PHYSICS - I C ELASTICITY

ELASTICITY
*
I nter atomic for ces

* Elastic M odulii

1 * Behaviour of wir e under str ess

* Elastic ener gy

1.1 I NTRODUCTI ON and electrons of the other atom. These attractive

Elasticity deals with property of a material, its
strength and ability to withstand against external
forces which are acting on it. While selecting a
suitable material for a project, an engineer is always
interested to know its strength. The strength of a
material may be defined as an ability to resist its
failure under the action of external forces. As a matter
of fact the properties of a material under the action
of external forces are very essential, for an engineer,
to enalbe him, in designing him all types of structures
and machines.The properties of matter like elasticity,
surface tension, viscocity, can be studied well with
the help of interatomic and intermolecular forces.
The forces acting among charged particles in
an atom are responsible for structure of atom. The
electromagnetic forces acting among atoms are
responsible for the structure of molecules. The
electromagnetic forces acting among the molecules
are responsible for the structure of matter and their
elastic behaviour.
forces tend to decrease the potential energy of the
pair of atoms.
(ii) The repuslive forces between the nucleus
of one atom with the nucleus of another atom and
electrons of one atom with the electrons of the other
atom. These repulsive forces tend to increase the
potential energy of pair of atoms.
The potential energy U is related with the force
dU
F by the relations. F . The variation of
dr
potential energy U(r) and interatomic force F(r) with
separation r between two atoms have been shown in
graphs (fig (1), fig (2))
F
repu

1.2 I NTERATOM I C FORCES

lsion

The for ces acting between the atoms due to

electr ostatic inter action between the char ges of x
the atoms ar e called inter atomic for ces. Thus r
O r0
interatomic forces are electrical in nature. The attraction
interatomic forces are active if the distance between
fig.(2)
the two atoms is of the order of atomic size
From graphs the following points are observed.
1010 m .
During interaction between the two atoms, the (i)At large distances, the potential energy is
following electrostatic forces will be active negative and becomes more negative as r decrease.
(i)Attractive forces between the nucleus of one atom It implies that interatomic force in this region is

