Dalton's Atomic theory

Elements are composed of tiny indivisible particles called atoms.

Inorganic Chemistry
study of the synthesis and behavior in inorganic and organometallic compounds
Law of Multiple Proportions
If two elements combine to form more than one compound, the ratio of the mass of an
element to a fixed mass of the other element is a whole number or a simple fraction.
Law of Conservation of Mass
Matter can neither be created nor destroyed.
Law of Conservation of Energy
The total quantity of energy in the universe is constant.
Law of Definite Proportions
States that a pure compound is made up of elements in the same proportion by mass.
(Proust)
Aufbau Principle
The orbitals of an atom must be filled up in increasing energy levels.
Pauli's Exclusion Principle
No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of quantum numbers and an atomic
orbital must contain a maximum of two electrons with opposite spins.
Hund's Rule of Multiplicity
The most stable arrangement of electrons in subshells in the one with more parallel
spins.
Periodic Law
When the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, there is a
periodic repetition of their physical and chemical properties.
Valence Bond Theory
The formation of a bond is due to the overlap of two atomic orbitals
Molecular Orbital Theory
A bond is formed when electrons in the bonding molecular orbital is greater than the
electrons in the non-bonding molecular orbital.
Le Chatelier's Principle
A system in equilibrium when subjected to a stress will act in such a way to relieve the
stress.
Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle
The position and momentum of a particle cannot be simultaneously measured with
arbitrarily high precision.
Octet Rule
An atom other than hydrogen tends to form bonds until it is surrounded by eight valence
electrons. Molecules are more stable when the outer shells of their constituent atoms
are empty, full, or have eight electrons in the outer shell. Exemption: Helium, Aluminum,
Boron, Elements beyond group 3.
Coulomb's Law
The potential energy between two ions is directly proportional to the product of their
charges and inversely proportional to the distance between them.
Graham's Law of Diffusion
Under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, rates of diffusion for gases are
inversely proportional to the square roots of their molar masses.
Hess's Law
When Reactants are converted to products, the change in enthalpy is the same whether
the reaction takes place in one step or in a series of steps.
Slater's Rule
A more accurate representation of the shielding effect.
VSEPR Theory
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion; arrangement such that atoms are kept as far
away from each other to minimize repulsion (e-pair)
Atomic number
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Mass number
Total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
Molecular mass
Molecular weight; the sum of the atomic masses (in atomic mass unit amu) in the
molecule.
Isotopes
Atoms with the same atomic number/protons but different mass number
Deuterium
Heavy Water
Isotones
Same number of neutrons
Isoelectronic
Same number of electrons; Usually beside each other in the periodic table.
Isobar
Same mass number
Allotropes
Two or more forms of the same element that differ in their molecular or crystal
structures, and therefore a difference in their properties.
Allotropy
Phenomenon of polymorphism occurring in elements
Absolute Zero (-273.15C)
Lowest theoretically attainable temperature.
Average atomic mass
The weighted average of the atomic masses of isotopes based on their percentage
abundance.
Avogadro's number
Number of atoms in 12g of C-12; 6.022x1023 atoms/mole
Electron configuration
A form of notation which shows how the electrons are distributed among the various
atomic orbital and energy levels.
Photoelectric effect
A phenomenon in which electrons are ejected from a surface of certain metals exposed
to light of at least a certain minimum frequency (threshold frequency)
Electromagnetic radiation
The emission and transmission of energy in the form of electromagnetic waves.
Electromagnetic wave
Has an electric field component and a magnetic field component.
Quantum
Smallest quantity of energy that can be emitted or absorbed in the form of
electromagnetic radiation.
Principal Quantum number (n)
a quantum number that pertains to the average distance of the electron from the
nucleus in a particular orbital. (1, 2....)
Azimuthal/Angular Momentum number (l)
a quantum number that tells the shape of the orbitals in space. (0 to n-1)
Magnetic Quantum number (ml)
a quantum number that describes the orientation of orbitals in space. (-l to 0 to +l)
Spin Quantum number (ms)
Shows the spin of electrons. (+ clockwise and - counter clockwise)
Diamagnetic
all electrons are spin-paired.
Paramagnetic
There are unpaired electrons.
