across the nation.
This conference is concerned with sustainable development for protecting the earth for the future
generations. The high quality of the technical papers, key note speakers and poster sessions will lead
to exchange of ideas among all. I am really happy that Cafet- Innova, the technical society
associated with this conference and NIT have taken the lead towards conducting such a conference.
I wish the conference team a great success and the delegates a wonderful time.
Dr. J.K. Kishore
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Dr. Deepak T J
Associate Professor
INTI International University,
Kaula Lumpur, Malaysia
MESSAGE
It is a great pleasure to know about 3rd International conference on Earth Sciences and
Engineering (ICEE 2016) jointly organized by the Department of Civil Engineering, Nehru
Institute of Technology Coimbatore and Cafet-Innova Technical Society, Hyderabad, India.
International Conference is aimed at highlighting research innovative in earth sciences and

engineering, which is the spirit of open communication among all participants from all corners of
the world to yield scientific profit, so that this platform may help everyone promote the progress
towards the conservation of earth resources.
In this regard, I would like to thank the Prof. Breama and Prof. Vadivel from Nehru Institute of
Technology, Coimbatore for taking lead with technical association of Cafet Innova Technical
Society, India.
I also extend my sincere thanks to Prof. Venkat Reddy, President and Dr, Raju Aedla, Secretary
General, Cafet Innova Technical Society, India for supporting technical evets to help the scientific
community.
I wish organizing mmebers for the grand success of Two day International conference and best
wishes to all the particpants.
Deepak T J
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Dr. Ranipet Hafeez Basha

Professor & Director
Basha Research Corporation
Block 690 B, # 05 - 170, Woodlands Drive: 75,
Woodlands - 732690, SINGAPORE
Email: hafeez@basharesearch.com
Website: www.basharesearch.com
MESSAGE
The discovery of Gravitational Waves after century of speculation, fifty years of trial & error, and
twenty five years of perfection over cataclysmic event is a breakthrough in the field of Earth
Sciences and Engineering. The predictions made by Albert Einstein ninety eight years ago are
confirmed and the popular Theory of Relativity is completely proved in year 2016. The
gravitational waves also offer a better understanding on how Pangaea travelled northwards and
broke up from southern region to the current location of continents.
Gravitational waves can carry energy and transfer it to bodies like earth while passing around them
which can slowly add heat over years and rise temperature. Also, the main sources of energy for
movement of the continental tectonic plates which cause earthquakes in regions of discontinuity can
be explained by the gravitational waves thus giving better understanding of Geology according to
Professor Jammi Srinivasa Rao, President & CEO of BRCORP.
The 3rd International Conference on Earth Sciences and Engineering is the right platform for such
important discussions. I appreciate the Conference Chairs Dr. Raju Aedla, Secretary General, Cafet-
Innova Technical Society and Dr. J. Brema, Principal, Nehru Institute of Technology for organizing
the conference consequently in series. It is also notable that participants will be benefitted with
publication in indexed International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering, ISSN 0974-5904.
Ranipet Hafeez Basha
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Dr. (Mrs.) J. Brema

Principal
Organizing Chair ICEE 2016
Nehru Institute of Technology, Coimbatote
Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Email id: bjayanarayanan@yahoo.co.in
bjayanarayanan@gmail.com
MESSAGE
I am extremely happy to know that the Department of Civil Engineering of NIT is organizing an
International Conference on Earth Sciences (ICEE 16) on 17th and 18th June, 2016. Civil engineers
in the present day scenario have a challenge to provide reliable earth sources and supplies for the
better living of the human. It is essential for those professionals of civil and earth sciences to get
newest updates of their field and its advanced applications to meet the challenges.
I hope that this conference would certainly induce innovative ideas among the participants paving
way for new inventions and technologies in the earth sciences sector. On behalf of the management,
I thank the joint organizer Cafet - Innova Technical Society for their technical support and expertise.
I extend my appreciation to the entire team that worked for the creation of such an expert forum. I
also congratulate the national and international delegates and participants who would certainly
induce innovative ideas among the other participants paving way for new inventions and new
technologies in the civil engineering and earth sciences sector.
At the outset, I always believe in the phrase, Two things help success in life. The way you manage
when you have nothing, the way you manage when you have everything. I hope this conference
ICEE 16 will be enjoyable, memorable, and productive for participants and new technological
innovative techniques will emerge to manage our earth resources.
J. Brema
ISBN: 978-93-5265-658-5
17th18th June, 2016
Dr. Raju Aedla

Organizing Chair ICEE 2016
Founder and Secretary General & Editor International Journals
Caf Innova Technical Society
Hyderabad, India
Mobil No.: +91-9985545035
Email: rajuaedla@cafetinnova.org
MESSAGE
I am immensely delighted to be a Organizing Chair of the 2nd International Conference on Earth

Sciences and Engineering (ICEE 2016), is being organized jointly by Department of Civil
Engineering, Nehru Institut of Technology (NIT), Cimbatore, Tamil Nadu and Cafet-Innova
Technical Society, Hyderabad, India during 17th -18th June, 2016.
I am very thankful to Andalas University, Indonesia and Basha Research Corporation (BRCORP),
Singapore for technically associating with ICEE 2016.
I am happy to note that International Conference is aimed to bring together and provide a platform
to Researchers, Engineers, Scientists and Academicians as well as Industrial Professionals from all
over the globe to present, share and exchange their research results and developmental activities
about all parts of earth sciences and engineering. ICEE-2016 is unique in itself due to fusing earth
sciences with engineering, which helps the delegates to exchange their experiences face to face,
establish research relations and to find global partners for future research collaboration. Cafet
Innova Technical Society team is very happy to associate with Nehru Group of Institutions and
Nehru Institute of Technology (NIT) jointly organizing ICEE 2016 conference.
I congratulate all the authors for selecting papers for the publication in International Journal of Earth
Sceinces and Engneering (IJEE) publishing by Cafet-Innova Technical Society, Hyderabad, India.
I thank, management of NIT for taking lead to organize the conference and associate with CITS. I
also thank, Prof. Mrs. Brema Jayanarayanan, Principal, NIT for continuous support and efforts. I
also thank Prof. Vadivel M, Organizing Secretary for his continuous support and organizing
members for their outstanding timely help and support in organizing international event with
colloborative efforts with industry and institute. I convey my sincere thanks to advisory and
technical committee members of the conference.
I am confident that the Two day international conference will serve as a best platform for
exchanging advanced research methods in earth sciences and engineering to save the earth planet.
I wish all the delegates have a great research platform.
Raju Aedla
ISBN: 978-93-5265-658-5
17th18th June, 2016
Mr. M. Vadivel
Organizing Secretary ICEE 2016
Head of the Department,
Civil Engineering Dept.,
Nehru Institute of Technology,
Coimbatore 641105, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Email id: vadivelnitcbe@gmail.com
Mobile-+919865980098
MESSAGE
I would like to personally welcome each of you to the International Conference on Earth Sciences
(ICEE 2016). Its an exciting time for Department of Civil Engineering of NIT as we continue to
grow and adapt, remaining always adaptable, motivated and responsive. Our organization is
confronting a time of many changes and were meeting these changes during a time of larger nation-
wide and global change. The world of Civil Engineering is an exciting area in which to work/study,
and well continue to meet and bring inspired people together in forums like this, to ensure
our Nehru Institute of technology remains at the cutting edge.
Id like to give you an idea of what you can expect and what we hope to achieve over the next few
days. This ICEE 2016 conference covers a wide range of fields in science and engineering
innovation and aims to bring together engineering technology expertise. The professional from the
industry, academic and government to discourse on research and development, professional practice
in the science and engineering fields are welcome to the ICEE 2016. This conference enables
interdisciplinary collaboration between science and engineering technologists in the academic and
industrial fields. . All aspects of civil engineering will be incorporated into the conference, with
special focus on the latest research findings, technical innovations, and project excellence in the civil
engineering profession.
Before I close, Id like to thank Cafet Innova Technical Society, Hyderabad, India for their
technical support and each of your for attending our conference and bringing your expertise to our
gathering. You, as organization leaders, have the vision, the knowledge, the wherewithal and the
experience to help us pave our way into the future. You are truly our greatest asset today and
tomorrow, and we could not accomplish what we do without your support and leadership.
Throughout this conference, I ask you to stay engaged, keep us proactive and help us shape the
future of Nehru Institute of technology. My personal respect and thanks goes out to all of you.
M. Vadivel
ISBN: 978-93-5265-658-5
17th18th June, 2016
LIST OF PAPERS
Plenary Papers
Propagation Phenomenon of Thermal Wave in Very Thin Film
By SHUICHI TORII
Kumamoto University, Kurokami, Kumamoto, JAPAN
Green Initiatives for 100GW: Solar India for Energy, Environment and Social Security by
2020
By J K KISHORE
ISRO Satellite Center, Bangalore, Karnataka, INDIA
Keynote Papers
Factors Contributing to the Success of a Resettlement Project: A Case Study on Batanghari
Dam Project, Indonesia
By TAUFIKA OPHIYANDRI, UYUNG GATOT S DINATA, TAFDIL HUSNI, BAMBANG
ISTIJONO, AND ADI PUTRA
Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia
The Performance of the Accessibility to BRT Stop: A Case Study on Transpadang Metro Bus
By BAMBANG ISTIJONO, BAYU MARTANTO ADJI, TAUFIKA OPHIYANDRI, JOVI SATRIOS,
YOSRITZAL, RAHMI FAUZIA
Investigation on Properties of Concrete with Palm Oil Fuel Ash as Cement Replacement and
Cocunut Shells as Coarse Aggregates Replacement
By DEEPAK T J AND JEN WEI
INTI International University, Malaysia
West Sumatra Landslide During In 2012 To 2015
By ABDUL HAKAM AND BAMBANG ISTIJONO
Stability Analysis of a Waste Dump in Chromite Mine: Existing state and Planned
Heightening
By SANDI KUMAR REDDY AND RAJAN BABU A
National Institute of Rock Mechanics, Karnataka, India
Vulnerability Mapping and Coastal hazards - An Indian Experience
By RM NARAYANAN AND SIVAKUMAR
Dr. M.G.R Educational and Research Institute University Chennai, INDIA
ISBN: 978-93-5265-658-5
17th18th June, 2016
Participation Papers
Structures and Construction Engineering

Vishnu S Pillai and C. Rajasekaran Role of Time Buffer on Project Monitoring and Forecasting of Steel
14
Structures A New Approach to Structural Planning
B. Suresh, Erinjery Joseph James and A critical review of multi criteria decision making methods for
35 Jegathambal P infrastructure planning and sustainability assessment of infrastructure
projects
Vinay Chaudhary, R K Varma and Optimum configuration of Rigid barriers to mitigate Avalanche Hazard
41
Man Mohan Singh
B M Ramalinga Reddy, K S Satya Use of Gold Mine Tailings in Production of Concrete-A Feasibility
61 Narayanan, H N Jagannatha Reddy Study
and N Partha Sarathi
S Aishwarya, K Dakshayini and P Experimental Investigation on the Behaviour of Bagasse Ash Reinforced
62
Gajalakshmi Concrete Structural Members
Xiaoming Wang, Xiaoming Lei and Bridge Safety Assessment Based on State inspection and WIM Traffic
65
Quanzhe Yan Date
Ashok M, Jayabalan P and Jaya Flexural Behaviour of Cold Formed Steel Hat Shaped Beams
74
Prabhakar K
Sonia Chutani and Jagbir Singh Economic Design of Reinforced Concrete Columns under Direct Load
79
and Uniaxial Moments
Nabeel Musthafa Influence of Floating Columns on Seismic Response of Multi-storey
86
Buildings
Sai Avinash Palvadi, Rajasekhar Analysis and Design of Transmission Tower Using STAAD.PRO
Venkata Ayyappa Potina, Siva
90 Raghava Siddhardha Rajana, Hari
Narayanan R, Chamandeep Panwar
and Yashdeep Saini
Elakeya Umashankar, Bhuvanesh Sre Study on the Structural Behavior of Concrete Encased Steel Composite
94 and Gajalakshmi P Members
Sarath Kumar S, Sivachidambaram Experimental Study on the Structural Performance of Composite Beam
98
M and Revathy J with J-hook Connectors
Seshasayee V., Bharatkumar B.H. Influence of fly ash on durability and performance of concrete
99
and Gajalakshmi P.
Remote Sensing and GIS Applications
Nurhamidah, Ahmad Junaidi and An immediate review of flood characteristics on delta lowland Sumatera
7
Librina Anggraini using D8 Model Spatial Analysis
Dr. Pusuluri Kesava Rao, Dr. RS - GIS based Operational Monitoring of Indian Maritime and Environs
Jandhyala Krishna Kishore, Dr. L.J.
28
Vijaya Kumar and Dr. Remilla
Murthy
Linda James and Dr.A B Anitha Integrated River Basin Plan for Achencoil River in Kerala
40
Anitha
Venkatanathan Natarajan, Venkatesh Satellite based Precursor Observation Technique (SPOT) A study on
66 W. S. and Hareesh V Earthquakes occurred during Jan March, 2016 with magnitude greater
than 7.0
Manisha Desai and Dr. Jayntilal Patel An Advanced GIS Based Storm Water Drainage Networking Design For
68
Bhimrad Area Of Surat City, India
Darwizal Daoed, Bujang Rusman, Predictions of Vulnerability Flood and Flood Prone Areas in Watershed
78
Bambang Istijono and Abdul Hakam West Sumatra Province Using Arc-GIS and Category Value
Ajeet Singh Chhabra, Snigdhadip Assessment of flood induced area using Geo-spatial technique
88
Ghosh and Vijay Kumar Dwivedi
ISBN: 978-93-5265-658-5
17th18th June, 2016
Piyush Kumar Gaurav, Vivek Hot Pixel Identification using Satellite Hyper-spectral Data
96 Gautam, Palani Murugan and
Mylswamy Annadurai
Palani Murugan, Ramamurthy Performance Comparison of Band ratio and Derivative ratio Algorithms
100 Sivakumar, Ramalingam Pandiyan in Chlorophyll-a Estimation using Hyperspectral data
and Mylswamy Annadurai
Amal P Sivadas, Jesiya N.P and Groundwater Prospects mapping in Korapuzha River basin, Kerala, India
104
Girish Gopinath - An integrated approach using Multicriteria Decision Making and GIS
Gangha G, Arunima Jayakumar and Study on reduction in delay due to road accidents using variable message
107
Nirmal Kumar sign
Aswin Kokkat, P Jegathambal and E Spatial and Temporal Variation in Groundwater Quality and Impact of
110
J James Sew Water in the Cauvery Delta, South India
Sukumar S, Devadass C S C and Rainfall Distribution And Variability In Coimbatore District, Tamilnadu
160
Brema, J Using GIS Technique
Material Sciences and Engineering
11 V.C Prabha and V Revathi Mechanical Properties of High Calcium Flyash Geopolymer Concrete
Venkata Lakshmi Yarlagadda and Utilization of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag and Pulverized Fly
18
Beulah M ash in the manufacture of Stabilized mud blocks
20 Joju Jose and Nabil Hossiney Characteristic of Concrete Containing Waste Foundry Sand and Slag Sand
Prasad Mlv, Prasenjit Saha, Eco-efficient Fiber Reinforced Self-Compacting Concrete for
25 Abhilasha Sharma and Md Faisal Replacements of Cement and Natural Sand with Waste Materials
Karim
Nivethitha D and Dharmar S Influence of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle on Strength And Durability of
56
Cement Mortar
59 Kavitha S and Dr.T.Felix Kala Effectiveness of bamboo fiber as an strength enhancer in concrete
Seeram Apoorva, Saiharan Impact Study on Ferrocement Slabs With Different Types of Mortar
72 Muthuraman, M Aravinthan, Matrices
Thamim Ansari and M Neelamegam
Pramod K Kolase, Dr Atul Desai Strength Properties of Roller Compacted Concrete Pavements Containing
93
and Shivamanth A Fly Ash and Triangular Polyester Fibre
M. S. Ranadive and Vinayak Viscosity graded approach for quality control of bitumen
113
Bobade
Preeti Kulkarni Experimental Investigation for modulus of elasticity of Recycled
117
aggregate concrete
Architecture and Building Engineering
26 Yosritzal Psychological Effects of Travel Time Use
Balasubramanian B, Dr.Gopala Investigation on Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate Using E-Waste
81
Krishna Gvt and Dr.Saraswathy V In Concrete
S Sanju, S Sharadha and J Performance on the Study of Nano Materials for the Development of
87
Revathy Sustainable Concrete
Sai Nitesh K J N and An Experimental investigation on effect of hybrid fiber on High strength
112
Venkateswara Rao S Self Compacting Concrete and Vibrated Concrete
Shilpa Ratnoji, Praveen Effects of Domestic Raw Sewage on Mechanical Properties of Concrete
115 Mallapur, Shashank Kanavalliand Incorporating GGBS (Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag)
Prakash K. B.
Naga Bhargavi Sarikonda and Study on Concrete With Sugarcane Bagasse Ash As A Partial Replacement
130
Anand Babu Y Of Cement Using Hcl Solution
Aravind R, Devasena M, Dispersion Characteristics and Flexural Behavior of Concrete Using
131
Sreevidya V, M Vadivel Nano Titanium Dioxide
Aswathy Nandakumar, Managing the Building Constraints in India by Comparing With
133
K Shobana, M Vadivel Developed Countries Using Ant Colony Method of Optimization
Bhuvanesh K V, Dr.Sreevidya.V, Flextural Strength Behaviour of Pervious Concrete Using Fiber And
134
Dr.Hema.S, M.Vadivel Mineral Admixtures
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17th18th June, 2016
135 Christina Eldho, M.Vadivel Rate Analysis and Mitigation of Cost Overrun by Forecasting Escalation
Dharma Prakash.R, Flexural Behaviour and Durability Study of Concrete on Using Low
136 Dr.Sreevidya.V, Density Aggregates
Ms.Jenifar Monica.J
Dinesh.a, Dr. I. Padmanaban, Study on Mechanical Properties of Low Density Concrete with
137
Dr. M. Maruthachalam Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate
Eldho John, Study on Strength Behavior of Axially Loaded Cracked and Non Cracked
138
Dr.I.Padmanaban Short Column Using Wrapped FRP Wire Mesh
Sindhuja J, Study of Temperature Variations in High Volume Fly Ash Concrete
139
Dr.Sreevidya.V, M.Vadivel Pavement Slab
Dr.Lenin Sundar.M, Study on Magnesium Potassium Phosphate Cement Blended With
140
Tinesh.Tha, M.Vadivel Fly Ash by Concentric Loading Test
Dr.M.Lenin Sundar, Experimental Investigation of Geopolymer Concrete with E-Waste
141
Sherine Raj, M.Vadivel
Dr. Lenin Sundar.M, Flexural behavior of concrete using Waste Paper Sludge Ash
142
Jeeva. D, m.vadivel
Mahima Ganesh, Amarnath. M, Effect of Different Types Of Super plasticizer on Fresh and Hardened
143 Dr. V. Sreevidya, MS. A. properties of Self Consolidating Geopolymer Concrete
Sangeetha
Merin Saji, k. Shobana, Optimization of Construction Resource Levelling By Comparing
144
M. Vadivel Primavera and MAT Lab
S.Muthumanickam, A.Vennila, Effect and Strength Behaviourof Column in Self Compacting Using
145 Dr.R.Venkatasubramani, Partial Replacementby Mineral Admixture
Dr.V.Sree Vidya
S.Nandhini1., I.Padmanaban Experimental Investigation on Graphene Oxide Composites With Fly Ash
146
Concrete
R. Neethish, k. Shobana, L & L Mitigation Aid For Effective Project Management System
147
M. Vadivel
Prathaban S, Dr.S.Hema, Experimental Investigation on Strength Properties of Concrete Using
148
M.Vadivel Colour Adsorbed Fly Ash
Raphael Chacko, Dr.S.Hema, Experimental Studies on Coconut Fibre and Banana Fibre Reinforced
149
M.Vadivel Concrete
Dr. Padmanaban.I, Experimental study on Magnesium Silicate Hydrate Cement Blended with
150
Sathyanathan.V Partial replacement of GGBS
Sherin Thomas, M. Vadivel Innovative Use Of Light Weight Fiber Reinforced Concrete As Concrete
151
Car Bumper
V.Sre adethya, A. Vennila, Flexural Behaviour of Reinforced Beam using Self Compacting Concrete
152 Dr.R.Venkatasubramani,
Dr.V.Sree Vidya
Sruthi Ravindran, P. Selvaram, Realizing Carbon Emission In The Engineering College Campus
153
M. Vadivel Towards Energy Sustainability
Surya C D, R. Aarthi, M. Vadivel Re-Building Public-Private Partnership And Its Procurement In India On
154
The Basis Of Risk And Delay Analysis
Bhuvaneshwari M, Tamilarasan S Experimental Studies On The Effect Of Bagasse Ash And M-Sand
155
On Mechanical Behaviour Ofconcrete
Tariq Ahmed M.A, A.Vennila, Seismic Investigation of Self-Compacting Concrete Beam
156 Dr. R. Venkatasubramani, Column Joint
Dr.Sreevidya.V
M.Vadivel, Robustness Study of Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete
157
Dr.R.Venkatasubramani with Steel and Synthetic fiber
P.Yazhini, A.Vennila, Experimental Investigation on Self Compacting Concrete with
158
R.Venkatasubramani,V Sreevidya Foundry Sand and Tile Powder
Ranjith. V, Sreevidya.V, M Experimental Stability Analysis Of Porotherm Infill Slabs
161
vadivel
ISBN: 978-93-5265-658-5
17th18th June, 2016
Environmental Science and Engineering

Qiu Luo, Zhang Xike and Yu Remote Sensing Analysis of Abnormal Elements in Chang-Zhu-Tan Urban
5 Deqing Agglomeration Based on Singular Value Decomposition and Joint Sparse
Model
Dhanapalan Karthikeya Transformation of Chennai City as Nucleus of Regional Development
6
through the emergence of Sub-CBDs
Qi Kuan, Tan Zhuo-Ying and Li Multi-targeted Orthogonal Fuzzy Optimization Method for Road Dust-
8
Ji-Yang suppressant in Open Pit Mine
Diwakar Somani, Harshita A Short Review Of Anaerobic Co-Digestion And Feasibility Of Anaerobic
24 Srivastava, Sabumon Chacko Co-Digestion Of Sewage And Food Waste For Sustainable Waste
and Anjali Gopakumar Management
Qiu Luo, Xiong Qiming and Predicting the Potential Spatial Distribution of Mikania micrantha in
27
Zhang Gui Guangzhou Based on BP Neural Network
Natarajan N, Hemanth Kumar Feasibility Study of Powdered Curry Leaf and Amla Fruit as Potential
D, Naveen K Sai Saran, Akhil Filter Media for Treating Contaminated Lake Water
31
K, Ganesh Babu K A, Jyothsna
Laxmi A and Vasudevan M
Celine George, Aswathy Mohan Using QSWAT for simulating streamflow in a highland catchment of
34
and Anjali A humid tropics
Diravia Balan S and Estimation Of PMP And Precipitations For Various Return Periods Using
37
Krishnaveni M Statistical Approach
Yangzhen Fan, Jiantao Zhang, Effects of controllable factors on wastewater treatment ecological floating
39
Meng Chen and Linshuang Liu bed system
Elsa Eka Putri and Puja Perdana Properties of Bitumen Containing Powdered Gondorukem Rubber
43
Additives
Moly A and Shahul Hameed A Adsorption of Vat Dye from Aqueous Solution Using Agricultural Solid
45 Waste (ASW) after UV lamb irradiation with TiO2: Isotherm and Kinetic
Studies
Mahadev Ranadive and Anup Quality Control of Cationic Emulsion Modified Cold Mix in Flexible
49
Kumawat Pavement
Raktim Haldar and Rakesh Investigation of Influence of Terrain on Rainfall for Vembanad Basin,
54
Khosa Kerala
Bayu Martanto Adji, Parents perception toward road safety related to the potential of cycling to
Mohammed Rehan Karim, school in urban area
70
Bambang Istijono and Taufika
Ophiyandri
91 Yalei Zhang and Zhipan Niu Shock wave and micro jet of cavitation bubbles
111 Aditya Vikram Chopra Waste Water Treatment By Phyto- Remeadation Technique
Bhuvaneshwari M and Experimental Studies On The Effect Of Bagasse Ash And M-Sand On
127
Tamilarasan S Mechanical Behaviour Of Concrete
Santhoshini Cnr, Kazuhisa Iki Impacts Of Climate Change In Fruit Production
128
and Riken Homma
Edwin D Thangam, Narayanan Pollution Dispersion Modelling For Concentrations of PM, Sox and Nox
159
RM and Raju Aedla around Manali Region, India
Energy Science and Engineering & Geology
Justin Thomas, Kiran Barve and Assessment of wave energy potential along South Maharashtra coast
12
Ranganath L.R.
Tanmoy Kumar Deb and Numerical analysis of bucket foundations under eccentric lateral loading
22
Baleshwar Singh in medium dense sand
Dr. Ravi Kant Mittal, Aditi Soil Structure interaction in Indian seismic code: Recommendations for
36
Chauhan and Sanket Rawat inclusion of potential factors
Umadevi R, Dr. A S Arun A Review On Seismic Performance Of Reinforced Masonry Structures
57 Kumar and Dr. B V Ravi
Shankar
ISBN: 978-93-5265-658-5
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Ramakrishna Ssnuvvula, Dr G N Modeling And Controlling Of An Coordinated Power Control Grid

67
Gaonkar and Bharathi Gs Connected Hybrid System With Wind, PV And Fuel Cell Sources
Vinay S, Bharath H A, Subash Linkages between catchment landscape dynamics and the natural flow
71 Chandran M D, Shashishankar regime
A and Ramachandra T V
Ashutosh Tripathy, Bankim Deformational behaviour of coal measure rocks
89
Mahanta and Tn Singh
Vignesh C K, Sivaranjan D and Structural Response of FRP Strengthened PSC Beams
101
Revathy J
Jagadheeswari A S Srinivasan Optimum position of multi outrigger belt truss in tall buildings subjected
106
and Freeda Christy C to earthquake and wind load
Janardhana Mysore and Abdul Geotechnical Characteristics of Volcanic Soils in and around Taiz City,
118
Aleam Ahmed Al-Quadi Yemen
Geotechnical & Soil Sciences and Engineering
Akshay Kumar Jha, Madhav Analysis of Effect of Reinforcement on Stability of Slopes
1
Madhira and GVN Reddy
Dr. K Ram Chandar, Ashwin J. Influence of Operational Parameters on the Efficiency of Rod Mill: A
2
Baliga, B.S.S Rao and R.K Bisen Design of Experiments Approach
Suchit Kumar Patel and Experimental Investigation on Strength Aspects of Glass Fiber-
13
Baleshwar Singh Reinforced Fine Grained Soil
Jafril Tanjung and Makoto Simulation of Damage of Waterfront Structure of Port of Kobe during
29 Kawamura Hyogo-ken Nanbu Earthquake by Using Three-Dimensional Non-linear
Parallel Finite Element Analysis
Shouyun Liang, Wanjiong Wu, Analysis of Historical Strong Earthquake Impacts on Landslides at the
44
Ruishou Ba and Yutian Ke Gansu Segment in the Bailongjiang River Basin, China
Huawang Shi Integration of Support Vector Machine with Particle Swarm
47
Optimization in Quality Modeling of CFG Composite Foundation
Shivamanth Angadi, Mayank K Development of Subsurface Profile Using Geophysical Test Data
48 Desai and Goudappa R
Dodagoudar
Barani Dharan and Maryrebekah Effect of Waste Paper Sludge Ash on Engineering Behaviors of Black
58
Sharmila S Cotton Soils
Venkatanathan Natarajan, Observation of earthquake precursors - A study on OLR scenario prior to
76
Hareesh V and Venkatesh W. S. the earthquakes of Indian and neighbouring region occurred in 2016
Bhritashree Buragohain, Jagadish Stability assessment of a hill slope an analytical and numerical
77 Kundu, Kripamoy Sarkar and approach
Trilok Nath Singh
103 Ramujee Kolli Strength and setting times of F-type Fly ash-based Geopolymer mortar
Arun Nv, Dr.V Sree Vidya, Experimental Investigation on Blended Geopolymer Mortar Dome
132
M Vadivel Using GGBS
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ISBN: 978-93-5265-658-5
Souvenir
17th18th June, 2016
Propagation Phenomenon of Thermal Wave In Very Thin Film

SHUICHI T ORII
Department of Mechanical System Engineering, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
Email: torii@mech.kumamoto-u.ac.jp
Abstract
The present study deals with the propagation phenomenon of a thermal wave in a very thin film subject to a
symmetrical heating on both sides or subject to a laser heat source. Numerical result is obtained from the non-
Fourier, hyperbolic heat conduction equation using a numerical technique based on MacCormak's predictor-
corrector scheme. Consideration is given to the time history of thermal wave before and after symmetrical
collision of wave fronts from both sides of a film. It is disclosed that (i) in transient heat conduction, thermal
wave front is transported as a wave in the film, (ii) substantial temperature amplification causes within a very
short period of time, and (iii) the overshoot and oscillation of thermal wave depend on the frequency of the heat
source time characteristics. This trend becomes minor in a thick film.
Introduction
When the elapsed time during a transient is extremely short, the classical Fourier heat conduction equation
breaks down at low temperature near absolute zero or at moderate temperature. That is, the thermal wave
travels in the medium with a finite speed of propagation [1-4]. An increasing interest has arisen recently in the
use of heat sources such as lasers and microwaves, which have found numerous applications related to material
processing (e.g. surface annealing, welding and drilling of metals, sintering of ceramics, scientific research and
medicine). Experimental and theoretical studies on these applications are reported by numerous investigators
[5-7]. This is because when extremely short laser pulses or high frequencies are concerned, it may give
inaccurate results. In particular as laser pulse duration approaches the microscopic relaxation times among
different energy carries, the mechanism of radiation absorption becomes important [8, 9]. The present study is
focused on thermal propagation in a metal film subjected to a laser heat source.
In order to account for a finite propagation in the thermal field, a hyperbolic differential equation based on a
relaxation model for heat conduction was introduced. Several authors have studied analytically the parabolic
and hyperbolic models of heat conduction with the laser heat source and with a convective boundary condition
[10-15]. Using both models, Kar et al. [16] studied heat conduction due to shortpulse heating for various
boundary conditions. They reported that the predicted temperature distribution is substantially affected by the
temperature dependent thermal properties. Lewandowska [17] also dealt with the parabolic and hyperbolic heat
conduction in the one-dimensional, semi-infinite body with the insulated boundary and discussed different time
characteristics of the heat source capacity. It is disclosed that (i) for small dimensionless Bouguer number the
temperature distribution in the body results from the heat generation process, and (ii) the significant difference
between the hyperbolic and parabolic solutions appears in only an edge of the body, where the hyperbolic
temperature is higher than the parabolic one. Size effects on nonequilibrium laser heating of metal films were
investigated by Qiu and Tien [18].
This paper deals with the wave behavior during transient heat conduction in a very thin film (solid plate) subject
to heating from both side surfaces or subject to a laser heat source with various time characteristics from both
side surfaces. Emphasis is placed on the effect of the time characteristics of the laser heat source (constant,
pulsed and periodic) on thermal wave propagation. Analytical solutions are obtained by means of a numerical
technique based on MacCormack's predictor-corrector scheme to solve the non-Fourier, hyperbolic heat
conduction equation.
Governing Equations and Numerical Method
One-dimensional thermal propagation in a film with thickness of x0 is analyzed, as shown in Fig. 1. At t=0, the
temperature field within the solid is uniform with a value T 0. For t>0, the wall surfaces at x=0 and x0 are
suddenly heated due to the laser heat source. Nonequilibrium convection and radiation are assumed to be
negligible. Under these conditions and assumptions, the modified Fourier equation [12] and the energy equation
with internal heat sources can be represented as
ISBN: 978-93-5265-658-5
Souvenir
17th18th June, 2016
x x
Tw Tw Laser Laser
T0 T0
x
x
Figure 1 Physical configuration and coordinate system
q T
qk 0 (1)
t x
and
T q
c p g 0 , (2) respectively.
t x
Consider a very thin film at a uniform, initial temperature T 0. A heating temperature T w is suddenly imposed on
the walls at x=0 and x=x0, respectively. Thus the initial and boundary conditions are
T=T0 q=0 at t=0 0<x<x0 (3)
q
T=Tw1 0 at t>0 x=0 and x0 (4)
x
With the introduction of the following dimensionless quantities
T T0
, (5a)
T w1 T 0
0q
Q , (5b)
T w1 T 0k 0 c 0
c 20 t
(5c)
2 0
c0 x x .
(5d)
2 0 2 c 0
Eqs. (1) and (2) can be expressed in terms of these dimensionless variables as:
Q( , ) ( , )
2Q( , ) 0 (6)

and
Q(, ) (, )
0 (7)

Note that the energy equation in the absence of internal heat sources, g, is employed here. Initial and boundary
conditions are represented for wall-heating as
C0 x 0
= 0, Q = 0 at = 0, 0 (8)
2
Q
= 1.0, 0 at > 0, = 0 and C 0 x 0 (9)
2
Note that the boundary condition of Q at > 0 is derived from Eqs. (6) and (7).
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rder of 107-108 m-1) which absorbs laser energy internally, many
researchers (for examples, Vick and Ozisik [10]; Ozisik and Vick [20]; Tang and Araki [21]) reported that
reated as a skin effect.
Thus, the model considers the laser radiation as a heat source, which is x-independent and non-zero only within
a layer of the body or even as a surface heat flux. Based on this idea, the energy sources term in Eq. (2), for a
material that absorbs laser energy internally, is modeled by Blackwell [11] and Zubai and Aslam [12] as
g (t , x) I (t )(1 R) exp(x) . (10)
Here I(t) is the laser incident intensity and R is the surface reflectance of the body. Note that this model
assumes no spatial variations of I(t) in the plane perpendicular to the laser beam and no heat transport in the
direction perpendicular to the beam.
Equations (1) and (2) are expressed in terms of the above dimensionless variables as
Q( , ) ( , )
2Q( , ) 0 (11)

and
Q( , ) ( , )
2 exp 0 (12)
o
Initial and boundary conditions are represented, as

c0 x0
= 0, Q = 0 at x = 0, 0 < < (13)
2 0
c x
0 Q=0 at x > 0, = 0 and 0 0 (14)
2 0
Note that the boundary condition of at > 0 is derived from Eqs. (11) and (12).
Glass et al. [22] reported that MacCormack's method [23], which is a second-order accurate explicit scheme, can
handle these moving discontinuities quite well and is valid for the hyperbolic heat conduction problems. Since
the hyperbolic problems considered here have step discontinuities at the thermal wave front, MacCormack's
predictor-corrector scheme is used in the present study.
Throughout numerical calculations, the number of grids is properly selected between 1,000 and 5,000 to obtain a
grid-independent solution, resulting in no appreciable difference between the numerical results with different
grid spacing. The ranges of the parameters are nondimensional plate thickness c0x0/=1.0 and 10.0, constant
coefficient related to the dimensionless capacity of internal heat source 0=1, dimensionless rate of energy
absorbed in the medium.
Numerical Results and Discussion
Constant Heating
Figures 2 and 3 illustrate the timewise variation of the temperature distribution, , in films having Cx0/1.0
and 10.0, respectively. Note that Figs. 2 and 3 reproduce precisely the theoretical results of Tan and Yang [24],
which show in detail the propagation process of thermal waves in a film. Figure 2 depicts that (i) after the wall
temperatures on two sides are suddenly raised, a set of sharp wavefronts exists in the thermal wave propagation
and advances towards the center in the physical domain which separates the heat-affected zone from the
thermally undisturbed zone; (ii) thermal wave fronts in the linear case meet and collide with each other at the
center of the film; (iii) after first collision, the center temperature in a film causes a significant amplification
resulting a much higher temperature in this region, (iv) after that, reverse thermal wave fronts take place and
travel towards both side walls of the film, and (v) when thermal wave fronts reach at both side walls, the film
temperatures at both sides of strongly heated walls exceed the imposed wall temperature, called temperature
overshoot.
.
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1.4
=1.00
1.2 =0.83
1.0 =0.67
0.8
=0.45

0.6
0.4
=0.25
0.2
=0.01
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Figure 2 Instantaneous dimensionless temperature distributions in the film at Cx 0/1 with a symmetrical
temperature change
On the contrary, Fig. 3 depicts that (i) after wavefronts arrive at the center of the film with Cx 0/=10, they
gradually disappear in the absence of reverse temperature waves and temperature overshoot, and (ii) similar
temperature distribution in the film yields in the linear and nonlinear cases. It is found that the numerical
solution predicts the existence of thermal waves, particularly in a very thin film and presents the propagation
process of thermal waves.
1
=0.01
0.9 =1.25
0.8 =2.50
=3.67
0.7 =4.83
0.6 =6.00
=6.13

0.5 =7.25
0.4 =8.38
=9.50
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Figure 3 Instantaneous dimensionless temperature distributions in the film at Cx 0/10 with a symmetrical
temperature change
Laser Heating
Figure 4, for =1, o =1, =10 and c0x0/1.0, depicts the time-histories of the temperature distribution, ,
in a film. It is observed that as time progresses, the film temperature gradually increases because almost all
energy is absorbed in the vicinity of both side walls and after =0.6 the film temperature substantially induces in
the centre region of the film, that is the temperature overshoot occurs. This trend becomes minor in a thick film,
as seen in Fig. 5. Figure 5 illustrates the time-histories of the temperature distribution, , in a film for
c0x0/=10.0. The film temperature gradually increases in the absence of temperature overshoot even for
different b. The temperature profiles behave like diffusion domination and are in accordance with theoretical
results predicted by the classical heat-conduction theory.
Next is to investigate the effect of time-dependence of laser heat source on the time history of the film
temperature, for 0=1 and =10.0. Figure 6 illustrates the time-history of the temperature distribution in the
film with c0x0/=1, in which the periodic laser source is modeled as () = (1+sin))/2. This phenomenon
implies that the heat source is periodically oscillated in the vicinity of both side-walls of the film. The figure
depict numerical result at =10.
Figure 4 Instantaneous dimensionless temperature distributions in the film for )=1,o=1 and c0x0/1.0
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Figure 5 Instantaneous dimensionless temperature distributions in the film for 1, o=1 and
c0x010.0
Figure 6 Instantaneous dimensionless temperature distributions in the film for =1, =10,
=(1+sin())/2 and c0x0/1.0
Figure 6 shows, that when the frequency of the periodic laser heat source becomes larger, a substantial change
in wave propagation is caused through time. One observes that (i) when wavefronts from both sides arrive at
the center of the film, the temperature is substantially increased and; (ii) the temperature overshoot takes place;
and (iii) thought the film temperatures at both-side walls are changed with time, the inner film temperature is
increased over the whole region of the film as time progresses. The effect of the time-dependence of laser heat
source becomes minor for the thick film, as seen in Fig. 7, which illustrates the timewise variation of the film
temperature profile with c0x0/=10.0. One observes that as time progresses, the film temperature increases
gradually, whose behavior is similar to that shown in Fig. 5, thought the oscillate temperature profile yields near
the sidewalls because of the periodic laser heat source. Note that for the small value of , i.e., =1, the
calculated temperature distribution is similar to that for =10 (not shown), but the absolute value of the film
temperature is different for =1 and 10. It is found that the effect of the frequency of a periodic heat source
on the temperature distribution become considerably greater in the very thin film, while its oscillation is affected
only near the wall of the thick film.
0.50
0.45
=9.50
0.40
0.35 =7.24
0.30
=4.79