AKASH MULTIMEDIA 5
ELASTICITY
attractive. For a particular value of r denoted by x in
fig.(2), the attractive interatomic force becomes
maximum. After this distance x, the attractive force
starts decreasing rapidly with the further decrease in
the value of r
(ii) At a distance r0 the potential energy attains
minimum value (maximum negative value). At this
stage, the two atoms will be in a state of equilibrium.
The distance r0 is called as normal or equilibrium
distance. At this distance, the attractive force between
two atoms will become zero.
(iii) As the distance is further decreased below
r0, the potential energy starts increasing, becomes
zero for a particular value of r and after this becomes
positive. In this region, the interatomic force is
repulsive, the repulsive force increases very rapidly
as the distance between the two atoms decreases.
So, the two atoms cannot be fused together easily.
therefore, atoms are regarded as hard elastic spheres.
1.3 I NTER M OL ECUL AR FORCES
The for ce between the molecules due to
electr ostatic inter action between the char ges of
the molecules ar e called inter molecular for ces.
Thus intermolecular forces are also electrical in
origin. These forces are active if the separation
between two molecules is of the order of molecular
size 10 9 m
The variation of intermolecular forces with
distance is shown in fig.
F a body is equal and opposite to the deforming force
repu
lsion
x r emain unchanged inspite of any amount of
r0 r defor ming force. There is no perfect rigid body. The
O
attraction
fig.(2)
(i) For large distnace r, the intermolecular force is
neglisibly small. As the distance decreases, the force
of attraction increases. At a particular distance x,
AKASH MULTIMEDIA
PHYSICS - I C
the force of attraction becomes maximum. After this
distance, the force of attraction decreases and
becomes zero at a distance r0. It is found that foce of
attraction between the molecules varies inversely as
the seventh power of intermolecular distance r, i.e.,
1 a
Fa 7
orFa 7 The negative sign indicates that
r r
the force is attractive in nature.
(ii) When the distance between the molecules
becomes less than r0, the force becomes repulsive in
nature. The repulsive force increases very rapidly
with decrease in intermolecular distance. It is found
that repuslive force varies inversely as the ninth
1 b
power of r, ie. Fr 9
or Fr 9
r r
1.4 : Some impor tant defimitions
(i)Defor ming For ce : When an exter nal for ce is
applied on a body which is not fr ee to move, the
molecules of the body ar e for ced to under go a
change in their r elative positions. Due to this
change, the body may suffer a change in length
(or ) volume (or ) shape. Such a body is said to be
deformed. The applied for ce is called defor ming
for ce.
(ii) Restor ing for ce : The for ce developed within
t he body on account of r elat ive molecular
displacement is called inter nal for ce (or ) elastic
for ce (or ) r estor ing for ce.
At equilibrium the restoring force developed in
applied on the body.
(iii) Rigid body : A body is said to be r igid if the
r elative positions of its constituent par ticles
nearest approach to a rigid body is diamond.
(iv) Elasticity : I t is the pr oper ty of mater ial of a
body by vir tue of which the body r egains its
or iginal length, volume and shape after the
defor ming for ces have been r emoved.
6
PHYSICS - I C
If a body regains its original length, volume and
shape completely when the deforming forces are
removed, then the body is said to be a perfectly elastic
body. There is no perfectly elastic body in nature.
The nearest approach to a perfectly elastic body is
Quartz fiber.
(v) Reason for elasticity : In a solid, atoms and
molecules are arranged in such a way that each
molecule is acted upon by the forces due to
neighbouring molecules. These forces are known
as intermolecular forces. The two molecules in their
equilibrium positions are at certain separation (r =
r0) called inter molecular seperation. At this
separation the potential energy is minimum. On
applying the deforming forces, the molecules either
come closer or go far apart from each other. In both
the cases potential energy of molecules is greater
than the minimum. Since every system tends to
remain in the state of minimum potential energy, the
molecules has a tendency to come back to its original
position. Tendency of the body to recover its original
configuration can be interpreted as due to the
presence of some forces known as restoring forces
acting in a direction opposite to that of deforming
forces. This gives rise to the property of elasticity.
When the deforming forces are removed, these
restoring forces bring the molecules of solid to their
respective equilibrium positions (r = r0) and hence
the body regains its original form.
(vi) Plasticity : The pr operty of material of a body
by vir tue of which it does not r egain its or iginal
shape and size (i.e it r emains in the defor med
state) even after the r emoval of defor ming for ce
is called plasticity.
If a body does not have any tendency to recover
its original configuration on the removal of deforming
force, then the body is said to be a perfectly plastic
body. There is no perfectly plastic body in nature,
the nearest approach to a perfect plastic body is putty.
Note 1.1 : Most of the bodies are neither
perfectly elastic nor perfectly plastic. They are
partially elastic.
AKASH MULTIMEDIA
ELASTICITY
1.5 Str ess : When a deforming force is applied on a
body, there will be relative displacement of the
particles. Due to property of elasticity an internal
restoring force is developed which tends to restore
the body to its original state.
Definition :The internal r estoring force acting per
unit ar ea of cr osssection of the defor med body
is called str ess.
Re storing force F
Stress
Area of cross section A
At equilibrium, as the restoring force is equal in
magnitude and opposite to external deforming force,
stress can also be equal to external deforming force
per unit area on a body.
If F is the external deforming force applied
on the Area A of the body then
Deforming force ( F )
Stress
Area ( A)
* Stress is a tensor quantity
* SI unit of stress is Pascal (N/m2)
* C.G.S. unit of stress is dyne cm2.
* Dimensional formula of stress is (ML1T2)
* The units and dimensions of stress are same
as that of pressure.
Stress developed in a body depends upon how
the external forces are applied over it. On this basis
there are two types of stresses. They are (a) Normal
stress (b) Tangential ( or) shearing stress.
(a) Nor mal Str ess : I f the str ess is nor mal to the
sur face, it is called nor mal str ess. The stress is
always normal in the case of change in length of a
wire (or) volume of a body.
The normal stress can further be compressive
(or) tensile depending upon whether it produces a
decrease (or) increase in length or volume.
(i) L ongitudinal str ess : When a nor mal str ess
changes the length of a body then it is called
longitudinal str ess. (or )
7
ELASTICITY PHYSICS - I C