Metal
when Group number < Period
Non metal
when Group > Period
metalloid
when Group = Period
Atomic Size (Atomic Radius)
the average distance between the nucleus and the valence electron.
Ionization Energy
Energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state. The
lower the IE, the easier it is for an atom to form a cation.
Electron Affinity
The change in energy when an electron is accepted by a gaseous atom to form an
anion.
Electronegativity
The measure of the ability of an atom to attract towards itself a bonding electron.
alkali metals
Group 1A in the periodic table
alkaline earth metals
Group 2A in the periodic table
Chalcogens
Group 6A in the periodic table
Noble Gases
Group 8A in the periodic table
Halogens
Group 7A in the periodic table
Transition metals
elements that have incompletely filled d subshells or readily give rise to cations that
have incompletely filled d subshells
Actinide series
last row of elements, not in nature
Lanthanide Series
Rare earth series; incompletely filled 4f subshells or readily give rise to cations that
have incompletely filled 4f subshells.
Technetium Tc
first artificially prepared element
Fluorine
the most electronegative element with a value of 4.0.
T
T or F: Non metals tend to form anions while metals tend to form cations.
Hydrogen
The most abundant element in the universe
Oxygen
The most abundant element on earth.
Boron
element that produces a bright green flame when burned.
Silicon
element often found in computer microchips and other electronics.
Phosphorus
The element found in match sticks that causes it to ignite.
Manganese
can lead to manganism, a toxic state causing hallucinations and violence
Nickel
element added to glass to give a green color.
Mercurius/ hydrargyrum
origin word for mercury
Aurum
origin word for gold
Argentum
origin word for silver
Strannum
origin word for Tin
Ferrum
origin word for iron
Wolfram
origin word for tungsten
Natrium
origin word for sodium
Molecular Formula
Type of formula that shows the exact number of atoms of each element in the smallest
unit of a substance.
Structural Formula
Type of formula that shows how atoms are bonded to one another in a molecule.
Empirical Formula
Type of formula that shows the simplest whole number ratio of their atoms.
Intermolecular Forces
a type of force attraction between molecules
Intramolecular Forces
a type of force attraction between atoms (within the molecule)
Dipole-Dipole Interaction
electrostatic interactions of permanent dipoles in molecules
London dispersion forces
instantaneous dipole-induced dipole forces.
Hydrogen bonds
attractive force between an electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom that is bonded to
N, O, F
Covalent Bond
results from the attraction of the nucleus and the electron of two or more atoms and
usually involves two non-metals; usually stronger than Ionic bond due to the sharing of
electrons.
Polar Covalent Bond (Non metal 1 + Non metal 2)
electrons are not equally shared, but rather displaced toward the more electronegative
atom. (The greater the electronegativity difference, the more polar the bond)
Non Polar Covalent Bond (Non metal 1 + Non metal 1)
electrons are equally shared.
Ionic Bond
Results from the attraction of two opposite charged particles and involves a metal and a
non-metal.
Formation of bonds
Interaction of bonds when energy is released.
Breaking of Bonds
Interaction of bonds when energy is absorbed.
Bond Energy
The amount of energy involved in the formation and breaking of a bond.
Bond Order
Pertain to single bond, double bond, triple bond, and those intermediate between single
and double bonds, etc.
Bond Length
The distance between the nuclei of the atoms forming the bond.
Directly proportional, indirectly proportional
Bond order is ______ to Bond Energy, and _____ to Bond Length
combination reaction
also known as the synthesis reaction
Metathesis
another term used for the double decomposition reaction.
neutralization reaction
reaction of an acid and a base forming salt and water
Precipitation Reaction
reaction which results in the formation of an insoluble product.
basic oxide or basic anhydride
Metal + oxygen
acidic oxide or acidic anhydride
Non-metal + oxygen
acid
Non-metal oxide + water
alkali or base
Metal oxide + water
metal + oxygen
Metal oxide decomposes to
metal oxide + carbon dioxide
Metal carbonates decomposes to
metal nitrites + oxygen
Metal nitrates decomposes to
metal carbonate + water + carbon dioxide
Metal bicarbonates decomposes to
metal halide + oxygen
Metal oxyhalides decomposes to
Little Peter Saw Carl Make A Mangy Zebra Carry Iron Nails to Liverpool; He Caught
Ben a Mexican Silver Plated Goat + Halogens
Recite the activity Series in decreasing activity
Manganese, Mn
the most multivalent charged element
Increasing the concentration of the reactants shifts the reaction forward.
effect to a system when concentration is changed
formation of greater number of gaseous molecules (less moles of gas).