0.25
0.20
=2.50
0.15
0.10
0.05
=0.10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Figure 7 Instantaneous dimensionless temperature distributions in the film for =(1+sin())/2, =1,
=10 and c0x0/10.0
Summary
A numerical study is performed on the effect of laser heating on the propagation phenomenon of a thermal wave
in a very thin film subject to a symmetrical temperature change on both sides. Results have been obtained for
the propagation process, magnitude and shape of thermal waves.
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If a film is strongly heated, temperature overshoot takes place in the films of smaller values of x 0/C
within a very short period of time.
If a film is heated by the continuous-operated, temperature overshoot takes place in the films of smaller
values of x0/c0 within a very short period of time. The effect of the laser heat source becomes larger
in the thin film. In other words, if the absorption coefficient, , of the laser increases, the temperature
is more dependent on the laser heat source in a thin film than in a thick film.
Overshoot and oscillation of thermal wave depend on the frequency of the heat source time
characteristics.
References
[1] K.J. Baumeister, T.D. Hamill, Hyperbolic heat conduction equation - a solution for the semi-infinite
body problem, Journal of Heat Transfer, 91 (1969) 543-548.
[2] S.H. Chan, J.D. Low, W.K. Mueller, Hyperbolic heat conduction in catalytic supported crystallites,
AIChE Journal, 17 (1971) 1499- 1507.
[3] M.S. Kazimi, C.A. Erdman, On the interface temperature of two suddenly contacting materials, Journal
of Heat Transfer, 97 (1975) 615-617.
[4] M.J. Maurer, H.A. Thompson, Non-fourier effects at high heat flux, Journal of Heat Transfer, 95
(1973) 284-286.
[5] B. Stritzker, A. Pospieszyk, J. A. Tagle, Measurement of lattice temperature of silicon during pulsed
laser annealing, Phys. Rev. Lett., 47 (1981) 356-358.
[6] P. Baeri, S.U. Campisano, G. Foti, E. Rimini, A melting model for pulsing-laser annealing of
implanted semiconductors, J. Appl. Phys., 50 (1979) 788-797.
[7] W.E. Maher, R.B. Hall, Pulsed laser heating profile width and changes in total coupling with pulse
length and pressure, J. Appl. Phys. 51 (1980) 1338-1344.
[8] G.L. Eesley, Observation of non-equilibrium electron heating in copper, Phys. Rev. Lett. 51 (1983)
2140-2143.
[9] J.G. Fujimoto, J.M. Liu, E.P. Ippen, Femtosecond laser interaction with metallic tungsten and non-
equilibrium electron and lattice temperatures, Phys. Rev. Lett. 53 (1984) 1837-1840.
[10] B. Vick, M.N. Ozisik, Growth and decay of a thermal pulse predicted by the hyperbolic heat
conduction equation, Journal of Heat Transfer, 105 (1983) 902-907.
[11] B.F. Blackwell, Temperature profile in semi-infinite body with exponential sources and convective
boundary condition, Journal of Heat Transfer, 112 (1990) 567-571.
[12] A.S. Zubair, M. Aslam Chaudhry, Heat conduction in a semi-infinite solid due to time-dependent laser
source, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 39 (1996) 3067-3074.
[13] T.Q. Qin, C.L. Tien, Short-pulse laser heating on metals, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 35 (1992) 719-
726.
[14] D.Y. Tzou, The generalised lagging response in small-scale and high-rate heating, Int. J. Heat Mass
Transfer, 38 (1995) 3231-3240.
[15] L.G. Hector Jr., W.S. Kim, M.N. Ozisik, Hyperbolic heat conduction due to mode locked laser pulse
train, Int. J. Engng. Sci., 30 (1992) 1731-1744.
[16] A. Kar, C.L. Chan, J. Mazumder, Comparative studies on nonlinear hyperbolic heat conduction for
various boundary conditions: analytical and numerical solutions, Journal of Heat Transfer, 114 (1992)
14-20.
[17] M. Lewandowska, Hyperbolic heat conduction in the semi-infinite body with a time-dependent laser
heat source, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 37 (2001) 333-342.
[18] T.Q. Qin, C.L. Tien, Size effect onnonequilibrium laser heating of metals, Journal of Heat Transfer,
115 (1993) 842-847.
[19] M.N. Ozisik, D.Y. Tzou, On the wave theory in heat conduction, Journal of Heat Transfer, 116 (1994)
526-535.
[20] M.N. Ozisik, B. Vick, Propagation and reflection of thermal waves in a finite medium, Int. J. Heat
Mass Transfer, 27 (1984) 1845-1854.
[21] D.W. Tang, N. Araki, On non-Fourier temperature wave and thermal relaxation time, Int. J.
Thermophys, 18 (1997) 493-504.
[22] D.E. Glass, M.N. Ozisik, B. Vick, Hyperbolic heat conduction with surface radiation, Int. J. Heat Mass
Transfer, 28 (1985) 1823-1830.
[23] D.A. Anderson, J.C., Tannehill, R.H., Pletcher, Computational Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer,
Hemisphere, New York, 1983.
[24] Z. M. Tan and W.-J. Yang, Non-Fourier Heat Conduction in a Thin Film Subjected to a Sudden
Temperature Change on Two Sides, Journal of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics, 22 (1997)75-87.
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Green Initiatives for 100GW: Solar India for Energy,

Environment and Social Security by 2020
J KRISHNA KISHORE
Senior Scientist, Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), Bangalore, Karnataka, INDIA
Email: jkk40@yahoo.com
Abstract: In this paper, we highlight the Green Initiatives to generate 100 GWs for Solar India in a fast track
mode for sustainable living. Roof-Top Solar Power in Govt. Institutions and Buildings need to be funded like
hydel and thermal power projects as Govt. institutions are major consumers of Electric Power running into
Gigawatts. Additionally, corporate enterprises have a responsibility to go green as they are major consumers
of electric power running into Gigawatts. Further, we need enhanced State support to promote Green homes
based on Personal Solar Power as the power requirements have sharply raised due to increasing adoption of
western life styles. The benefits of Space Technology can be brought to Homes / Buildings by providing DC
power rail connected to solar power and shift AC appliances to DC appliances to save power. Green Campus
Initiative across the nation also needs to be taken up as high priority as many educational institutions are
themselves major consumers of electric power. The above initiatives can generate & save Giga watts of power
and help the Smart City / Smart Village programmes being promoted across the nation. The availability of
power will slow down the migration to urban areas due to spread of development in rural areas. This will also
reduce the pressure on the already overloaded urban infrastructure. In countries like India, care for elders is
dependent on family support which has been seriously affected by migration from rural areas to urban areas and
increased labour costs. Solar India will result in improved energy, environmental and social security. The
proposed Renewable Energy Act 2015 is a major development to strengthen Green Energy in India.
Key words: Solar Power, Govt. Buildings, Personal Solar Power, Environment, Social, Security
1.0 Introduction
Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability
of future generations to meet their own needs. Fig 1 shows Global Warming on Time Magazine.
'The world is not dangerous because of those who do harm but because of those who look at it without doing
anything . Albert Einstein.
The demand for power is continuously increasing due to the rapid economic growth. India has a difficult
situation to achieve economic growth and also protect the environment. Fortunately, India is blessed with
abundant solar energy. Indias solar potential of 6 Billion GWh is more than adequate to meet the countys
current electricity needs [1,2,3]. Fig 2 shows the solar potential of India. The honorable Prime Minister of
India has set a target of 100 GWs of Solar Power and also called for reduction in the consumption of fossil
fuels for India to become Energy Independent / Efficient in FUTURE. The proposed renewable energy act 2015
is a major development to strengthen Green Energy in India.
Fig 1 Global Warming on TIME Magazine
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Many Govt Institutions / Corporate Institutions and even some big educational institutions are consuming 100s
of Kilowatts of Power as each Institution is a huge establishment with widespread use of Air Conditioning,
Computing resources, hi-tech equipment, and data servers on a 24 x 7 basis. The modern life-styles have also
increased the power requirements in homes significantly. Many Temples are also major consumers of power
today !!
It is generally estimated that nearly 25 to 30% power is lost during transmission and distribution. This can be
minimized by using roof top solar power. Local Generation / Saving of Power also save Water in Dams and
reduce dependency on fossil fuels.
It is also important to note that although a capital city is typically less than 0.5% of the geographic area, it
consumes almost 30% of the power generated in some major states. A typical case study of Karnataka and its
capital Bangalore is presented.
http://bangalore.citizenmatters.in/articles/4648-bescoms-power-sources?utm_source=copy
In the year 2012, Bangalore's daily power demand was about 2300 MW (Mega Watt). Bangalore consumes
about one-third of the state's total power. Karnataka's average demand is 6000 MW per day [5]. The area of
Karnataka State is about: 192,000 Sq. Km and that of Bangalore is around 800 Sq. Km [4].
The following case study shows the risk involved as Power Generated at RTPS is brought to Bangalore.
Big power crisis stares at state as 4 Raichur Thermal Plant Station units trip: Times of India Apr 24, 2012
BANGALORE/HUBLI: Four of the eight units of the Raichur Thermal Plant Station (RTPS) tripped on
Monday due to shortage of water in the Krishna River, plunging the state into an acute power crisis. The harried
administration reacted by increasing the duration of power cuts. RTPS caters to districts across the state, other
than Bangalore. Residents of these areas, who have been tolerating power cuts ranging from one to 12 hours,
may have to sweat it out for another 1-3 hours [5].
The concerns of Climate Change are really a matter of serious concern. The urgency for low carbon economy
based on Green Energy has become a top priority for India to ensure sustainable development for future
generations. In this article, we shall highlight that
Green Govt Initiative,
Green Corporate Initiative,
Green Temple Initiative,
Green Campus Initiative,
Green Home Initiative with Personal Solar Power etc.,
are needed as high priority to generate / save energy. Although some progress has been made for Solar Power,
the rate of progress is a matter of serious concern. The proposed Renewable Energy Act 2015 needs to be
strengthed with budgetary support and financial incentives for fast track deployment of solar power.
Source: National Resource Energy Laboratory

Fig. 2. Solar potential across the Nation
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2.0 Green Govt Initiative: Solar Power / LEED Programme for Govt Buildings / Departments
It is very important for Govt to fund roof-top solar power for its Institiutions as an Infrastructural Asset with
complete budgetory support similar to Thermal and Hydel Power plants. This will lead to faster installation
of decentralized solar power across the nation and also reduce T & D losses. The operational cost of
electricity bills in Govt Institutions & Buildings is in thousands of crores of rupees which is a recurring
expenditure. This can be minimized by roof-top solar power. The spread of the Govt Institutions is across the
Nation Metros / cities, leading urban centers, municipalities, district headquarters, village panchayats etc.,
Govt Institutions and buildings are present across the nation. A reasonable estimate is that about 25% of
Nations Power consumption is due to Central and State Govt. Institutions, buildings and government
machinery across the nation
A representative list involves
Public Sector Units ( BEL, BHEL, HAL, OIL, ONGC, BEML, ECIL etc., )
R & D Institutions ( ISRO, DRDO, BARC, CSIR, National Labs across nation etc., )
Academic Institutions ( IISc, IITs, NITs, IIMs, Central Universities, State Universities etc., )
Strategic institutions like Army, Navy, Air Force, Border Security Force, Coast Guard etc.,
Transport sector Railways, Road Transport corporations, Shipyards & Seaports, Airports
Security agencies like thousands of Police Stations, CISF, Home guards etc.,
Judiciary of India i.e, Supreme Court, High Courts, District Courts, Taluk level courts
Banking, Insurance & Stock exchanges ( RBI / SBI & Nationalized banks etc., with thousands of
branches and more than one and half lakh ATMs across the nation, Unit Trust of India / Life Insurance
Corporation etc.,
Tax related offices ( Income Tax / Excise Tax / Service Taxes etc., across the nation
Parliament / State Assembly Buildings across the nation
Offices associated with administration in different ministries ( Center / State / Union Territories ) have
huge buildings / training institutes and housing colonies across the nation
Govt bungalows like Rashtrapathi Bhavan, Governors Bungalows, residences of Chief Ministers and
Ministers & District Collectors ( Hundreds of bungalows across the nation )
Corporations & Municipalities and Village Panchayats ( thousands of buildings & lakhs of streetlights
across the nation )
Election Commission / Doordarshan kendras /
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd, Indian Post etc.,
National sports training institutes & flood-lit sports stadiums etc.,
Fig 3.0 shows the 100 KW roof top solar power plant on Vikas Soudha which is the seat of administration,
Govt. of Karnataka, in Bangalore, which was funded by the Govt. A small beginning has been made for roof top
solar power in Govt Institutions. The reduced electricity bills will automatically help in the payback apart from
increasing the share of Green power.
LEED Programme for Govt. Buildings
Fig 3 100 KW roof top solar power plant on Vikas Soudha, Bangalore
A Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
(LEED) programme to upgrade existing Govt.. Buildings as Green Buildings is the need of the hour.
Replacement of old lighting with LEDs in the building will result in a significant decrease in the electricity
consumption. Improving AC technology will also result in further saving of power.
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The budgets for many Central Govt. / State Govt Institutions run into hundreds and thousands of crores of
rupees. Hence, it is possible to have Green Govt Initiative in fast track mode as part of the proposed
Renewable Energy Act 2015 with budgetary provision to upgrade Existing Buildings and institutions as Green
Institutions with roof-top solar power / LED lighting etc., This will generate GWs of green power and reduce
T & D losses [6, 7,11,14].
3.0 Personal Solar Power (PSP) in homes and Apartments / LED Lighting
As the growing urbanization with Western life-style is being increasingly adopted, residential homes and
apartments have become major consumers of Electric Power across India. When millions of homes and
apartments in urban areas require an average of 2 to 3 KW per family as shown in Fig 4, the demand runs into
Gigawatts of power across the nation. A major effort has been the distribution of LED bulbs as part of energy
savings. Additionally, Solar Power Units / Solar Water Heaters ( SWH) will save huge amount energy as shown
in Fig 5 and Fig 6. PSP can also avoid black out situations as shown in Fig 7.
Fig 4 Modern All Electric Home (AEH)

Personal Solar Power ( 1 KW Roof Top Solar Power Unit / 150 Liter SWH ) needs to be integrated into an
AEH as shown in Fig 5 and Fig 6. Govt needs to encourage PSP in view of its GWs potential with
20% Rebate on Property Tax for 5 years.
Solar loans from banks with low interest rates and long pay back periods [8,9,12].
Fig 5. Solar Water Heater ( SWH )
Fig 6. 1KW Roof top Solar Power Unit
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Fig 7. Black out in Northern States as seen in July 2012 can be avoided with PSP.
4.0 Green Corporate Initiative
Corporate Sector has played a major role for developing our National Economy. The contributions of TATAs /
BIRLAS / RELIANCE / INFOSYS / WIPRO / TCS / APOLLO / ICICI & HDFC etc., shows the great
contribution of corporate sector to the Nation. Each Corporate Institution is a huge establishment and has a large
number of branches across the nation and with the widespread use of Computing resources, AC, hi-tech
equipment, data servers on a 24 x 7 basis etc., has become a major source of power consumption. Just imagine
the Power consumption in companies listed in Bombay Stock / National Stock Exchanges across the Nation. It
must be in Tens of GIGAWATTs with current bills running into thousands of crores !!
The budgets for many corporate enterprises run into hundreds and thousands of crores of rupees. Hence, it is
possible to have budgetary provision for LEED programme to upgrade Existing Corporate Buildings as Green
Buildings. The good news is that many corporates are going GREEN which saves Energy [10,13]. Hence,
enormous savings in MWs of Energy are possible across the nation in the corporate sector as seen by the
examples of INFOSYS and WIPRO. Automatically T & D losses will get reduced. Corporate Green Initiative
needs to be needs to be an integral part of the Renewable Energy Act 2015 so that Corporates go Green.
Infosys, Wipro go on a green drive Mini Joseph Tejaswi, TNN Mar 14, 2013, 01.35AM, BANGALORE:
Infosys and Wipro are actively seeking to become very green companies. Infosys plans to be fully carbon
neutral by 2017 As part of this, it is working to reduce its per capita electricity consumption by 50% from
2007-2008 levels and to source all of its electricity needs from renewable resources by the end of 2017.
Between 2007 and 2012, Infosys reduced its per capita electricity consumption by more than 32%. In 2011-12,
it procured 48GWh of renewable energy, 18% of its total electricity consumption. Wipro in 2010-11
consumed 25 million units of renewable energy and this has grown to 65 million in 2012-13, out of its total
electricity consumption of 300 million units -- which means about 21% is now from renewable sources. The
plan is to increase its renewable energy consumption to 160 million units by 2015. In Wipro, 18 of its
buildings are certified to the international LEED (green) standards. The company has replaced some older
equipment with more energy efficient equivalents.
5.0 Solar Power in Educational Institutions - Green Campus Initiative

The Educational institutions are part of capacity and capability building for training of professionals to meet the
needs of nation / society. The time has come for a Green Campus Initiative (GCI) across the nation for
Educational Institutions under Engineering / Medical / Agricultural / Degree / Pre-University / School etc.,
The GCI has potential to generate Megawatts of Solar Power and produce eco-friendly citizens. Many
educational institutions consume in tens of KWs of electric power. Even assuming an average of 25 KW per
educational institution, imagine the thousands of educational institutions across the nation and the saving of
power that is achieved. Already many educational institutions have made a beginning and have installed roof
top solar power units. IIT-Bombay has installed 1MW Roof Top Solar Power as shown in Fig 8[15]. It will also
reduce T & D losses. GCI can be integrated into the ranking process for Educational Institutions in view of
its GWs potential
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Fig 8 As a step towards 'Green Campus', 1MW Solar PV Power Plant at IIT Bombay
6.0 Green Temple Initiative
There are over 1 Lakh Temples in South India alone that are being maintained by the Muzarrai or
Endowments Ministries / Temple Boards and Trusts. Electric Power Consumption in Temples is also a major
aspect in the functioning of these Temples. Many major Temples consume in Tens of KWs. Additionally,
decorative lights used extensively in festivals also consume a lot of power. This is in addition to the daily
consumption of electricity for Canteens, Choultries, lights, pumps, fans, AC and Computers which are part of
the Temple administration. Imagine Solar Power across the Temples of the Nation as shown in Fig 9 and Fig
10.
Fig 9 Solar cooking unit at Sringeri Fig 10 Solar power system at Subramanyaswamy
Temple at Kumaravayalur in Tiruchi
The following success stories show the potential for Solar Power in Temples.
Sringeri Sharada Peetham has established a solar energy plant for cooking purpose and feeding thousands of
devotees.
Tirupathi Devasthananm (TTD ) authorities have got 100KWp solar photovoltaic roof-top power plant
installed atop the TTD administrative building to minimise the dependence on the grid.
Meenakshi Sundareswarar Temple @ Madurai has 3 three solar power plants. A 40- KW plant to power
the Thousand Pillar Hall Museum, another 60-KW capacity for shops inside the temple premises and a 120-KW
capacity for temple use.
Tube lights in the corridors of Temples can be replaced with LED bulbs to optimize power consumption. Hence,
it is possible for the Endowment Ministries / Temple boards and even devotees to support Green Temple
Initiative especially in the large and medium temples and save energy. Even assuming an average of 20 KW per
temple, it will amount to GWs of Energy across the nation [16].
7.0 Experience from Spacecraft Power Systems: Solar Power & DC power in homes / buildings
The roof top solar power generation is very similar in principle to the power generation via solar arrays in a
spacecraft. A major possibility today is the use of spacecraft power system design concepts to achieve further
Energy Savings in Homes and Buildings. The power generated by the solar array is used to supply DC power
to the sub-systems and also charge the batteries to supply power as and when it is needed. Fig 11 shows a
typical spacecraft.
Presently, the roof top Photo-Voltaic Solar power that is generated is converted via an inverter and fed to the
bus at home. Subsequently, the AC bus is used to power the devices. The conversion losses of DC-AC and
again AC-DC can be avoided by adopting a DC rail in buildings as LEDs ( part of the lighting circuit) and even
fans with brushless DC-DC motors can now be run on DC power. Thus, many AC appliances can be replaced
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with equivalent DC appliances and connected on a DC bus at home as in a spacecraft. This will reduce power
consumption significantly. Additionally, conversion losses are also avoided.
Fig 11 Solar Power / DC- Power in a Spacecraft

A hybrid AC-DC bus rail as part of Electrical Layout along with roof top Solar Power can be considered
for Green Homes / Buildings to save Energy.
8.0 Supports for Solar Power to Staff

In both Govt Depts / Corporate sectors, the following examples show financial support
Educational expenses of children
Medical / Health expenses
Travel expenses as part of LTC
i.e., the money is reimbursed.
Along similar lines, financial support / reimbursement can be given to promote the use of solar power and
solar water heater to employees in Govt Depts. It will cost less than Rs. 1.8 to Rs. 2 Lakhs to establish a 1 KW
to 1.5 KW Solar Power Unit and a 150 to 200 liter Solar Water Heater. Approximately, Rs. 3000 per month for
5 years can be provided as reimbursement. Appropriate guidelines and safeguards can be worked out to ensure
that it is properly utilized. Most of the employees belong to Lower Income Group / Middle Income Groups
(LIG/MIG) families. This needs to be considered in the proposed Renewable Energy Act 2015. A
decentralized low cost / high volume approach is possible to increase Solar Power @ homes by providing
appropriate support to staff.
When thousands of Govt Employees benefit from this solar power scheme, it will result in the generation of
MWs of Solar Power & save corresponding GRID Power. The same principle can be adopted by the Corporate
Sector for their employees leading to additional generation of MWs of Solar Power. Such support will improve
the quality of life of staff.
9.0 Concluding Remarks
Fig 12 Solar Power for a Green Earth

The honorable Prime Minister of India has called for reduction in the consumption of fossil fuels for
India to become Energy Independent / Efficient in FUTURE. Fig 12 shows that Green Earth is the need for
sustainable living. The proposed Renewable Energy Act 2015 has come just in time and it needs to be
strengthened with budgetary support and financial incentives.
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The budgets for many Central Govt. / State Govt Institutions and corporate enterprises run into hundreds and
thousands of crores of rupees. Hence, it is possible to have a budgetary provision to upgrade Existing buildings
and institutions as Green Institutions with roof-top solar power / LED lighting / DC-power etc., Even if half
the power consumed comes from solar power, it will result in an integrated approach to energy and
environment management and millions of jobs in solar sector. Additionally, Green Campus Initiative / Green
Temple Initiative and support for PSP @ homes will help to reach the goal of 100 GWs by 2020. It is estimated
that every 1 MW of Solar power saves over 1000 tonnes of CO2 per annum.
The large scale deployment of solar power is a challenge in terms of manufacturing and availability of trained
man-power. As part of Green Campus Initiative, Solar Hubs can be established in Engineering Institutions to
produce the much needed technical professionals and entrepreneurs in Energy Sector across the Nation.
The generation of 100 GWs of decentralized Solar Power also helps to avoid T & D losses due to local
generation and consumption. It improves security by avoiding black-out type situations. Solar Power can be
deployed faster than Hydel / Thermal power projects. The power released from the grid can be given to industry
and agriculture. The higher tariffs in industry will help the revenues of electricity boards. It will boost jobs in the
renewable energy sector.
The major environmental benefits are in the saving of precious water for agriculture to sustain food security and
to supply drinking water to dry areas. There is no need for land acquisitions as it is available on ROOF-TOPs
and hence no displacement and rehabilitation of people to alternate locations. It also minimizes diesel
generators.
In countries like India, care for elders is dependent on family support. It has been affected by migration by
compulsion due to lack of development in rural areas which is linked to poor availability of electricity,
education, employment and health care. Hence, even small and medium enterprises are located in urban areas
due to poor infrastructure and electricity access in rural areas. Mass migration has also increased labour cosst
as the younger rural people have to support themselves in urban areas and also the elders back home. It has
also increased the cost of living in urban areas.
References
[1] CERC 2011, Performance of solar power plants in India, http ://www.cercind.gov.in/2011
[2] JNNSM 2010 Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission Document Govt. of India, MNRE
[3] Gireesh Shrimalli and Vijay Mekkalapudi, How Effective has Indias Solar Mission been in Reaching its
Deployment Targets ? , Economic and Poliltical Weekly Oct 18, 2014, Vol XI, IX No. 42, pp 54-63.
[4] http://bangalore.citizenmatters.in/articles/4648-bescoms-power-sources?utm_source=copy
[5] Big power crisis stares at state as 4 Raichur Thermal Plant Station units trip : Times of India Apr 24, 2012
[6] U.S. Green Building Council Web site http://www.usgbc.org
[7] http://resourceventure.org/green-your-business/green-building/leed-for-existing-buildings
[8] http://bescom.org/en
[9] www.anert.gov.in
[10] Infosys, Wipro go on a green drive
[11] Mini Joseph Tejaswi, TNN Mar 14, 2013, 01.35AM
[12] J.K. Kishore, Decentralized Energy Systems via State funding for Roof-Top Solar Power on Govt.
Buildings for Green Government Initiative, 3rd International Conference on Micro Energy Systems,
April 23-25, 2015, TU, Berlin & BMSCE Bangalore
[13] J.K. Kishore, Personal Power via Decentralized Solar Energy with State Support for Social and National
Security, 3rd International Conference on Micro Energy Systems, April 23-25 2015, TU, Berlin and
BMSCE Bangalore.
[14] J.K. Kishore , Upgrading Existing Buildings to Green Buildings to achieve Economic, Environmental,
Employment and R & D Security of INDIA A National Challenge National Conference on Challenges
in Research and Technology 2013 @ SDMIT, Dharmasthala.
[15] Melvin Koshy, K.A.S. Subramanyam, C.P. Shamala, D. Parameswara Sharma & J.K. Kishore,
[16] Harnessing Solar Energy for In-House Electricity Requirements : Initiatives for Self-Reliance in ISRO
, Journal of Spacecraft Technology, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp, 01-06, Jan 2015.
[17] http://www1.iitb.ac.in/SolarPlant/SolarPlant.htm
[18] http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/solar-power-lights-up-temples-reduces-
bills/article8216994.ece
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Factors Contributing to the Success of a Resettlement Project: A

Case Study on Batanghari Dam Project, Indonesia
TAUFIKA OPHIYANDRI, UYUNG GATOT S DINATA, TAFDIL HUSNI, BAMBANG ISTIJONO,
AND ADI PUTRA
Email: t_ophiyandri@yahoo.co.uk
Abstract. The construction Batanghari dam project has made Pulau Panjang village have to be relocated. The
reason for resettlement is because this village might be entirely enundated due to Q100 flood. The resettlement
program is considered to be successful. This paper investigates what factors contributed to its success and a case
study is adopted to achieve the objective. Three interviews with government officials and a focus group
discussion with relocated community were conducted to get a primary data.Data was analysed using content
analysis. It was found that there four factors contributed to the success of the resettlement program: program
socialisation conducted by government, self-selection of relocation area by the community, ease of accessibility
and livelihoods, and a better quality house provided for the community.
Keywords: resettlement project, success factors, dam project, flood inundation
1. Introduction
Indonesia is the third largest rice producer in the world after China and India [1]. According to Indonesia
Ministry of Agriculture [2], total area of rice field in Indonesia is 76.6 million hectares, and the production is
70.8 million ton per year. About 94% of total area of rice field is irrigated. In order to maintain and increase rice
production, government of Indonesia has built dams and irrigation system in many places, including Batanghari
dam.
Batanghari dam is located at the Batanghari river, about 200 km to the east of Padang City (Figure 1), the capital
of West Sumatera Province. The dam construction is carried out by PT. Pembangunan Perumahan for four
years, started from 1998 and costed IDR 217 billion. The funding came from the Loan from Japanese
Government. The dam construction increases the flood risk of one village, which called Pulau Panjang. This
village which located about 5 km at the upstream of Batanghari dam might be entirely inundated if Q100 flood
takes place. As a result, government of Indonesia relocates this village. Resettlement of an entire village whether
it is as a result of development or due to disaster is not an easy task and many end with failure. The relocation of
villages in Flores, in Banda Aceh, or in Mentawai was not so successful. The worst is the houses being built
were abondened by the beneficiaries and they go back to their original land. However, the relocation of Pulau
Panjang village can be categorised as a success by looking at the economy of its community. Thus, this paper
investigates the factors contributes to the success of the resettlement program.
Figure 1. Location of Batanghari Dam

2. Literature Review
Resettlement according to Jha et al [3] is a process whereby a communitys housing, assets, and public
infrastructure are rebuilt in another location. In other terminology, WCDRR [4] uses the word relocation to
express the condition where people move phisically to different location. Since the meaning is the same, in this
paper, the word relocation and resettlement will be used interchangeably. Moreover Jha et al. [3] stated that
there are three reasons why relocation is needed, first is because people have already been displaced by disaster,
second because the current area is uninhabitable, and finally to reduce the vulnerability to the risk of future
disaster. The relocation of Pulau Panjang village due to the construction of Batanghari dam falls into the last
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category. The dam construction exposes Pulau Panjang inhabitants into flood risk. It can be seen as a preventive
measure before flood occurs.
WCDRR [4] states that relocation is a complex task that requires a holistic approach and should be seen as the
last options. It is costly, have the potential to reduce peoples access to livelihoods, and can disrupt their social
network. As a results, it has to be managed carefully. Jha et al [3] claim that relocation is more likely to be
successful when:
- affected communities participate in critical relocation and implementation decisions (site selection,
identification of basic needs, settlement planning, housing designs, and implementation);
- livelihoods are not site-specific and so are not disrupted;
- water, public transport, health services, markets, and schools are accessible and affordable;
- people are able to bring with them items of high emotional, spiritual, or cultural value (religious objects,
salvaged building parts, statuary or other local landmarks);
- people belonging to the same community are resettled together to a new site;
- emotional, spiritual, and cultural attachment to the old site is not excessively high;
- housing designs, settlement layouts, natural habitat, and community facilities conform to a communitys way
of life;
- social, environmental, and hazard risk assessments confirm that risk cannot be mitigated in the old location,
while the community can be assured of the suitability of the relocation site;
- communication with target groups is frequent and transparent, and mechanisms to resolve grievances are
effective; and
- Relocation and assistance to mitigate its economic impacts are adequately funded over a reasonable period
of time.
3. Methodology
The research method adopted for this study is a case study as it can provide a deep analysis on the factors
contributing to the success of resettlement program due to the construction of Batanghari Dam. Dam
construction was carried out between 1998 and 2002, while the housing construction in relocation area started in
2002 and handed over to community in early 2003. The primary data were collected by conducting unstructured
interviews with three government officials, and focus group discussion (FGD) with community in April 2016.
Respondents were invited to answer questions dealing with what they perceive as the factors that contributing to
the success of resetllement program due to the construction of Batanghari dam. Interviews with government
officials were conducted in Padang and Sungai Dareh (10 km from batanghari dam), while FGD were conducted
in the project location. Qualitative data was analysed using content analysis by deploying NVivo 10 software.
4. Case Study
Batanghari dam which located at Dharmasraya Regency is part of Batanghari irrigation system. It is constructed
to be a replacement for small dams along batanghari river, such as Pisang Rebus, Piruko, Palangko, and Siat.
These small dams were operated using pump and had a very high operating costs. The catchment area of
Batanghari river is 4.450 km2 and the 100-year flood (Q100) is 86 m3/s. The type of dam is Single Fail Type
Concrete and the size is 121 m wide. The capacity of the dam is 25, 20 m3/s and propose to irrigate 18.936 ha of
rice fields in West Sumatera and Jambi province. Figure 2 shows the Batanghari dam.
Figure 2. Batanghari dam

As mention earlier, the dam construction can inundate Pulau Panjang village which located at the riverbank of
Batanghari river. Thus, people of this village have to be relocating into a new village which called Kampung
Baru. It is located about 2 km from Batanghari dam and 3 km from original village. The new location
administratively lies at the border of Solok Selatan Regency. It is 100 km away from the capital of Solok
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Selatan Regency, but only 15 km from the capital of Dharmasraya Regency. Figure 3 shows the location of
Batanghari dam, Kampung Baru village, and Pulau Panjang village.
Figure 3. Location of Batanghari dam, Kampung baru village, and Pulau Panjang village
The relocation of Pulau Panjang village involved the construction of 126 new houses for 126 families. Each
family entitled to have a Type-50 house (Figure 4). Type 50 means that the space of the house is 50m2. It has
two bedrooms, a kitchen, a bathroom, and a family room. The construction began in 2002 and handed to
community in April 2003. It is funded by government budget. In this location, social facilities such as primary
school and mosque are also been built. The landscape of the resettlement area in 2003 can be seen in Figure 5.
Figure 4.Original house (Type 50) provided by government
Figure 5.Original landscape of the resettlement area in 2003
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5. Finding and Discussion
Nowadays, by looking at the phisical look of this area (Figure 6), such as houses and cars, it can be judged that
the resettlement area has developed significantly into a much better place. In other words, it can be said that the
resettlement program is considered to be very successful.
Figure 6.Extended/new houses built by community in the resettlement area in 2016

The content analysis conducted by deploying NVivo software suggests that there are four factors contributed to
the success of the resettlement programe in case study area. The factors are as follows:
a. Program Socialisation
The indigenous ethnic group of West Sumatra Province is Minangkabau. In this tribe, Ninik Mamak is a kind
of institution that consists of several leaders of different clan in one village. Thus, ninik mamak has a strong
influence in community.
The socialisation of the resettlement program firstly conducted through Ninik Mamak. There are six clans in
Pulau Panjang village. According to government official who did the socialisation, he explained the details of
the Batanghari dam project, the purpose and its benefit to community, the impact of the construction to Pulau
Panjang village, and the resettlement program to Ninik mamak of the six clans. After Ninik Mamak understood
the condition and agreed on the plan, the next step is to socialise it to entire community. As Ninik Mamak has
already discussed it with their own clan, the efford for second process is easier than the first one.
Program socialisation plays an important role on the success of the resettlement program. Since the community
understand why they have to be relocated to the new location, the execution of the relocation will be easier.
b. Site Selection
Jha et al [3] and da Silva [5] highlight the importance of site selection in resettlement program. Community has
to be involved in this process as lack of community participation can lead to failure. In this case study, the
selection of the relocation area was decided by the community. Ninik mamak and their community discussed the
best place to move. Government only gave a suggestion on the selection criteria. Some important criteria that
need to be considered are accessibility of the new site and sustainability of livelihood. The relocation was then
decided at Kampung Baru village which was entirely a new area. Originally the site was a forest. It is located
about 3 km from their original place and 2 km from Batanghari river dam. It is located at a hilly land and free
from flood risk.
The site chosen by community was actually their own land. Community gave this land to government to be
developed, thus there was no land acquisation cost. According to Ophiyandri et al [6] this process of site
selection can be considered as a community-based approach.
c. Accessibility and Livelihoods
Accessibility is the major issue in any resettlement program. Kampung baru village chose by the community is
because its accessibility. This new village has a road access to the capital of Dharmasraya Regency which
located about 10 km to the north.
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Comparing to their original village, this new area has big advantages. The original land (Pulau Panjang village)
does not have an access road. The only transportation mode is by boat, and to reach the nearest road, community
have to travel 5 km to the downstream of Batanghari river. It is where the Batanghari dam is located. This mode
of transportation is costly and takes considerable time. Other advantage of the new relocation area, it is close to
the economic activities. Market, government offices, higher schools at Dharmasraya Regency can be reach in
less than 30 minutes from Kampung Baru village. This condition acts as a catalyst for community economy and
development. Figure 6 can be a proven how develop the village nowadays.
d. Housing quality
The house provided by government for the beneficiaries is better than what the community have in their original
village. The type 50 house is bigger than the standard house normally granted by government for community. In
Aceh reconstruction after tsunami 2004, the houses provided by NGO and government was the type 36 houses
[7]. According to community, the new houses in relocation site are bigger than their original house in ulau
Panjang village. So there is a kind of satisfaction from the community to get a new bigger house.
In addition, the new houses made of clay brick. This type of material considers as a better one compare to a
wooden house. Since their old houses mostly are wooden houses, community perceives that their new houses
come up with a better quality. Another feeling of satisfaction emerged due to this condition. As a result,
community eagerly moved to the relocation site.
6. Conclusions
The resettlement program due to the construction of Batanghari dam consider to be successful. There are four
factors contribute to the success: program socialisation conducted by government, self-selection of relocation
area by the community, ease of accessibility and livelihoods, and a better quality house provided for the
community.
References
[1] Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), (2013) Top Production Rice, Paddy 2012. Available at
http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx, accessed on 01 May 2016
[2] Ministry of Agriculture (MoA), (2015) Strategic Plan of Ministry of Agriculture Year 2015-2019. Ministry
of Agriculture Republic of Indonesia.
[3] Jha, A. K., Barenstein, J. D., Phelps, P. M., Pittet, D. and Sena, S. (2010) Safer Homes, Stronger
Communities: A Handbook for Reconstructing after Natural Disasters. Washington: The World Bank.
[4] WCDRR (2015) Preparing for Disaster-Induced Relocation. Avalable at:
www.wcdrr.org/wcdrr.../Preparing%20for%20Disaster-Induced%20Relocation.docx, accessed on 01 May
2016
[5] da Silva, J. (2010). Lessons from Aceh: key considerations in post-disaster reconstruction. Rugby: Practical
Action Publishing.
[6] Ophiyandri, T., Amaratunga, D., Pathirage, C., & Keraminiyage, K. (2013). Critical success factors for
community-based post-disaster housing reconstruction projects in the pre-construction stage in Indonesia.
International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 4(2), 236-249.
[7] BRR (2009). Housing: Roofing the Pillars of Hope. BRR Book Series.
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The Performance of the Accessibility to BRT Stop: A Case Study

on Transpadang Metro Bus
BAMBANG ISTIJONO1, BAYU MARTANTO ADJI1, TAUFIKA OPHIYANDRI 1, JOVI
SATRIOS2, YOSRITZAL1, RAHMI FAUZIA1
1
GriTrans, Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Andalas University, West of Sumatera, Indonesia
2
Department of Transportation of Padang City, West of Sumatera, Indonesia
Email: bistijono1452@ahoo.co.id; bayumartantoadji@ymail.com; ophyandri@ft.unand.ac.id;
yosritzal@ft.unand.ac.id
Abstract
In this study was conducted the assessment of the accessibility performance to mass transit facilities before and
after BRT (Trans Padang Metro Bus) operated. This study focuses on the accessibility of the bus transit stops in
an urban area, a case study in Padang City, West of Sumatra, Indonesia. A total of 600 questionnaires were
analyzed, multivariate analysesis were used. Regarding the performance, parameters which were observed
namely; the access distance, the protection from the weather, the time delays, the convenient to access the
bus stops facility, the protection from traffic accidents, the road pavement condition, the facilities for the
disability and the safety from crimes. As the result, the performance of protection from the weather, the
protection from other traffic, the facilities for the disability, the safety from crimes increased. While, the
performance of the access distance, the time delays, the convenient to access the bus stops facility, the
road pavement condition decreased.
Keywords: transit system performance, accessibility, access distance, Transpadang Metro Bus, BRT.
1. Introduction
The rapid growth of urbanization in developing countries has often been accompanied with the increasing of
urban travel needs. As the economic activity levels increased, private vehicle ownnership incrased, the quantity
and the travel distance of the trips made also increased, (Roza et al., 2013). Especially private car, the
dependency for this means of transportation is very high, Dickinson et al, (2003) stated theat tThe uses of
private car as a means of transportation in urban city is widely utilized, the majority travelling for work trip
purposes uses this mode of transportation
The flexibility, time saving, comfort and safety concerned are among the advantages of private cars. Hagman
(2003), he argued that the important advantage of private car use is the flexibility of accessibility and time, that
means that if they use a private vehicle, there will be more convenient for people to go to anywhere at any time
they desire without having to wait for public transport at the bus stop. Safety and comfort are also one of the
advantages of using private vehicles. The other advantage that private car is more preferable for people is the
convenience to bring their belongings along with them (Cullinane et al, 2003). Transportation planners must
concern this condition because in transportation planning, there are two basic objectives: to provide sufficient
mobility to access jobs, goods, and services and to provide mobility which have the minimum negative
environmental impact trip (Salon and Aligula, 2012).
There must be an extensive effort to decrease the dependence of private car. One of the policies that are often
suggested to attract people to leave away their private car is by improving the public transport policy (Cullinane,
2002). Bergstrom and Magnusson in 2003 argued that the number of cars in traffic could be decreased,
especially in urban regions, by promoting active transportation (public transport, cycling and walking) as a
means of travel. Many research attempted have been devoted into seeking how to promote active transport
modes as part of a transportation system, e.g. Gatersleben and Appleton (2007), Wardman et al. (2007) and
Akar and Clifton (2009). Encouraging public transport used, car ownership and usage hold seem to be the
solution of transportation issues in urban cities.
Padang City is the largest city on the west Coast of Sumatra Island once the capital of the province of West
Sumatra, Indonesia. The city has an area of 694.96 km which is bordered by the geography of the sea but has a
hilly terrain which height reaches 1,853 mdpl (Figure 1). Based on the data in Padang in Numbers in 2013, a
number Padang City population is 871,534.
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Figure 1. Map of Padang City