When a force is applied nor mal to the cr oss- As shown in figure, a small solid sphere is placed
sectional ar ea of the body such that its length in a fluid such that it is compressed uniformly on all
changes then the r estor ing for ce developed per sides. The force applied by the fluid acts in
unit cr oss-sectional ar ea is called longitudinal perpendicular direction at each point of the surface
stress. and the body is said to be under hydraulic
Deforming force (F) compression. This leads to decrease in its volume
Longitudinal stress = without any change of its geometrical shape. The
Area of cross - section (A)
It can be further divided into two types, they internal restoring force per unit area in this case is
are tensile stress and compressive stress. known as bulk stress and is equal to the hydraulic
pressure in magnitude (applied force per unit area)
1) If a rod is stretched by two equal forces
F
applied normal to its crosssectional area,the
restoring force developed per unit area in this case is F V
F
called tensile stress.
A B C F V V F
F F
F F
B ody subjected to tensile force
F
A B B C
Volume stress Force F
(or) = =
F F
Bulk stress surface area A
Tensile stress

Ex : A string fixed at one end and stretched at = Pressure (P)

the other end experience tensile stress.
2) If a rod is compressed under the action of
applied forces, the restoring force per unit area is
called compressive stress.
A B C Force
F F
Body subjected to compressive force
A B B C
F F
Com pressive stress
Ex: The pillars of a building experience
compressive stress.
(ii) Volume (or) Bulk stress : When a normal stress
changes the volume of a body then it is called
volume str ess.
When forces of equal magnitude act on a body
normally from all directions, the volume of the body
changes. The body develops internal restoring forces
that are equal and opposite to the forces applied. The
internal restoring force per unit area in this case is
known as volume stress.
(b) Shear ing stress : When the str ess is tangential
to the sur face due to the application of for ces
par allel to the sur face, then the str ess is called
tangential (or ) shear ing stress.
F
Shearing stress = =
surface area A
If two equal and opposite deforming forces are
applied parallel to the two surfaces of the cube as
shown in the figure, there is relative displacement
between the opposite faces of the cube. The restoring
force per unit area developed due to the applied
tangential force is known as tangential (or) shearing
stress.
A F
A
F
fixed
Note 1.2 : If deforming force is applied on a body
such that normal stress is developed in a body, then
the length or volume of the body may change.

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PHYSICS - I C ELASTICITY

Note 1.3 : If deforming force is applied tangential to Being the ratio of two similar quantities, strain
the surface, such that tangential stress is developed is a dimensionless quantity and has no unit. Like
in a body, then the shape of the body may change. stress, strain is a tensor.
Note 1.4 : F er
Strain is classified into three types depending
n
A
upon the change produced in a body, they are
q F
(i) Longitudinal strain (ii) Volume strain
F (iii) Shearing strain
When a force F acts at an angle ' q ' with (i) Longitudinal strain : It isthe ratio of the change
outward normal n to the area A as shown in figure. in length of a body to its or iginal length.
In this case, the stress will have the normal and Consider a wire of length ' ' and is suspended
tangential components. from a rigid support. Let a stretching force F be
To find the linear (or) longitudinal stress, take applied normally to its face. Let the wire suffer a
the component of the force perpendicular to the plane change in its length.
of a given area A, then divide this component ( Fer )
F
by the area A.
F F cos q
Longitudinal stress =
er

A A
To find the shearing stress, take the component
of force parallel to the plane of the given area and
then devide F by the area A.
el