Increasing the pressure (or decreasing the volume) of a system in equilibrium shifts the
reaction towards the _____
endothermic
Increasing the temperature of a system favors an ____ reaction;
exothermic
Decreasing the temperature of a system favors an ____ reaction
Not shift equilibrium
At constant volume, adding an inert gas to a system will ___
to the side with more moles of gas
At constant pressure, adding an inert gas to a system will shift ____
Catalyst
adding this will not affect equilibrium.
Shielding Effect
The effect obtained where inner electrons are more attracted to the nucleus therefore,
outer electrons have lower nuclear change than inner electrons.
Specific heat
The quantity of heat energy that must be absorbed to increase the temperature of 1g of
a substance by 1C.
Nuclear Chemistry
The study of the chemical and physical properties of elements as influenced by changes
in the structure of the atomic nucleus (change in protons and neutrons)
Nucleons
collective term for protons and neutrons
Activity (Becquerel)
number of nuclear disintegrations per second.
Curie
the rate of disintegration of 1 gram of Ra.
Balmer Series
Designation of one of a set of 6 different named series describing the spectral line
emissions of the hydrogen atom.
Radioactive Decay
Process in which a nucleus spontaneously disintegrates, giving off radiation; always in
first order kinetics
Alpha Particle
A helium nucleus. Type of radioactive decay commonly found during decay from
heavier nuclide.
Beta Particle
An electron; emitted when the neutron to proton ratio is higher than the zone of stability
(a neutron is transformed to a proton and an electron).
Gamma Ray
Also known as high energy photon; usually a by-product of an alpha particle decay.
Positron e+
An antimatter of electron emitted when the neutron to proton ratio is lower than the zone
of stability (a proton transformed to a neutron).
Electron Capture
Inner orbital electron is captured by the nucleus to increase neutron to proton ratio;
usually accompanied by emission of gamma ray.
Nuclear Force
A strong force of attraction between nucleons that acts only at very short distances
(very small, only around femtometers);
Nuclear bombardment reaction
A nuclear reaction in which a nucleus is bombarded or stuck, by another nucleus or by a
nuclear particle.
Particle Accelerators
Increase the speed and energy of atom particle to cause high-energy collisions
producing other particles; bombardment takes place here.
Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
world's largest and highest particle accelerator; Higgs Boson (God particle)
Transuranium elements
Where z>92 (atomic number of uranium);
Neptunium
first transuranium element to be discovered
Nuclear Binding Energy
The amount of energy released during nuclear transformation and is a measure of the
energy used to bind the nucleons in a parent nuclide.
Mass defect (m)
The change in mass during a nuclear transformation
Nuclear Chain Reaction
A self-sustaining sequence of nuclear fission reactions
Nuclear Fission
A heavy nucleus (mass number > 200) divides to form smaller nuclei of intermediate
mass and one or more neutrons.
Nuclear Fusion
The combining of small nuclei into larger ones.
Nuclear transmutation
The change undergone by a nucleus as a result of bombardment by neutrons or other
particles.
Absorbed Dose
type of dose that is deposited in tissue
Equivalent Dose
type of dose that indicates how much of the substance is needed to get the cells
damaged
Effective Dose
type of dose that indicates how much of the substance will produce long term effects
Somatic Damage
a radiation effect; indicates immediate damage to the receiver
Genetic Damage
type of damage by radiation that targets the genetic machinery, which produces
malfunctions in the offspring.
Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus
SCUBA
Osmosis
The natural tendency for a solvent to move through a membrane from a region of higher
solvent concentration to a region of lower solvent concentration.
Reverse Osmosis
With application of pressure, solvent molecules can be forced through the membrane,
leaving ions behind.
Hygroscopic materials
Plastic materials that absorb moisture from air.
Rutherford Gold Foil Experiment
An experiment that concluded:
(1) Atoms are mostly empty space.
(2) The nucleus is positively charged (protons)
JJ Thomson Cathode Ray Tube
Led to the discovery of the electron;