Wide negative effects of car as a transportation mode, namely ; traffic congestion, pollution, road accidents, and
the lack of space for road and parking facilities were the problems that must be faced in Padang City. It caused
by the depency of private car and unsufficient of public transportation servis. Padang city covered a regular bus
and Angkot (a public transport which has the capacity 12 passengers) as public public transportation. To
increase the service, transportation authority provide a new public transportation system, namely Trans Padang
Metro Bus (BRT).
Government planned five corridors for Trans Padang Metro Bus (Figure 2), namely LubukBuaya Pasar
Raya, Indarung - Pasar Raya, TelukBayur- Air Pacah, TelukBayur - Pasar Raya and BIM
(International Airport) Teluk Bayur. The operation of this system has been planned since 2007, but continues
to be delayed by various factors.
Figure 2. The planned corridors of Trans Padang

Fist corridor operated in january 2014, corridor is LubukBuaya - Pasar Raya. The Length of the route is 20.6
km. The average travel time is 1 hour and 25 minutes. BRT Trans PADANG Metro Bus scheduled departure
begins early in the morning at 06.00 am till 20.00 pm, every day at a ticket tariff of IDR 3,500 (USD 0.29) for
general users and IDR 1,500 (USD 0.12) for students. The capacity of the bus is 20 passengers seats and 20
standing passengers. This system operates 10 buses. There are 66 stops along the corridor 1 LubukBuaya -
Pasar Raya (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Fist corridor of Trans Padang Metro Bus (Lubuk Buaya-Pasar Raya)
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Figure 4 shows one of the bus stop facility alng the corriodor of Trans Padang Merto Bus which is equipped
with road markings, traffic signs, protection from the weather and the seats for the users who are waiting for
the bus.
Figure 4. Trans Padang Metro Bus Stop facility

Before BRT operates within Padang city, public transport systems operate with a stop based on user requests
(Flag stop). With this system the user could stop the public transport anywhere, even at the street junction.
Public transport operator could load and unload at any place. It is very disturbing the other traffic flow, due to
the old bus did not have an exclusive line. It is also very dangerous because public transport will be stopped
suddenly when the driver saw there were passengers on the edge of the road who wants to use public transport
or any passengers getting off. To overcome these problems, the government operates the Trans Padang Metro
Bus (BRT) to replace the old system. The operation of public transport becomes Set stop. BRT only stop at
bus stops and operates on the left side of the road. The were advantages and disavantages after Trans Padang
Metro Bus operated., mainly accesibility to bus stop facility. This research attemted to find out the performance
the accesibility.
2. Survey Results
Two field surveys were undertaken in this study. A set of questionnaire was prepared and distributed to the
respondents in along the Trans Padang route. The questionnaire covers public transit users. However, in this
study the sample size is 600. Table 1 summarizes the socio-demographic data of respondents. The data consists
of Trans Padang users. The percentages of females are higher than males. The survey recorded 59.3% females
and 40.7% males in the study.
Table 1: The socio-economic characteristic of the sample
Characteristics Statistic
Gender Male (40.7%), Female (59.3%)
Age 0-15(13.3%), 15-25(50.0%), 25-50 (20%), > 50 (16.7%)
Occupation Student (64.0%), employee (16.0%), self-employee (17.7%),
housewife (3.3%), unemployed (3.0%)
Income < USD 82.6 (50%), USD 82.6-165.1 (23.3), USD 165.1-412.8
(14.0%), > 412.8(12.7%)
Marriage status Married (28.7%), not married (71.3%)
Private vehicle ownership Private car (8.7%), walking (54.7%), Ojek (21.0%), private car
(15.0%), Angkot (15.6%)
As the result in Table 1, majority of public transit users are respondents aged between 15-25 years old (most of
which are student). The consistent pattern does not occur between respondents ages towards the usage of mass
transit for commuting. The highest numbers of public transit users are students, followed self-employee
(17.7%). The view of public transit users is from low income group was explored in this research. Based on
income level, the highest public transit user respondent earned an income less than 82.6 USD (50%), this result
is in accordance with Sanchez in 2002, and his research also stated the relevance of low income and public
transit users. He also indicated that this phenomenon can be considered for land public transit authority in
decision-making of public transit system and policy such as the subsidies travel cost expenses for the public
transit users. The majority of mass transit users walked to bus stops (54.7%), a total of 21 % of respondent used
Ojek, Ojek is the public transport by using the motorcycle. The operation of the Ojek is equal to a taxi.
Respondent also used Angkot in accessing public transit (15.5%). Angkot is defined as the public transport
which has 12 capacity of passenger.
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3. Result of the Study
As mentioned before, this study investigates the performance of the accessibility to Transpadang Metro bus
stops. There are eight parameters were observed namely; the access distance, the protection from the
weather, the travel time, the convenient to access the bus stops facility, the protection from traffic
accidents, the road pavement condition, the facilities for the disability and the safety from crimes.
Regarding the assessment, there were 1 until 5 scales of performance assessment namely, 1 denoted
extremely not satisfied, 2 denoted not importance, 3 denoted moderately satisfied, 4 denoted
satisfied, 5 denoted extremely satisfied. The assessment was conducted on the condition before and after
Trans Padang operated.
Figure 5. The comparison of the interior and exterior the previous bus (left) with BRT (right)
3.1. The travel Time and the Interior condition of the bus
The operation of Trans Padang was actually not make the travel time were shorter than the initial bus. The
travel time average of the earlier bus is 65 minutes. Compared to BRT travel time average is 1 hour and 25
minutes. This happens because the former bus driver operates city bus with high speed. The city bus has 60
km/hour of maximum speed, while BRT has only 45 km/hour. The operation of BRT is more to provide the
comfort and save of mass transportation. In figure 5 shows the comparison of the interior and exterior of the
previous bus and. In addition, the operation of the BRT is intended to make the public transport stop at stops bus
only. In order to obtain that purpose, this BRT had a physical barrier, which is has the entrance door higher than
the previous bus, i.e 80 cm. To adjust the height of the entrance door, the bus stops infrastructure also made
higher.
3.2. Access distance
Transit used is associated with walking behavior and the result of TOD initiatives (Lachapelle and Noland,
2012). They also It was suggested that transit systems often cover the major central business district (CBD) with
the high of walking activity. The transit system as a part of TOD must provide a good access to infrastructures
for walking and pedestrian infrastructure. Public transit should provide the feeder service to serve the transit
users who resides outside the acceptable walking distance area. Lachapelle and Noland, 2012 suggested that the
catchment area of transit station (bus service) in business area is should be 500 meters. While Krygsman et al.
(2004); Ben-Akiva and Morikawa (2002), the walking distance to access a subway system, light rail, or express
bus service is 8001000 m.
Moreover, the others other researches highlighting on access distance to public transit are well documented; 296
meters in Chicago (Levinson, 1974); 369 meters in Toronto (Schoppert and Herald, 1978); 523 meters in New
York (Seneviratne, 1985); 512 meters in West Germany, Hamburg (Koushki, 1988); 859 meters in Saudi
Arabia, Riyadh (Koushki, 1993); (400 meters in Indonesia (Soegijoko and Horthy, 1991); 263-493 meters in
Hongkong (Lam et al., 1995) and 910 meters in Mumbai, India (Rastogi and Rao, 2003).
In this study, the public transport user is also given the question regarding the perception of distance access after
BRT was operated. As the result is, a total of 28.3 % from 600 respondents stated that the access distance
increased, 15% of respondents stated the access distance decreased and 56.7 % mentioned there were not any
changes of the access distance. Table 2 presents the trip distances from the respondent's residence to the nearest
bus stop before and after Transpadang Metro Bus operated. In this table, the data of bus users indicated that,
before Transpadang Metro Bus operated, the highest range of access distance is < 200 meters (48.08%),
followed by between 500 1000 meters (30.0%), 200 500 meters (17.0%) and more than 1000 meters (5.0
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%). After Transpadang Metro Bus operated, the respondents with the access distance < 200 meters and 200
500 meters decreased to 24.0 % and 15.67%. while the respondents with the access distance 500-1000 meters
and > 1000 meters increased to 52.83 % and 7.50%.
Table 2. The access distance to bus stop before and after BRT operated
Before After
Access distance (m) Percentage Percentage
< 200 48.00% 24.00%
200-500 17.00% 15.67%
500-1000 30.00% 52.83%
> 1000 5.00% 7.50%
Regarding the performance of the access disteance to the bus stop before and after BRT operated, before
Transpadang Metro Bus operated, respondents stated that the average performance was 3.34 STDEV 0.88, while
after Transpadang Metro bus operated the average performance decreased to 2.71 STDEV 0.80. At 0.05 level of
significant, the decline of the performance was significant (p value = 0.13).
3.3. The protection from the weather along the access route
Regarding the protection from the weather in accessing bus stops, it is defined as protection from the hot
weather and the rain along the route of access. Padang City is a tropical area, which has a high rainfall intensity
and has the high enough of the temperature. The range of the air temperature is between 23 C - 32 C, during
the day and 22 C - 28 C, at night. The humidity ranged between 78 % -81 %. The intensity of rainfall in
Padang City reached an average of 405.58 mm per month, which has an average of 17 days of rain days per
month. It could be an obstacle in encouraging people to use of public mass transit. In this study conducted an
assessment of performance regarding the protection from the weather before and after the BRT operated.
Multivariate test was conducted to observe the performance. As the result, after Transpadang Metro bus
operated, the performance increased, (Average performance = 2.36, STDEV 1.05 to 3.75, STDEV 1.03), a
significant decline of the performance occurred at the level of 0.05 significant (p value = 0.18).
3.4. The travel time to access bus stop
The travel time to access the bus have the correlation with the access distance. Table 3 shows the increasing of
travel time to access the bus stop after transpadang Metro bus operated. In the table, after BRT operated, at all
of access distance range, the travel time increased. The highest increasing of travel time is for the range of the
access distance 500-1000 meters, namely 3.78 minutes.
Table 3. The travel time to access the bus stop after transpadang Metro bus operated
Access distance The increasing of travel time
(meters) (minutes)
< 200 1.20
200-500 2.60
500-1000 3.78
> 1000 2.21
With regards to this performance of the travel time, after BRT operated, the performance of this parameter also
decline, (Average Assessment = 3.20, STDEV 0.91 to 2.81, STDEV 0.89), the decline was significant at 0.05
level (p value = 0.07).
3.5. The convenient to access the bus stops facility
As mentioned before, one of the purposes of the new bus system is the bus only stop at the bus stop (set stop).
Physical constrain was assigned to obtain the purpose. If the old bus the high of the entrance door from road
surface is only about 30 cm, while the entrance door of bus Trans Padang, the high is 80 cm. The infrastructure
bus stops should be built based on the high of bus entrance door. This condition influence the convenient in
accessing BRT. The respondents were asked regarding the performance of this parameter after BRT operated.
As a result, the performance of this parameter also decline (Average Assessment = 3.03, STDEV 0.79 to 2.84,
STDEV 0.35), the decline was significant at 0.05 level (p value = 0.095).
3.6. The protection from other traffic
In Padang City, The people concern with regards to the lack of pedestrian facilities, pedestrians should move in
an area, which mixed with other traffic flows. The risk of accidents in accessing the bus stop will always be
threatened. It can also be a barrier in encouraging using mass transit in Padang City. In this study was also
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carried out observations about the risk of accidents before and after BRT operated. As the result of the user, the
performance of this parameter increased (Average Assessment = 2.03, STDEV 0 .67 to 3.04, STDEV 0.99), the
increasing was significant at 0.05 level (p value = 0.25).
3.7. Road pavement condition
As mentioned before, in accessing bus stops, the majority of mass transit users were walking. The condition of
road pavement along the route must be concerned. The respondents were asking regarding the condition of
pavement road along the route. As the result is the performance of this parameter also decline (Average
Assessment = 3.03, STDEV 1.019 to 2.84, STDEV 0.94), the decline was significant at 0.05 level (p value =
0.087).
3.8. The facilities for the disability
In public transportation it must be concerned regarding the lack of facilities for the disability. In this study the
investigation of facilities for persons with Disabilities. As the result is the performance of this parameter
increased (Average Assessment = 1.13, STDEV 0.41 to 2.74, STDEV 0.72), the increasing was significant at
0.05 level (p value = 0.17).
3.9. The safety from the crimes during the trip.
Regarding this parameter, the performance also increased (Average Assessment = 1.53, STDEV 0.31 to 1.14,
STDEV 0.54), the increasing was significant at 0.05 level (p value = 0.25).
4. Conclusion
Compared to the previous public transit, the BRT operation does not reduce the travel time of public transport
users. The results obtained, the travel time is 20 minutes longer compared to the bus earlier. But as a new public
transit system, BRT is more secure, because it only stops at the bus stop only (Set Stop). BRT operates only on
the left side of the road, which do not interfere with the flow of other traffic. In visual, there is an increasing of
the interior quality compared to the previous bus
As the result, the performance of protection from the weather, the protection from other traffic, the facilities
for the disability, the safety from crimes increased. While, the performance of the access distance, the time
delays, the convenient to access the bus stops facility, the road pavement condition decreased.
In improving the public transportaion service, accessibility to the bus stop is an essential paramater. The results
of this research should be concerned by the authorities in order to increase the performance of the public
transport service.
5. Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the Faculty of Engineering, Andalas University, Padang West of
Sumatera, Indonesia, for the funding of this research and publication.
References
[1] Roza, A., Ibrahim, N.I., Adji, B,M,, Karim, M,R., Study On Parking Characteristic: Case Study In Petaling
Jaya City Council (MBPJ), Malaysia, Journal of Society for Transportation and Traffic Studies (JSTS),
Vol.4 No.1, 2013.
[2] Dickinson, J.E., Kingham, S., Copsey, S., Pearlman, D., Employer travel plans, cycling and gender: will
travel plan measures improve the outlook for cycling to work in the UK?, Transportation Research Part D
8, pp. 5367, 2003.
[3] Hagman, O., Mobilizing meanings of mobility: car users constructions of the goods and bads of car use,
Transportation Research Part D 8, pp. 19, 2003.
[4] Cullinane, S., Cullinane, K. Car dependence in a public transport dominated city: evidence from Hong
Kong. Transportation Research Part D 8: pp.129138, 2003.
[5] Salon, D., Aligula, E.M., Urban travel in Nairobi, .Kenya: analysis, insights, and opportunities, Journal of
Transport Geography 22, pp.65-76, 2012.
[6] Cullinane, S., The relationship between car ownership and public transport provision: acse study of Hong
Kong. Transport Policy 9, pp. 2939, 2002.
[7] Bergstrom, A., Magnusson, R, Potential of transferring car trips to bicycle during winter. Transportation
Research Part A 37, pp. 649666, 2003.
[8] Gatersleben, B., Appleton, K., Contemplating cycling to work: Attitudes and perceptions in different
stages of change. Transportation Research Part A 41, pp. 302312, 2007.
[9] Wardman M, Tight M, Page, M. 2007. Factors influencing the propensity to cycle to work, Transportation
Research Part A 41: 339350.
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[10] Akar, G., Clifton, K., The influence of individual perceptions and bicycle infrastructure on the decision to
bike. Transportation Research Record 2140, pp. 165172, 2009.
[11] Lachapelle, U., Noland, R.B., Does the commute mode affect the frequency of walking behavior? The
public transit link, Transport Policy 21, pp. 26-36, 2012
[12] Krygsman, S., Dijst, M,, Arentze, T., Multimodal public transport: ananalysis of travel time elements and
the inter connectivity ratio. Transport Policy 11, pp. 265275, 2004.
[13] Ben-Akiva, M., Benjamin, J,, Lauprete, G,, Polydoropolou, A., 1996. Impact of advanced public
transportation systems on travel by dial-a-ride, Transportation Research Record 1557, pp. 7379, 1996.
[14] Levinson, H.S., Planning and pedestrian environment. Proc., Seminar on Bicycle/Pedestrian Planning and
Design, ASCE, Reston, Va., pp. 3775, 1974.
[15] Schoppert, D. W., Herald, W.S., Pedestrian range as related to transit stations and their immediate
surroundings. ITE J 48, pp. 1318, 1978.
[16] Seneviratne, P.N., Acceptable walking distances in central areas. J. Transp. Eng., 111(4), pp. 365376,
1985.
[17] Koushki, P.A., Walking characteristics in Central Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. J. Transp. Eng., 114(6), pp. 735
744, 1988.
[18] Koushki, P.A., Ali, S.Y., Pedestrian characteristics and the promotion of walking in Kuwait City Center.
Transp. Res. Rec. 1396, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., pp. 3033, 1993.
[19] Soegijoko, S.T.B., Horth,y S.I., Role of nonmotorized transport modes in Indonesian cities, Transp. Res.
Rec. 1294, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., pp. 1625, 1991
[20] Lam, W.H.K., Morrall, J. F., Ho, H., Pedestrian flow characteristics in Hong Kong, Transp. Res. Rec.
1487, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C, pp. 5661, 1995.
[21] Rastogi, R., Rao, K.V.K., Travel Characteristics of Commuters Accessing Transit: Case Study. Journal
Of Transportation Engineering 6, pp. 684694, 2003.
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Investigation on Properties of Concrete with Palm Oil Fuel Ash as Cement
Replacement and Cocunut Shells as Coarse Aggregates Replacement
DEEPAK T J1, JEN WEI2
1FEQS HEAD of Civil Engineering, Center of Excellence Concrete Research, INTI International
University, Malaysia
2FOSTEM Student in Civil Engineering, INTI International University, Malaysia
Email: tjdeepak@gmail.com
Abstract
Malaysia is aiming to be the main hub for bio-technology industry in the ASEAN region and it is estimated that
more than few million tons of organic and inorganic waste will be produced yearly. Malaysian Government is
required to allocate more dumped area for disposal. Proven research shows that these waste materials have
potential to be utilized as construction material to replace conventional Ordinary Portland cement (OPC). One of
the potential recycle materials from palm oil industry is palm oil fuel ash (POFA) which contains siliceous
compositions and reacted as pozzolans to produce a stronger and denser concrete. This paper will discuss
investigation on properties of concrete with a double blind mix i.e., POFA for Cement replacement and Cocunut
Shell (C.S) as Coarse Aggregate replacement. Compressive strength and Flexural strength for 0%, 10% and
20% of the coconut shell weight replacement with 10%, 15% and 20% of POFA weight replacement will be
compared with control mixture. This investigation reported that 10% of C.S. replacement and 20% of POFA
replacement, produced 14.71 MPa for compressive strength and 2.84 MPa for flexural strength (28 days
strength) which is considered as light weight concrete.
Keywords; Waste, Palm Oil Fuel Ash, Cocunut Shell, Replacement, Concrete, Double Blind Mix
Introduction
Malaysia is focusing on bio-technology industry aimed to produce better and quality agriculture products as
framed in Ninth Malaysian Plan (RMK-9) and palm oil is listed as one of the main commodities to be exported
internationally. Thus, it is expected that millions tonnes of palm oil waste will be produced annually due to its
productivity. Due to its huge amounts of waste, government needs to allocate more hectares of landfill for
disposal and spends a lot of money for transporting the waste and also maintenance purposes. However, by
recycling the waste material, it can reduce the dumped waste as well as to ensure environment sustainability.
The oil palm is a tall-stemmed tree which belongs to palm family Palmea. The countries in the equatorial belt
that cultivate oil palm are Benin Republic, Colombia, Ecuador, Nigeria, Zaire, Malaysia and Indonesia of which
Malaysia is the largest producer of palm oil and palm oil products. It has been estimated that the total solid
waste generated by this industry in some two hundred palm oil mills in the country has amounted to about ten
million tons a year. These by-products are commonly used as fuel in the boiler of palm oil mills and become
ash. The ash, popularly known as palm oil fuel ash or POFA is a waste material the disposal of which poses
enormous environmental pollution. This ash is simply disposed of without any commercial return. It has been
identified that POFA has good pozzolanic properties that can be used as a cement substitute in mortar and
concrete mixes (Sata, et al., 2010).
The use of supplementary cementing materials, like fly ash in concrete has attracted attention over the past
decades. Apart from industrial waste, ashes from agricultural origin like rice husk, coconut husk, corn cob,
peanut shell etc. have been identified as supplementary cementing materials in many parts of the world. It
improves the durability, reduces cost due to less use of cement. It will also be beneficial for the environment
with respect to reducing the waste disposal volume of landfills (Tangchirapat, et al., 2009).
POFA is an agro-waste ash from which palm oil residue, such as palm fiber and shells, are burnt at temperatures
of about 8000C 10000C to produce steam for electricity generation in biomass thermal power plants. In
Thailand, more than 100,000 tons of POFA are produced every year, and this amount increases every year
because palm oil is one of the major raw materials used in the production of bio-diesel (Weerachart, et al.,
2007).
According to (Gunasekaran et al. 2010) the materials used to produce light weight concrete is currently volcanic
origin material likes pumice and the slug or clinker from expended blast furnace. The by-product from different
industries is highly recommended to use as light weight aggregates to achieve more environmental and
economic benefits although the current available materials is commercially used. Coconut shell as one of the
agriculture waste is highlighted by researchers in this few years to become one of construction materials because
it is easily available in tropical countries. Coconut shell have more resistance against crushing compared to
normal aggregate. The density of coconut shell is 521.5 kg/m3.
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According to (Abdul and Hussin, 1997) it is estimated that million tons of its waste will be produced yearly and
the Malaysian Government need to allocate more dump area for disposal in the form of land-fills. Through use
of the waste material considering public concerns and research efforts, the waste materials have the potential to
be used as construction materials to replace conventional Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) or at least to be used
together with it.
Ahmad, et al. (2008) said that the compressive strength of POFA in different replacement levels and also
compared with control mixtures and other types of pozzolans with 15% replacement of OPC, namely quarry
dust and fly ash. The results shows that concrete with 15% replacement gave the highest compressive strength
and only series of concrete using fly ash surpass the strength of palm oil fuel ash concrete. Nevertheless, by
adding palm oil fuel ash into the concrete mixture, it gave the compressive strength up to 45MPa at 28 days of
curing.
Experimental Program
(a) Materials Used
Cement
Portland cement is made by heating a finely divided mixture of clay or shale and chalk or limestone in a kiln at a
temperature-around 15000 C, such that chemical combination occurs between them. Ordinary Portland cement is
the cement best suited for general concreting purposes. It is the lowest priced cement and combines a reasonable
rate of hardening with moderate heat output.
Coarse aggregate
The coarse aggregate was air dried to obtain saturated surface dry condition to ensure that water cement ratio
was affected. Few characteristics of aggregate that affect the workability and bond between concrete matrixes
are shape, texture, gradation and moisture content. In this study crushed aggregates from quarry with the
nominal size 10 mm in accordance to BS 882-1992 were used.
Fine aggregate
Sand is commonly known as Fine aggregate and should comply with coarse, medium, or fine grading needs.
The fine aggregate was saturated under surface dry conditions to ensure the water cement ratio is not affected.
The oven dry sand will then be sieved sand passing through the 600m sieve before it was stored in an airtight
container from atmospheric humidity.
Water
The chemical reaction between water and cement is very significant to achieve a cementing property. Hydration
is the chemical reaction between the compounds of cement and water yield products that achieve the cementing
property after hardening. Therefore it is necessary to that the water used is not polluted or contain any substance
that may affect the reaction between the two components, so tap water will be used in this study.
Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA)
Palm oil fuel ash is the byproduct of burnt palm oil husk and palm oil shell in the boiler of palm oil mill. In this
study, POFA have been collected from Sime Darby Plantations palm oil processing factory from Kilang Kelapa
Sawit Mills, Negeri Sembilan. The ash was found at the shaft of the tower where all the fine ashes are trapped
when escaping from the burning chamber of the boiler. Among the available ashes, only the grayish ash will be
sorted out and collected.
o Firstly, the dried ashes will be sieved through a 300m sieve in order to remove bigger size of ash
particles and impurities.
o Secondly, Only the fine ashes passing through 300m will be used
Cocunut Shell
The coconut shell will be dried and placed at the low humidity environment. It will be crushed into smaller size
before the concrete mixing. Sieve analysis will be performed to ensure the particles which pass through the
20mm sieve and retained on 4mm sieve will be used for the replacement of coarse aggregate.
(b). Mix Design
The mixing proportions will be determined by the DOE method. The method presently is the standard British
method of concrete mix design because the results will give most economical concrete mixtures by given an
accurate quantity of each material required. The calculation of the proportions is done according to the example
shown in (M. S. SHETTY, 2008).
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There are two types of samples will be tested on the laboratory, one is the cube with the dimension of 150mm x
150mm x 150mm while another one is the beam with the dimension 150mm x 150mm x 750mm.
Figure1: Methodology
Results and Discusion
(a). Slump Test
Table 1: Average slump test results for different composition of materials
Coconut Shell 0% 0% 0% 0% 10% 10% 10% 20% 20% 20%
POFA 0% 10% 15% 20% 10% 15% 20% 10% 15% 20%
Drop (mm) 90 70 45 25 40 32 28 34 30 25
Figure 2: Average slump test results vs. different percentage of POFA replacement
Figure 2 shows the average slump results versus different percentage of POFA replacement. The blue column
are represented the concrete mixture with 0% of C.S. replacement, red column are represented the concrete
mixture with 10% of C.S. replacement and violet column are represented the concrete mixture with 20% of C.S.
replacement. Generally the slump were decreased as the composition of POFA and C.S. increased. The slump
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result for controlled sample is higher than the expected slump result, which the result obtained is 70 mm while
the expected results is 60 mm. These results indicated that the fresh concrete have high workability as compared
to others samples. The rest of the samples have the slump results between 30 mm to 60 mm which are within the
expected slump results except for the samples with 20% of POFA replacement. Slump results between 30 mm
and 60 mm indicated that the fresh concrete is in medium workability. As shown in the graph, the slump for
20% POFA replacement samples were 25 mm, 28 mm and 25 mm, which indicated the fresh concrete is low
workability and higher chances to cause honey comb in the concrete samples. It is observed that true slump is
obtained for all concrete samples.
(b). Compressive Strength
Figure 3: Overall comparison of the compressive strength graph of specimens on day 7, day 14 & day 28
Figure 3, shows that the average compressive strength of the concrete cube samples with different composition
of C.S. and POFA replacement at day 7, day 14 and day 28. From the graph, generally it is observed that
compressive strength of the concrete samples were decreased as the percentage of coconut shell replacement
were increased. When POFA were added into the concrete mixture, the compressive strength will be decreased
except for the 10% C.S. replacement concrete samples. From the graph, it is shown that for 10% C.S.
replacement samples, the strength were increased as the percentage of POFA increased. It is observed that on 2
results obtained from the experiment is higher than the characteristic design strength, which is 20 MPa. Both of
the results are the composition from the group of 0% C.S. replacement. However, since the objective of this
research is to determine the ratio of the coconut shell and the palm oil fuel ash that gives appropriate mechanical
strength, the recommended composition for concrete mixture is 10% of C.S. replacement and 20% of POFA
replacement, which give 14.71 MPa on day 28.
(c). Flexural Strength
Figure 4, shows that the average flexural strength of the concrete cube samples with different composition of
C.S. and POFA replacement at day 7, day 14 and day 28. From the graph, generally it is observed that flexural
strength of the concrete samples were decreased as the percentage of coconut shell replacement were increased.
When POFA were added into the concrete mixture, the flexural strength will be decreased except for the 10%
C.S. replacement concrete samples. From the graph, it is shown that for 10% C.S. replacement samples, the
strength was first decreased as the percentage of POFA increased from 10% to 15%. The strength is then
increased when it approach 20% of POFA replacement. It is observed that the composition of 0% C.S.
replacement give the higher flexural strength, which the highest strength is 4.69 MPa while the lowest strength
is 3.68 MPa on day 28 results. However, since the objective of this research is to determine the ratio of the
coconut shell and the palm oil fuel ash that gives appropriate mechanical strength, the recommended
composition for concrete mixture is 10% of C.S. replacement and 20% of POFA replacement, which give 2.84
MPa on day 28.
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Figure 4: Overall comparison of the Flexural strength graph of specimens on day 7, day 14 & day 28.
Conclusions
Extensive experimentation was carried out on control concrete with POFA and Coconut Shell for a double blind
mix.
The experiment has shown that the performance of the concrete with the combination for C.S. and
POFA decreased both the compressive strength and flexural strength. The ratio of the coconut shell to
the palm oil fuel ash that produced optimum mechanical strength for the double blind mixture is 10%
of C.S. replacement and 20% of POFA replacement, which gave 14.71 MPa for compressive strength
and 2.84 MPa for flexural strength on day 28.
Furthermore, the experiment has shown that the workability of the fresh concrete will decrease as the
composition of C.S. and POFA replacement increase. The slump results for the recommended
composition concrete is 28 mm, although the value is slightly lower than the expected slump results,
the workability of fresh concrete was within an acceptable range.
The sustainable and recyclable materials is feasible to produce light weight concrete as the density is
decreased when the C.S. and POFA were mixed into concrete mixture.
Overall the performance for the combination of C.S. and POFA concrete does not increase the
compressive strength and flexural strength significantly.
References
[1] Abdul, A., A.S.M.and Hussin M. W. (1997)Strength, Modulus Of Elasticity And Shrinkage Behaviour Of
POFA Concrete, Malaysian Journal of Civil Engineering 21(2),pp.125-134.
[2] Ahmad, M. H., Omar, R. C., Malek, M. A., Noor, N. M. and Thiruselvam,S. (2008) Compressive Strength
of Palm Oil Fuel Ash Concrete, ICCBT 2008, A (27), pp. 297-30.
[3] BS 1881-103: (1993) Testing concrete: Method for determination of compaction factor.
[4] BS EN 12350-2: (2000) Testing fresh concrete Part 2: Slump test, European Committee for
Standardization.
[5] BS 882: (1992), Specification for aggregates from natural sources for concrete, British Standard
Institution.
[6] BS 1881-Part 118, (1983), testing concrete: Method for determination of flexural strength, British Standard
Institution.
[7] BS EN 12390-7 (2009), Testing hardened concrete Part 7: Density of hardened concrete, European
Committee for Standardization.
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[8] BS EN 12390-3: (2009), testing hardened concrete part 3.Compressive strength of test specimens,
European Committee for Standardization.
[9] BS 1881: Part 3 (1970), Testing concrete: Methods of making and curing test specimens.
[10] Gunasekaran. K, Kumar P.S and M. Lakshmipath. (2010). Construction and Building Materials.
Mechanical and bond properties of coconut shell concrete, Vol.25, Issue 1, pp. 92 98.
[11] Sata, V., Jaturapitakkul C. and Chaiyanunt R. (2010)Compressive Strength and Heat Evolution of
Concretes Containing Palm Oil Fuel Ash, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 22(10),pp.1033-1038.
[12] Shetty M. S., (2008). CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY. THEORY AND PRACTICE. Multicolour Edition.
New Delhi: S. Chand & Company Ltd.
[13] Tangchirapat, W., Jaturapitakkul, C., Chindaprasirt, P. (2009) Use of palm oil fuel ash as a supplementary
cementitious material for producing high-strength concrete, Construction and Building Materials, 23 (7),
pp.2641-2646.
[14] Weerachart T., Tirasit, S., Chai, J., Kraiwood, K., Anek, S.(2007) Use of waste ash from palm oil industry
in concrete,Waste Management, 27(2007),pp. 818.
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West Sumatra Landslide During In 2012 To 2015

ABDUL HAKAM AND BAMBANG ISTIJONO
Email: ahakam2008@yahoo.com; bistijono1452@yahoo.co.id
Abstract: During year 2012 to 2015, there are number of landslide occurred in West Sumatra - Indonesia which
have been recorded. Those disasters had taken lives and destroyed public facilities. The West Sumatra is a
province in Indonesia that located in the middle west of Sumatra Island. The province has area stretching from
the west coast to the hills in the middle of the Island. The landslides in West Sumatra frequently occur along the
hill and mountain areas of this province. The diversities of physiographic and geologic conditions as well as
surface vegetation lead to the landslide in the West Sumatra. In addition, the landslide occurrences are also
influenced by the weather and local climate. This condition was worsening by the change of land use in
landslide potential area. In many cases, the main factor causes landslides are the reduction of the strength of the
soils due to the rain. In the remedial action, the budget and available technology as well as local human
capability are the most restrictions that necessary to be considered. This paper describes a review of the
landslide in West Sumatra and treatment measures for the years 2012 to 2015. This work is very important to
improve and to develop the efforts to reduce the landslide risk and treatment in the future.
Keywords: landslides, ground condition, remedial action
Introduction
The West Sumatra Province is geographically located in the west-central side of the Sumatra Island (Figure 1).
In the middle of this province there are many hills that lay from the north to the south as part of the Bukit
Barisan hill. The Bukit Barisan hill is also geologically formed due to the existence of the Semangko fault which
divides the Sumatra Island into two parts, east and west. In addition, along the Semangko fault there are some
active and non-active volcanoes which create a mountain area (Barber et al., 2005). The formation of soil
deposit of the West Sumatra province in general is dominated by the volcano activity along Semangko fault.
The area around the Semangko fault is known as volcanic area. The lowest area of the volcanic area, the ground
is dominated by sediment material that likely originated from the volcanic area. The physiographic of the West
Sumatra province then can be divided into three groups that are volcanic area, hill area and flat area as shown in
Figure 2 (Sandy, 1985). These physiographic conditions form slopes with different types of soil, in where it will
be shown that the landslide in the West Sumatra generally occurs.
In the last 3 years, it has been carried out the Landslide Reports in the West Sumatra by the Government Body.
This paper shows a review of that landslide records that occurred in the West Sumatra in 2012 to 2015 (ESDM
2012 to 2015). This review is related to the incident location, type and geological condition of landslide, time of
occurrence and remedial action that has been done.
Figure 1. Sketch of West Sumatra province Figure 2. Physiographic map of West Sumatra
(adapted from Sandy, 1985).
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Landslide Outline
Theories to analyze the stability of the slope have been written in many textbooks in many languages (example:
Huang, 1983 and Hakam, 2010). Those references have been elaborating type of sliding, factors cause sliding,
slope stability analysis theories also the methods for designing the retaining structures. Here, landslide types and
factors cause the sliding of slopes are written briefly in the following sections.
Slopes can be failure in term of sliding (general landslide), flow of soil (debris flow) and rock debris (rock fall).
There is also a slow movement of slope that known as creep. A creep generally does not cause a collapse in
slope but result in displacement that may lead cracks and damage to the facilities there on. The illustrations of
those types of landslide are shown in Figure 3.
In general, the factors that cause a landslide can be divided into two groups: internal and external factors. Both
factors theoretically cause of decreasing the strength of soil or increasing the force thus reducing the safety
factor of the slope. External factors are all of the disturbance from the outside of the slope, either made by
natural or human. The examples of the external factor which can reduce the slope safety are vibrations from
human activities, earthquakes, additional loads, the removal of retaining forces on the down of the slope and
also the loss of slope covering. The internal factors are changing in the moisture content of the soil, increasing
the soil mass due to water intrusion, the absence of cemented material in soil mass, increasing the water table,
heaving - shrinking of the soil mass, sudden reduce of water table and liquefaction.
Figure 3. Illustration of sliding types (Hakam, 2010)
Further, common things that need to be considered in the dealing with landslide are topography, geology, water
in the soil, climate and weather, vibration, history and time. These things directly or indirectly may trigger the
slope stability.
Landslides In West Sumatra
Since there are many landslides in west Sumatra region, Division of Geology of Energy and Mineral Resources
Department of West Sumatra province published annual reports of landslide. These good records of landslide
are started in 2012 (Hakam et al, 2015). The summary of landslide records for last 4 years then are described in
here. The recorded landslides in the West Sumatra are included any soil mass movements in general type of
sliding, debris flows, creep and rock fall.
In the year 2015 the most type of landslides are general and debris flow. Only one incidence of rock fall had
happened in South Padang. Based on the records, prior to till during the landslides there were heavy rain. Beside
the rain, the land-use change is judged to be the other main reason which triggered the landslides. However this
thought must be scientifically proved by conducting further research in the specific affected area.
The landslides that are reported in here are the ground movement in which resulting in damage to public and
private facilities as well as fatalities. Many landslides in small scale that did not result in loss or casualties also
occurred in the West Sumatra but not recorded in this reports. In 2012, the landslides have taken 11 lives in six
locations. In 2013 only one event of landslide but took 20 lives at Maninjau Lake in Agam District. In 2014
there were four locations of landslide which resulted in the fatality of 7 lives.
Landslides in 2015 only resulted in material losses in the terms of damages to infrastructures and homes with no
casualties. This indicates disaster preparedness has been developed, especially in case of landslides.
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Figure 4. Location of landslides (Modified from Hakam et al., 2015)
In three years of the records, landslide locations in West Sumatra mostly occurred in volcanic area and some of
the locations are in the hill area as shown in Figure 4 and 5. The geology of these locations is made of relatively
unstable young rocks. Geotechnical studies on some locations of slope indicate the behavior of clay against
water affected the landslides. The reduction of the soil shear strength caused by the increase of the water content
affected the slope stability and lead to the landslides. An assessment for the landslide in Maninjau-Agam
showed that the saturation in soil mass can reduce the soil cohesion by 75% (Hakam et al, 2013).
Similar to previous the years, the landslides in 2015 mostly occurred in the highlands. There are from total
number of landslides of about 70% occurred in the volcanic area, 26% happened in the hill area and only about
5% occurred in the flat area. Indeed, topographical in highland areas have higher variation in slopes so the
potential landslide are larger than the flat areas. For those reasons, mitigation measures to prevent the
occurrence of landslides should be considered in highlands.
In Table 1 is shown the time of the occurrence of landslides over 3 years. It can be seen that landslides occurred
mostly in the early months and the end months of the years. In those months that are recognized as rainy season
in the West Sumatra. It is very rarely landslides happened in March to June where the rain is also rare. There is
also generally heavy rain felt at the time prior to the occurrence of landslides. Thus it is needed good preparation
of equipments, funding and human resources to deal with landslides especially in the rainy season. Although
there is only one incident of landslide triggered by an earthquake, it must receive special attention. Many
landslides also happened during Sumatra earthquake in 2009.
Figure 5. Distribution of landslides (Modified from Hakam et al., 2015)

The largest number of landslides occurs in November 2015 with 16 events. Then landslides often occur in
December, January to May. Meanwhile, from June to October, the are only a few accidents (Figure 6). Similar
to previous years that the landslides generally began with raining in advance. In previous years, the landslides
are very rarely or not took place in March to June. It indicates there is potential shifts rainy climate in western
Sumatra that affects the landslide occurrence. The understanding of the factors that cause of landslide is very
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useful to determine the corrective and preventive actions in the future. The rain is certainly very difficult to be
controlled, but the water which triggers the occurrence of landslides can be controlled well.
Table 1. Occurrence time of recorded landslide
Tahun 1 Tahun2 1 32 34 4 55 66 7 7 8 8
9 10 9 11 10
12 11 12
2012 2012
2013 2013
2014 2014
Note: Note: rain rain

feltfelt earthquake
earthquake occurred
occurred
9 9
6 6
3 3
0 0
n
Jun
Ov
ov
JJuul
A ug
rr
MJan
pt
Juy
Fe r
Su g
est
n
A l
My
ar
AM b
ep
b
es
ec
Dc
pa
MAp
o
a
a
Ja
SO
N
D
F
Figure 6. Number of recorded landslide in 2015

Remedial actions to solve the landslide in West Sumatra are conducted generally in terms of replanting trees.
The main reason to do this action is because the landslides occurred along the open locations at the hill and
mountain areas. But at certain locations, the landslides also occurred at the roadsides. In these cases the
restorations are done by constructing retaining walls. For landslide which occurred along the rivers, the gabions
are chosen. The remedial action to prevent water intrusion in to the soil mass by controlling the water above the
slope is rarely done.
The conventional reparation of landslides in the West Sumatra is caused by the lack of technology as well as
limited budget. The mort used structures to protect the important facilities from landslides are gabions and river
stone masonries (Figure 7). That is combined by the lack of knowledge of slope stability and stabilization of
authorized bodies which deal with landslides. The improvement of human capacity must be done, especially in
terms of prevention tasks of landslides. In additional, the enough budgets and the appropriate technology to
prevent landslides must be considered better.
Figure 7. Remedial action using gabions

Investigations on landslide in sliding prone locations should be done so that appropriate solutions associate with
landslide can be made up. An example of an investigation on the slope stability and its solution for Maninjau
sliding in Agam has been conducted in 2013 (Figure 8). The investigation procedure is started by a field survey
and laboratory tests of soil samples then followed by stability analysis and delivering a recommended solution.
On the laboratory investigation the undisturbed and saturated soils are tested and those data are used for the
analysis (Table 2). The landslide is triggered by the change the water content which significantly changed the
soil properties. The study suggested that the slope protection might be done by re-plantation deep-strong root
vegetations.
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Figure 8. Maninjau Agam Landslide in 2013 (Hakam et al, 2013)

Table 2. Soil parameter of Maninjau (Hakam et al, 2013)
Sample
Test name Parameter Unit
S1 S2
Water content w 28.11 36.77 %
Unit weight g 1.79 1.85 t/m3
Spesific Gravity Gs 2.65 2.65
Gravel 4.03 3.17 %
Sieve analysis
Sand 14.57 39.87 %
LL 44.90 60.24 %
Atterberg's Limit PL 34.14 31.27 %
PI 10.76 28.97 %
c 0.94 1.50 t/m2
Direct Shear (soaked)
32.28 24.85
c 1.05 2.06 t/m2
Direct Shear (wet)
27.32 31.11
Conclusions
Landslides in the West Sumatra generally occurred mostly in the highlands (hills and mountains) that have
relatively steep slope and the disadvantage geotechnical conditions. The landslides that occurred from 2012 to
2015 have caused damage to infrastructures and fatalities. The cut of vegetations that covering slope surface and
the change of land use have triggered landslides. Some landslides were also caused by inaccuracy of the
artificial slopes design. Although in 2012 to 2015 there is only one landslide caused by an earthquake, it is
important to notice that an earthquake can trigger landslides such that happened during the Sumatra Earthquake
in 2009.
Mainly the landslides occurred during or after heavy rain. Along a year, landslides occurred in the rainy season
i.e. in January, February and July to December. It is necessary to have a good preparation for the emergency
response of landslides in those wet months.
Landslides often occurred in the highlands which land-use plan in that area often changed for the development
purposes. The local government in the highlands area should take more consideration of sliding in the change of
land use for any purposes.
Remedial actions for landslides in the West Sumatra are mainly associated with the availability of budget and
technology. The plantation is more popular solution compared to preventive treatment such as surface water
control. For a better solution in future it is necessary to develop understanding and to increase the human
capacity related to the slope stability and protection.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM) of West Sumatra province for
providing the Report of Landslide in West Sumatra in which information and data in this paper are obtained.
We also thank to our students for helping and accompanying us to carry field investigations and to accomplish
any activities related to this paper.
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References
[1] Hakam, A. (2010), Stabilitas Lereng dan Dinding Penahan Tanah, Universitas Andalas, Padang.
[2] Hakam, A., Febrin A I., Fauzan, Istijono, B., and Arnaldo, R. (2013), Slope stability analysis following
Maninjau Landslide 2013, The Second International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure and Built
Environment (SIBE-2013), Bandung, November 19th 20th 2013
[3] Hakam A, Istijono B, Sarbaini (2015), Overview of Landslide Experience in West Sumatra In 2012-2014,
SLOPE International Conference, Kuta-Bali, September 27th 30th 2015
[4] Huang, Yang H., (1983), Stability Analysis of Earth Slopes, Van Nostrand Reinhold Comp. Inc., NY.
[5] Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM) of West Sumatra Province (2012), Pemantauan dan
Evaluasi Bencana Alam Geologi Provinsi Sumatera Barat, Dinas ESDM Prov. Sumbar, Padang
[9] Sandy, I M., (1985), Geografi Regional Republik Indonesia, Jurusan Geografi FPMIPA UI, Jakarta
[10] A. J. Barber, M. J. Crow and J. S. Milsom, Sumatra: Geology, Resources and Tectonic Evolution,
Geological Society, London, Memoirs. Vol. 31, 2005
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Stability Analysis of a Waste Dump in Chromite Mine: Existing

state and Planned Heightening
SANDI KUMAR REDDY1 AND RAJAN BABU A2
1
Scientist, National Institute of Rock Mechanics, Karnataka, India
2
Principal Scientist, National Institute of Rock Mechanics, Karnataka, India
Email: kumarsandireddy@gmail.com
Abstract: This paper presents the slope stability analysis for the existing as well as planned heightening
geometry of waste dump of Kaliapani open cast chromite mine, Kaliapani, Odisha. The slope stability analysis
was done with the help of FLAC SLOPE-5.0 software. For the stability analysis two sections were selected.
Then, the existing geometry of the waste dump stability analysis was conducted and recommended best
heightening option based on technical and economical consideration. On the basis of the analysis results the
opportunities to improve the stability of the dump were recommended.
Keywords: Dump Stability, FLAC Analysis, Stability improvement.
Introduction
The Kaliapani Chromite mine is situated at Kaliapani, Jajpur district, Odisha state of India and is owned by M/s.
Balasore Alloys Limited (Figure 1). The Kaliapani mine comprises of a chrome mineralization ore body hosted
in the Pre-Cambrian age Sukinda ultramafic complex. The mine is fully mechanized. Shovel dumper
combination is used for overburden removal as well as ore mining. A dump is located 30 m away from the pit.
The dump material consists of soil, chromifereous laterite, weathered limonite and serpentinite.
A geotechnical study was carried out to determine the optimum dump height and its overall slope angle (Figure
2). It was also aimed to know the interplay and effect of the input parameters of slope design on the factor of
safety, which tells the importance of the parameter in the slope. Based on this stability analysis a more justified
and suitable remedial measure, which takes care of the critical parameter, can be planned for any critical slope.
The Kaliapani opencast mine is in sub-tropical climate. The average annual rainfall is 1200 mm. 95%
precipitation results in run-off away from the dumpsite. There is no perennial source or channel of water near
the dumps.
Towards pit
Dump
N
Pit
Figure 2. A plan view of the dump

Figure 1. Dump near the Quarry
Geomechanical properties
The samples of foundation and dump material were collected from different parts and depths of the already
existing dumps. The soil tests have been conducted in the soil mechanics laboratory of NIRM. The model
values of bulk density and shear strength parameters are presented in Table 1.
Table 1: Geo-mechanical Properties
Lithology Bulk Density (kg/m3) Cohesion (kPa) Friction Angle (Degree)

Dump material 1630 34.33 310
Stability analysis
The stability analysis was done with following considerations, based on the findings of field visit and
experimental work.
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The most likely geo-mining condition of the dump was adjudged to be in drained geo-mining condition. It
means that proper drainage at top and toe of the dumps has been provided. However the analysis with
undrained geo-mining condition was also done to know its adverse effect on the stability of the mine
dumps.
The mode of failure in the slopes of the dumps was categorized as circular type of failure. The cut-off value
of safety factor was selected to be 1.3 for the dump slope design [1]. The height of the dump should be
measured from the lowest RL of the dump foundation in in-situ condition, from any direction of the dump.
If the dump is placed on loose/ filled/previous dump, then the lowest RL should be considered at the base of
this loose/ unconsolidated material because any failure will take away this loose material also.
The stability analysis was done with FLAC SLOPE-5.0 software [2] to determine the maximum possible dump
height. The stability analyses of north side dump developed in four lifts with 68 m high have 1.3 safety factor
(Figure 3). The first lift should be 23 m high while second, third and fourth lifts should be 15 m each high. The
bench width between the two lifts should not be less than 12 m. The angle of repose of the dump material was
measured to be about 330.
Figure 3. Stability analysis of 68 m Dump (North side) in four lifts

The stability analyses of south side dump developed in four lifts with 82 m high have 1.3 safety factor (Figure
4). The first and second lift should be 25 m high while third and fourth lifts should be 17 m and 15 m high
respectively. The bench width between the two lifts should not be less than 12 m. The angle of repose of the
dump material was measured to be about 290 [3]. Based on the analysis done for dump sections towards north
south side of the dump, and considering significant rainfall experienced in this area, the recommended overall
dump slope considering fully saturated conditions are summarized in Table 2.
The dump has been developed with above-mentioned parameters. The following remedial measures were also
recommended and implemented for long-term slope stability of dumps. The dozing and grading up to 0.5 m
depth of the top surface, at the proposed dumping location, was done. It was necessary to avoid dump
foundation failure. The dumps have been developed by keeping safe distances from any permanent structure or
any type of working. This distance has been not less than the height of the dump measured from the toe (at the
lowest level) of dump in insitu condition. The top surface of the dump is being covered with topsoil. Once the
top surface is completely covered, the local species of self sustaining plants would be grown on the dumps.
Figure 4: Stability analysis of 82 m Dump (South side) in four lifts
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Table 2. Safety factors and overall slope angle for the dump sections in the Kaliapani mine
Height of dump
Overall dump slope angle Safety factor
Sl. No. Sections (m)
Existing Recommended Existing Recommended Existing Projected
1 Dump (North) 22.50 33.00 1.39 1.30 56 68
0 0 1.68 1.30 72 82
2 Dump (South) 19.0 29.0
Conclusions and recommendations

An assessment of the engineering geology, strength properties and the related geotechnical controls indicated
that 82 m high dump towards south side of the pit are likely to be stable if these are developed in four lifts. The
first and second lift should be 25 m high while third and fourth lifts should be 17 m and 15 m high respectively.
The angle of repose of the dump material was measured to be about 33 0. Similarly, 68 m high dump towards
north side of the pit are likely to be stable if these are developed in four lifts. The first lift should be 23 m
high while second, third and fourth lifts should be 15 m each high. The bench width between the two lifts should
not be less than 12 m. The angle of repose of the dump material was measured to be about 29 0
The general recommendations shall be considered for further increase of stability of the dump material :
o Weep holes or relief holes in the form of perforated pipes shall be drilled/installed/laid sufficiently deep
in to the pit/dump mass in the benches to reduce the build-up of pore pressure in the dump mass, this will
significantly improve the stability especially in the lower benches by draining out the infiltrated water
from the benches.
o Gullies at few places in the benches (especially lower benches) should be filled up and covered with hard
rock boulders. Presence of gullies may cause instability problems and affect the overall stability of the
dump material.
o Bench marks/monitoring points may be installed at suitable locations on each bench and monitored using
total station every day or at suitable time periods, to find out the displacements occurring in the benches.
Monitoring will definitely help forewarn about any major collapse or failures.
o Observe for the development of any tension crack by using crack meters/equivalent system on the
different benches formed in weak slope material.
o Geogrids/Coir Matting shall be placed at a height of 10 m in the horizontal direction and geotextile/jute
mats shall be placed covering the slope face to increase the capacity and stability of the dump material.
o Proper levelling at the top of the dumped material has been done to minimise the infiltration of water
inside the dumps.
o Flooding of the dumps toe has been avoided. A garland drain has been cut all around the toe of dumps to
collect run-off of the rainwater before it reaches the dump foundation. The drain is properly graded to
promote rapid water movement and minimise the chances of ponding.
o The top surface of the dump is being covered with topsoil to support vegetation.
Acknowledgments
The author is thankful to the mine management for providing all necessary facilities and information during the
study. He is grateful to the Director, NIRM, Bangaluru for permission to publish this paper in ICEE-2016.
References
[1] E. Hoek and J.W. Bray. Rock Slope Engineering, The Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, London,
1981.
[2] NIRM Report. Slope stability studies in Kaliapani Chromite mine, Kaliapani, Jajpur district, Odisha,
2016.
[3] Itasca. FLAC/FLAC-SLOPE. Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua - Slope modeling package, 2003b.
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Vulnerability Mapping and Coastal hazards - An Indian

Experience
RM NARAYANAN1 AND SIVAKUMAR2
1
Associate Professor, Dr. M.G.R Educational and Research Institute University Chennai, INDIA
2
Executive Engineer, Chenani Port Trust, INDIA
Introduction
Vulnerability can be defined as the degree to which a person, community or a system is likely to experience
harm due to an exposure to an external stress. Generically, vulnerability is a set of conditions and processes
resulting from physical, social, economic and environmental factors that increase the susceptibility of a
community to the impact of hazards. Vulnerability also encompasses the concept of response and coping, since
it is determined by the potential of a community to react and withstand a disaster (Kumpulainen, 2006). While
natural factors like proximity to the potential source of hazard play an important role in determining the
vulnerability, social dimensions of exposed community, such as economic, physical, demographic, livelihood
etc., have a substantial effect the overall vulnerability. Vulnerability assessment is an estimate of the degree of
loss or damage that could result from a hazardous event of given severity, including damage to structures,
personal injuries, and interruption of economic activities and the normal functions of settlements.
The coastline of India is threatened by many natural hazards resulting in the loss of life and property. The
hydrologic factors with respect to coastal hazards that are influential are: tropical cyclones, sea level rise, floods,
coastal erosion, and storm surge along Indian coast. While the west coast of India is affected by the seasonal
tropical cyclones in SW monsoon, the east coast is affected in the return NE monsoon as well. The Bay of
Bengal is highly vulnerable to storm surge events. Since 1737, there have been 23 major surge events, with over
10,000 people killed in each (Murty et al. 1986; Murty and Flather 1994). The damage from land falling
cyclones is mainly due to three factors: rain, strong winds, and storm surges. Storm surges associated with
severe tropical cyclones are by far the most damaging (Dube et al., 2009).
Further, recent estimates based on global climate models (Wigley and Raper, 1992) suggest an increase in sea
level of between 15 and 95 centimeters (cm) by 2100. The IPCC expects a maximum SLR of 59cm by 2100.
This is widely acknowledged as being a conservative estimate since it excludes future dynamical changes in ice
flow, including some very important ice sheet processes that speed up the movement of glaciers, particularly in
the polar ice caps (IPCC 2007). This is more than double the rate of sea-level rise for the past century (Douglas,
1997; Peltier and Jiang, 1997). The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research suggests a rise in mean sea
level of up to 1.4m by 2100 and other scientists anticipate SLR of one to several metres (Rignot and
Kanagaratnam, 2006; Ivins and R.2009; SCAR 2009) in the same period. The seas, of course, will continue to
rise even beyond 2100 if warming is not stabilised. The German Advisory Council on Global Change (WBGU)
expects around a metre rise by 2100 and several metres by 2300 (WBGU 2006). Thus, sea-level rise will have a
large sustained impact on coastal evolution in the future and will occur as both population and infrastructure in
coastal regions are projected to increase. Hence prediction of shoreline retreat and land loss rates is critical to
planning future coastal management strategies.
Objectives
The overall goal of this study is to develop and utilize a relatively simple, objective method to identify those
portions of Chennai coast at risk and the nature of that risk (e.g., inundation, erosion, etc.). The long-term goal
of this study is to predict future coastal changes with a degree of certainty useful for coastal management. The
principal objective of this thesis is to carry out analytical studies to establish a composite hazard line map of
coastal flooding (due to sea level rise) and shoreline erosion. Subsidiary objectives also include:
To predict the 1 in 100 year return interval of flood inundation in the event of sea level rise
To predict the horizontal shore line displacement rate and estimate rate of erosion over 100 year
period
Study Area
The hazard mapping was conducted between Ennore to Adayar (Figure 1.1), extends 30 km in the SW-NE
direction between 801043 and 802012 E longitudes and 134045 and 131617 N latitudes. This
densely populated region located in the CRZ II, is highly vulnerable to coastal hazards. This study has taken the
part of Chennai metropolitan boundary as the study area, which includes some villages from Tiruvallur District
apart from Chennai City.
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Figure 1.1 Study area Map

Coastal Hazard Mapping
Hazard mapping defines the potential for harm using event return intervals. Natural hazards (floods, cyclones,
tsunami) increase in magnitude as they decrease in frequency. The chances (probability) of a flood of a given
magnitude occurring can be expressed as
a return interval (e.g. highest flood expected in 100 years)
a probability (e.g. 0.01)
a percentage (e.g., a 1% chance in any given year)
The methodology for hazard line mapping is shown in flow chart in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1 Flow chart for methodology- sequence of work
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To achieve this task we need to estimate the 1 in 100 year flood event due to surge and sea level rise and
horizontal shoreline displacement (erosion / accretion) separately.
Estimation of 1 In 100 Year Flood Level
To estimate the future extreme flood inundation level, we need long term observed monthly or annual maximum
water level data near the study area and the magnitude of regional and global sea level rise trend.
In this study,
Annual maximum water levels observed at Chennai tide gauge station were obtained from Survey of
India for a period of 20 years from 1987 to 2006.
Annual Local mean sea level data from 1921 to 2004 published obtained from Survey of India was
utilized (the average of these annual mean sea level variations is arrived and it
gives a positive trend i.e., rise in regional mean sea level @ 0.41 mm yr -1) and
Projected sea level rise of 0.59m for the year 2100 corresponding to A1F1 scenario (IPCC 2007) is
considered as a worst case and taken in this study.
Prediction of 1 in 100 year Flood Level due to Surge
Future sea level changes due to the astronomical tides and surge can be estimated with observed tide gauge data
(Annual Maximum water level) near the study area. The prediction can be made with statistical analysis as the
flooding events follows statistical frequency. Extreme value predictions of hydrological data are traditionally
based on statistical analysis of annual maxima of site observed data, using any of the generalized extreme value
distributions. Statistical analysis includes:
i) Extreme Value analysis with Gumbel and Weibull distributions.
ii) Scatter plots of time series data of extreme water levels.
Extreme value analysis annual maxima method
Annual maximum method is the classical general method of analysis of extremes having been applied to sea
level estimation based on a result from probabilistic extreme value theory (Lennon 1963; Sulthons 1963). The
annual maximum method takes the generalized extreme value to be the distribution function of the maximum
sea level in a year. Therefore for a place of interest the annual maximum for each year is extracted from hourly
observations and used as data to estimate the Return interval. In practice, return interval of 50,100 and 1000
years are common. Different distributions used in long term/extreme value analysis are as follows:
a)Gumbel or Fisher Tippet. I distribution
This distribution was developed by Gumbel in the context of flood prediction and it is frequently used in
extreme wind and wave prediction.
b)Fretchet or Fisher Tippet II distributions.
This distribution is used in extreme wind speed predictions.
c)Weibull distribution.
This distribution is used frequently in extreme wind and wave prediction.
d)Log- Normal distribution.
This is the first distribution to be fitted to long term wave height data.
The statistical analysis of the observed maximum water level data were carried out using Gumbel and Weibull
distributions in M.S Excel worksheet.
Weibull distribution method
This method is conceptually simple and used for weather forecasting, Extreme value theory and also in
reliability engineering and failure analysis. This method is also known as the Extreme Value Type III
distribution. The observed Annual maximum water level values should be ranked from least to the highest (i.e.)
the least value of the maximum water levels will be the least rank. Return interval for each of this water level
can be calculated using the following equation.
least rank + 1
particular rank
Plot the Return Interval against the Maximum water elevation for each year using scatter plot to obtain the trend
line equation of log series. This equation is used to predict extreme water level that may have 1 in 100 year
return period.
Gumbel distribution
In probability theory and statistics the Gumbel distribution (named after Emil Julius Gumbel (18911966)) is
used to find the minimum (or the maximum) of a number of samples of various distributions. It is useful in
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predicting the chance that an extreme earthquake, flood or other natural disaster will occur. The distribution of
the samples could be of the normal or exponential type. In probability theory and statistics the Gumbel
distribution (named after Emil Julius Gumbel (18911966)) is used to find the minimum or maximum of
number of samples of various distributions. In particular, the Gumbel distribution is a special case of the Fisher-
Tippett distribution (named after Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher (18901962) and Leonard Henry Caleb Tippett
(19021985)). The Gumbel distribution is also known as the Extreme Value Type I distribution. It is useful in
predicting the chance that an extreme earthquake, flood or other natural disaster will occur. The Gumbel
Distribution has a cumulative Distribution of F(x) = e-e(-x) and a probability density function of F(x) = e-xe-e(-x).
Regional Sea Level Change. According to the study of National Institute of Oceanography Report (2004)
described that one of the methods to get regional estimates of sea level rise is by analyzing the past tide gauge
data at nearby port. Even though the rate of increase in sea level in the past century need not be the same as the
rate of increase in the present century, these estimates do serve as indicators of the long term changes in sea
level. However, changes in sea level can also occur due to vertical movement of land; these effects have to be
included while estimating a net increase in sea level. Estimation of sea level rise along the Indian coasts is not
fully resolved. Some of the coastal regions are known to be tectonically active and measurements on the land
subsidence rates are not available in these regions. A net sea level rise can be estimated only when the rates of
vertical movement of land become available.
Annual mean sea level data for Chennai tide gauge station were obtained from Survey of India (Figure 3.2). The
regional mean sea level variation trend was estimated by taking average of all these values
(Table 3.1).
ANNUAL MSL of CHENNAI 1921 to 2004
0.70
0.68
0.66
0.64
HEIGHT in m
0.62
0.60
0.58
0.56
0.54
y = 0.00041x - 0.17492
0.52
0.50
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
1932
1934
1936
1938
1940
1942
1944
1946
1948
1950
1952
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
YEARS
Figure 3.2 Annual MSL of Chennai 1921 to 2004

Table 3.1 Annual MSL of Chennai
No. of Years Data Interval Trends/Year

84 1921 to 2004 +0.41 mm
Source: Survey of India Courtesy: IOM, Anna University Chennai
Sea Level Rise due to Global Warming
A sea level rise of 0.59 m due to global warming for the year 2100 corresponding to A1F1 scenario (IPCC 2007)
considered as a worst case and taken in this study.
Estimation of 1 in 100 year Flood inundations level
Estimation of future sea level rise can be made by adding projected extreme water level of 1 in 100 year return
interval obtained from Gumbel distribution, the estimated regional sea level rise and the SLR of 0.59 m for the
year 2100 due to global warming (IPCC 2007).
The projected extreme flood level using Gumbel and Weibell distribution are shown in Table 3.2.
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Table 3.2 Projected Extreme Flood Level - 1 in 100 year
Method Predicted Surge - (m) Surge + Sea Level (m)
log trend (Gumbel) 2.703 3.334
log trend (Weibull) 2.837 3.468
Estimation of Horizontal Shoreline Displacement
Remote sensing data could be used effectively to monitor the changes along the coastal zone including shoreline
with reasonable accuracy. Remote sensing data helps and /or replaces the conventional survey by its repetitive
and less cost effectiveness. Hence the shoreline changes were analyzed using remote sensing and GIS tools.
Although several methods are available for shoreline delineation, the method proposed here uses data derived
from satellite imagery using Arc GIS and Erdas Imagine softwares.
For shoreline change analysis, the coastal stretch of the study area was divided into two transects as it would be
inappropriate to delineate shoreline of area protected by the harbour (Chennai main harbour and Fishing harbor).
Transect 1 consists of the coastal stretch between Ennore creek and north of Fishing harbor. Transect 2 consists
of the coastal stretch between Adyar River and south of Chennai harbour. The data products used are listed in
the Table 3.3.
Table 3.3 Satellite Images used for the study area
Satellite Images Year Spectral Resolution
LANDSAT +ETM 1991 & 2000 30M
IRS LISS III 2004 & 2006 23M
IKONOS 2005 4M
IRS LISS IV 2008 5M
(Courtesy: IOM, Anna University Chennai)
The method proposed here utilizes the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) for calculating horizontal
shoreline displacement rate. Shoreline were delineated from remote sensing satellite imageries of different
periods of time mentioned above and used to calculate the rate of coastal displacement. This is used to predict
future shoreline change (erosion / accretion) and this future coastline is transferred to the base map of the study
area using the same time intervals as for the flood return intervals (i.e. 100 year).
Digital Shoreline Analysis System
The Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) is computer software that computes rate-of-change statistics
from multiple historic shoreline positions residing in a GIS. DSAS is an extension that enhances the normal
functionality of ESRI Arc GIS software and enables users to calculate the shoreline rate of change statistics
from a time series of multiple shoreline positions are shown in Figure 3.3. The extension was designated to aid
in historic shoreline change analysis. DSAS works by generating orthogonal transects at a user defined
separation and then calculates rates of change and associated statistics that are reported in an attribute table but
requires user data in a specific format. The inputs required for analysis are multiple shoreline positions and
User-generated baseline.
DSAS generates transects that are cast perpendicular to the baseline at a user-specified spacing alongshore are
shown in Figure 3.4. Transect and shoreline intersections along this baseline are then used to calculate the rate-
of-change statistics.
The DSAS procedure is based on different steps.
Required inputs:
- Multiple shoreline positions
- User-generated baseline
Multiple shoreline position of satellite images of the following years 1991, 2000, 2003 and 2006 were used.
Baseline was created on the upland side to provide a starting point for the transecting operation. DSAS
generates transects that are cast perpendicular to the baseline at specified spacing along shore.
The satellite data were geometrically corrected based on SOI toposheet. The shorelines of different periods were
delineated from the satellite images using Arc GIS by digitizing in 1:4000 scale. The shoreline of 1991 is used
as starting condition for subsequent variations of the shorelines. Transects were cast at a distance of 200 m
intervals. The transect shoreline intersections along this baseline are used to calculate the rate of change
statistics. By the way the rate of shoreline change can be obtained by using different methods such as EPR, JKR,
LRR and WLR.
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End Point Rate (EPR)
The End point rate is calculated by dividing the distance of shoreline movement by the time elapsed between the
earliest and latest measurements (i.e., the oldest and the most recent shoreline). The major advantage of the EPR
is its ease of computation and minimal requirement for shoreline data (two shorelines). The major disadvantage
is that in cases where more than two shorelines are available, the information about shoreline behavior provided
by additional shorelines is neglected.
Linear Regression Rate-of-Change (LRR)
A linear regression rate-of-change statistic can be determined by fitting a least squares regression line to all
shoreline points for a particular transect. The rate is the slope of the line. The advantages of linear regression
include:
1) All the data are used, regardless of changes in trend or accuracy
2) The method is purely computational
3) It is based on accepted statistical concepts
4) It is easy to employ.
The DSAS output gives different statistics for shoreline change. However the results obtained from the Linear
Regression Rate of change of statistics were used in this study in view of the reasons explained above. The
negative value of the results denotes erosion and positive value denotes accretion. The horizontal shore line
displacement at the end of 100 year was calculated from the highest value of the LRR statistics obtained from
DSAS.
Hazard Line Mapping
Mapping 1 in 100 year return flood inundation (i.e. 3.334 m) level
Topography
In order to transfer the water level return intervals to a map the ground elevation must be known. Elevation data
may be obtained from existing maps, from ground survey and or from remote sensing sources. The time and
cost required for conducting topographic survey for such a longer stretch of the study area would be of higher
order. Hence a 2 m interval elevation contour map of the CMDA was utilized in this study. In addition to the
above, topographic survey data for certain portions of Cooum River and Adyar Estuary area available were also
used. The NHO chart (2005) was used for near shore bathymetry data. Both the maps were geo-corrected. The
contour and bathymetry lines were also digitized. A contour map of the study area was prepared duly
incorporating bathymetry are shown in Figure 3.5.
Figure 3.5 Ground elevation contour and bathymetry map of the study area (overlaid on satellite image-IRS
LISS IV 2008)
Digital Elevation Model
A Digital Elevation Model of the terrain was created using 3D analyst module of ArcGISand viewed in
ArcScene. The estimated 1 in 100 year return flood (i.e. 3.334 m) level was transferred to this map by extracting
the particular contour value carefully neglecting the isolated remote contours. This is the 1 in 100 year flood
hazard line.
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Hazard line due to horizontal shore line displacement (Erosion / Accretion) after 100 year
The estimated horizontal distance of shoreline displacement for both transects were transferred to the base map
of the study area.
Results and Discussions
The East coast of India is vulnerable to flooding and erosion associated with sea level change due to frequent
cyclones and low lying topography. In this study, an attempt was made to demarcate composite hazard line for a
30km coastal stretch between Ennore creek and Adyar estuary of Chennai region, south India. Hazard line
mapping was carried out by statistical analysis of annual maximum water level and analysis of satellite images
(1991, 2000, 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2008) using GIS techniques. The shoreline change analysis indicated that the
region north of Chennai harbour is expected to be eroded up to a distance of 872 m after 100 years from the
present shoreline. The estimated inundation level of 1 in 100 year flood event would reach an elevation of 3.33
m above MSL. The analysis has been made based on the regional sea level trend obtained from the Survey of
India (+0.41mm yr-1) and the SLR of 0.59m for the year 2100 as projected in IPCC (2007). This extreme water
level is likely to inundate a maximum distance of about 6 km landward at many places in north Chennai
resulting in a land loss of 49.37 km2. In this study, we also observed that the region north of Chennai harbour is
more vulnerable than the southern part. The worst case scenario arises from flooding due to sea level rise was
observed in this study.
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Structures and Construction Engineering
ROLE OF TIME BUFFER ON PROJECT MONITORING AND FORECASTING OF STEEL
14
STRUCTURES A NEW APPROACH TO STRUCTURAL PLANNING
VISHNU S PILLAI1 AND C. RAJASEKARAN 2
1
M.Tech Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engineering, NITK, Surathkal, Srinivasnagar 575025, Mangalore, D.K,
Karnataka, INDIA
2
Asst. Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, NITK, Surathkal, Srinivasnagar 575025, Mangalore, D.K,
Karnataka, INDIA
Email: vishnuspillai137@gmail.com, bcrajasekaran@nitk.ac.in
Abstract: Project monitoring and forecasting are the key to structural planning. The methods of project monitoring
and forecasting practiced in the construction of steel structures include cash inflow-outflow, earned value etc.
These methods measure the work completed in terms of tonnage, square meter etc. and hence they do not
differentiate between work done on the critical path and work done on non-critical paths. Critical path defines the
lead time of a project and the activities on the critical path can be called as bottlenecks. Project managers should
focus on these bottlenecks to avoid delays and subsequent losses. The purpose of this study is to develop a project
monitoring and forecasting method that enables project managers to focus on the bottlenecks and take decisions
accordingly. During planning of durations, construction personnel add time buffer to compensate for the
uncertainties and to protect against schedule deviations. In this paper the duration thus added as buffer is quantified
by considering the factors that construction personnel consider while allocating time buffer. This becomes the
Initial Project Buffer (IPB). If an activity is delayed, buffer is reduced and if it is ahead of schedule, buffer is added.
Remaining Project Buffer (RPBN) is the time buffer available after duration N from the commencement of the
project. The authors have developed a Project Buffer Index (PBI) incorporating IPB and RPBN. The two important
parameters in forecasting namely Duration Required for Completion (DRC) and Cost at Completion (CAC) are also
arrived at. The proposed method is then applied to the construction of a pipe-rack structure and validated.
Keywords: Construction, Time Buffer, Structural Planning, Project Monitoring, Project Forecasting
A CRITICAL REVIEW OF MULTI CRITERIA DECISION MAKING METHODS FOR
35 INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT OF
INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS
B. SURESH1, DR. ERINJERY J OSEPH J AMES2, DR. J EGATHAMBAL P2
1
Mahindra Consulting Engineers Limited, India and research scholar (external), Karunya University, India.
2
Water institute, Karunya University, India
B. Suresh, CEO& Managing Director, Mahindra Consulting Engineers Limited, Mahindra Towers, Ground Floor,
No. 17/18, Pattullous Road, Chennai-600 002, INDIA
Email: suresh.b@mahindra.com
Abstract: Infrastructure sector offers the basic support system for other sectors of the economy and is considered
as a requirement to support the economic development. Cost-effective, reliable, and affordable infrastructure
services are the requirements for sustainable infrastructure development and forms a necessary condition for
achieving goals from the perspective of economic, social and environment dimensions. Sustainability assessment
(SA) is viewed not only as an impact assessment process tools but also as an integrated assessment tool. The SA of
infrastructure is a challenging and multi-faceted process demanding a holistic assessment of the diverse settings and
environment under which infrastructure systems operate. The infrastructure planning, development and
management and SA of infrastructure projects using multi criteria decision making (MCDM) methods has drawn
the attention of decision makers for a long time. This paper performs a critical literature review of common MCDM
methods, applicability of various methods for infrastructure planning and SA of infrastructure projects including
the relative merits of the identified methods.
Keywords: Sustainable infrastructure, Sustainability assessment, MCDM methods, SAW, WPM, AHP,
PROMETHEE, ELECTRE, TOPSIS, VIKOR, MAUT, Fuzzy, SMART
OPTIMUM CONFIGURATION OF RIGID BARRIERS TO MITIGATE AVALANCHE
41
HAZARD
VINAY CHAUDHARY, R K VARMA AND MAN MOHAN SINGH
Snow & Avalanche Study Establishment, Himparisar, Sector 37- A, Chandigarh (UT), INDIA
Email: vinaysase73@gmail.com
Abstract: Measures to prevent avalanches from starting zone are generally a more effective solution than to stop,
retard or divert them. Supporting structures are used to prevent the avalanche formation in starting zone and are
categorized as rigid and flexible type of structures. Snow rakes and snow bridges fall in the category of rigid
structure, whereas Snow net, Ombrello etc. fall in the category of flexible structures. Snow bridges are made of
standard steel sections and hence, it is difficult to shift the structures components to higher reaches of mountains
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because of heavy weight. There is a need to optimize the external length (overhang component) and internal length
of component of Snow bridges in order to reduce the weight by balancing the moments. Limited numbers of Snow
bridges with new dimension were erected at Creep & Glide site near Dhundhi (Himachal Pradesh) and it is proving
its worth in an exemplary way for the last 04 years. The paper deals with design criteria for selection of overhang
length of crossbeam and girder of snow bridges, and internal angle of support with inclined sloping terrain.
Keywords: Snow bridges, Optimum overhang length of crossbeam and girder, Avalanches, Static force
61 USE OF GOLD MINE TAILINGS IN PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE-A FEASIBILITY STUDY
B M RAMALINGA REDDY1, K S SATYANARAYANAN2, H N JAGANNATHA REDDY3 AND
N.PARTHASARATHI4
1
Research Scholar, Civil Engineering Department, SRM University, Kattankulathur, India
2
Prof and Head, Civil Engineering Department, SRM University, Kattankulathur, India
3
Prof, Civil Engineering Department, Bangalore Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India
4
Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, SRM University, Kattankulathur, India
Email: bmreddy@btibangalore.org , srm.kssn@gmail.com, jagannath.priyadhi@gmail.com, nrnpartha@gmail.com
Abstract: River sand is becoming scarce and meeting the demand of fine aggregates in the construction industry is
becoming a challenging task. In this investigation an attempt is made to utilise gold mine tailings as a partial
substitute for river sand in producing concrete. River sand was replaced with 10%, 20% and 30% gold mine tailings
and the resulting fine aggregates were used in concrete mix. Mix proportions for M25 concrete were obtained for
five mixes as per guidelines given in IS: 10262-2009. Workability, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength
and flexural strength are reported. The strengths were obtained at the ages of 7, 14 and 28 days. Compressive,
splitting tensile and flexural strengths increased marginally for 10% and 20% replacements. There was slight
decrease in the corresponding strength at 30% replacement. Good correlation was observed between compressive
strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength. This investigation proves that gold mine tailings can be
used as a partial substitute for river sand in preparing concrete.
Keywords: Gold mine tailings, workability, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF BAGASSE ASH
62
REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
S.AISHWARYA1, K.DAKSHAYINI2, P.GAJALAKSHMI3
1
P.G student, Department of Civil Engineering, B.S Abdur Rahman University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
2
3
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, B.S Abdur Rahman University, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Email: gajalakshmi@bsauniv.ac.in, dakshukumaravelu@gmail.com
Abstract: With the increasing demand and consumption of cement, researchers and scientist are in search of
developing alternate binders that are ecofriendly and contribute towards waste management. The utilization of
industrial and agricultural waste produced by industrial processes has been the focus on waste reduction. One of the
agro wastessuch as Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) is a fibrous waste product obtained from sugar mills as
byproduct.An experimental investigation has been carried out to study the behaviour of structural members using
bagasse ash as partial replacement of cement by 10%, 20% and 30%.Test results indicated that the optimum dosage
of 10% bagasse ash as a partial replacement of cement has higher load carrying capacity than 20% and 30% and
also with nominal concrete.Thus the structural members were cast for the optimized percentage of bagasse ash. The
performance of bagasse ash reinforced concrete structural members was compared with the reinforced concrete
structural members based on the load-deflection, failure modes and axial shortening.
Keywords: Concrete, Bagasse ash, Compressive strength, Split tensile strength.
BRIDGE SAFETY ASSESSMENT BASED ON STATE INSPECTION AND WIM TRAFFIC
65
DATE
XIAOMING WANG1, XIAOMING LEI1 AND QUANZHE YAN2
1
Changan University, School of Highway, Xian, CHINA
2
Fujian Highway Administrative Bureau, Fuzhou, China
Email: wang_xiaoming@qq.com
Abstract: Based on state inspection and monitored WIM traffic date, an approach to evaluating safety of existing
long-span concrete continuous bridges is presented in this paper. State inspection can provide some real
information to reflect the differences between the actual status and design value. In this paper, pavement testing is
employed to determine the actual effect of the 2nd dead load. The real rigidity is identified using load tests to
calculate the actual influence lines. The WIM traffic data is loaded on the actual influence lines to establish
probability model of live load effect by statistics principle. According to structural characteristics of the bridge, its
critical cross-sections are assessed by direct probabilistic methods. Using the proposed method, the safety of an
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three-span prestressed concrete continuous girder bridge is assessed. The examples show that the state inspection
and WIM data play an important role in the bridge evaluation.
Keywords: Rigidity identification, WIM, reliability
74 FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR OF COLD FORMED STEEL HAT SHAPED BEAMS
ASHOK M 1, J AYABALAN P2 AND J AYA PRABHAKAR K3
1
Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, 2Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, 3Post Graduate,
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, INDIA
Email: ashok_citizen@yahoo.com
Abstract: The hat shaped cold formed steel sections are commonly used in light-weight steel constructions, such as
residential, industrial and commercial buildings. Hat sections are torsionally rigid than other sections and have a
greater resistance to lateral-torsional buckling. This paper presents the flexural behaviour of cold formed steel hat
shaped beams with different d/b based on codal provisions. The finite element model is developed to compare with
the theoretical results. The finite element model is used to investigate the effect of factors such as d/b ratio and lip
size which affects the ultimate strength behaviour of the hat shaped section. The parametric study has been done for
various lip sizes ranging from 10 mm to 20 mm with increment of 5 mm and d/b ratio varying from 0.5 to 1 at 0.25
increments. The ultimate strengths obtained from the theoretical analysis and the finite element analyses are
compared. The results show that with the increase in the lip size of the hat shaped sections, the load carrying
capacity of the beam increases.
Keywords: Cold formed steel, Hat sections, Finite elements, Direct strength method
ECONOMIC DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS UNDER DIRECT LOAD
79
AND UNIAXIAL MOMENTS
SONIA CHUTANI1 AND JAGBIR SINGH 2
1
Department of Civil Engineering, DAVIET, Jalandhar, INDIA
2
Department of Civil Engineering, GNDEC, Ludhiana, INDIA
Email: soniachutani_annie@yahoo.co.in, jsdhillon26@rediffmail.com
Abstract: Columns are important structural elements constructed integrally with framing concrete beams and slabs
to provide resistance to both axial forces and bending moments. A key aspect in the design of columns is the
strength of the column cross-section subjected to combine axial force and bending moment. Designing a
reinforced concrete (RC) column to resist an axial load and uniaxial moment is an iterative procedure which
involves tedious calculations. The design is affected by many factors such as eccentricity of loading, size of the
column cross section, percentage of steel, position of neutral axis, grade of steel, and grade of concrete, thereby
requiring the use of interaction diagrams. In the present study, an attempt has been made to determine optimum
design of reinforced concrete columns under direct load and uniaxial moments that satisfies all code requirements
of IS 456-2000 and also results in minimum cost thereby. The percentage of reinforcement and depth of neutral
axis are considered as design variables and using the capacity of swarm intelligence i.e. particle swarm
optimization technique based on inertia weight, optimum design of RC column has been achieved. Some design
examples are presented to demonstrate usefulness of swarm intelligence algorithm.
Keywords: Reinforced concrete, Optimum design, Swarm intelligence, Code requirements
INFLUENCE OF FLOATING COLUMNS ON SEISMIC RESPONSE OF MULTI-STOREY
86
BUILDINGS
NABEEL MUSTHAFA1 AND DR. ANNAPURNA B P2
1
PG Student, University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, INDIA
2
Associate Professor, University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, INDIA
Email: nabeelmusthafa.kp@gmail.com
Abstract: Structural engineers have often faced challenges in designing buildings with irregularities especially in
tackling the earthquake forces and in avoiding major damages that creeps in due to such huge forces. One such
irregularity is a Floating Column configuration in a building. In this study, the influence of Floating columns on
seismic response of multi-storey buildings is studied. The present work focuses on the seismic behaviour of
buildings, i.e., the effect on Lateral displacement and Storey drift when Floating Columns are introduced in the
structure. The Floating columns are varied in numbers and at locations in plan and along elevation of a building. In
this study, the cross-sections of framed members are not varied in order to maintain similarity with its regular
counterpart. It is observed that introducing Floating Columns into the framed structure, the criticality of the
structure increases in terms of seismic parameters, i.e., displacement and drift. Conclusions drawn from the study
stipulates that introducing Floating Columns increases the criticality of the structure under seismic forces.
Keywords: Floating Column, Lateral Displacement, Storey Drift, Response Spectrum
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90 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION TOWER USING STAAD.PRO
SAI AVINASH P 1, RAJASEKHAR P 2, SIDDHARDHA R3, HARI NARAYANAN R4, CHAMANDEEP 5,
YASHDEEP6
1
Student of 1st year M.Tech, Division of Structural Engineering, VIT Vellore, Tamilnadu 632104, India.
2,4
Engineer, Civil & Structural, Petrofac Limited, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600089, India.
3,5,6
Student of 1st year M.Tech, Division of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, National Institute of
Technology Kurukshetra, Haryana, 136119, India.
Email: avinashsaipalvadi@gmail.com, rsk.rajasekhar@hotmail.com, siddhardha21@gmail.com
Abstract: Formulation of transmission towers is tendered in a perspective of confronting high voltage transmitting
conductors and insulators to stand in need of altitude from the ground level. For the same purpose a transmission
tower is replicated with similar context of height 49m and fetching a 220KV double circuit conductor, maneuvered
with STAAD PRO. The contemplations from both structural and electrical fields are viewed in designing
transmission line towers, for safe and economic aspects. According to IS 800-2007, the wind forces are much
prominent on the tower, conductors and insulators, besides the self-weight. This work is focused in optimizing the
transmission tower with employing the 'X' and 'K' bracings, and by varying the sections, examined using Static
analysis. The upshots of using 'X' bracing to 'K' bracing are the appraisable reduction in the weight of the structure
by 6% and having the displacement values supplemented.
Keywords: Transmission line Tower, Insulator, Conductor, X& K Bracings, Dynamic Analysis, Optimized.
STUDY ON THE STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF CONCRETE ENCASED STEEL
94
COMPOSITE MEMBERS
U. ELAKEYA1,*, A. BHUVANESH SRE2,*, P. GAJALAKSHMI3,#
*PG Students, #Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, B. S. Abdur Rahman University, Chennai,
Tamil Nadu, India
Email: elakeya.anand@gmail.com, bhuvaneshsre06@gmail.com, gajalakshmi@bsauniv.ac.in
Abstract: This paper reports the findings of study that was undertaken to investigate the structural performance of
the concrete encased steel composite members. These composite members provide an economical solution to
structures requiring high strength and ductility and results in more sustainable construction as it reduces the usage
of resources. The main parameters considered in this study are concrete compressive strength and the members
with and without encased steel section. Theoretical and analytical studies were carried out and compared with the
experimental results. The results revealed that there is an increase in the load carrying capacity, decrease in
deflection and axial shortening of the concrete encased steel composite members.
Keywords: Concrete encased steel composite member, FEM, axial shortening, deflection.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE OF COMPOSITE BEAM
98
WITH J-HOOK CONNECTORS
SARATHKUMAR S1, SIVACHIDAMBARAM M1, REVATHY J2
1
M.Tech Structural Engineering, B. S. Abdur Rahman University, Chennai, INDIA
2
Professor, B. S. Abdur Rahman University, Chennai, INDIA
Email: sharath1030@gmail.com, chidambaram276@gmail.com, revathyj@bsauniv.ac.in
Abstract: This paper focuses on an experimental study in order to predict the structural performance of a
composite beam. The composite beam was referred to a structural member in which concrete core was sandwiched
between two steel plates. The two steel plates were connected by a J-hook shear connector in order to develop a
composite action between the plates and core concrete. The concrete core consists of fibre reinforced and foam
concrete representing normal and light weight concrete. The concrete was reinforced with various percentages of
discrete fibres. The composite beams were loaded and tested under four-point bending system. The experimental
results in NWC revealed that the proposed composite beam with higher content of steel fibres enhanced the the
load carrying capacity of the composite beam. In case of LWC the beam with 1.5% of steel fibres has a higher load
carrying capacity. The stiffness of NWC beams with a higher content of steel fibres showed a significant
improvement when compared to control beams. For LWC beam in which 1.5% of steel fibres were added shows
maximum stiffness when compared to beams in which no fibres were added. The failure of all the beams initiated
with yielding of steel plates and formation of cracks in the concrete core. The concrete core failure was observed to
be ductile and not brittle due to the presence of fibres which prevents the formation of cracks and delays the failure
of the beams.
Keywords: Composite beam, J-hook, bending, HYFRC, Fibre reinforced foam concrete.
99 INFLUENCE OF FLY ASH ON DURABILITY AND PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE
V.SESHASAYEE1, B.H.BHARATKUMAR2, P.GAJALAKSHMI3
1
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2
Senior Principal Scientist, Advanced Materials Laboratory, CSIR-SERC, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
3
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, B.S Abdur Rahman University, INDIA
Email: Seshasayee1992@gmail.com, bharat@serc.res.in, gajalakshmi@bsauniv.ac.in
Abstract: Concretes durability and strength to sustain imposed loads makes it one of the most widely accepted
building materials. The present trend in concrete technology is to increase both its strength and durability to meet
the demands of the modern construction. Mineral admixtures like fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag,
silica fume, etc are already investigated extensively by several researchers. This paper presents the result of an
experimental investigation undertaken to study the durability characteristics of Ordinary Portland cement (OPC)
concrete with and without fly ash. The concrete mix was designed as per IS 10262:2009 to yield M40 grade
concrete, and the cement was replaced with 20% and 30% by weight of class f fly ash. Specimens were cast to test
Compression strength, Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (RCPT), Water permeability test as per DIN standard and
Water sorptivity test. Compressive strength test is performed in order to ascertain the mechanical property of fly
ash concrete. The rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT) value of OPC concrete was found to be 3.08 times and
2.27 times more than that of 20% and 30% replacement of fly ash respectively at 28 days. The DIN water
permeability test values of OPC concrete were found to be 1.7 times and 1.1 times more than that of 20% and 30%
replacement levels of fly ash respectively at 28 days. From the current study it was found that replacement of fly
ash content shows better durability and strength properties than that of OPC concrete.
Keywords: Concrete, Fly ash, Compressive strength, Durability, Chloride permeability, Water sorptivity, Water
permeability.
Remote Sensing and GIS Applications

AN IMMEDIATE REVIEW OF FLOOD CHARACTERISTICS ON DELTA LOWLAND
07
SUMATERA USING D8 MODEL SPATIAL ANALYSIS
NURHAMIDAH AND AHMAD JUNAIDI
Civil Engineering Department, Andalas University, Padang, INDONESIA
Email: nurhamidah@ft.unand.ac.id
Abstract: Middle Sumatera has become a highly urbanized and densely populated area. Middle- and downstream
areas nowadays suffer from coastal flooding, river flooding, and rainfall induced urban flooding. Rapid
developments, deforestation, loss of wetland areas and sealing off previously unpaved areas, have resulted in higher
runoff and decreased the rivers conveyance capacity. Increasing population will strongly influence the natural
hydrological processes. Due to land pressure, substantial areas of peat swamps are being reclaimed for agriculture
or for other land use. In natural conditions, wetland areas function as retention areas by storing flood water, thereby
preventing or mitigating flooding in downstream areas. Unfortunately, large areas of the original forests in large
peat forests have disappeared due to human activities such as logging and fires. Increasing population, industries,
agriculture and plantations will increase water demand. Activities of ground water extraction will be increasing as
well. However, this extraction can cause land subsidence. The already flood-prone deltaic areas, in which tides can
propagate easily, are exposed further to floods due to land subsidence as well. Flooding along rivers occurs
frequently, particularly during heavy rainfall and spring tides. A number of flood defence measures have been
implemented since 1996 in the case study area, designed for return periods of 15 years. These measures include
levees, pumps, and a drainage canal. Non-structural measures within communities who live in the flood prone areas
were implemented for flood mitigation as well. Still, flooding occurs yearly in many parts of Middle Sumatera.
Since flooding has been identified as an important issue, in-depth researches into the exact causes of flooding are
needed. Furthermore, strategies consisting of both structural and non-structural measures should be developed.
Keywords: delta, lowland, flood, urbanisation, tide, D8 model.
28 RS - GIS BASED OPERATIONAL MONITORING OF INDIAN MARITIME AND ENVIRONS
DR. P. KESAVA RAO1 , DR. J.K.KISHORE2 , DR. L.J. VIJAYA KUMAR3 , DR. MURTHY REMILLA4
1
IARE Hyderabad, TS, INDIA
2
ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangalore ,Karnataka , INDIA
3
Master Control Facility, ISRO, Hassan, Karnataka, INDIA
4
ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangalore, Karnataka, INDIA
Email: pkesavarao@gmail.com, jkk40@yahoo.com, vijayakumarlj2012@gmail.com, murthyremilla@yahoo.com
Abstract: The prestigious Sagarmala concept announced during the first Maritime India Summit, Mumbai in April
2016, shows the great economic importance of the 7500 km long coastline as the number of major / minor ports in
the near future are expected to increase significantly to boost sea trade and increase the prosperity of the nation.
The increase in number of trading ships passing through Indian Maritime environs also raises the probability of oil
spills that give rise to environmental alarms. Indian Maritime zone, includes the clusters of islands in the western
and eastern seas, major oil installations along the coast line, growing international maritime trade across the ports,
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proximity to the International trade sea routes and some prominent choke points, tends to be a highly potential zone
for oils spills. For marine safety and environmental concerns oil spill monitoring and management on operational
basis, becomes an imperative national requirement. Additionally. The ship clogging at Strait Malacca choke-point
near Andaman sea affirms the vital need for oil spill monitoring in Indian Maritime. This calls for a Techno-
Managerial Framework based on RS and GIS. The Government of India realizing the importance of oil spill
management, has already identified the roadmap for Oil Spill Management by forming Oil Spill India (OSI) and by
conceiving and revising the National Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan (NOS-DCP) in 2015. Some of the
international success stories on the Remote Sensing and GIS based marine oil spill monitoring are PROMED in
Mediterranean, EMSA which has achieved Clean-seas / Safe-seas in Europe, I-STOP in Canada, North Caspian Sea
Scan-Ex RDC etc. Hence, there is an emerging requirement for a space based, RS-GIS supported Oil spill
monitoring over the Indian Maritime Zone and its vicinity. The availability of Remote Sensing Technology in
Microwave (Hybrid Polarimetric SAR) / Optical / NIR Bands, data from Microwave radiometers, scatter meters,
Sea state Geo Physical data records, Processing Algorithms, Models, GIS and web services put together has the
potential to offer a scope for an operational frame work and thus improving the turn-around efficiency of oil spill
management. In addition, the recent realization of IRNSS ensures availability of position information. The broad
reasons for the requirement, the feasibility through an integrated approach of oil spill response schemes, resources
and advanced technologies like Remote Sensing from RISAT/Oceansat, ISRO GeoPortals Bhuvan / NICES,
INCOIS web portal and similar services is discussed in this paper.
Key Words: Oil Slicks Monitoring, Remote Sensing, Polarimetry SAR, Bhuvan Geo-Portal
40 INTEGRATED RIVER BASIN PLAN FOR ACHENCOIL RIVER IN KERALA
LINDA P JAMES1AND DR A B ANITHA2
1
Karunya University, Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 114, India
2
Centre for Water Resources Development and Management, Kunnamangalam, Kozhikode 673 571, India
Email: linda_pjames@yahoo.com, aba@cwrdm.org
Abstract: Increasing human needs on the available fresh water resources suggest the need and scope for integrated
water resources assessment and management. Achencoil river, an elongated river spread over 1484 Km2, situated
in Kerala, has been selected for the detailed hydrological studies. The river has a length of 128 km, originates from
the Western Ghats at an altitude of 700 meters above MSL. The river basin receives an annual average rainfall of
2817.60 mm. The annual rainfall is varying from 1786 mm to 3081 mm. Spatial and temporal variation of rainfall
and runoff were analyzed to estimate the total water availability and utilizable water potential of the basin. The
groundwater recharge, as estimated by Central Ground Water Board for different blocks was appropriated to the
river basin. Isohyetal map and flow duration curves were drawn to understand the spatial and temporal availability
of water. Domestic demand, irrigation demand and demand for other environmental purposes were estimated as per
standard procedures. Considering the utilizable yield and future demand, water balance was worked out for
monsoon and non-monsoon season separately The investigations have brought to light that the Achencoil basin will
have a deficit of fresh water of 692.36 MCM during non-monsoon season by 2050 AD and during monsoon season
there has a surplus of 591.86 Mm3. Based on the studies, certain water resources development schemes have been
recommended for the basin with a view to optimally make use of water resources for maximizing the agricultural
production and meeting other important needs.
Keywords: Integrated river basin plan, utilizable water potential, water balance, water deficit
SATELLITE BASED PRECURSOR OBSERVATION TECHNIQUE (SPOT) A STUDY ON
66 EARTHQUAKES OCCURRED DURING JAN MARCH, 2016 WITH MAGNITUDE
GREATER THAN 7.0
N.VENKATANATHAN, W.S.VENKATESH AND V.HAREESH
Department of Physics, School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SASTRA University,
Thirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, INDIA; Email: venkatanathan@eee.sastra.edu
Abstract: Prior to the occurrence of several devastating earthquakes like Sumatra earthquake 2004, China
earthquake 2008, Haiti earthquake 2010 and Japan earthquake 2011, thermal anomalies were detected with the help
of remote sensing technology. These results obtained have encouraged the scientists to correlate multiparameter
precursors to forecast earthquakes on short term basis. In this paper, the authors approach is based on monitoring
the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), which is measured at the top of the atmosphere. The data is obtained from
NOAA, which uses geo stationary satellites to record the OLR radiation. The authors have analyzed the
earthquakes of magnitude above 7.0, which occurred between January and March of this year (2016). It is observed
that outgoing long wave radiation anomalies begin to appear 3-30 days prior to the earthquakes, near the epicenter.
This enables the authors to conclude that it is possible to forecast earthquakes of greater magnitude on a short term
basis with reasonable accuracy by using anomalous outgoing longwave radiation.
Keywords: Outgoing Longwave Radiation, Anomaly, Satellite based precursor technique (SPOT) and Lithosphere-
Atmosphere-Ionosphere-coupling (LAIC)
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AN ADVANCED GIS BASED STORM WATER DRAINAGE NETWORKING DESIGN FOR
68
BHIMRAD AREA OF SURAT CITY, INDIA
MANISHA DESAI1 AND JAYANTILAL N. PATEL2
1
Civil Engineering Department, S.V.N.I.T., Surat-395007, India
2
Professor, Civil Engineering Department, S.V.N.I.T., Surat-395007, India
Email: mpvashi@gmail.com, jnp@ced.svnit.ac.in
Abstract: Storm water drainage is part of the essential infrastructure of a modern city. In the new urban area of
Surat city (Gujarat, India), life and property are under the threat of flooding due to heavy rainfall within frequent
time interval. The average annual rainfall of Surat city is about 1143 millimeters, which is spread of three to four
months. Rainfall distribution is seldom uniform spatially and temporally and remarkable extremes in storm rainfall
are also experienced. Bhimrad is a low lying area, and RL of Bhimrad is 3-7 m & RL of adjoining state highway-5
is 9 m, therefore because of changes in level Bhimrad is more prone to water logging in both heavy and light
rainfall. A storm water drainage system should be designed to collect and convey run-off generated within a
catchment area during and after rainfall events, for safe discharge into a receiving watercourse. The magnitude of
peak flows that have to be accommodated will depend primarily on the intensity of rainfall and the size,
topography, soil type, configuration and land use of the catchment. GIS applications used to automate the
delineation of catchments, as well as produce the schematically correct drainage network attributed to basic
hydrologic characteristics such as long flow paths, slopes and drainage/catchment areas for each proposed line. As
well as runoff calculated with Rational method and diameter decided using Mannings formula which information
about planning and investigation required for storm water drainage systems is given in the CPHEEO Manual on
Sewerage and Sewage Treatment (2nd edition), New Delhi. Construction of Roadside drains: Adequate attention
will be given to the construction, roadside storm water drains to facilitate proper draining of storm water into
natural drains and also to maintain proper road surface. For overcoming of water logging and flooding problems in
this study area (TP- 42 & 43: Bhimrad), it is proposed to provide storm water drainage system of adequate
capacity; so as to dispose of the floodwater, safely to the Mithi (Moti) khadi.
Keywords: GIS, DEM, Flow lines in GIS, Storm Water Drainage System, Design
PREDICTIONS OF VULNERABILITY FLOOD AND FLOOD PRONE AREAS IN
78
WATERSHED WEST SUMATRA PROVINCE USING ARC-GIS AND CATEGORY VALUE
DARWIZAL DAOED1, BUJANGRUSMAN2, BAMBANGISTIJONO1 AND ABDUL HAKAM1
1
2
Agriculture Department, Andalas University, Padang, INDONESIA
Email: darwizaldaoed@ft.unand.ac.id
Abstract: West Sumatra is an area of west coast of Sumatra; the topography is hilly to steep. It consists of 20
watersheds with the area from 20 km2 to 690 km2. The annual rainfall is approximately 4950 mm / year or 340 mm
/ month. The area along the coast and estuaries are often vulnerable by flooding. Based on this phenomenon, it can
be predicted that the flooding in the west Sumatra is caused by the combination of extremely heavy rainfall, length
of the rivers which are mostly short and tides. The morphologically rivers that are relatively straight with many
br1anches on the upstream side of the river also cause the situation getting more vulnerable. Flood vulnerability
assessment and areas prone to flooding assessment was performed using the results of the land area of the satellite
image map, Arc-GIS and hydrological data. The analysis conducted using quantitative approach to categorize and
give dignity / values for each parameter that causes flooding. Data was collected from local government and field
measurements. The classification of vulnerability is made within five categories. According to the three watersheds,
the values obtained the characteristic level and are quite vulnerable to flooding and flood-prone areas. It is more
dominant determined due to rainfall, land use, specific discharge, and the influence of the coast and the presence of
waterworks. If the rain occurs at the upstream of watershed at the same time the rising of sea levels (tide, then there
will be inundation due to the stagnant of drainage network systems where the city crosses. It is happened for those
20 watersheds of West Sumatra, for small watershed with area more vulnerable in the appeal of a large watershed.
Therefore, an integrated flood management plays important role on this particular areas.
Keywords: Vulnerability, watershed, flood, parameters, categories-value.
88 ASSESSMENT OF FLOOD INDUCED AREA USING GEO-SPATIAL TECHNIQUE
AJEET SINGH CHHABRA1, SNIGDHADIP GHOSH1 AND VIJAY KUMAR DWIVEDI2
1
Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
2
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
Email: ajeetsinghchhabra@gmail.com
Abstract: In this present study flood induced area of Banki and Banki-Dampara block, Cuttack, Odisha, India have
been extracted by using geo-spatial technique. We extracted flooded area by using image interpretation method on
Landsat sat ETM+ satellite imagery. To extract flood water in the study area we taken satellite data of 11th Sep
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2011. The total flooded area was 178.31 km2 in Banki and Dampara block of Cuttack District, Odisha, India.
Keywords: Geo-spatial technique, Landsat satellite imagery and flood.
96 HOT PIXEL IDENTIFICATION USING SATELLITE HYPER-SPECTRAL DATA
PIYUSH KUMAR GAURAV*, VIVEK KUMAR GAUTAM, P MURUGAN, M ANNADURAI
ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangalore, Karnataka, INDIA
Email: piyush@isac.gov.in
Abstract: Remote Sensing using Satellite images has started playing a pivotal role in resource management and
planning, dynamic monitoring, disaster management and mitigation and other day to day phenomena. As the field
has progressed, hyper-spectral imaging has shown its impact in precise identification and distinction of features
owing to the high spectral resolution of these images. This study aims to detect features with marked Temperature
difference from their surroundings using their spectral characteristics in certain Short Wave Infra Red (SWIR)
bands. This paper illustrates the effectiveness of this approach in distinguishing hot pixels from various classes
namely Vegetation, Water bodies, Urban areas and Clouds by means of their spectral responses. The significance of
the research can be well utilized for identification of events/disasters which deals with high temperature phenomena
such as active volcanoes, forest fires etc.
Keywords: Hyper-spectral, Thermal, Spectral characteristics, Hyperion, Hot Pixels
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF BAND RATIO AND DERIVATIVE RATIO
100
ALGORITHMS IN CHLOROPHYLL-a ESTIMATION USING HYPERSPECTRAL DATA
P.MURUGAN1,2,*, R.SIVAKUMAR1, R.PANDIYAN2 AND M.ANNADURAI2
1
Department of civil Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu, India
2
ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangalore, India. Email: palanimuruga64@gmail.com, muru@isac.gov.in
Abstract: Water body management is essential to supply quality water to the requirement of drinking, agriculture
and industries. Estimation of water quality in dams, lakes, rivers is paramount activity in quality control. As
phytoplankton concentration is based on the physical and chemical state of the water, it is a good indicator and its
concentration represents water quality. As Chlorophyll-a(Chl-a) is a color pigment that exists in phytoplankton,
estimation of Chl-a concentration provides the phytoplankton concentration. Conventional Chl-a measurement
method that includes sample collection, chl-a extraction to chemicals and testing at lab takes long time to provide
result. The remote sensing methods that measure the reflectance provides Chl-a concentration in near real time.
Many reflectance based algorithms like Band ratio, three band model, four band model and first order derivative
based algorithms like derivative data and derivative ratio methods are used to estimate Chl-a concentration. The
chl-a absorption is more in red region and less in Near Infrared region. The ratio of reflectance at two bands
provides chlorophyll concentration. Similarly the derivative ratio in this region also reflects the Chl-a
concentration. In this study, the performance of two band ratio methods of reflective and derivative were compared
using high spectral resolution data acquired using in-situ spectroradiometer at Madiwala lake, Bangalore. These
estimated values were correlated with measured values and correlation coefficients were calculated. Relation
between the reflectance, derivative values with chlorophyll-a concentration was established through regression
study.
Keywords: Chlorophyll-a, Spectroradiometer, Hyperspectral, Derivative, Water quality
GROUNDWATER PROSPECTS MAPPING IN KORAPUZHA RIVER BASIN, KERALA, INDIA
104 - AN INTEGRATED APPROACH USING MULTICRITERIA DECISION MAKING AND GIS
TECHNIQUES
AMAL P.SIVADAS1,JESIYA N P2 AND GIRISH GOPINATH2
1
Department of Marine Geology And Geophysics, Cochin University of Science And Technology, Kerala, INDIA
2
Centre for Water Resources Development and Management, Kerala, INDIA
Email:amalpsivadas@gmail.com , jesynp@gmail.com,gg@cwrdm.org
Abstract: Groundwater is a dynamic and replenishing natural resource. But in hard rock terrains, availability of
groundwater is of limited extent. Occurrence of groundwater in such rock is essentially confined to fractured and
weathered horizons. Poor knowledge about this resource, because of its hidden in nature and its occurrence in
complex subsurface formations, has been and is still a big obstacle to the efficient management of this important
resource. The present study aims in the identification and delineation of groundwater potential zones by combining
remote sensing, geoinformatics and multiple decision making tool (AHP analysis) techniques in Korapuzha river
basin which falls in Kozhikode districts of Kerala. Thematic layers of the factors which affecting groundwater
potential such as Geology, Geomorphology, Soil, Slope, Drainage, Drainage density and Land use-Land cover
classes were generated using primary and secondary spatial and non-spatial data as input in the ArcGIS
environment. The features were assigned weightages accordingly to the magnitude of groundwater potential zones.
The pair wise comparison matrix method, AHP (Analytical Hierarchical Process) was used to calculate the
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normalized weight of individual parameters. Further the normalized weighted layers were overlaid using spatial
analyst tool in ArcGIS10 for the preparation of the final groundwater potential zone map. The final maps result
reveals that, out of the 643 sq.km area of Korapuzha river basin, 146.95 (22.84%) sq.km area is identified as very
good potential for groundwater prospecting zone. The high potential zone is underlain by gently sloping coastal
alluvium having low drainage density. 237.46 Sq.km (36.91%) of the total area having good and 159.5 sq.km
(24.8%) characterized with moderate potential for groundwater prospecting. Areas have been underlain by thick
laterite and intervening valleys with gentle to moderate slope contributes good to moderate potential zone in the
river basin. The poor groundwater potential zone is occupying 99.30 sq.km (15.43%) of the total area of the
korapuzha river basin. Eastern region with steep terrain occupied with denudational hills, high drainage density,
and thin soil cover results in poor groundwater yield.
Keywords: Groundwater prospects, Analytical hierarchy process (AHP), Remote sensing and GIS, Korapuzha
River.
STUDY ON REDUCTION IN DELAY DUE TO ROAD ACCIDENTS USING VARIABLE
107
MESSAGE SIGN
GANGHA G1, ARUNIMA JAYAKUMAR1 AND NIRMAL KUMAR P2
1
Assistant Professor, Dept of Civil Engg, SRM University, Kattangulathur, Chennai, INDIA
2
Transport Planner, L & T Infrastructure Engineering Limited, Chennai, INDIA
Email:gangha11@gmail.com, arwinma@gmail.com, nirmal_nirmal2007@yahoo.com
Abstract: Road accidents cause loss of life or property damage. It also imposes a substantial cost to society, when
delays, congestion and secondary accidents are taken into consideration. They are the major contributors to lack of
reliability and thus there is a need for Traffic Management. An Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) technology
is used to manage the incidents by incorporating Incident Management System (IMS) in the form of Variable
Message Signs (VMS). IMS is the systematic, planned and coordinated use of various resources to reduce the
duration and impact of road accidents, and to improve the safety of motorists, crash victims and its responders. This
paper presents a traffic simulation approach to evaluate the impacts of incident management system (Variable
Message Sign). The study was carried out in major arterial roads of Tiruchirappalli city. The traffic characteristics
of the road network namely traffic volume (veh/h) and speed (km/h) were obtained using video graphic survey.
Base scenario i.e. existing network was created, calibrated and performance measures were evaluated using
VISSIM simulation software. The calibrated model was used for evaluating the accident impacts incorporating
various parameters such as accident duration, VMS activation time and response time. In this paper, one accident at
the most common location was modelled for the selected road network considering the historical data. And the
effect of VMS was studied along with the performance measure such as delay and travel time.
Keywords: Accidents, Traffic Management, Micro-simulation, Travel information
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATION IN GROUNDWATER QUALITY AND IMPACT OF
110
SEW WATER IN THE CAUVERY DELTA, SOUTH INDIA
ASWIN KOKKAT, P JEGATHAMBAL AND E J JAMES
Water Institute, Karunya University, Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India 641114
Email: kokkataswin@gmail.com
Abstract: The spatial and temporal groundwater quality of the Cauvery delta in Tamil Nadu was studied.
Groundwater samples were collected from fifty locations during the post monsoon season (February 2014) and the
pre monsoon season (June 2014). The collected samples were analyzed for physicochemical characteristics like pH,
EC, TDS, TH, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl-, S042-, CO3- and HCO3-. Geographical Information System (GIS) was
used for the preparation of maps showing spatial and temporal distribution of water quality parameters in the study
area. The changes in the concentration of various water quality parameters were evident in spatial distribution
maps. The study highlighted that 56% of samples in the post monsoon season and 46% of samples in the pre
monsoon season are fit for drinking. The values of total hardness suggest that all samples in both the seasons fall in
the category of very hard water. The results of the present study are expected to be of great use for the Cauvery
delta. The delta is important from the points of view of agriculture and ecology.
Keywords: Groundwater, water quality, spatial variation, Cauvery delta
RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION AND VARIABILITY IN COIMBATORE DISTRICT,
160
TAMILNADU USING GIS TECHNIQUE
SUKUMAR S1, DEVADASS C S C 2 AND BREMA J3
1
Assistant Professor, Nehru Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
2
Professor, Karunya University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
3
Professor, Nehru Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
Email: sukumar.gis@gmail.com devadass@karunya.edu bjayanarayanan@gmail.com
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Abstract: Among the climatic elements the rainfall is the first index, ever thought of by farmers and climatic
analyzers as it is the most important single factor which determines the cropping pattern of an area in general and
the type of crop to be cultivated and its success or failure in particular. Therefore, the present study deals the
rainfall characteristics of the Coimbatore District, which includes the spatial distribution and variability through
different seasons, and frequency occurrences have been analysed through GIS environs. The study has used the
long term 20 years (1995-2014) mean monthly rainfall data for 33 rain gauge stations, located in and around
Coimbatore district. The mean annual rainfall variability of the study area is 28.3%. The area in and around
Coimbatore district experiences high abnormality as the annual precipitation is 53.71% whereas the lowest is about
21.12% at Bhavai sagar. The entire study area is subjected to larger temporal fluctuations rather than the spatial
distribution of rainfall. The south, southwest and northwestern parts of the district experience the heavy rainfall
whereas the least rainfall areas are the east, northeast and southeastern parts of the district.
Keywords: Rainfall, Remote Sensing, GIS
Material Sciences and Engineering

11 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HIGH CALCIUM FLYASH GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE
V.C.PRABHA1 AND V.REVATHI2
1
Assistant Professor , 2Professor & Head
Department of Civil engineering, K.S.R. College of Engineering, Tiruchengode, Tamilnadu, INDIA
Email: prabhacsamy@gmail.com, revthiru2002@yahoo.com
Abstract: In the present study, the Portland cement was fully replaced with high calcium fly ash to produce the
geopolymer concrete. Alkaline liquids were used in different combination in the source material. The alkaline
liquids used in this study for the polymerization was sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3).
Steam curing was given to the high calcium flyash geopolymer mortar specimens. Based on many trials on
compressive strength of high calcium flyash geopolymer mortar at 3, 7, 28, 56, 91 days, the optimum mix
combination was chosen for the further study on concrete. Upon the optimum mix combination, strength properties
such as compressive strength, split tensile strength and modulus of elasticity were determined. Test results depict
that strength properties of high calcium fly ash geopolymer concrete (HCFA GPC) were marginally higher under
steam curing than ambient curing.
Keywords : Geopolymer, High Calcium fly ash, Alkaline Liquid, Steam Curing, Strength Properties
UTILIZATION OF GROUND GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG AND PULVERIZED
18
FLY ASH IN THE MANUFACTURE OF STABILIZED MUD BLOCKS
VENKATA LAKSHMI YARLAGADDA1 AND DR. BEULAH M2
1
PG Student, 2Assistant Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Christ University, Bangalore, Karnataka, INDIA.
Email: 1lakshmi.yarlagadda3@gmail.com, 2m.beulah@christuniversity.in
Abstract: The present research work is on manufacturing mud bricks with red mud and replacing cement totally
with stabilizers. In both economic point of view and use of eco-friendly materials, compressed mud bricks are used
extensively as a construction material. The main objective of this paper is to present a feasibility study on the
characteristics of the red mud bricks with Stabilizers such as GGBS, PFA, Lime etc., under different testing
parameters such as compressive strength, water absorption, initial rate of absorption, efflorescence, SEM, EDAX or
EDS and XRD.
Keywords: GGBS, Mud blocks, PFA and PC.
CHARACTERISTIC OF CONCRETE CONTAINING WASTE FOUNDRY SAND AND SLAG
20
SAND
JOJU JOSE1 AND NABIL HOSSINEY2
1
PG Student, 2Assistant Professor, Department Of Civil Engineering, Christ University, Bangalore, Karnataka,
INDIA
Email: jojujose92@gmail.com, nabil.jalall@christuniversity.in
Abstract: In metal casting process foundry industries dispose huge quantity of waste sand into landfills, causing
harmful impact on environment. Therefore, its effective use in cement concrete needs to be investigated. In this
research, an attempt was made to evaluate the properties of concrete containing waste foundry sand as a partial
replacement to slag sand. Concrete mixtures with 0%, 15%, 30% & 45% waste foundry sand replaced partially by
weight of slag sand, with mix proportion of M25 grade were produced in laboratory. An additional mix with 30%
waste foundry sand replaced for the sieve sizes 300m, 150m & 75m was also proportioned. Both fresh and
hardened properties were investigated. Water/cement ratio of 0.45 was kept constant for all the mixes. Hardened
properties included compressive strength, split tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, drying shrinkage and flexural
strength at different curing periods. The test results showed that strength properties show a decreasing trend with
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the increase in waste foundry sand content in cement concrete. For 28 days maximum decrease in compressive
strength was 39% for concrete mixtures containing 45% WFS, when compared to reference mixture. The mixtures
containing waste foundry sand replaced more than 30% showed very high shrinkage. Among all the strength
properties, flexural strength was found to be least affected by WFS. From this limited study it can be concluded that
concrete containing waste foundry sand up to 15% can be effectively used for structural applications. Higher
replacements can be tried in non-structural applications like concrete pavements.
Keywords: Waste foundry sand (WFS), Cement concrete, Slag sand, Drying shrinkage
ECO-EFFICIENT FIBER REINFORCED SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE FOR
25
REPLACEMENTS OF CEMENT AND NATURAL SAND WITH WASTE MATERIALS
PRASAD M.L.V1, PRASENJIT SAHA2, ABHILASHA.S3, HEMANT.G3 AND MOUSUMI.K3
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Silchar, Assam, India
2
Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Silchar, Assam, India
3
B.Tech Students, Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Silchar, Assam, India
E-mail: prasadsmlv@gmail.com
Abstract: Sustainable Construction implies adoption of material and products in buildings and other infrastructure
using fewer natural resources encouraging the use of recycled materials. In the present work, Cement is partially
replaced with fly ash and Natural River Sand (NRS) is partially replaced with Quarry Rock Dust (QRD) and Used
Foundry Sand (UFS) for develop M40 grade of Eco-Self Compacting Concrete (Eco-SCC). E-Glass is also used a
fibers for enhancing the performance of concrete. The objective of this work is hence to develop a Eco-SCC using
waste materials. It was found from the study that with optimum dosages of Fly ash as replacement of Cement and
QRD, UFS as replacement in NRS it is possible to develop Eco-SCC. The target strength could be achieved
satisfying the fresh properties of SCC as per EFNARC specifications. Also, the split tensile strength and flexural
strengths could be further improved with glass fiber addition.
Keywords: Fly ash, Quarry Rock Dust, Used Foundry Sand, Natural River Sand, Eco-Self Compacting Concrete,
Glass Fiber, Mechanical Properties, fiber effect on strength.
INFLUENCE OF ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLE ON STRENGTH AND DURABILITY OF
56
CEMENT MORTAR
D NIVETHITHA1, S DHARMAR2
1
P.G Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, P.S.R. Engineering College, Sivakasi, India.
2
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, P.S.R. Engineering College, Sivakasi, India.
Email: nivicivil93@gmail.com
Abstract: This paper presents the mechanical and durable properties of cement mortar having nano-particle of Zinc
Oxide (NZ) with the average particle size of 60nm. The cement was partially substituted by NZ of 0, 1, 3 and 5%
by weight of cement. The blended mortar was prepared using cement-sand ratio of 1:1 and 1:2 by weight with
water-binder ratio as 0.35. The compressive and split tensile strength was obtained at 7 and 28 days. Durability
properties such as impact strength, water absorption, sorptivity and also microstructure of mortar were studied. The
results indicate that the mechanical properties of sample comprising 3% and 5% ZnO nanoparticles are desired than
traditional mortar. The comparable improvement was seen with durability properties. Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM) study about microstructure of cement mortar enhanced with ZnO nanoparticles and plain
cement mortar illustrated ZnO nanoparticle fills the pores completely and accelerate the hydration process of
cement particles, which leads to increase in mechanical strength and durability of Nano-cement mortar specimens.
Key words: Cement mortar, ZnO nanoparticle, Mechanical and durable properties, SEM.
59 EFFECTIVENESS OF BAMBOO FIBER AS AN STRENGTH ENHANCER IN CONCRETE
S KAVITHA1 AND DR. T FELIXKALA2
1
Research scholar, Dr.M.G.R Educational and Research Institute university, Chennai, INDIA
2
Professor & HOD, Dr.M.G.R Educational and Research Institute university, Chennai , INDIA
Email:sajjalakavitha@gmail.com, kalastruct@yahoo.co.in
Abstract: Fibers are generally used as resistance of cracking and strengthening of concrete. Normally various
fibers are used in the concrete mix to attain the desired strength and resistance. Recently, in the attention in
response to global warming issues and sustainable society, the manufacturing, using natural materials has become
actively in the developing countries. Bamboo, low cost, fast growing, and broad distribution of growth, is expected
to contribute significantly to earthquake-resistant construction and seismic retrofit technology in the developing
countries. The authors have been studied for understanding the mechanical behavior of bamboo fiber reinforced
concrete member. From these experimental work, the possibility of effective using of Bamboo' is discussed.
Similarly results were also obtained for different fiber aspect ratios, where again results showed there was an aspect
ratio(40). An increase in fiber weight fraction provided a consistent increase in ductility up to the optimum content
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(1.0%) with corresponding fiber aspect ratio of 40. Overall the study has demonstrated that addition of Bamboo
fiber to concrete leads to improvement of concrete strength the toughness torsion and the tensile stress, further
work is however, required to assess the long term durability of concrete enhanced with Bamboo fibers.
Keywords: Bamboo fibers, Aspect ratio, compression strength, tensile strengths, torsion.
IMPACT STUDY ON FERROCEMENT SLABS WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF MORTAR
72
MATRICES
SEERAM APOORVA1, M.SAIHARAN1, M.ARAVINTHAN1, H.THAMIM ANSARI1 AND M.NEELAMEGAM2
1
Under Graduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Easwari Engineering College, Chennai, India.
2
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Easwari Engineering College, Chennai, India.
Email: seeram94@gmail.com, msaiharan@gmail.com, 19.aravind.02@gmail.com, thamim258@gmail.com,
mnmegam@gmail.com
Abstract: This paper presents the experimental investigation of Ferrocement slabs subjected to impact test. A total
of 24 slabs are tested that includes varying materials (ingredients) and number of reinforcing meld layers. The mix
proportions include variable additive materials for the specimens preparation and compared with the conventional
slab. From the drop weight impact test, it is observed from the results that the number of reinforcing layers improve
the impact energy absorption and also have influence in confining the fragments mix together. From the
comparison the mix containing cement, sand and 10% addition of Fumed Silica and 40% replacement of cement
with GGBS to the volume of cement. These specimens showed increase in the energy absorption compared to other
mixes
Keywords: Ferrocement Slabs, Impact Testing, Impact Energy, Galvanised meshes
STRENGTH PROPERTIES 0F ROLLER COMPACTED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
93
CONTAINING FLY ASH AND TRIANGULAR POLYESTER FIBRE
PRAMOD KESHAV KOLASE1, DR ATUL K DESAI2, SHIVAMANTH A1
1
Ph.D Scholar Applied Mechanics Department, SVNIT, Surat-395007, INDIA
2
Professor, Applied Mechanics Department, SVNIT, Surat-395007, INDIA
Email : pramodkolase@gmail.com, atuldesai61@gmail.com, shiva05cv@gmail.com
Abstract: The use of roller compacted concrete (RCC) in pavements are widely used for a variety of industrial and
heavy duty pavement application that involves low-speed traffic. The aim of this investigation is to evaluate the
effect of fly ash and triangular polyester fiber (TPF) on mechanical properties of RCC mixtures addressed. Optimal
water content value for the maximum dry density of each RCC mixture is one of the main concerns for mix design.
In this study, an effect of TPF used as 0.25%, 50% and 0.75% per one cum with fly ash 15%, 30% and 45% by
cement weight as a partial cement replacement on optimum water content, mechanical properties was investigated.
The mechanical properties of RCC mix with TPF decrease due to water requirement increase. RCC mixtures with
fly ash 30% partial replacement of cement and TPF at 90 days curing should be designed to fulfill the requirement
of strength and workability.
Keywords: RCC, Fly ash, TPF, optimum water content, mechanical properties
113 VISCOSITY GRADED APPROACH FOR QUALITY CONTROL OF BITUMEN
DR.M.S.RANADIVE1 AND VINAYAK BOBADE2
1
Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engg, College of Engineering, Pune, INDIA
2
M. Tech. student (Construction & Management), College of Engineering, Pune, INDIA
Email: msr.civil@coep.ac.in, vinubobade000@gmail.com
Abstract: There is a need of maintenance of road during the construction as well as after the construction. To
improve the quality of road construction one has to observe strict quality assurance and its control. This paper is
related to quality control of roads through viscosity graded approach. In viscosity grade, viscosity tests are
conducted at 60O C and 135OC which represents the temperature of road surface during summer and mixing
temperature respectively. Various laboratory tests and analysis are carried out from the test results. From that we
can ascertain the quality of bitumen and compare it with the given standards and quality of bitumen was observed
after passing through Rolling Thin Film Oven (RTFO). As the time passes, there is change in bitumen content,
density and gradation of material. We can see that there is a reduction in these properties after the years of
construction. And by this we can predict the quality of road layers. Further, 16 ongoing as well as previously
constructed road projects in Pune, India were selected, bitumen samples as well as cores from these sites were
collected and tested as per the viscosity grading and compared with the standards. A statistical analysis of all these
test results was carried out.
Keywords: Bitumen, Quality control, Viscosity, RTFO, Gradation
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EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION FOR MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF RECYCLED
117
AGGREGATE CONCRETE
DR. P.S.KULKARNI1, A. GHATGE2, O. KANK2, A. NAIR2, R. ASWAR2
1
Associate prof. Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology, Pune, INDIA
2
B.E student, Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology, Pune, INDIA
Email: preeti.kulkarni@viit.ac.in
Abstract: Use of construction and demolition waste materials in form of recycled aggregates (RA) can be an
important breakthrough towards sustainable development. The utilization of waste construction materials should be
related to the application of quality guarantee systems to achieve suitable product properties. Modulus of elasticity
(E) of concrete is an important factor which is an indication of stiffness of concrete. E value for conventional
concrete is considered as 25 Gpa. However the actual values of conventional concrete can be greater than or less
than 25 Gpa. Moreover for Recycld aggregate concrete (RAC), the E value depends on the type of RA used and its
replacement percentage in concrete. Thus this project is an attempt to experimentally determine the Modulus of
elasticity of concrete at various percentage replacement of RA. Experimentally it was seen that as the percentage
replacement of RA in concrete increases the E value decreases. The alignment of RA in concrete and the E value of
RA itself affect the E value of RAC. A comparison of experimental E value and E value calculated using formula
devised by earlier research was done which shows that the calculated E values of RAC is under or overestimated
than experimental values.
Keywords: Modulus of elasticity, Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC), Recycled aggregates (RA), Percentage
replacement
Architecture and Building Engineering

26 PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF TRAVEL TIME USE
YOSRITZAL
Transportation Research Group, Civil Engineering Department, Andalas University, Padang, INDONESIA
Email:yosritzal@gmail.com
Abstract: There is an increasing interest in understanding travel behaviour to predict the effect of a policy into the
shape of transportation system. However, less attention has been given to the psychological aspect of the system
that leads to travel behaviour changing. This paper overview a comprehensive research that combined
psychological related research area into transportation especially travel behaviour. Specifically, this paper overview
several studies on the psychological aspect of travel time with respect to the positive utility of travel time in data
collection and analysis. There are three aspects of the effects discussed in this paper such as perception of time,
attitudes, and value of time. The integration of the psychological research methods into transportation offers a deep
understanding of travel behaviour at individual as well as aggregate level.
Keywords: psychological influence, positive utility of travel time, travel behavior
INVESTIGATION ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF COARSE AGGREGATE USING E-
81
WASTE IN CONCRETE
1 2 3
BALASUBRAMANIAN. B , DR. GOPALA KRISHNA. GVT AND DR. SARASWATHY.V
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Mother Terasa College of Engineering and Technology,
Pudukottai, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
2
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, PSNA College of Engineering and Technology, Dindigul, INDIA
3
Chief Scientist, Corrosion and Material Protection Division, CSIR-CECRI, Karaikudi
Email: balanice24@gmail.com
Abstract: Waste from Electric and Electronic Equipments (WEEEs) is currently considered to be one of the
fastest growing waste streams in the world, with an estimated growth rate going from 3% up to 5% per year. Solid
waste management is one of the major environment concerns in the world. With the scarcity of space for landfilling
and due to its ever increasing cost, waste utilization has become an attractive alternative to disposal. Total
replacement of concrete is not possible due to no material plays the role of concrete in terms of strength, durability
and workability. So we have to partially replace all the material to achieve desire properties of concrete. In this
paper an experimental work have been done to determine the compressive strength, tensile strength and flexural
strength of concrete by using E-Waste as a partial replacement material for coarse aggregate. Different types of
conventional cubes with partial replacement of E-waste on a percentage of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% to
coarse aggregate with water cement ratio as 0.5 was made. The main aim of this study recommends the recycling of
E-waste as an aggregate in the production of new concrete.
Keywords: E-Waste, Compressive Strength, Split Tensile Strength, Flexural Strength, Concrete
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PERFORMANCE ON THE STUDY OF NANO MATERIALS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF
87
SUSTAINABLE CONCRETE
S.SANJU1, S.SHARADHA1, J. REVATHY2
1
M.Tech Structural Engineering, B.S Abdur Rahman University, Chennai, INDIA
2
Professor, B.S Abdur Rahman University, Chennai, INDIA;
Email: s.sanjana357@gmail.com
Abstract: This study focuses on the effect of incorporating nano particles such as nano Al 2O3, nano Fe2O3 and
nano SiO2 on mechanical and durability properties of concrete. Nano particles were added in three different
dosages of 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% of weight of the cementitious material into the concrete mixture. Experimental
investigations on nano modified concrete were conducted after 28 days of water curing to obtain the mechanical
properties such as compressive strength and split tensile strength of specimen. Also, Rapid Chloride Penetration
Test (RCPT) and water absorption test were investigated for obtaining the durability properties of concrete
specimen. Binary combination of nano Al2O3 + nano SiO2 and nano SiO2 + nano Fe2O3 were also considered to
study the combined effect of the nano particles. Also, a micro-structural characteristic of nano modified concrete
was done through the scanning electron microscope. Test results of the experimental study showed that
incorporation of nano particles proved to increase the particle packing by reducing permeable pores and makes
interfacial transition zone to be denser which enhanced the strength and durability properties of concrete. A
significant performance was observed with the addition of nano silica in to the concrete when compared to the
other nanoparticles.
Keywords: Concrete, durability, nano modified, nano Al2O3, nano Fe2O3, nano SiO2
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON EFFECT OF HYBRID FIBER ON HIGH
112
STRENGTH SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE AND VIBRATED CONCRETE
K.J.N. SAI NITESH1, S.VENKATESWARA RAO2
1
Research Scholar, Civil Engineering, NIT Warangal, Telangana, INDIA.
2
Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering, NIT Warangal,Telangana, INDIA.
Email: sainitesh3@gmail.com, svrao_civil@yahoo.co.in
Abstract: Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete (HFRC) is formed from a combination of different types of fibres,
which differ in material properties, remain bonded together when added in concrete and retain their identities and
properties. The present experimental investigation focuses on hybrid fibre reinforced concrete (combination of
hooked end steel fibre and glass fiber) for Self-Compacting concrete (SCC) and vibrated concrete (VC). This
investigation is done for a M60 grade concrete with steel fiber dosage of 0.5% and glass fiber dosage of 0.034% for
both SCC and VC. The fresh and hardened properties were studied for both concretes. Pulse velocity test and
Rebound hammer tests were conducted at different ages to assess the quality of concrete. Test results showed that
the addition of suitable fraction volume of glass and steel fiber can enhance the mechanical properties of the SCC
and at the same time the flowing and passing abilities still within the accepted limits. Also incorporation of glass
fibres had enhanced the ductility of self-compacting concrete. NDT tests revealed inclusion of fibers improve the
surface hardness, homogeneity and quality of concrete.
Keywords: Steel fibers, Glass fibers, Hybrid fibers, self-compacting concrete, Vibrated concrete, fiber
reinforcement.
EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC RAW SEWAGE ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
115
INCORPORATING GGBS (GROUND GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG)
SHILPA S. RATNOJI1, PRAVEEN S.MALLAPUR2, SHASHANK KANAVALLI3 AND K. B. PRAKASH4
1
Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, Karanataka, India
2&3
M.Tech. Students, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, Karanataka, India
4
Professor & Principal, Government Engineering College, Haveri, Karnataka, India
Email: shilpa_5sr@yahoo.co.in, Kbprakash04@gmail.com , praveenm3720@gmail.com &
shashankkanavalli@gmail.com
Abstract: Concrete is generally used as the main component for the construction of wastewater treatment units.
The raw sewage containing chlorides, sulphates, biogenic sulphates, and being acidic in nature has a significant
effect on the strength properties. Supplementary cementitious material GGBS are being used in increasing
quantities in concrete and have shown to provide concrete with increased strength properties in this particular
environment. The experimental analysis was done with a total of 9 different concrete mixes which were prepared
with partial replacement of cement with GGBS at various proportions of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%
and 40% and cured in normal tap water for 28days and then immersed in wastewater for 90days. The specimens
were tested for compressive, split tensile and flexural strength for the purpose to identify the optimum dosage of
GGBS that performs better in wastewater environments. The test results proved that the concrete mixtures
containing GGBS at proportions 25-30% in replacement of cement had not much effect on strength properties and
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can perform better in such wastewater environments compared to other mixes when tested for respective 28 and
90days strength.
Keywords: Curing, compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, mix design
STUDY ON CONCRETE WITH SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH AS A PARTIAL
130
REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT USING HCL SOLUTION
S.NAGA BHARGAVI1 AND Y.ANAND BABU2
1
Post Graduate Student, MVR College of Engineering, Paritala, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA
2
Associate Professor, MVR College of Engineering, Paritala, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA
Email:bhargavi2164@gmail.com
Abstract: This investigation is focused on the partial replacements of Portland cement by Sugarcane Bagasse Ash
in concrete. The utilization of industrial & agricultural waste produced by industrial process has been the focus of
waste reduction research for economic, environmental & technical reasons. Sugarcane Bagasse is a fibrous waste
product of sugar refining industry causing serious environmental pollution, which calls for urgent ways of handling
the waste. Bagasse ash mainly contains aluminum ion, silica, iron &calcium oxides. The ash therefore becomes an
industrial waste and poses disposal problems. In this paper the influence of partial cement replacement with
Sugarcane Bagasse ash in concrete subjected to different curing environments has been studied by Experimental
investigation on acid resistance of concrete in HCL solution. The variable factors considered in this study were
concrete grade of M35 & curing periods of 7days, 28 days, 60 days, 90days, and 180 days of the concrete
specimens. The parameter investigated was the time in days to cause strength deterioration factor of fully immersed
concrete specimens in 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% HCL solution. Bagasse ash has been chemically & physically
characterized & partially replaced in the ratio of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%. Fresh concrete tests like compaction
factor test and hardened concrete tests like compressive strength at the age of 7days, 28 days, 90, 180 days was
obtained.
Keywords: Concrete, Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash, partial Replacement of Cement, HCL, Strength & Durability.
DISPERSION CHARACTERISTICS AND FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR OF CONCRETE USING
131
NANO TITANIUM DIOXIDE
ARAVIND. R1, DEVASENA.M2, SREEVIDYA.V3 AND M.VADIVEL4
1
P.G Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Krishna College of Technology, India.
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Krishna College of Technology, India.
3
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Krishna College of Technology, India.
4
Associate Professor & Head, Nehru Institute of Technology, INDIA
Email:1devasene@skct.edu.in 2 v.sreevidya@skct.edu.in 3 ajay.aravind234@gmail.com
Abstract: Cement is one of the most commonly used construction materials due to its low cost, high mechanical
strength and workability. The mechanical behavior of concrete materials depends to a great extent on structural
elements and phenomena which are effective on a micro- and nanoscale. The ability to target material modification
at the Nano structural level promises to improve significantly the mechanical performance, volume change
properties, durability, and sustainability of concrete. In recent years nanotechnology has become very active in
research areas due to its smaller size and high surface area. Nano technology has attracted considerable scientific
interest due to the new potential uses of particles in the order of nanometer (10-9 mscale. Nanomaterials have a
larger value of the ratio between surface area and volume than other similar particles in larger size, making the
nanomaterials more reactive. The focus of this study was to explore the useof nanotechnology-based nano filament,
TITANIUM DIOXIDE (TiO2), as reinforcement for improving the mechanical properties of Portland cement paste.
In order to maintain good workability of concrete conplast was utilized in the present investigation. Furthermore
corrosion resistance and setting time of concrete are also monitored. Dispersion characteristics of Nano TiO 2 were
also monitored with the help of X RAY Diffractiontest. Flexural behavior of this concrete was monitored with the
help of a structural member. These propertiesgive the importance of TiO 2 as an additive to the improvement of
properties of cement.
Keywords: Nano titanium Dioxide, mechanical properties, X ray diffraction, Flexural behavior
MANAGING THE BUILDING CONSTRAINTS IN INDIA BY COMPARING WITH
133
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES USING ANT COLONY METHOD OF OPTIMIZATION
ASWATHY NANDAKUMAR#,K. SHOBANA*, M. VADIVEL+
#
M.E Student, Nehru Institute of Technology,Coimbatore, Tamilnadu ,INDIA
*
Assistant Professor, Nehru Institute of Technology,Coimbatore, Tamilnadu ,INDIA
+
Associate Professor& Head of the Department, Nehru Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, INDIA
Email:aswathynandakumar11@gmail.com, shobi.rythm@gmail.com , vadivelnitcbe@gmail.com
Abstract: The Indian construction industry is an integral part of countrys economy and its growth and a conduit
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for a substantial part of Indias development investment. The industry plays a pivotal role in developing the
countrys infrastructure, a pre-requisite for high levels of economic growth. In the construction project cost is the
most important factor to be considered in the planning of every project. There is a constant rise in the use of
innovative contract methods which provide incentives for maximizing quality. There is an increasing pressure to
improve the project performance due to the innovative contracting methods which necessitate developing models
incorporating quality along with time and cost. The aim of project is the comparison of building constraints in India
with the developed countries using Ant colony optimization in MAT LAB. This paper proposed an Ant colony
method of optimization it is a metaheuristic optimization technique inspired from biological behavior of ant,
approaching shortest path for food finding, using chemical substance-pheromone laid by ant on her path. A.
Optimization is a systematic effort made to improve profit margins and obtain the best results under given
circumstances. Building energy, Material cost, Labour cost and plant cost of project delivery are among the crucial
aspects of each project.. In this paper, new metaheuristic ant algorithm is used to compare the parameters with
developed countries and to optimize the cost, building energy of buildings in India.
Keywords: Mat lab, Ant colony optimization, Material cost, Labour cost, Plant cost
FLEXTURAL STRENGTH BEHAVIOUR OF PERVIOUS CONCRETE USING FIBER AND
134
MINERAL ADMIXTURES
BHUVANESH K V1, DR.SREEVIDYA.V2, DR.HEMA.S3 AND M.VADIVEL4
1
2
3
4
Associate Professor & Head, Nehru Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, INDIA
Email:bhuvaneshkv96@gmail.com
Abstract: Pervious concrete has been used for over 30 years. Because of its high porosity, the most common
usages have been in the area of storm water management, but have been limited to use in pavements with low
volume traffic because of its low compressive strength compared to conventional concrete. Fly ash and glass fibers
have been shown in numerous post studies to increase the strength and durability of conventional concrete. In this
study, six batches of pervious concrete with different amounts of aggregate, cement, fly ash and glass fibers were
prepared to find the mix that generated high compressive strength and study the effect of fly ash on the compressive
strength and permeability of pervious concrete. Materials used in this study were selected based on literature
reviews and recommendations from local sources. Unconfined compressive strength tests were carried out on
pervious concrete specimens with fly ash contents of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% by weight of the total
cementitious materials. Falling head permeability tests were carried out on specimens having 5% and 30% fly ash.
The results indicated the pervious concrete containing 5% fly ash can achieve compressive strength greater than
3,000 psi at void content of 10%, and a compressive strength 2,300 psi with a permeability of 0.13 cm/s at a void
content of 15%. The pervious concrete with 30% fly ash had a compressive strength of 2,000 psi and the
permeability of 0.21 cm/s at a void content of 15.8%. Also various size of coarse aggregate is used such as 10mm,
20mm, 40 mm. A set of slab is designed for testing bending moment, flextural strength, deformation and ductility
factor of pervious concrete.
Keywords: Pervious concrete Concrete, Material Properties, Hardened Concrete Properties.
RATE ANALYSIS AND MITIGATION OF COST OVERRUN BY FORECASTING
135
ESCALATION
CHRISTINA ELDHO# AND M . VADIVEL*
Email:chris.eldho@gmail.com, vadivelnitcbe@gmail.com
Abstract: Over the past few years the construction industry has been facing several problems due to rapid increase
in the price of construction materials, labour, interest charges and equipment cost. Rate escalation is defined as
changes in the cost or price of specific goods or services in a given economy over a period. In order to cope up
with the sudden price changes the provisions regarding contract price escalation should be rearranged systemically.
This paper focuses on the obtaining the rate of Cost escalation in Infrastructure for past years and forecasting
escalated cost for various building materials and labour for the upcoming years This project includes a research
regarding rate analysis of reasons behind cost escalation and the measures to mitigate it.
Keywords: Cost escalation, contract, construction
FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR AND DURABILITY STUDY OF CONCRETE ON USING LOW
136
DENSITY AGGREGATES
DHARMA PRAKASH.R1, DR.SREEVIDYA.V2, MS.JENIFAR MONICA.J3
1
2
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3
Email:v.sreevidya@skct.edu.in,dharma.silvershine@gmail.com
Abstract: Structural lightweight aggregate concrete is an important and versatile material, which offers a range of
technical, economic and environmental enhancing aspects. A decreased density for the same strength level reduces
the self-weight, foundation size and construction costs. Structural lightweight aggregate concrete is generally used
to reduce dead weight of structure as well as to reduce the risk of earthquake damages to a structure because the
earthquake forces that will influence the civil engineering structures are proportional to the mass of those
structures. The focus of present study explores the strength and durability properties of light weight aggregate
concrete. Two varied types of light weight aggregates namely vermiculite and perlite is been partially replaced with
coarse aggregate. Three different multistage mixing approaches were adopted with these two Light Weight
Aggregates by various percentages (of weight), 15%, 20% & 25%, to replace coarse aggregates. On using light
weight concrete it has better tensile strain capacity, lower coefficient of thermal expansion and superior heat and
sound isolation characteristics due to air voids of the lightweight aggregates. The effects on using light weight
concrete were studied by workability, compressive strength & split tensile strength. The durability study by
sulphate attack test was performed. The flexural behavior is monitored in beam by casting it with optimum
percentage mix for both replacing materials.
Keywords: Light Weight Concrete, Vermiculite Aggregate, Perlite Aggregate, Material Properties, Hardened
Concrete Properties.
STUDY ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LOW DENSITY CONCRETE WITH PARTIAL
137
REPLACEMENT OF COARSE AGGREGATE
DINESH.A1, DR. I. PADMANABAN2 AND DR. M. MARUTHACHALAM3
1
PG student, Sri Krishna College Of Technology, Coimbatore, INDIA
2
Head of the department, Sri Krishna College Of Technology, Coimbatore, ,INDIA
3
Head of the department, Sri Krishna College Of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, ,INDIA
Email:creatordinesh92@gmail.com, padmanaban.i@skct.edu.in
Abstract: Structural low density aggregate Concrete has an ability to reduce the self-weight of the structure as well
as reduces the risk of earthquake damages to a structure because earthquake forces are proportional to mass of the
structure. In Design of concrete structures, low density concrete plays a prominent role in reducing the density and
to increase the thermal insulation. These may relate to both structural integrity & serviceability. For structural
application of low density concrete, the density is often more important than the strength. A decreased density for
the same strength level reduces the self-weight, foundation size and construction costs. Low density aggregates
have high porosity, their resistance to chloride penetration is better than normal weight concrete because pores are
not interconnected. Exfoliated vermiculite is studied; it is used as a filler material because of its low bulk density,
high refractoriness, low thermal conductivity and adequate chemical inertness. All along vermiculite has high
amount of silica content. Thus effective utilisation of silica based materials as a building material. Structural low
density aggregate concrete is a versatile material, which offers a range of technical, economic and environmental-
enhancing. Structural low density aggregate concrete was designed with the use of expanded perlite aggregate,
expanded vermiculite aggregate, that will provide an advantage of reducing dead weight of structure and to obtain a
more economical structural low density concrete by the use of these materials as a replacement of the coarse
aggregate.
Keywords: Low Density Concrete, Exfoliated Vermiculite, Exfoliated Perlite, Mechanical Properties
STUDY ON STRENGTH BEHAVIOR OF AXIALLY LOADED CRACKED AND NON
138
CRACKED SHORT COLUMN USING WRAPPED FRP WIRE MESH
ELDHO JOHN1 AND DR.I.PADMANABAN2
1
ME student, 2Head of the Department, Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Krishna College of Technology,
Kovaipudur, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Email:eldho364@gmail.com, padmanaban.i@skct.edu.in
Abstract: In recent years Fibre Reinforced polymer gained wide use of strengthening and repairing works for the
beams columns and slabs of buildings and bridges. FRP is commonly used in the aerospace, automotive, marine,
construction industries and ballistic amour. The present study is mainly focused on the investigation of the effect
of externally bonded FRP upon the strength characteristics of R.C columns. Large number of studies on R.C
columns wills shows that the column will fail due to improper or insufficient confinement. In case of FRP, it will
provide effective confinement to the column, this property of FRP makes it much suitable as strengthening
material. So I had planned to study the effect of FRP on strength and durability aspect of RC column. For this
purpose 6 RC circular columns, dimensions 300mm height and 150mm diameter are to be considered. Among the 6
specimens, 2 will be confined with FRP wraps of single layer (3mm thickness), another 2 are confined with FRP
wraps of double layer (5mm thickness) and the rest were unconfined and are tested for compressive strength and
deflection using dial gauge. The axial bending of casted short column is wrapped with double layered FRP was
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performed and monitored, and a cracked section of short column was repaired using FRP and checked.
Keywords: Fibre Reinforced polymer, Wire mesh, RC circular columns, Confined, Unconfined, Strengthening
material.
STUDY OF TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS IN HIGH VOLUME FLY ASH CONCRETE
139
PAVEMENT SLAB
SINDHUJA J1, DR.SREEVIDYA.V2 AND M.VADIVEL3
1
2
3
Associate Professor & Head, Department of Civil Engineering, Nehru Institute of Technology, India.
Email:sindhujeyaram92@gmail.com, v.sreevidya@skct.edu.in ,vadivelnitcbe@gmail.com
Abstract: HVFAC has excellent workability, low heat of hydration, adequate early-age and high later-age
strengths, reduced drying shrinkage, reduced micro cracking, excellent durability characteristics while being more
economical and environment-friendly when compared to conventional concrete. Due to its superior performance
and engineering properties the development of HVFAC has opened new doors to sustainability of modern concrete
construction. The high-volume fly ash concrete system addresses all the sustainability issues, its adoption will
enable the concrete construction industry to become more sustainable. At high levels problems may be encountered
with extended set times and slow strength development, leading to low early-age strengths and delays in the rate of
construction. These drawbacks are overcomed by using fibers. The fibres are distributed uniformly in concrete has
better properties to resist internal stresses due to shrinkage. Steel fiber which improves specific material properties
of the concrete, impact resistance, flexural strength, toughness, fatigue resistance, and ductility is used. The present
technology of making flexible pavements is increasingly becoming unsustainable because of rising life cycle costs
and could be suitably replaced with high volume fly ash based concrete roads. Temperature distribution in
pavement slab is dependent on material properties and on ambient conditions. Temperature distribution across the
thickness of concrete pavement is an important factor for the design of rigid pavements. This paper is a study of the
temperature differences in a pavement slab which contains more than 50percent of fly ash content. The different
percentage replacement of fly ash includes 60percent, 65percent and 7percent in addition with and without steel
fiber for each percentage. From the results obtained from the mechanical strength tests the mix with 60percent fly
ash with steel fiber had the maximum strength. Slab will be casted for the mix containing 60percent fly ash with
steel fiber and the difference in temperature will be observed for a period of time and the results will be discussed.
Keywords: High Volume Fly Ash, Steel Fiber, Material Properties and Hardened Properties, Temperature
Variations.
STUDY ON MAGNESIUM POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE CEMENT BLENDED WITH FLY ASH
140
BY CONCENTRIC LOADING TEST
DR. LENIN SUNDAR M1, TINESH.THA2 AND M.VADIVEL3
1
Professor, Sri Krishna college of technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
2
PG student, Sri Krishna college of technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
3
Email: m.leninsundar@skct.edu.in, tinesh2509@gmail.com ,vadivelnitcbe@gmail.com
Abstract: One of the main ingredients used for the production of concrete is the Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC).
Carbon-dioxide (CO2) gas which is a major contributor in greenhouse effect and the global warming, is produced in
the production of cement, hence it is needed either to search for another material or partially replace cement by
some other material. In recent years, fly ash when replaced with cement has emerged as a major alternative to
conventional concrete and has rapidly drawn the concrete industry attention due to its cement savings, energy
savings, and cost savings, environmental and socio-economic benefits. Magnesium potassium phosphate cements
(MKPCs), blended with partially weight percentage of fly ash (FA) to reduce heat evolution, water demand and
cost, were assessed using compressive strength. In addition to the main binder phase, struvite-K, an amorphous
orthophosphate phase was detected in FA/MKPC system. It was postulated that an aluminium-phosphate phase was
formed, however, no significant AlOP interactions were identified. This study demonstrates the need for further
research on these binders, as FA is generally regarded as inert fillers within MKPC. The effects on using MKPC
concrete of various mix (20%,30%,40% and 50%) was studied by workability, compressive strength & split tensile
strength. The durability study by sulphate attack test was performed. The concentric load behavior will be
monitored in column by casting with optimum percentage mix of MKPC/Fly ash concrete.
Keywords: MKPC, Struvite-k, Fly ash, Aluminium-phosphate phase.
141 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE WITH E-WASTE
DR.M.LENIN SUNDAR#, SHERINE RAJ*, M.VADIVEL+
#
Professor, Sri Krishna college of technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
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*
PG student, Sri Krishna college of technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
+
Email: sherinerajlouis@gmail.com m.leninsundar@skct.edu.in, vadivelnitcbe@gmail.com
Abstract: The major problem the world is facing today is the environmental pollution. The pollution effects on
environment can be reduced by increasing the usage of industrial by-products in construction industry. Geo-
polymer concrete in the present study, to produce the geo-polymer concrete in which Portland cement is fully
replaced by fly ash and GGBS (Ground granulated blast furnace slag). Sand is replaced with E-Waste at 10, 20 and
30percentage. The alkaline liquids are used for the activation of these materials. The alkaline liquids used in this
study are the solutions of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na 2SiO3). Molarity of sodium hydroxide
(12M) is considered.90 percent fly ash and 10 percent GGBS were used in this study. Rapid growth of technology
and a high rate of obsolescence in the electronics industry have led to one of the fastest growing waste streams in
the world, simply called as E-waste. The present study covers the use of E-Waste as partial replacement of fine
aggregate in geopolymer concrete. This project work is to make and to study the compressive and tensile strengths
of Geopolymer concrete and Geopolymer concrete with E-waste as a partial replacement of the fine aggregates
ranging from 0 to 30 percentage, on the strength criteria of M40 of grade concrete. It has been proved that 20
percentage replacement of E-Waste achieved higher strength of geopolymer concrete than the normal geopolymer
concrete. As per the results from the strength tests carried out the strength was found to be achieved with 20%
replacement of E-Waste. Beam will be casted for this percentage and will be tested for flexure. SEM analysis test
will be carried out for the specimen of increased strength.The experimental results were compared with the results
obtained from Finite Element Analysis Software (ANSYS).
Keywords: Geopolymer, Fly Ash, GGBS, E-Waste, Hardened properties.
142 FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR OF CONCRETE USING WASTE PAPER SLUDGE ASH
DR. LENIN SUNDAR M#, JEEVA D*, M VADIVEL+
#
Professor, Sri Krishna College of technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
*
M.E student, Sri Krishna College of technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
+
Email: m.leninsundar@skct.edu.in,dharma.silvershine@gmail.com, vadivelnitcbe@gmail.com
Abstract: The aim of project is to produce low cost concrete by blending various ratios of cement with hypo sludge
& to reduce disposal and pollution problems due to hypo sludge it is most essential to develop profitable building
materials from hypo sludge. To make good quality paper limited number of times recycled Paper fibres can be used
which produces a large amount of solid waste. The innovative use of hypo sludge in concrete formulations as a
supplementary cementitious material was tested as an alternative to traditional concrete. The initial results of
experimental programs aimed at producing and evaluating the Hypo sludge concrete made with Hypo sludge (Paper
Industry Waste) are presented and discussed. The mix design of Hypo sludge Concrete was arrived as per Indian
Standard Guidelines. In this investigation, Hypo sludge Concrete was made by usual ingredients of Cement, Fine
aggregate, Coarse aggregate and water and Hypo Sludge at various replacement levels (10, 20, 30 and 40 percent)
of weight for M20 mix. Keeping all this view, the aim of investigation is the study on behaviour of concrete while
adding of waste with different proportions of Hypo sludge in concrete by using tests like compression strength,
split tensile strength and Flexural Strength of the Beam. Compressive Strength of the cubes and Split Tensile
strength for the Cylinders have been determined. Based on the results Beam has been casted and placed for curing
to determine the flexural properties of the Beam.
Keywords: hyposludge; paper waste; OPC.
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF SUPER PLASTICIZER ON FRESH AND HARDENED
143
PROPERTIES OF SELF CONSOLIDATING GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE
MAHIMA GANESH, AMARNATH. M, DR. V. SREEVIDYA, MS. A. SANGEETHA
Full Time Research Scholar, 2ME student Department of Civil Engineering, Associate Professor, Assistant
Professor, Sri Krishna College of Technology, Coimbatore, INDIA
Email: makkibilly@gmail.com, amarnath.manu92@gmail.com, v.sreevidya@skct.edu.in, a.sangeetha@skct.edu.in
Abstract: Continuous increase in production of cement causes large amount of carbon-dioxide emission which
results in greenhouse effects. In order to overcome this problem many researchers have put in their efforts to
achieve optimum strength of concrete by replacing cement with fly ash and when it combine with alkaline solution
emerge to a new technology called as Geopolymer concrete. Self-compacting geo polymer concrete (SCGC) is an
improved way of concreting execution that does not require compaction and is made by complete elimination of
ordinary Portland cement content. SCGC is synthesized from low calcium fly ash, activated by combination of
sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solution and by incorporation of super plasticizer for self-compatibility. This
study is an attempt to observe strength characteristics of SCGC by suitable selection of super plasticizers available
in market and testing their viability on SCGC. The fresh properties for molarity of 8M, 10M, 12M, 14M, and 16M
of SCGC were assessed through T 50 Slump test, slump flow, L-box and U-box test methods. Strength tests such as
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cube compressive strength, splitting tensile test for cylinder, beam flexure was also tested for the period of 7 and 28
days in the heat curing method. Finally flexural response is also studied to analyse the stress variation taking place
in SCGC beam.
Keywords: Self-Compacting geopolymer Concrete, low calcium fly ash, Workability, Hardened properties,
Flexural response.
OPTIMIZATION OF CONSTRUCTION RESOURCE LEVELLING BY COMPARING
144
PRIMAVERA AND MAT LAB
MERIN SAJI#,K SHOBANA*, M VADIVEL+
#
M.E Student, Nehru Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, INDIA
*Assistant Professor, Nehru Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, INDIA
+Associate Professor& Head of the Department, Nehru Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, INDIA
Email: urzmerin@gmail.com,shobi.rythm@gmail.com, vadivelnitcbe@gmail.com
Abstract: Resource leveling is crucial for effective use of construction resources particularly to minimize the
project costs. Optimal allocation of resources can be achieved by resource leveling. Critical path method (CPM)
and Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) are commonly used in scheduling of construction projects.
However it is not capable of minimizing undesirable fluctuations in resource utilization profile. This will lead to a
change in construction time which will automatically increase the cost of construction. This paper describes a
Genetic algorithm approach to resource leveling and allocation in construction industry. In this study resource
leveling problem is developed using genetic algorithm (GA) in MATLAB software.
Keywords: Resource leveling, MATLAB, Genetic Algorithm
EFFECT AND STRENGTH BEHAVIOUROF COLUMN IN SELF COMPACTING USING
145
PARTIAL REPLACEMENTBY MINERAL ADMIXTURE
S.MUTHUMANICKAM1, A.VENNILA2, DR.R.VENKATASUBRAMANI3, DR.V.SREE VIDYA4
1
2
3
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Dr.Mahalingam College of Engineering and technology, India.
4
Email:muthu.planetearth@gmail.com, vnilaa.21@gmail.com, rvs_vld@yahoo.in, sreevidya.sankr@gmail.com
Abstract: The utilization of supplementary cementation materials is well accepted, since it leads to several possible
improvements in the concrete composites, as well as the overall economy. The present paper is an effort to quantify
the strength of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) at various replacement levels and evaluate its
efficiencies in concrete. Cement with GGBS replacement has emerged as a major alternative to conventional
concrete and has rapidly drawn the concrete industry attention due to its cement savings, energy savings, cost
savings, environmental and socio-economic benefits. The use of fine materials such as crushed rock as a
replacement for fine aggregate enhances the property of concrete. Since, concrete is weak in tension hybrid fibers
such as asbestos fiber are used to improve the tensile property of the concrete structures. The initial results of
experimental programs aimed at producing and evaluating SCC made with GGBFS, crushed rock powder and
hybrid fibers are presented and discussed. This research evaluates the strength efficiency factors of hardened
concrete, by partially replacing cement by ground granulated blast furnace slag for M30 grade of concrete at a
percentage of (20-30%) and fine aggregate by crushed rock powder at varying percentage of (30-40). Asbestos
fibers were used to increase the tensile strength of concrete. The mix design of SCC was arrived as per guidelines
of European Federations of National Associations Representing for Concrete (EFRNAC). The material properties
and hardened properties were found out. The axial loading on column is to be monitored with the optimum
percentage
Key words: self-compacting concrete, hardened properties, GGBS, Crushed Rock Powder (CPR), Asbestos fiber
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON GRAPHENE OXIDE COMPOSITES WITH FLY ASH
146
CONCRETE
S NANDHINI1 AND I PADMANABAN2
1
M.E. Structural Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Krishna College of technology, Coimbatore
2
Head Of Department, Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Krishna College of technology, Coimbatore
Email: snandhinime@mail.com, padmanaban.i@skct.edu.in
Abstract: As the consumption of concrete increases, the world production of cement is continuing and
grew to a significant amount. Portland cement production is a highly energy intensive process, and emits CO2
during calcinations which has a crucial effect on global warming. The production of one tone of ordinary Portland
cement (OPC) releases approximately one tonne of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Scarcity of Natural
River sand because of environmental condition. It is necessary to replace natural sand in concrete by an alternate
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material partially, without compromising the quality of concrete. Adding partial replacement on cement with fly
ash and complete replacement of sand with M- sand in concrete is desirable because of benefits such as
increased workability, reduction of cement consumption and decreased permeability and useful disposal of a
byproduct, reduction of river sand consumption and increased strength respectively. The incorporation of flyash
as partial replacement of cement in concrete and is a common practice and along with that the use of nano particles
has received particular attention in the application of construction materials especially in cement mortar and
concrete.The application of nanomaterials in construction is a new alternative to enhance the mechanical properties
of the concretes. One of the most interesting nanomaterials which still requires detailed investigation is graphene
and graphene oxide. The study presented in this paper aims at assessing how 0.03 to 0.11 wt% of graphene oxide
incorporated into the cement can affect the physicalmechanical properties of the cement composite in fly ash
concrete. The flexural behavior of graphene oxide fly ash concrete in structural member (beam) is investigated with
the optimal percentage (0.03%) that is obtained from the mechanical strength studies. Flexural strength of beam is
studied by applying two points loading.
Keywords: Cement, Nanocomposite, Graphene Oxide, Fly Ash, M Sand, Superplasticizer, Compressive strength,
Tensile Strength
147 L & L MITIGATION AID FOR EFFECTIVE PROJECT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
R. NEETHISH#, K. SHOBANA*, M. VADIVEL+
#
M.E Student, Nehru Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, INDIA
*Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Nehru Institute of Technology
+
Email: neethish4u@gmail.com, shobi.rythm@gmail.com, vadivelnitcbe@gmail.com
Abstract: The idea of the project management is to tackle the problems effectively and efficiently, which are faced
in the construction management to optimize resources in the project and made the project successful. The
construction management will identifying the lead and lagging areas in terms of time, cost, resources through the
planned and performance schedule of activities during the execution of projects and the difference are monitored
and controlled through project management software for completing the project successfully. The overall objective
of this study is to investigate the influence of project management software technology on the well performance of
construction projects. A comparison between the planned progress of construction work and actual progress is
performed in this study using project management software Primavera P6, which include collecting, recording, and
reporting information concerning project performance. So when the above work when integrated then there is flow
of data which will help to increase efficiency and cost effective project management can be done through
mitigation of leads and lags by L & L MITIGATOR tool with the help of dot NET, L & L MITIGATION AID
software has the capacity to help plan, organize, and manage resource tools and develop resource estimates.
Depending on the sophistication of the software, it can manage estimation and planning, scheduling, cost control
and budget management, resource allocation, and documentation or administration systems. This software gives
unparalleled control, monitoring, and insight to planners, project managers, schedulers, employers and any others
who are involved in a given project. L & L MITIGATION AID makes the scheduling and planning process easier
by allowing users access to the schedule. Additionally, you may allow workers to create their schedules within the
software from any location without an internet access.
Keywords: Lead and Lag; L & L Mitigator; dot NET.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE USING
148
COLOUR ADSORBED FLY ASH
PRATHABAN S1, DR.S.HEMA2, M.VADIVEL3
1
M.E student, Sri Krishna college of technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
2
Associate Professor, Sri Krishna college of technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
3
Email: prathaban.sen@gmail.com, hemaenvironmental@gmail.com , vadivelnitcbe@gmail.com
Abstract: The main objective of the project is to solve the waste management of Textile Industries, Thermal Power
plants and Steel Manufacturing Industries. The solution for current environmental problems of disposal of fly ash
has been dealt by use of Fly ash as an adsorbent and using Colour Adsorbed Flyash as partial replacement for
cement in concrete. The key importance is to use the waste materials in concrete. In this experimental investigation
an attempt is made to study the effect of partial replacement of Cement by Colour Adsorbed fly ash properties of
Concrete. Also a detailed investigation is made to study the effect on the addition of Colour Adsorbed Fly ash on
the properties of concrete.
Keywords: Colour Adsorbed Flyash, Adsorption, Fly ash, Material Properties, Textile Effluent
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EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON COCONUT FIBRE AND BANANA FIBRE REINFORCED
149
CONCRETE
RAPHAEL CHACKO1, DR.S.HEMA2, M.VADIVEL3
1
M.E student, Sri Krishna college of technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
2
Associate Professor, Sri Krishna college of technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
3
Email: raphaelrichu@gmail.com,s.hema@skct.edu.in, vadivelnitcbe@gmail.com
Abstract: This research describes experimental studies on the use of coconut fibre and banana fibre to enhance the
strength and applications of concrete. These natural fibres have excellent physical and mechanical properties and
can be utilized more effectively. They are economical (zero cost), with no chemicals. The addition of coconut-
fibres and banana fibres significantly improved many of the engineering properties of the concrete notably
compressive strength, tensile strength and flexural strength. The ability to resist cracking and spalling were also
enhanced. Thus it acts as a natural admixture giving additional properties to the ordinary cement concrete. In this
context six different percentages of coconut fibres and banana fibres (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30%) having
40mm length were used. M20 concrete and Ordinary Portland cement of grade 43 was used. The coconut fibre and
banana fibre reinforced concrete are tested for compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength at
different ages.
Keywords: Fibre Reinforced Concrete, Coconut Fibre, Banana Fibre, Material Properties, Hardened Concrete
Properties
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON MAGNESIUM SILICATE HYDRATE CEMENT BLENDED
150
WITH PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF GGBS
DR. PADMANABAN I 1, SATHYANATHAN.V2
1
Professor and Head, 2M.E Student, Sri Krishna College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIIA
Email:sathyaakv@gmail.com , padmanaban.i@skct.edu.in
Abstract: One of the main ingredients used for the production of concrete is the Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC).
Carbon-dioxide (CO2) gas which is a major contributor in greenhouse effect and the global warming, is produced
in the production of cement, hence it is needed either to search for another material or partially replace cement by
some other material.In recent years ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) when replaced with cement has
emerged as a major alternative to conventional concrete and has rapidly drawn the concrete industry attention due
to its cement savings, energy savings, and cost savings, environmental and socio-economic benefits. Magnesium
silicate hydrate (M-S-H) cement is formed by the reaction of brucite with amorphous silica during sulphate attack
in concrete and M-S-H is therefore regarded as having limited cementing properties. The aim of this work was to
form M-S-H pastes, characterise the hydration reactions and assess the resulting properties. It is shown that M-S-H
pastes can be prepared by reacting magnesium oxide (MgO) and silica fume (SF) at low water to solid ratio using
sodium hexametaphosphate (NaHMP) as a dispersant. The hardened concrete of various mix of 20%,30%,40%and
50% was performed. The flexural behavior will be monitor in beam by casting it with optimum percentage mix of
Magnesium silicate hydrate cement.
Keywords: M-S-H Cement, GGBS, Material Properties, Hardened Concrete Properties.
INNOVATIVE USE OF LIGHT WEIGHT FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE AS CONCRETE
151
CAR BUMPER
SHERIN THOMAS#, M. VADIVEL*
#
M.E Student, Nehru Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, INDIA
*
Email: sherinthomasvarghese@gmail.com, vadivelnitcbe@gmail.com
Abstract: Nowadays, in order to cope up with the fast moving world, it has become essential to make efficient use
of the available transportation mediums. There are a number of transportation techniques which make our life
easier. One of the most important transportation medium is the road transportation which primarily uses motor cars
for the same. One of the primary concerns in using motor cars is to ensure safety. In case a collision, usually the
effects primarily occur on the front and rear side. In order to reduce the effects due to collisions, motors cars are
provided with bumpers. The bumpers associated with cars are supposed to minimize the effect of collision ensuring
minimum cost overrun. In earlier times, the materials that were used for making car bumpers were steel, but
nowadays they are replaced by plastic and fiber such that they provide better looks to the car. But as a result of this
change, there is subsequent change in the strength against collision possessed by the car bumpers and moreover the
cost of repairs has also a considerable hike. Considering these facts a comprehensive study has been conducted on
using Lightweight Fiber Reinforced Concrete in order to investigate whether it could be used as an alternative for
the respective fiber material. In order for the same, literature reviews of the papers associated with the topic were
carried out. The study on the corresponding papers indicated a positive view towards the topic
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Keywords: fiber reinforced light weight concrete, bumper, polymer fiber
FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR OF REINFORCED BEAM USING SELF-COMPACTING
152
CONCRETE
V SRE ADETHYA1, A VENNILA2, DR.R VENKATASUBRAMANI3, DR.V SREE VIDYA4
1
2
3
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Dr.Mahalingam College of Engineering and technology, India.
4
Email: sreadethya@gmail.com, vnilaa.21@gmail.com, rvs_vld@yahoo.in, sreevidya.sankr@gmail.com
Abstract: In recent years, Self-compacting concrete (SCC) gained wide use for the placement in the congested
reinforced structure with difficulty in casting condition. For, such applications fresh concrete must possess high
fluidity and good cohesiveness. One of the disadvantages of self-compacting concrete is its cost by usage of high
volume of Portland cement and chemical admixture. One alternative to reduce the cost of self-compacting concrete
is by adding mineral admixture such as Silica Fume as replacement cement by 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. Moreover,
by the addition of mineral admixture in the manufacturing of self-compacting concrete not only it reduces the cost
but also reduces the heat of hydration, also parameters like environmental consciousness, sustainable development
plays important role in future. So keeping that in mind the research is made with partial replacement of foundry
sand with fine aggregate by 50%. Knowing that concrete is weak in tension, Glass fibre are added by 1% to
improve the tensile property. The initial results of experimental programs aimed at producing and evaluating SCC
made with fly ash, silica fume, foundry sand and Glass fibres are presented and discussed. The mix design of SCC
was arrived as per guidelines of European Federations of National Associations Representing for Concrete
(EFRNAC). Based on the results obtained from the comparison study of SCC with fly ash and silica fume the
results have concluded that the use of fly ash increases the early age strength and the addition of silica fume
increases the latter age strength of the concrete. To study the flexural behaviour of self compacting concrete and
taking consideration of latter age strength of concrete a beam of size 100 x 200mm and span of 1m is cast and
tested for its flexural properties.
Keywords: Self-Compacting concrete, Fly ash, Silica fume, Foundry sand, Glass fibre and Hardened properties.
REALIZING CARBON EMISSION IN THE ENGINEERING COLLEGE CAMPUS TOWARDS
153
ENERGY SUSTAINABILITY
SRUTHI RAVINDRAN#, P. SELVARAM*, M. VADIVEL+
#
M.E (CE&M) Final Year Student, Nehru Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, INDIA
*
Assistant Professor, Nehru Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, INDIA
+
Email: sruthiearat26@gmail.com, pselvaram@gmail.com, vadivelnitcbe@gmail.com
Abstract: Carbon dioxide is the chief element of the greenhouse gases which has a serious implication for global
warming and consequent climate change. Carbon footprint is an indicator of impact of our activity on climate
change. To assess the impact of various activities of colleges on environment carbon footprint is estimated by
considering the energy consumption through electricity, vehicle fuel consumption, human factor and solid waste
generation. A portion of carbon dioxide emitted will be absorbed by the trees during their photosynthesis process,
so the trees have negative carbon footprint. Thus this project is a research regarding the emission of carbon dioxide
in the engineering college premises chosen. In this paper the amount of carbon dioxide emitted were quantified for
the last academic year, considering the above mentioned parameters. The paper also describes the suggestive
measures to reduce the carbon footprint and also software to determine the same.
Keywords: Carbon footprint, Greenhouse gases, Emission inventory parameters, Carbon software.
RE-BUILDING PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP AND ITS PROCUREMENT IN INDIA ON
154
THE BASIS OF RISK AND DELAY ANALYSIS
SURYA C D1, R. AARTHI2, M. VADIVEL3
1
PG Student, Nehru Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, INDIA
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Nehru Institute of Technology Coimbatore, INDIA
3
Email: suryacd@hotmail.com, selviaarthi90@gmail.com, vadivelnitcbe@gmail.com
Abstract: India is a developing country and our country has a mixed economy. Construction Industry is the second
largest economic activity in India. Infrastructure development is a major contribution to the country by the
construction industry. Infrastructure of a country shows its development and living standard of the people over
there. Physical infrastructure like roads, railways, airports, sanitation networks, water distribution networks etc.
needs large investments. This large investment is a burden for the government as well as the public for a country
having mixed economy like, India. PPP is new trend by which this burden can be reduced considerably and thus a
ISBN: 978-93-5265-658-5
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concrete economy can be developed easily. Thus this project is a research regarding the implementation of PPP in
India and problems involved in this implementation, solutions to the problems, new procurement methods that can
be adopted etc.
Keywords : PPP, Economy, Infrastructure
156 SEISMIC INVESTIGATION OF SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETE BEAM COLUMN JOINT
TARIQ AHMED M.A1, A.VENNILA2, DR. R. VENKATASUBRAMANI3, DR.SREEVIDYA.V4
1
P.G. Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Krishna College of Technology, Coimbatore, INDIA
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Krishna College of Technology, Coimbatore, INDIA
3
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Dr. Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology, INDIA
4
Associate professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Krishna College of Technology, Coimbatore, INDIA
Email: matariqahmed@gmail.com, vnilaa.21@gmail.com, rvs_vlb@yahoo.in, v.sreevidya@skct.edu.in
Abstract: The construction activities in the last few decades have increased many folds in almost all the
developing countries of the world. Cement is becoming a scarce commodity globally because of its growing
demand day by day. It is the need of time to search such alternative waste materials that would partially or fully
replace cement and sand used in concretes without affecting its quality, strength and other characteristics. In order
to reduce time and to improve the filling capacity of highly congested structural members by its own weight
without any vibration self-compacting concrete (SCC) is adopted. The primary aim of this study is to explore the
feasibility of SCC using Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS) and foundry sand as a replacement for
cement and fine aggregate respectively. Here Portland cement is replaced by 10%, 15% and 20% by GGBS and
fine aggregate is replaced by 10%, 15% and 20% by foundry sand in combinations. The w/p ratio is kept constant
throughout the investigation as 0.40. Super plasticizer known as Conplast SP430 is used. Since there is no standard
method of mix design available for SCC hence the mix proportion is obtained as per the guidelines given by
European Federation of producers and contractors of special products for structure (EFNARC). This paper presents
an experimental investigation on strength aspects like compressive and split tensile strength and the workability
tests. The compressive strength and split tensile strength of the cubes and cylinders at 7 days, 28 days are obtained
and it was found that the mix having 10% replacement of cement with 20% replacement of foundry sand gives the
best results. Furthermore to investigate on this topic the beam column joint is the crucial zone in a reinforced
concrete when it comes to seismic load. It is subjected to large forces during severe ground shaking and its
behaviour has a significant influence on the response of the structure. The assumption the of joint being rigid fails
to consider the effects of high shear forces developed within the joint. The shear failure is always brittle in nature
which is not an acceptable structural performance especially in seismic conditions. This offers a unique area of
application of self-compacting concrete which can flow through every corner of extensively reinforced area without
any vibration and more effective for seismic load. So for this reason SCC with the optimum replacement
percentage which has been arrived is cast into two reinforced concrete beam column joints and tested for seismic
loading.
Keywords: Self Compacting concrete, Material Properties, Fresh Concrete Properties, Hardened Concrete
Properties, GGBS and Foundry sand, beam-column joint.
ROBUSTNESS STUDY OF HYBRID FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH STEEL AND
157
SYNTHETIC FIBER
M VADIVEL#, DR.R VENKATASUBRAMANI+
#
Head of the Department, Nehru Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, INDIA
+
Professor Dr.Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore , INDIA
Email:vadivelnitcbe@gmail.com ,rvs_vlb@yahoo.com
Abstract: Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete (HFRC) is an optimized combination of two or more types of fibres in
the same concrete mixture that can produce a composite with better engineering properties than that of individual
fibres. This paper evaluates the strength of hybrid fibre reinforced concrete with a combination of steel and
Polyester fibre. Mix design for M40 concrete was adopted and hybrid fibres were added at a volume fraction of
0.5%. Control specimen and three hybrid fiber composites were cast using various fiber proportions of steel and
polyester. Mechanical properties such as Compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength test at
7days, 14 days and 28 days were experimented and results were investigated to associate with above fiber
combinations. Based on experimental studies, the paper identifies fiber combinations that exhibit maximum
compressive, split tensile and flexural strength of concrete.
Key words: Hybrid fibres, Mechanical properties, Polyester fibre, Steel fibre, Volume fraction
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE WITH
158
FOUNDRY SAND AND TILE POWDER
P.YAZHINI, A.VENNILA, R.VENKATASUBRAMANI, V.SREEVIDYA
ISBN: 978-93-5265-658-5
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Email:yazhparamasivam@yahoo.comvnilaa.21@gmail.com rvs_vlb@yahoo.com, v.sreevidya@skct.edu.in
Abstract: Self compacting concrete was conceptualized by Prof.Okamura at Ouchi University, Japan in 1986. Self-
compacting concrete requires no consolidation work which improves the durability and uniformity of the
concrete.It is a highly flowable and non-segregating concrete filling the formwork easily. This paper explores the
strength and durability studies of self-compacting concrete using Foundry sand and tile powder. The parameters
like protection of natural resources, environmental consciousness are the present construction field requirements.
Environmental pollution a major problem faced by mankind, mainly in the construction industry the production of
Portland cement causes the emission of pollutants that causes serious threat to the environment. The pollution
effects on environment due to cement production can be reduced by increasing the usage of waste products in our
construction industry. Usage of Foundry sand and tile powder is such a remedial measure and in the present study,
sand is being replaced with Foundry sand and Tile powder is choosen as powder in binder (cement + powder). The
percentage replacement of foundry sand with sand includes 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%. The binder is 70% of
cement and 30% of tile powder.The Mix design for SCC was arrived as per the guidelines of EFNARC (European
Federation of National Associations Representing for Concrete). As per the results from the strength tests carried
out the strength was found to be achieved with 30% replacement of foundry sand. The Flexural strength of beam
(structural member) is investigated using the optimal value (30% replacement of foundry sand). The flexure
strength of the beam was carried out using two point loading. The experimental results were compared with the
results from ANSYS (Finite element analysis software).
Keywords: Self Compacting concrete, EFNARC, Tile Powder,Durability Studies,Hardened properties.
161 EXPERIMENTAL STABILITY ANALYSIS OF POROTHERM INFILL SLABS
RANJITH. V1, SREEVIDYA.V2, M.VADIVEL3
1
2
3
Abstract : Concrete is the one of the construction material produced worldwide. Here is the method to make the
effective use of the material. In a simply supported RCC slab, the upper part of the slab is subjected to compressive
forces while the lower portion is subjected to tensile forces. Concrete is very good in compression while it is weak
in tension. Hence the steel reinforcement is placed in the tension zone. The concrete in this portion is only for
holding together the steel reinforcement and has no structural purpose.By choosing the filler material judiciously;
we could save about 30-35% of concrete compared to a traditional RCC slab. A light weight filler material also
reduces the dead load hence less steel reinforcement is required. In all we may expect to save about 25% of the cost
.And for strength and stability conditions are tested for the slabs with normal reinforcement and steel fiber strips.
Finally the stability analysis of the slab element is done and the comparative results will be given.
Keywords: Porotherm blocks, Flexture strength, compressive strength, Stability, Deflection
Environmental Science and Engineering

REMOTE SENSING ANALYSIS OF ABNORMAL ELEMENTS IN CHANG-ZHU-TAN URBAN
5 AGGLOMERATION BASED ON SINGULAR VALUE DECOMPOSITION AND JOINT
SPARSE MODEL
QIU LUO*1, ZHANG XIKE2, YU DEQING**3
*1
School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Hunan, Changsha, P.R.China
2
College of Hydropower and Information Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology, P.R.China
**3
Hunan Province Geological Environmental Monitoring Station, Hunan, Changsha, P.R.China; Professor grade,
mainly engaged in resource and environment remote sensing survey and monitoring
Email:34489492@qq.com, 973272235@qq.com
Abstract: To further develop the evaluation mechanism of geochemical information, improve the time consuming
and high-cost problems in traditional way of field research, the remote sensing geochemical environment analysis
method which is based on singular value decomposition and joint sparse model was put forward in this paper, with
general geochemical survey data of Chang-Zhu-Tan urban agglomeration as the research base, which was
successfully applied to the analysis of geochemical anomalies. Based on measured data of Chang-Zhu-Tan urban
agglomeration, the proposed algorithm can accurately analyze abnormal distribution of elements like Ni, Ti and
Au, etc.; besides, the algorithm identification is higher than methods in the related literature, and consistent with the
field research conclusion, which can verify the efficiency and practicability of the proposed remote sensing analysis
algorithm.
Keywords: Joint Sparse Model; Singular Value Decomposition; Remote Sensing Analysis; Geochemistry; Chang-
Zhu-Tan Urban Agglomeration
ISBN: 978-93-5265-658-5
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TRANSFORMATION OF CHENNAI CITY AS NUCLEUS OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
6
THROUGH THE EMERGENCE OF SUB-CBDS
D. KARTHIGEYAN
Assistant Professor (Selection Grade), School of Architecture, Hindustan University, Chennai, India
Email: dkarthikeyan@hindustanuniv.ac.in
Abstract: Chennai, the biggest industrial, commercial, cultural, economic and educational center in South India is
the capital of the state of Tamil Nadu. Birth of this city dates back to 1639 when the English, established Fort St.
George and built George Town in its vicinity which became the Central Business District (CBD) of the city. But
today Sub-CBDs are emerging in the Southern, Western and Northern Part of the city due to rapid Urbanization
and enormous population explosion. This change in the character of the settlement pattern, clearly establishes the
transformation of the city from Burgess model, which depends on a single CBD as its core, to the sector model,
which shows the change in the pattern of development due to the growth of Public Transportation and now the
Multi Nuclei Model, where certain specific localities emerge as sub CBDs in certain specific category to assist the
Main CBD. The city shows this transformation in almost all aspects but not to 100% as mentioned by the authors
who formulated these theories. This paper is an attempt to establish the relationship between the CBD and Sub
CBDs in the light of ecological models.
Keywords: Central Business District, CBD, Sub CBDs and Chennai City.
MULTI-TARGETED ORTHOGONAL FUZZY OPTIMIZATION METHOD FOR ROAD DUST-
8
SUPPRESSANT IN OPEN PIT MINE
QI KUAN, TAN ZHUO-YING LI JI-YANG
University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
Email:qikuan119@gmail.com
Abstract: This paper is based on Yunnan Jin-ning phosphate rock mine road dust suppressor project, studies the
impact of multiple factors and multiple levels on 5 main parameters of dust suppressor using orthogonal experiment
method, optimizes the result of orthogonal experiment using fuzzy mathematics theory, The result shows: The
degree of influence of various factors on the final dust suppression effect descending the concentration of carboxyl-
methyl cellulose; the temperature of dust suppressor; the concentration of polyacrylamide and the concentration of
glycerin. The result also shows when the carboxyl-methyl cellulose concentration is of 0.8%, polyacrylamide
concentration is of 0.4%, glycerol concentration is of 0.4%, temperature is of 25, the efficiency of dust
suppressor is the most effective.
Keywords: Orthogonal experimental design, fuzzy mathematics, open-pit mine, dust suppressor
A SHORT REVIEW OF ANAEROBIC CO-DIGESTION AND FEASIBILITY OF ANAEROBIC

24 CO-DIGESTION OF SEWAGE AND FOOD WASTE FOR SUSTAINABLE WASTE
MANAGEMENT
DIWAKAR SOMANI, HARSHITA SRIVASTAVA, SABUMON P C*, ANJALI G
Environmental Engineering Division, School of Mechanical & Building Sciences, VIT University, Chennai
Campus, Chennai 600127, Tamilnadu, India.
Email: pcsabumon@vit.ac.in
Abstract: Anaerobic co-digestion is the simultaneous digestion of two or more substrates and is an option to
overcome the drawbacks of mono-digestion. This paper gives a short review of the research on anaerobic co-
digestion of substrates reported and the feasibility of anaerobic co-digestion of sewage and food waste. The concept
of this paper aims for integration of treatment of biodegradable solid and liquid waste in a single treatment plant
with the possibility of resource recovery (energy, nutrients and water) in contrast to the present art of managing
them separately. The successful implementation of the concept helps in sustainable waste management of small
towns, university campuses, residential townships, and in upcoming smart cities. The anaerobic treatment of
sewage and food waste by individual anaerobic digestion is a known technique. However, the biogas collection and
its utilization are limited in case of anaerobic treatment of sewage as the organic loading rate is low. On the other
hand, food waste is rich in organic carbon and successful operation of biogas plant is a challenge because of rapid
acidification and low buffering capacity in the digester. In this context, it is appropriate to initiate research for the
co-digestion of food waste and sewage to optimize the carbon to nitrogen ratio for better buffering and biogas
production. The very initial challenges of the co-digestion are to know the optimum particle size to enhance the rate
of hydrolysis of solid particle in anaerobic digestion, and to know how much proportion of food waste can be
mixed with the sewage. The results of feasibility studies give the first-hand information to proceed further in this
topic.
Keywords: Anaerobic co-digestion, sewage, Food waste, biogas
ISBN: 978-93-5265-658-5
Souvenir
17th18th June, 2016
PREDICTING THE POTENTIAL SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF MIKANIA MICRANTHA IN
27
GUANGZHOU BASED ON BP NEURAL NETWORK
QIU LUO*1, XIONG QIMING2, ZHANG GUI**2
*1
School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Hunan, Changsha, P.R.China
2
Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Hunan, Changsha, P.R. China
**2
Professor, supervisor of PHD candidates, mainly engaged in forestry information engineering, 3S technology
application in forestry
Email: 595772457@qq.com, 34489492@qq.com
Abstract: Mikania micrantha is one of the main harmful invasive forestry plants in Guangzhou. The paper utilizes
the strong nonlinear ability of BP neural network and selects environmental factors affecting the distribution of
Mikania micrantha to establish a simple and feasible network model, which can predict its potential distribution in
Guangzhou. Results show that: the distribution area of Mikania micrantha in Liwan, Yuexiu and Haizhu is
minimal, which is almost close to 0, so these districts are classified as unsuitable regions. Conghua and Huadu are
lowly suitable regions, where the distribution areas are 60 hm2 and 69.3 hm2 respectively. Baiyun, Panyu,
Zengcheng and Nansha are suitable regions, where the distribution area accounts for a higher proportion of the total
area. Luogang, Tianhe and Huangpu are determined as highly suitable regions, where the situation of Mikania
micranthas distribution is the most serious. And the potential distribution matches actual distribution.
Keywords: Mikania micrantha, Spatial Distribution, Predict, BP Neural Network, Guangzhou.
FEASIBILITY STUDY OF POWDERED CURRY LEAF AND AMLA FRUIT AS POTENTIAL
31
FILTER MEDIA FOR TREATING CONTAMINATED LAKE WATER
N. NATARAJAN1*, D. HEMANTH KUMAR1, K. SAI SARAN NAVEEN1, K. AKHIL1, K.A. GANESH BABU1,
A. JYOTHSNA LAXMI1, M. VASUDEVAN2
1
Department of Civil Engineering, MVGR College of Engineering, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA
2
Department of Civil engineering, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam - 638401, INDIA
Email: devamv@gmail.com
Abstract: Municipal supply of contaminated water bodies are endangering the health of people mainly due to the
spreading of vector-borne diseases. Filtration is generally accepted as the most feasible treatment for water that is
contaminated by physical, chemical or biological impurities. The economic viability of filtration units in water
treatment plants depend a large extent to the selection of suitable filter media that can guarantee reasonable overall
removal efficiency for the pollutants. In this study, an attempt has been made to purify a large contaminated surface
water body (known as Pedda Cheruvu) in Vizianagaram by filtration technique using low cost materials. Cheap and
economical materials like curry leaves and amla were used as filter media in order to evaluate their potential for
removing the settleable solids as well as dissolved solids from water. The physical parameters such as turbidity,
total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness, calcium hardness and kinetics of filtration were monitored during the
laboratory experiments. Results suggest that acid-treated amla powder has a better overall removal efficiency for
removing turbidity (90.86%), total hardness (46.67%) and calcium hardness (41.33%) whereas oven-dried curry
leaves resulted in higher removal efficiency for TDS (22.38%).
Keywords: Filtration, curry leaf, amla fruit, lake water, turbidity, Hardness
USING QSWAT FOR SIMULATING STREAMFLOW IN A HIGHLAND CATCHMENT OF
34
HUMID TROPICS
CELINE GEORGE*, ASWATHY MOHAN** AND ANJALI A**
*Scientist & Head, **Project Fellow, CWRDM Sub Centre, Manimalakunnu, Koothattukulam, Kerala, INDIA
Email: celine@cwrdm.org
Abstract: The present study aims at applying Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) on QGIS platform
QSWAT- for predicting streamflow in Mundakkayam sub basin of Manimala river. The total catchment area of
Mundakkayam sub basin is 111 km2.The models was calibrated for the streamflow data at Mundakkayam station
during the time period from 1981 to 1991. The flow parameters alpha_bf (base flow recession constant) and
Gw_revap (groundwater revap coefficient) were changed as 0.8 and 0.19 respectively. The performance statistics
obtained are Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (NSE) as 0.83, correlation coefficient (R2) as 0.91 and percent bias
(PBIAS) as 7.66%. The calibrated model was then validated for a period of 11 years (1999-2009). The model
results in good performance with NSE - 0.58, R2 - 0.77 and PBIAS - 9.8%, showing that it is good for predicting
streamflow in Mundakkayam sub basin of Manimala river.
Keywords: QSWAT, Streamflow, Manimala river
ESTIMATION OF PMP AND PRECIPITATIONS OF VARIOUS RETURN PERIODS USING
37
STATISTICAL APPROACHA CASE STUDY OF GUNDERIPALLAM DAM
S. DIRAVIA BALAN1, DR. M. KRISHNAVENI2
ISBN: 978-93-5265-658-5
Souvenir
17th18th June, 2016
1
Professor, Center for Water Resources, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
2
Post-Graduate Student, HWRE, Center for Water Resources, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Email: mkveni@annauniv.edu, diraviabalan@gmail.com
Abstract: Extreme events like floods and droughts are of concern for any country in the context of the damage
caused to life as well as property. For adequate management measures to minimize the extent of damage Flood
inundation maps are prepared, for which the peak discharges have to be estimated. Flood inundation maps that are
prepared help to carry out the Emergency Action Plans for the downstream villages. One of the main objectives for
DRIP is to create Flood inundation maps for various scenarios such as PMF, SPF, various Return Periods etc. In
this study, Gunderipallam dam is selected among the 66 dams in Tamil Nadu that are considered under DRIP. The
Hershfield Method is used for estimating the PMP and Extreme value distribution analysis using Easy Fit Software
is used for estimating the precipitations of various return periods. The hydrograph for the Probable Maximum
Precipitation and Precipitations of various Return Periods can be estimated using the Hydrologic Model HEC HMS
4.1.
Keywords: Probable Maximum Precipitation(PMP),Standard Project Flood(SPF),Dam Rehabilitations and
Improvement Project(DRIP)
EFFECTS OF CONTROLLABLE FACTORS ON WASTEWATER TREATMENT
39
ECOLOGICAL FLOATING BED SYSTEM
YANGZHEN FAN1,2, JIANTAO ZHANG1, MENG CHEN3, LINSHUANG LIU4
1
Hubei Water Resource Research Institute, Wuhan 430070, PR China
2
Sewage Sludge and Silt Research Centre, State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering
Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
3
Hubei Provincial Water Resources and Hydropower Planning Survey and Design Institute, Wuhan 430064, PR
China
4
ChangJiang Waterway Institute of Planning, Design & Research, Wuhan 430011, PR China
Email: fyzxq1987@163.com, 409281012@qq.com, dongyuecao@126.com, liu1965888@163.com
Abstract: As an efficient ecological restoration technology in situ, ecological floating bed technology offers an
available option for sewage purification and ecological restoration with unique environmental, economic and social
benefits. In this paper, effects of controllable factors, including structure technology of floating bed system,
vegetation management, and artificial media on the purifying effect of ecological floating bed are elaborated. Thus,
it can provide comprehensive technical support and scientific basis for the application and improvement of
ecological floating bed technology.
Keywords: Ecological floating bed, Ecological restoration, Controllable factors
PROPERTIES OF BITUMEN CONTAINING POWDERED GONDORUKEM RUBBER

43
ADDITIVES
ELSA EKA PUTRI AND PUJA PERDANA
Email: elsaeka@gmail.com; elsaeka@ft.unand.ac.id
Abstract: The objective of the research is to determine the stiffness of bitumen with Gondorukem additives that
form a new binder for pavement construction. The binders were subjected to conventional tests including
penetration, softening point to determine the penetration Index. The stiffness of binder is determined by means of
Van der Poel Nomograph. A new modified binder with Gondorukem additives improved the conventional
properties of the base bitumen such as; penetration, softening point, temperature susceptibility. Moreover, the
optimum percentage of modified binder Gondorukem in Bitumen (G/B) is achieved at 7% G/B.
Keywords : Gondorukem, Penetration, Softening Point, Penetration Index, Viscosity, Stiffness
ADSORPTION OF VAT DYE FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION USING AGRICULTURAL SOLID
45 WASTE (ASW) AFTER UV LAMB IRRADIATION WITH TIO2: ISOTHERM AND KINETIC
STUDIES
A. MOLY* AND A. SHAHUL HAMEED*
Isotope Hydrology Division, Center for Water Resources Development and Management, Kerala, India
Email: molyravi@gmail.com and sha@cwrdm.org
Abstract: Studies were conducted using soaking process of agricultural solid waste (ASW) like coconut coir pith,
bagasse pith, watermelon peel (watermelon shell) and banana pith on the colour removal of vat red R1 (VR1) dye
from its aqueous solution and also applied photocatalysis using metal as a TiO2 to degrade dyes. The performance
of adsorption was examined by studying the effects of various parameters like initial dye concentration, pH, contact
time and adsorbent dose. In order to optimize the catalyst dose, the initial dye concentrations was varied during the
photo catalytic treatment from 1 to 5 mg/l, at constant pH of 7.5 and catalyst (ASW) dose of 0.5 mg/L ( particle
ISBN: 978-93-5265-658-5
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size, 200 m size) and 1g of TiO2. Adsorption of dyes from a vat red R1 (VR1) onto coconut coir pith, bagasse
pith, watermelon peel (watermelon shell) and banana pith was measured at given contact times (0 to 300 min) for
five different initial dye concentrations. The results indicated that the dye uptake from water was concentration
dependent and increased with increase of initial concentration of dye and remained nearly constant after 180
minutes, the equilibrium time and the initial concentration of 5 mg/l was observed a maximum dye adsorption. The
photocatalytic (TiO2) experiments of vat red R1 was carried out at dye concentrations (1mg/l to 5mg/l) for different
time intervals up to 300 min at fixed pH (7.5) and constant weight of TiO 2 (1g). The removal of VR1 was showed
similar features of the above work containing increased with increase in dye concentration and remained nearly
constant after equilibrium time (180 min). The Photo catalytic degradation of vat red R1 (VR1) dye has been
investigated in aqueous suspension of ASW with TiO2 as a function of irradiation of UV light. The results
indicated that the decomposition rate of both dyes strongly depends on the initial dye concentration. The efficiency
of degradation capacity of ASW + UV irradiation with TiO 2 was more suitable for comparison of other two type
experiments. The maximum adsorption was showed the adsorbent used by photocatalytic degradation with coir pith
+ TiO2 at 5 mg/l initial concentration of dye solution at 180 min equilibrium time. The results were also analyzed
using the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The study confirmed that the adsorbents prepared from ASW with
TiO2 as a function of irradiation of UV light can be used to treat textile waste containing this dye.
Keywords: Agricultural Solid Waste (ASW), Photocatalysis, Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, vat red R1
QUALITY CONTROL OF CATIONIC EMULSION MODIFIED COLD MIX IN FLEXIBLE
49
PAVEMENT
DR.M.S.RANADIVE1 AND ANUP KUMAWAT2
1
Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engg, College of Engineering, Pune
2
M Tech student (Construction & Management), College of Engineering, Pune.
Email: msr.civil@coep.ac.in, anupkumawat.a@gmail.com
Abstract: Several ambitious road construction plans and activities primarily involve bituminous pavements with
hot mix technology. Hot mix technology which is a conventional method for road construction, has structurally
satisfied the performance requirements over many years. The procedures generally followed by the hot mix
technology are : heating of binder and aggregate, mixing, tack coating, laying of mix followed by the compaction
process everything done at high temperature in a range of 120C to 165C temperature. So, it is desirable to find out
a suitable alternative for hot mix technology. In India almost 90 percent road network is occupied by bituminous
pavements only. Certain limitations associated with use of hot mix asphalt are like emission of greenhouse gases
from it, shut down of plants during rainy season, problems in maintaining the paving temperature when hauling
distances are more, etc. Field trials have proved that cold mix can be easily produced by using hot mix plant and
can be laid in using similar techniques. Here the main objectives of the experimentation are to evaluate and
improve the properties of the cold mixtures. Test results also show that the addition of additive significantly
improved the performance of the cold mix. In this paper the performances of cold-mix, cold-lay emulsion mixtures
is described with reference to its quality control.
Keywords: Quality control, cationic emulsion, cold mix, flexible pavement
INVESTIGATION OF INFLUENCE OF TERRAIN ON RAINFALL FOR VEMBANAD BASIN,
54
KERALA
RAKTIM HALDAR AND RAKESH KHOSA
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, INDIA
Email: rhaldar.iitd@gmail.com
Abstract: Hydrological modelling, which helps in irrigation planning, water resources development or inundation
studies, requires precipitation as a primary input. As the output of the rainfall-runoff model is used for water
budgeting during a water resources planning or management, misestimation of rainfall should be avoided. There are
various factors, such as topography, which dictate the variation of precipitation from place to place mostly in
mountainous regions. The present study investigate the influence of topography on rainfall in a portion of Kerala,
which is bounded by the Western Ghats ranges on one side and the sea on other side. Daily rainfall series data for
33 stations have been analyzed to find patterns in spatial distribution using preparation of isohyets for annual
rainfall values and a regression analysis was calculated between annual rainfall values and station elevation. The
study showed that there is similar pattern of isohyetal contours between 2001 and 2003; 2002, 2007 and 2008; 2005
and 2006. However, the dependence of average annual rainfall on elevation of station was found to be very weak
with a maximum correlation coefficient of 0.1147 by an overall study. The results concluded that there is no clear
relation between elevation and precipitation for the study area. Apart from rainfall, other factors such as aspect,
orientation of wind with respect to hill slope, slope, etc. may aid in arriving at better elevation-precipitation
relationship.
Keywords: Rainfall, Western Ghats, Vembanad, Orographic, Regression analysis, Kerala and Altitude.
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PARENTS PERCEPTION TOWARD ROAD SAFETY RELATED TO THE POTENTIAL OF
70
CYCLING TO SCHOOL IN URBAN AREA
BAYU MARTANTO ADJI1,2, MOHAMED REHAN KARIM2, BAMBANG ISTIJONO1, TAUFIKA
OPHIYANDRI1
1
Center for Transportation Research, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA
2
GriTrans, Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Andalas University,West of Sumatera, INDONESIA
Email: bayumartantoadji@ymail.com; rehan@um.edu.my; bistijono1452@yahoo.co.id;ophyandri@ft.unand.ac.id
Abstract: This study focuses on parents perception on road safety with regards to potentially consider cycling to
school as a mode of transportation in Taman Medan, within the Petaling Jaya Municipal area in Selangor,
Malaysia. The data was obtained from a set of questionnaires, from two hundred and fifty five (n = 255)
respondents whom participated in this study. The parents concerns on road safety as are the reason why most
parents do not allow their children to cycle to school. Road safety concerns are also explored with regards to the
cycling facilities along the route to schools that was suggested, the majority of parents suggested on the exclusive
bike path facilities for their children cycling to school. Finally, parents will only allow their children to cycle to
school if the distance is within 500 meters.
Keywords: road safety, cycling to school, physical activity, active transport, encouraging factor for cycling.
91 SHOCK WAVE AND MICRO JET OF CAVITATION BUBBLES
YALEI ZHANG1, ZHIPAN NIU2
1
State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, CHINA
2
China Three Gorges Corporation, Beijing 100038, CHINA
Email: 744957391@qq.com
Abstract: Cavitation erosion was followed with great interest in the field of hydraulic engineering. The mechanism
of cavitation erosion mainly includes two aspects: shock wave and micro jet of cavitation bubbles. The authors
draw the following conclusions by inducing the cavitation bubbles with spark and observing the shock wave and
micro jet phenomenon of cavitation bubbles under different boundary conditions with the help of the high-speed
camera: (1) the cavitation bubble was characterized by multi-cycle, and it could radiate shock wave outward in the
expansion stage, contraction stage, collapse and rebound stage. In the shock wave effect, air bubbles near the
cavitation bubbles would form depression, and uplifts and breakdown jet. The significance of the impact of the
shock wave increased as the distance between the bubbles and cavitation bubbles decreased. (2) The cavitation
bubble micro jet was caused by the boundary conditions and it would bring terrible damage. Different boundary
conditions would exert different effects on the cavitation bubbles, the large particle was stronger than the small
particle and the solid wall was stronger than the particle.
Keywords: cavitation bubble; periodicity; collapse characteristics; shock wave; micro jet
111 WASTE WATER TREATMENT BY PHYTO- REMEADATION TECHNIQUE
ADITYA VIKRAM CHOPRA, UMANG K. SHAH, J.S.SUDARSHAN
SRM University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Email:adityavikramchopra@gmail.com
Abstract: The term Phyto-remediation Technique encompasses the life interactions of bacteria, the roots of the
wetland plants, soil, air, sun and water. This type of treatment is an engineered method of purifying waste water as
it passes through artificially constructed wetland area. It is considered as an effective and reliable secondary and
tertiary treatment method. The pollutants are removed by various physical, chemical and biogeochemical processes
like sedimentation, absorption, and nitrification as well as through uptake by wetland plants. These systems are
reported to be most suitable for schools, hospitals, hotels and for smaller communities. The aim of this project is to
study the effectiveness of the wetland plant Typha in the treatment of waste water generated in the SRM University
premises. Pilot wetland units were constructed in the campus grounds. Typha species were grown in the pilot scale
wetland unit and subjected to treatment using waste water obtained from the hostels and other campus buildings.
The raw waste water and treated waste water were collected periodically and tested for quality. It is seen that this
pilot unit is reducing the concentrations of various wastewater characteristics like TDS, TN, BOD and COD by
15%, 40%, 65% and 60% (approx.) respectively. There is a cost saving of 80% in O&M by using constructed
wetlands. The constructed wetland for an equivalent influent discharge saves 57% over conventional design.
Phytoremediation technique achieves standards for tertiary treatment with no operating costs, low maintenance
costs, enhances the landscape, provides a natural habitat for birds, and does not have any odour problem.
Keywords: Phyto-remediation, Wetland, anthropogenic, BOD, COD, TDS
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF BAGASSE ASH AND M-SAND ON
127
MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF CONCRETE
BHUVANESHWARI M1, TAMILARASAN S2
1
Assistant professor, Department of civil engineering ,SRM University,Chennai,Tamil Nadu, INDIA
ISBN: 978-93-5265-658-5
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17th18th June, 2016
2
Engineer, QAQC(Civil),L&T MLIT Clustler III,Sambalpur, Orissa, INDIA,
Email: bhuvana.eashwari@yahoo.com, tamilarasan2604@gmail.com
Abstract: Concrete is the most commonly used construction material. Its usage by the communities across the
globe is second to water. Cement is the main constituent of concrete which is used as the binder in concrete. Every
tonne of cement produced emits same amount of CO2.Also, depletion of river sand which is used as fine aggregate
in concrete is at its peak. Hence there is a need for alternative cement and sand. The past researches either deals
with either partial replacement of cement with sugar cane bagasse ash or replacement of fine aggregate with M
sand in concrete separately, but the current paper covers the mechanical properties of concrete mixes prepared by
the combination of partial replacement of cement with sugar cane bagasse ash and complete replacement of river
sand with M sand in the same mix. Increase in mechanical properties was observed with the partial replacement of
OPC with sugar cane baggase ash and complete replacement of river sand with M sand. Thus it is highly efficient
and sustainable to replace cement and sand with sugar cane baggase ash and manufactured sand respectively.
Keywords : Baggase ash, M- sand ,compressive strength, flexural strength, elastic modulus
128 IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN FRUIT PRODUCTION
CHITLA N R SANTHOSHINI, KAZUHISA IKI AND RIKEN HOMMA
Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kurokami, Chou-ku, Kumamoto, JAPAN
Email: chitla.n.r.santhoshini@gmail.com, iki@arch.kumamoto-u.ac.jp, homma@kumamoto-u.ac.jp
Abstract: Climate change refers to change in average weather conditions or in time variation weather around
longer term average conditions due to natural variability or human activity. Climate change is caused by factors
that include oceanic processes, biotic processes, variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics and
volcanic eruptions, and human-induced alterations of the natural world. Global warming and climate change is now
perceived to be the greatest threat to agriculture production and food security in the 21st century. Impacts of
climate change leads to reduction in crop yields, decreased water availability, an increase in the spread of diseases
such as malaria, dengue fever and other viral diseases and increase in floods as intensity of rainfall increases and
sea levels increase. Fruit production is a mid- to long-term investment. Therefore, varieties used and cropping areas
cannot be changed once the crop has been established as this would result in massive economic losses for farmers.
Fruit trees have, however, the advantage of being more resilient to variations in weather conditions, except for
some critical periods such as flowering or fruit filling. No systematic studies have been carried out till now in
India.In the present paper, the impacts of climate change on fruit production has discussed with various studies. A
literature has carried out with various issues, which effects the fruit production. Innovative methods are required to
develop simulation models for important horticultural crops. Therefore, detailed investigation on impact of climate
on fruit growing is carried out in this study.
Key words: climate change, fruit production, crop yield and agriculture
POLLUTION DISPERSION MODELING FOR CONCENTRATIONS OF PM, SO X AND NOX
159
AROUND MANALI REGION, INDIA
EDWIN D THANGAM1, NARAYANAN RM1*, RAJU AEDLA2
1
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, 1*Associate Prof. Department of Civil Engineering, Dr. M.G.R.
Educational and Research Institute University, Maduravoyal, Chennai 600095, India.
2
Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kurokami, Kumamoto City, JAPAN
Email: edwinthangam@yahoo.com1, narayanan.rm@gmail.com, rajuaedla.nitk@gmail.com
Abstract: The Manali industrial area is one of the largest petrochemical complexes in India and the only
petrochemical complex in the state of Tamil Nadu which generates huge quantities of pollutants such as Sox, NOx
and PM. The study region spreads over an aerial extent of 800 hectares intersected by villages and inhabited areas,
which is located at Latitude 13o1004 N and Longitude 80o1543 E. The total population of Manali is 58,174 as
per Census, 2001. In this study maximum ground level concentrations of air pollution around Manali region were
modeled for four different industries using AERMOD dispersion modeling software. The study characterizes the
emission concentration of SOx, NOx and PM individually for different sources. Further a complex model was
generated towards estimating the maximum ground level concentrations around Manali region. The results revealed
that the annual concentrations of pollutants SOx (148 to 170 g/m3) and NOx (74 to 93 g/m3) exceed the
prescribed Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) annual standards of 50 g/ m3 and 40 g/m3. The study
concluded with the identification of hotspot area around Manali region like TKS Nagar, Eastern part of
Thiruvottiyur village for excess concentration of SOx and NOx. The individual analysis of industrial sources
revealed that the excess concentration observed around Manali region is due to the uncontrolled stack emission of
M/s.TPL and is a major threat to the sustainable livelihood of human population.
Keywords: Air pollution, plume dispersion, Ground level concentration, air quality standards, Hotspots.
ISBN: 978-93-5265-658-5
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Energy Science and Engineering & Geology

12 ASSESSMENT OF WAVE ENERGY POTENTIAL ALONG SOUTH MAHARASHTRA COAST
JUSTIN THOMAS. T1, K.H BARVEB2, L.R RANGANATH2, G. S DWARAKISH1
1
Department of Applied Mechanics and Hydraulics, NITK, Surathkal 575025, India
2
Central Water and Power Research Station, Pune 411024, India
Abstract: The demand of power in the world is ever increasing. The existing sources may exhaust in the near
future, hence there is a need for renewable energy, which will preserve the environment as well. Wave energy is
one such renewable energy resource, which is considered to have great potential to satisfy worlds energy demands.
Resource assessment is a prerequisite for energy extraction; hence the wave energy potential along the coasts and
particular sites in the world is estimated. In this paper, the spatial and temporal assessment of wave energy
potential, along the Ratnagiri coast, on the west coast of India, is presented. The wave energy potential is estimated
from the available measured data, where high wave energy is observed, and numerical model studies using third
generation spectral wave model MIKE 21 SW. The wave energy potential estimates from both these approaches
match well. The model is calibrated with the measured wave data near Ratnagiri. Annual average wave energy
potential of the location of measurement, using measured waves and from the numerical model is estimated to be 7
kW/m and 6kW/m respectively. The spatial and the temporal distribution of the wave energy is obtained from the
numerical models and the regions of high energy were identified. Annual average energy potential of three more
locations is obtained which is in the range of 5.92 to 6.9 kW/m. Seasonal variation of the wave energy is estimated
with the help of monthly average wave energy values and found that high seasonal variation prevails in the study
area. Around 88% of the wave energy occurs during the south west monsoon. Average wave energy during
southwest monsoon is almost three times of the annual average wave energy. At the selected points energy
potential is comparable with that of measurement location, thus three more locations where extraction of wave
energy is feasible, are identified. The simultaneous extraction of energy from the locations will compensate
directional variability of wave attack, and help achieve threshold wave energy extraction continuously.
Keywords: Coastal engineering, Wave energy estimation, Numerical modelling, Wave Transformation, MIKE 21
SW, Renewable energy
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF BUCKET FOUNDATIONS UNDER ECCENTRIC LATERAL
22
LOADING IN MEDIUM DENSE SAND
TANMOY KUMAR DEB1 AND BALESHWAR SINGH2
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam-781039, INDIA
Email: tanmoy.deb@iitg.ernet.in, baleshwar@iitg.ernet.in
Abstract: Wind turbines located near sea shores can be supported by several types of foundation systems amongst
which bucket foundation is a sound alternative at shallow water depths. The vertical superstructure load acting on
the bucket foundation is usually smaller in comparison to the lateral and moment loads acting on it. Hence, it
becomes necessary to investigate the lateral capacity of the foundation under offshore loading conditions due to the
forces arising from wind and water currents acting at several heights on the turbine, in order to ensure that the
serviceability criteria are satisfied under its intended design period. In this paper, numerical analysis of bucket
foundation in medium dense sand is carried out to investigate the response under lateral and moment load acting on
it at several eccentricities considering non-linear behaviour of soil. From the results, ultimate and allowable load
carrying capacities of the bucket foundation are presented in the form of interaction diagrams.
Keywords: Wind turbine, Bucket foundation, Lateral capacity, Numerical modelling
SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION IN INDIAN SEISMIC CODE: RECOMMENDATIONS
36
FOR INCLUSION OF POTENTIAL FACTORS
RAVI KANT MITTAL1, ADITI CHAUHAN2, SANKET RAWAT2
1
Associate Professor, Department of civil engineering, BITS Pilani, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
2
Graduate Student, Department of civil engineering, BITS Pilani, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
Email: ravimittal@pilani.bits-pilani.ac.in
Abstract: The extent of the damage caused due to earthquake depends greatly on the characteristics of ground
motion which indirectly depends on the wave propagation path, source and site characteristics. With the advent of
massive construction on poor soils caused due to limitation of land, the response of soil during earthquake has also
become prominent. Hence special consideration is given to the Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI) effect while
constructing massive as well as tall structures like water tanks, chimneys etc. Indian code, IS 1893- Part 4,
specified formulae have clearly shown a general trend of increase in natural period and decrease in base shear of
structure due to SSI. This paper mainly deals with finding the adequacy of code defined standards for considering
soil structure interaction effects. The results derived from various researches and codes of different countries are
compared with the Indian code provisions. Indian code does not take into account the effect of seismic intensity on
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shear modulus and effect of damping. increases the significance of effect of embedment in SSI. These effects are
considered using the formulae derived in literatures and consequently the effect on the response of the structure is
determined. A parametric study is also carried out on a 150 m tall RCC chimney considering the effect of seismic
zone on structural response of chimney by incorporating strain-dependent shear modulus, damping effect and
embedment effect. The results obtained show that the embedment and damping factor affect the base shear
considerably and hence there is a critical need of inclusion of these factors in Indian code. The paper also shows
that, if relevant provisions from some international codes and literatures are suitably amended, a substantial
variation in the base shear force can be achieved, hence in many cases ensuing structural work cost saving. Overall
with this study, the paper attempts to address the legitimate concern of design engineers regarding the potential
variation in design values, especially for soft soil sites.
Keywords: Seismic soil structure interaction, Indian seismic code, Embedment effect, Damping factor, Effective
shear modulus.
57 A REVIEW ON SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF REINFORCED MASONRY STRUCTURES
UMADEVI R#, DR. A S ARUN KUMAR*, DR. B V RAVI SHANKAR+
#
Research Scholar, BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, INDIA
*
Associate Professor, BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, INDIA
+
Professor, BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, INDIA
Email: umagowda28@gmail.com, amrutharu1966@yahoo.co.in, prof.BVRS@gmail.com
Abstract: The traditional masonry buildings without any earth quake resisting features had proved to be the most
vulnerable to earthquake forces and had suffered maximum damage in past earthquakes. Therefore, it is necessary
that realistic stone masonry houses as are being constructed in rural and hilly regions and should be tested
dynamically for evaluating various seismic strengthening measures in order to prove their effectiveness.
Revolutionary changes in the construction method such as Base isolation, Dampers etc., may not be feasible to
adopt in practical masonry construction due to lack of knowledge and increase in cost. But by doing some simple
modifications in the traditional masonry construction methods it is possible to make them EQ resistant. It should be
easily understood and adopted by the local artisans. Masonry being a brittle material will undergo sudden failure
under lateral loads causing large amount of damage to human life and property. Therefore to make the masonry
ductile it has to be reinforced with a material that gives warning before failure. The present paper makes a review
on seismic performance of reinforced masonry structures.
Keywords: Masonry structures, Shake table testing, Seismic Performance, brittle material, Reinforced concrete
moment-resisting Frame, Ductile.
MODELING AND CONTROLLING OF AN COORDINATED POWER CONTROL GRID
67
CONNECTED HYBRID SYSTEM WITH WIND, PV AND FUEL CELL SOURCES
N.S S RAMAKRISHNA1, DR. D N GAONKAR2, G. S BHARATHI3
1
Department of Electrical Engineering National Institute of Technology Karnataka Surathkal INDIA
2
Department of Electrical Engineering National Institute of Technology Karnataka Surathkal INDIA
3
Department of Electrical Engineering Madanapalle Institute of Technology &Science INDIA
Email: nramkrishna231@gmail.com, bharathiegs@gmail.com
Abstract: Among the Renewable sources wind PV fuel cell are become popular for generating of electrical energy
to meet the load demand due to their abidance availability and easy to generate electric power .Multiple dg sources
are selected to increase the stability of the system to meet the energy demand ,the hybrid system is designed using
wind, PV fuel cell and MPPT control techniques are implement to increase the demand and the controller is
designed for the power flow controller from generation to load. Result is tacked with MPPT and without MPPT
techniques and the results are compared with these two models .Compare to the individual sources hybrid system is
having more advantage to meet the energy demand. Power electronic interfacing technologies is used to
interconnect all the renewable energy sources and the dc link capacitor is used for the maintaining constant voltage
in generating side .PI controller techniques are used for tuning the power flow controller .entire system is modeled
using the Matlab simulation tool.
Keywords: Hybrid Energy System, Wind Turbine, Solar Array, fuel cell, Grid Interface
LINKAGES BETWEEN CATCHMENT LANDSCAPE DYNAMICS AND THE NATURAL
71
FLOW REGIME
VINAY S1,4, BHARATH H A1,2,3, C SUBASH CHANDRAN M D1, SHASHISHANKAR A4 , RAMACHANDRA
T V1,2
1
Energy & Wetlands Research Group, Centre for Ecological Sciences [CES]
2
Centre for Sustainable Technologies (ASTRA)
3
Centre for infrastructure, Sustainable Transportation and Urban Planning [CiSTUP]
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17th18th June, 2016
4
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Email: cestvr@ces.iisc.ernet.in
Abstract: Landscape structure plays an important role in the functional aspects of an ecosystem, which include
hydrological and bio-geo chemical cycling. Alterations in landscape structure with the irreversible land use changes
have influenced the surface water and groundwater hydrology. Anthropogenic activities due to unplanned
developmental activities to meet the growing demand of burgeoning population in developing world have
accentuated deforestation, etc. Current communication focuses on quantifying land use dynamics and hydrological
parameters in Sagra taluk, Shimoga district, Karnataka. Sagara taluk topographically consists of Ghats in the west
and the plain-lands towards the east with rainfall varying from 1500 mm near the plains to over 4500 mm towards
the Ghats. Land use analysis between 1973 and 2012 shows that horticulture (plantation) has increased from 10.7%
to 37.2% whereas forests have decreased from 57.3% to 42.5% in 4 decades. Ghat portion i.e., western portion of
Sagara was dominated by forests and horticulture (Areacanut, Banana, Ginger, etc.), whereas the plains in the east
were dominated by agriculture (Paddy, Jowar). Hydrological investigations were carried out for 16 months
covering all seasons during 2014 and 2015 in the select catchments of Sharavathi and Varada river basins. The
study results reveal that (i) ground water fluctuations vary from <0.6m (along the downstream of lakes with good
forest cover) and 1.2m (with good forests in the upstream) to 1.5 m (in the catchment dominated by degraded
forests), (ii) perennial streams occur in pristine forests as forested catchment aid as sponge and retains the water
during monsoon and steadily releases in the lean seasons. The analysis of regional hydrology with landscape
dynamics provided insights to the role of forests with native vegetation in sustaining the water in streams and lakes.
This also helped in understanding watershed management strategies to sustain and maintain desired environmental
flow, while catering to domestic and agricultural demands.
Keywords : Landscape dynamics, Land use, Hydrology, Remote Sensing data, Spatial analysis
89 DEFORMATIONAL BEHAVIOUR OF COAL MEASURE ROCKS
ASHUTOSH TRIPATHY, BANKIM MAHANTA, TN SINGH
Department of Earth Sciences, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, INDIA, Email: tripathyashutosh7@gmail.com
Abstract: Rock mass properties play a significant role in planning and designing of either underground, surface or
in-situ gasification of coal measure rocks. The economics of exploitation is dependent up on the deformational
characteristics of the associated rocks. The stress concentrated due to continuous dynamic loading or unloading
interrupts the equilibrium of the rock mass. The current paper describes the deformational behaviour of shale and
sandstone under varying saturation as well as loading conditions which are commonly associated with coal measure
strata. This understanding will help in better planning of energy exploitation programs.
Keywords: Shale, geomechanics, stress-strain, deformation
101 STRUCTURAL RESPONSE OF FRP STRENGTHENED PSC BEAMS
VIGNESH C K1, SIVARANJAN D1, REVATHY J2
1
M.Tech. Structural Engineering, B.S Abdur Rahman University, Chennai, INDIA
2
Professor, B.S. Abdur Rahman University, Chennai, INDIA
Email: viky247@gmail.com, rdshivaranjan@gmail.com, revathyj@bsauniv.ac.in
Abstract: The repair and rehabilitation of structural members is perhaps one of the most crucial problems in civil
engineering applications. One of the advanced technique is strengthening of unbonded prestressed concrete beam
members by fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. An experimental investigation was carried out on the
flexural behaviour of unbonded post-tensioned prestressed concrete beams externally bonded with FRP laminates at
the tension face of the beam. Three different configurations of FRP laminates of varying thickness were used for
strengthening. The strengthened and non-strengthened prestressed concrete beams were tested under four-point
loading system. From the results, it was found that FRP strengthened prestressed concrete beams increased the load
carrying capacity and stiffness. The performance of FRP strengthened prestressed concrete beams were also
predicted using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). The results obtained from the experimental
study were used as training and testing data for developing the model. ANFIS model predicts the ultimate load and
ultimate deflection with reasonable accuracy.
Keywords: ANFIS, Prestressed Concrete Beams, Post-tensioned, Unbonded, FRP
OPTIMUM POSITION OF MULTI OUTRIGGER BELT TRUSS IN TALL BUILDINGS
106
SUBJECTED TO EARTHQUAKE AND WIND LOAD
A S JAGADHEESWARI1, C FREEDA CHRISTY2
1
P G student, School of Civil Engineering, Karunya University Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
2
Associate Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Karunya University Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Email: jagakec@gmail.com
Abstract: This present study is focused on the performance of multi-outrigger structural system for a 40 storey
building. Static and dynamic analysis of various models were examined using SAP2000 software for concrete
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outrigger with central shear wall, without outrigger and outrigger bracing with belt truss. The performance analysis
of the tall building for different models are performed to find the optimum position of outrigger system and belt
truss by using lateral loads. Time history analysis for ground motion data of the 40 storey building model are
carried out. The analysis includes Lateral displacement; storey drift and base shear for static and dynamic loading.
From the obtained results the effective performance of building with outriggers are evaluated.
Keywords: Tall buildings, seismic load, and outrigger braced truss, Dynamic analysis
GEOTECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VOLCANIC SOILS IN AND AROUND TAIZ
118
CITY, YEMEN
JANARDHANA M.R1 AND ABDUL-ALEAM AHMED A. D. AL-QADHI2
1,2
Department of Geology, Yuvarajas College, University of Mysore, Mysuru, INDIA.
Email: drmrjanardhana@rediffmail.com, abdul.aleam.q@gmail.com
Abstract: This paper presents the geotechnical assessment of volcanic soils in the Taiz area of Yemen based on the
field and laboratory investigations. The field study involved the evaluation of the physical properties and the
collection of soil samples. Water content, specific gravity, particles size distribution and consistency limits such as
Liquid Limit (LL), Plastic Limit (PL) and Plastic Index (PI) of both cohesive and non-cohesive soil samples were
evaluated in the laboratory and the results are presented. The studies bring to light that the volcanic soil of the study
area is found underlain or overlain and/or intercalated with the Tertiary volcanic rocks and has medium to very
high degree of expansiveness. Wetting of soil during the rain fall season causes expansion due to the presence of
montmorillonite and kaolinite types of clays thus causing the soil instability which in turn endangering the lives of
the local people and damage to their properties. The geographical distribution of the volcanic soil in the study area
can be demarcated as the hazardous zone and prevent the authorities in permitting the citizens to construct the
buildings.
Keywords: volcanic soils, Taiz city, Yemen, geomechanical properties, soil stability.
Geotechnical & Soil Sciences and Engineering

01 ANALYSIS OF EFFECT OF REINFORCEMENT ON STABILITY OF SLOPES
AKSHAY KUMAR JHA1, MADHAV MADHIRA2, G V N REDDY2
1
Indian Railways, Hyderabad, India; 2JNTU Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
Email: akshayghungru@gmail.com, madhavmr@gmail.com, gvnreddy@jntuh.ac.in
Abstract: Steepening of slopes for construction of rail/road embankments or for widening for other civil
engineering structures is a necessity for development. Use of geosynthetics for steep slope construction or repair of
failed slopes considering all aspects of design and environment could be a viable alternative to this problem.
Literature survey indicates that efforts were made for optimization of length of reinforcement. The present paper
details an analysis to optimize the length of geosynthetics from the face or near end of the slope with respect to its
location and length to obtain the desired minimum factor of safety. Unreinforced and reinforced slopes are analyzed
to obtain critical factors of safety. The effect of providing geosynthetic layer in shifting the critical slip circle has
been identified and studied.
Keywords: Reinforcement, Optimization of length, Critical slip circle, Reinforced slope, Geosynthetics
INFLUENCE OF OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS ON THE EFFICIENCY OF ROD MILL: A
02
DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS APPROACH
DR. K. RAM CHANDAR1, ASHWIN J. BALIGA2, B.S.S. RAO3, R. K. BISEN4
1,2
Department of Mining Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Mangalore, India.
3,4
Insmart Systems, Moosapet, Hyderabad-500 018, India.
Email: krc_karra@yahoo.com
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to study the influence of select variables like mill running duration, volume of
material and sieving time on the amount of weight retained in the reference sieve for basalt in a rod mill.
Experimental studies were conducted based on the various factors along with their ranges and their effect on the
material retained on the sieve (response variable) was determined. Minitab 17 software is used for analysis purpose.
Based on the main effects, plots obtained through the general full factorial design, optimum parameters that
influenced weight retention in the reference sieve were arrived at. It was found that all the main effects mill running
duration, volume of material and sieving time and the interaction effects significantly influenced the weight
retention in the chosen reference sieve. The main effects contributed nearly 75% and the interactive effects
contributed to approximately 20%, on the amount of weight retained in the chosen reference sieve of 125 microns
for ground basalt sample. As innovations are continuously on the rise, the revelation made in this research would
significantly contribute to the optimization of the research activities in milling process.
Keywords: Design of Experiments, Regression, Rod Mill, Taguchi Analysis
ISBN: 978-93-5265-658-5
Souvenir
17th18th June, 2016
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON STRENGTH ASPECTS OF GLASS FIBER-
13
REINFORCED FINE GRAINED SOIL
SUCHIT KUMAR PATEL1 AND BALESHWAR SINGH2
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam-781039, INDIA
Email: 1p.suchit@iitg.ernet.in & 2baleshwar@iitg.ernet.in
Abstract: A series of consolidated undrained (CU) triaxial tests was carried out on glass fiber-reinforced fine
grained soil to investigate the influence of fiber reinforcement on the strength, stiffness and energy absorption
capacity of soil compacted at different dry unit weights. Soil with varying compacted dry unit weight (d = 14.3 to
16.8 kN/m3) was reinforced with 20 mm long fiber of varying fiber content (fc = 0.25 to 1%). Test results have
shown that the addition of fibers has significantly improved the stress-strain, stiffness and EAC response of soil.
The strength improvement is more pronounced with increasing compacted dry unit weight and fiber content up to
an optimum value of 0.75% fiber content. Both cohesion and friction components of shear strength parameters have
increased with fiber content and they further improve with compacted dry unit weight. Contribution of fiber in
strength improvement is higher at low confining pressure and decreases with increase in confining pressure. Fiber
inclusions have restrained the soil dilatancy which decreases with increasing dry unit weight of soil. Fiber
reinforcement improves the stiffness modulus and energy absorption capacity of soil which increases with fiber
content, confining pressure and compacted dry unit weight. Glass fiber can be used as reinforcement material to
strengthen the soil for different geotechnical applications.
Keywords: Triaxial test, Dry unit weight, Shear strength, Stiffness modulus, Energy absorption capacity, Cohesion
SIMULATION OF DAMAGE OF WATERFRONT STRUCTURE OF PORT OF KOBE DURING
29 HYOGO-KEN NANBU EARTHQUAKE BY USING THREE-DIMENSIONAL NON-LINEAR
PARALLEL FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
JAFRIL TANJUNG1 AND MAKOTO KAWAMURA2
1
Civil Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Andalas University, Padang, 25163, INDONESIA
2
Architecture and Civil Engineering Department, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka,
Tenpaku-cho, Toyohashi, 441-8580, JAPAN
Email: jafriltanjung@ft.unand.ac.id, kawamura@ace.tut.ac.jp
Abstract: The Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake January 17th, 1995 caused major damage of the harbor facilities
constructed in Hansin region. Most of waterfront structures, i.e. gravity caisson quay wall type, were laterally
moved toward the seawater area and settled in a few meters. The site investigation after the earthquake made clear
that there was reduction of the stiffness of the saturated soil layers. It is considered that the reduction of the
saturated soil stiffness was caused by gradually buildup excess pore water pressure. In this paper, the analytical
study using three-dimensional nonlinear parallel finite element method is discussed to get better understanding of
the dynamic interaction between structures and saturated soil layers that is the relation of the large movement of the
waterfront structures with the reduction of the stiffness of the saturated soil layers, which was caused by strong
ground motion. The analytical results of a corner part of the Port of Kobe show that the multi-directional shear
stress in the saturated soil layers increase the pore water pressure excessively, and consequently, reduces the
frictional resistance at the beneath of the structures. Reducing of the frictional resistance at the beneath of the
structures make the structures easily to move due to their inertia forces. As the waterfront structures move toward
the seawater area, the backfill-saturated soils behind the structures then fail and the stiffness of the soil layer was
reduced. As a consequence, the pore water pressure was increased. The pore water pressure responding in an
isotropic manner, which was effectively simulated by the current three-dimensional analysis, affected the sequence
of the waterfront movement.
Keywords : Hyogo-ken Nanbu Earthquake, 3D nonlinear finite element analysis, parallel computation, saturated
soil layers, soil structure interaction problem
ANALYSIS OF HISTORICAL STRONG EARTHQUAKE IMPACTS ON LANDSLIDES AT THE
44
GANSU SEGMENT IN THE BAILONGJIANG RIVER BASIN, CHINA
SHOUYUN LIANG, WANJIONG WU, RUISHOU BA, YUTIAN KE*
Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China attached to the Ministry of Education
of China, and Department of Geological Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. China
Email: keyt10@lzu.edu.cn
Abstract: Strong earthquake not only triggers a large number of landslides, but also changes the structure of the
geological body and groundwater seepage field, and disturbs the stability of rock mass. Repeated strong
earthquakes aggravate the stability of geological environment, and generate beneficial conditions for landslides,
such as avalanches, landslides, ground fractures, etc. A data set of historical strong earthquakes and landslides at
the Gansu segment of Bailongjiang River Basin in China has been compiled, and then the present landslides
distribution in high intensity areas of three Ms8.0 historical earthquakes has been examined by ArcGIS. The results
ISBN: 978-93-5265-658-5
Souvenir
17th18th June, 2016
showed that: with the decrease of seismic intensity, the landslides quantity, density and size in high intensity areas
of three earthquakes were overall attenuated gradually apart from local anomalies in individual intensity area,
which revealed that the landslides were affected strongly by the three earthquakes. The Wudu earthquake in 1879
had greater impacts on landslides in the study area than the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008, and the Tianshui
earthquake in 1654 had minimal impacts, which indicated that the seismogenic period and epicentral distance were
the key factors of historical earthquakes impact on landslides.
Keywords: Historical earthquakes, Seismic intensity, Landslides, Distribution characteristics, Bailongjiang River
Basin, Impact analysis
INTEGRATION OF SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE WITH PARTICLE SWARM
47
OPTIMIZATION IN QUALITY MODELING OF CFG COMPOSITE FOUNDATION
HUAWANG SHI1,2, XIN WEN2,3, LIANYU WEI2*
1
School of Civil Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan; 2School of Civil Engineering, Hebei
University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401;3Department of architecture and chemical engineering, Tangshan
polytechnic college, Tangshan 063200
Email:stone21st@163.com
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to develop models to predict the qualitybearing capacity of foundation
and pile completeness of the Cement Fly-ash Gravel (CFG) composite foundation. To ensure the models are
useful to both designer and construction of composite foundation, the study employs a broad range of bearing
capacity of foundation and pile completeness variables through investigating the load transfer mechanism and
reinforcement mechanism of mattress layer mechanism, the pile, layer, replacement ratio, construction machinery
and other aspects of CFG pile composite foundation systematic and comprehensively. In addition, the research
develops a model integrating of support vector machine with particle swarm optimization (PSO-SVM) for
predicting the bearing capacity and pile completeness of the Cement Fly-ash Gravel foundation. This paper
contributes to the scarce literature on design and construction of CFG pile composite foundation. The models
developed in this paper are useful to give those design and co nstruction of CFG pile composite foundation an early
warning. And through specific examples of analysis, the model practical application effect was test. It was
concluded that using the established model for CFG pile composite foundation quality verification, is of feasibility
and validity.
Keywords: Cement Fly-ash Gravel (CFG); composite foundation; support vector machine(SVM); pile integrity;
particle swarm optimization (PSO); prediction
48 DEVELOPMENT OF SUBSURFACE PROFILE USING GEOPHYSICAL TEST DATA
SHIVAMANTH ANGADI1, MAYANK K. DESAI2, GOUDAPPA R DODAGOUDAR3
1
Research Scholar, Applied Mechanics Department, S V National Institute of Technology, Surat, Gujarat, INDIA
Email: shiva05cv@gmail.com
2
Assistant Professor Applied Mechanics Department, S V National Institute of Technology, Surat, Gujarat, INDIA
3
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai, INDIA
Email: dmayank@gmail.com, goudar@iitm.ac.in
Abstract: Site characterization is a basic activity towards the proper analysis, design, construction and long term
performance of all types of geotechnical structures, ranging from substructures, excavation, earth dams,
embankments, seismic hazards, environmental issues, tunnels, and offshore structures. In view of this, it is essential
to understand the soil characteristics before making a final decision on the analysis, design and construction of a
structure. This paper presents the development of one- and two-dimensional (1D and 2D) subsurface profiles in
IITM campus. In the multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) test, concepts of refraction analysis, time
term method and tomographic inversion are used to calculate the shear wave velocity with respect to depth for a
few selected locations in the IITM campus.
Keywords: Site characterization, Spectral Analysis of Surface Wave, multichannel analysis of surface waves, and
Shear Wave Velocity.
EFFECT OF WASTE PAPER SLUDGE ASH ON ENGINEERING BEHAVIORS OF BLACK
58
COTTON SOILS
R.BARANI DHARAN1 AND R.BARANI DHARAN2
1
PG Student, Dept of Civil Engineering; 2Asst.Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, SRM University,
Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
Email: baranikbm@gmail.com
Abstract: In this paper present investigation is to assess the usefulness of industrial waste as a soil admixture, and
focused to improve the compressive strength of the black cotton soil. Waste paper sludge ash (WPSA) is waste
product from the Paper mill industries. The WPSA can produce a cementitious material because WPSA contains a
ISBN: 978-93-5265-658-5
Souvenir
17th18th June, 2016
large amount of CaO while it is pozzolanic material. WPSA is incinerated from waste paper sludge. In this present
study the soil sampling was done on 2 different sites as per IRC recommendations. The soils were classified as CH
as per Indian Standard Classification System. Different percentages of waste paper sludge ash i.e. 4%, 6%, 8%,
10% and 12% were used to stabilize the black cotton soil. The soil was evaluated using physical and strength
performance tests such as specific gravity, plasticity index, compaction, California bearing ratio (CBR) and
Unconfined compressive strength test (UCS). From the results it is observed that at the optimum percentage of 8%
WPSA shows improvement in Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) from 165 KN/m2 to 417.5 KN/m2 and 138
KN/m2 to 349.5 KN/m2 for soil samples 1 & 2 respectively. Furthermore California bearing ratio (CBR) values
improved from 5.19 % to 26.4 % and 3.6 % to 18.6 % for soil samples 1 & 2 respectively.
Keywords : Waste paper Sludge Ash, Soil Stabilization, Unconfined compressive strength, California bearing ratio
OBSERVATION OF EARTHQUAKE PRECURSORS - A STUDY ON OLR SCENARIO PRIOR
76
TO THE EARTHQUAKES OF INDIAN AND NEIGHBOURING REGION OCCURRED IN 2016
N VENKATANATHAN1, V HAREESH1 AND W S VENKATESH1
Department of Physics, SASTRA University, Thirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India; Pin 613 401
Email: venkatanathan@eee.sastra.edu
Abstract: The scientists from across the world are studying the appearance of various precursors using ground and
satellite based techniques. Continuous observation of anomalous thermal precursors like Outgoing long wave
Radiation (OLR) is possible using satellite technology. These anomalous variations in the atmospheric parameters
were observed several days before the occurrence of great earthquakes. In this paper the authors have analyzed
OLR scenario prior to the earthquakes of Indian and neighbouring region earthquakes occurred recently in 2016.
This is to identify the possible link between earthquake preparation zones and the anomalous variations in OLR
scenario. From the results inference can be made that the anomalous OLR variations can effectively be used to
identify the earthquake preparation zones.
Keywords: Outgoing Longwave radiation (OLR), Anomalous Signal Index, short term prediction, LAIC and
thermodynamic process
STABILITY ASSESSMENT OF A HILL SLOPE AN ANALYTICAL AND NUMERICAL
77
APPROACH
B. BURAGOHAIN1, J. KUNDU1, K. SARKAR1 AND T.N. SINGH2
1
Department of Applied Geology, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, INDIA
2
Department of Earth Sciences, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, INDIA
Email: polybgohain@gmail.com
Abstract: Slope failure is a very common phenomenon and critical issue in North-East India. Various types of
slope failure have affected most parts of slopes and road sections in an around Sonapur area along NH-44 within
Jaintia Hills district, Meghalaya, India. This area has always been prone to numerous rock slides, hazardous rock
falls and deleterious debris flows as the rocks are highly jointed. These failures bring about considerable loss of
life, property and also serious disruption of traffic along the highway. Again poorly designed excavations of rock
slopes for road widening or construction purposes lower the stability of the slopes. The present study includes
numerical solutions for the stability assessment of a jointed rock slope in hilly areas which will assist in designing
proper support systems to minimize the risk of frequent failure every year especially during rainy season.
Keywords: Slope stability, Kinematic analysis, Finite Element Method
103 STRENGTH AND SETTING TIMES OF F-TYPE FLY ASH-BASED GEOPOLYMER MORTAR
DR. RAMUJEE KOLLI
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, VNRVignana Jyothi Institute of Engineering & Technology,
Hyderabad, INDIA
Abstract: Recently, great concern for many researchers has been the development of cement less concrete to
reduce drastically the carbon dioxide emissions. A fair amount of research has been conducted on alkali-activated
concrete using fly ash and blast furnace slag but no significant work reported so far in the area of geo-polymer
mortars. It was assumed in the study that the factor governing the strength is the reaction between the fly ash and
the alkaline activator. In this research , the influence of various parameters such as concentration of activator
solution, the ratio of activator/binder ratio, the effect of curing temperature on the setting time, on the short term
engineering properties of fresh and hardened F-Type fly ash based geo-polymer mortar were studied. The Test were
carried out on 70.6x70.6x70.6 mm cube geo-polymer mortar specimens at 1, 7,and 28 days . The test results
revealed that the Chemical changes of the alkaline activators has had a significant effect on the early strength with
higher molarity and geo-polymer paste did not set at room temperature which indicates that curing temperature
plays an important role in the geo-polymerization.
Keywords: Geo-polymer mortar; Fly Ash; setting time, strength
ISBN: 978-93-5265-658-5
Souvenir
17th18th June, 2016
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON BLENDED GEOPOLYMER MORTAR DOME
132
USING GGBS
ARUN NV1, DR.V SREE VIDYA2, M.VADIVEL3
1
2
3
Associate Professor & Head, Department of Civil Engineering, Nehru Institute of Technology, India.
Email:erarunnv@gmail.com, v.sreevidya@skct.edu.in, vadivelnitcbe@gmail.com
Abstract: Cement a byproduct of the natural resources is at a high requirement, which is both economically and
environmentally backward. Taking up this issue and considering various supplementary materials, of which flyash
and GGBS(Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag) on combination provides much better results. Flyash is a
common supplementary pozzolanic material, which is a byproduct from Thermal Power Plants. It enhances the
mechanical properties of mortar without altering the conventional properties. GGBS, which is also a supplementary
pozzolanic material, admixture and a byproduct from production of Iron and steel-making. It enhances the
mechanical properties, increases cohesion and reduces bleeding and permeability. Geopolymer mortar is an
innovative and green sense composite material for construction, which is obtained by chemical action of inorganic
molecules. This composite material does not utilize ordinary Portland cement where in place flyash and GGBS is
used in a blended form. Geopolymer is a low carbon dioxide cementitious material when compared to 1ordinary
Portland cement, as it does not depend on calcination process of limestone that produces carbon dioxide. The
binder used in geopolymer is sodium based alkaline activators. Studies were carried on various combination with
GGBS blending on 25% 75%. Engineering properties were evaluated and the optimum mix was obtained. Thus
the results 25 % GGBS & 75 % FA was found good. Dome structure is constructed by using this optimum mix.
Keywords: Geopolymermortar ,Fly ash , GGBS , Alkaline Liquid ,Ferro cement
ISBN: 978-93-5265-658-5
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About Nehru Institute of Technology

Department of Civil Engineering

About CAFET-INNOVA TECHNICAL SOCIETY

The CAFET-INNOVA Technical Society (CITS) is an international non-profit organization helping

Prof. D. Venkat Reddy

Andalas University, Indonesia

Basha Research Corporation, Singapore

RM Vision Minds Private Limited, Hyderabad, India

RM Vision Minds Technologies is a global software services company focusing on Software

Krishnadas P, Managing Trustee, Nehru Group of Institutions, INDIA

Venkat Reddy D, President, Cafet-Innova Technical Society, Hyderabad, INDIA

Dwarakish G S, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, INDIA

HafeezBasha R, Vice-President, Basha Research Corporation, Singapore

Brema J, Principal, NIT, Coimbatore, INDIA

Vadivel M, Associate Professor, NIT, Coimbatore, INDIA

Aarthi R Madhavi Vadla

International Advisory Committee

Alper Baba, Izmir Institute of Technology, TURKEY

International Technical Committee

Amit Kumar Verma, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, INDIA

Pavanaguru, Osmania University, Hyderabad, INDIA

Adv. (Dr.) P. Krishnadas

Dr. D.Venkat Reddy

I am happy to note that International Conference is aimed at highlighting research innovativies in

I wish the conference a grand success.

Dr. Shuichi TORII

Dr. J.K. Kishore

It is important to act Today for Green Tommorrow

Dr. J.K. Kishore

International Conference is aimed at highlighting research innovative in earth sciences and

Dr. Ranipet Hafeez Basha

Ranipet Hafeez Basha

Dr. (Mrs.) J. Brema

Dr. Raju Aedla

I am immensely delighted to be a Organizing Chair of the 2nd International Conference on Earth

I wish all the delegates have a great research platform.

Structures and Construction Engineering

Environmental Science and Engineering

Ramakrishna Ssnuvvula, Dr G N Modeling And Controlling Of An Coordinated Power Control Grid

Propagation Phenomenon of Thermal Wave In Very Thin Film

g (t , x) I (t )(1 R) exp(x) . (10)

Initial and boundary conditions are represented, as

Green Initiatives for 100GW: Solar India for Energy,

Fig 1 Global Warming on TIME Magazine

Source: National Resource Energy Laboratory

Fig 4 Modern All Electric Home (AEH)

Fig 5. Solar Water Heater ( SWH )

Fig 6. 1KW Roof top Solar Power Unit

5.0 Solar Power in Educational Institutions - Green Campus Initiative

Fig 11 Solar Power / DC- Power in a Spacecraft

8.0 Supports for Solar Power to Staff

Fig 12 Solar Power for a Green Earth

Factors Contributing to the Success of a Resettlement Project: A

Figure 1. Location of Batanghari Dam

Figure 2. Batanghari dam

Figure 4.Original house (Type 50) provided by government

Figure 5.Original landscape of the resettlement area in 2003

Figure 6.Extended/new houses built by community in the resettlement area in 2016