F el F sin q
Shearing stress = F
A A F
The total stress = longitudinal stress + shearing stress change in length
Longitudinal strain = original length
But not F/A.
* Pr oblem 1.1 I f the length incr eases due to tensile str ess,
A steel wir e of 2mm in diameter is str etched the cor r esponding str ain is called tensile str ain.
by applying a for ce of 72N. Find the str ess in the I f the length decr eases due to compressive str ess,
wir e. the strain is called compr essive str ain.
Solution : r 1103 m; F=72N (ii) Volume str ain : I t is the r atio of change in
F F 72 volume of body to its or iginal volume.
The stress = 2 Let v be the volume of a given body. Under
A pr p 1103
2

the action of a normal stress, let the change in volume

72
= 2.292107 Nm2 . of the body be V .Then
p 106
1.6 Str ain : F V
When the forces (or) a torque acting upon a body
causes relative displacements of its particles, a V- V
F F
change in length (or) volume (or) shape is produced.
The body is then said to be strained.
F
Def : The r at io of change pr oduced in t he
dimensions of a body by a system of for ces or
couples in equilibr ium to its or iginal dimensions change in volume V
Volume strain = original volume V
is called str ain.

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ELASTICITY PHYSICS - I C

(iii) Shear ing str ain : I t is defined as angle q in
r adians thr ough which a plane per pendicular to
the fixed sur face of the cubical body gets tur ned
under the effect of tangential for ce .
I t is also the r atio of the displacement of a
x and shape completely, even after the removal of
layer to its distance from the fixed layer. q
Consider a cube of material fixed at its lower
face and acted upon by a tangential force F at its
upper surface as shown in figure (a). The upper
surface is displaced relative to lower surface by x
as show in the figure (b). The perpendicular distance
between upper and lower fixed layer is ' ' . Then
F G
F
A B
E
F
Fixed
C Surface
fig (a)
A x
A B
q q
F C Fixed D
fig (b)
1.7 Elastic limit : The maximum str ess within
which a body can r egain its or iginal size and
shape after the r emoval of the deforming for ce is
called elastic limit. If the stress developed in a body
excedes this limit, then it will not get the initial size
deforming force.
1.8 Hookes law: Hookes law states that within
elastic limit, the str ess is dir ectly pr opor tional to
the strain
stress strain (for small deformations)
stress = E x (strain)
stress
E
strain
Where E is proportionality constant and it is also
called modulus of elasticity.
H Def : M odulus of elasticity of the mater ial of a
body is the str ess in the body to pr oduce unit
D
str ain (within the elastic limit).
B
F
E depends on the nature of the material, temperature
and impurities. It is independent of dimentions of
the body.
SI unit of E is Pascal (Pa) 1pa 1N / m 2

x C.G.S. unit is dyne / cm2

Shearing strain = q

Dimensional formula is ML1T 2
* Pr oblem 1.2
A copper wir e of length 1m is str etched by 1.9 Factor s effecting Elasticity:
(i) ANNEAL I NG : The processes responsible for
1cm. Find the str ain on the wir e
making uniform structures from a given sample
e 1102 reduce the elasticity of a material while those
Solution : The strain 0.01 responsible for generating smaller regular units inside
L 1
the sample increase the elasticity. Hence annealing
* Pr oblem 1.3 decreases elasticity while hammering and rolling
If a platinum wir e is stretched by 0.5% what increases it.
is the str ain on the wir e? (ii)I M PURI TI ES: The impurity having higher
Solution : elasticity than the sample to which it is added
e increases the elasticity while the impurity with smaller
Fractional increase in the length = strain
L elasticity decreases the elasticity of the sample.
0.5
The strain =0.5% = 0.005 . (iii)TEM PERATURE: Normally, elasticity of the
100
material gets decreased with rise in temperature.

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PHYSICS - I C ELASTICITY

However, INVAR STEEL is a material whose elastic Pr oblem 1.4

behaviour is not affected by rise in temperature. Show that str ess r equir ed to double the
1.10 Types of modulii length of wire (or) to pr oduce 100% longitudinal
Depending on the type of str ess developed str ain is numer ically equal to Youngs modulus.
and the r esulting str ain, we have the following Sol : 1 , 2 2
three modulii of elasticity. F

(i) Youngs modulus A
(ii) Bulk modulus 2 , Y

(iii) Modulus of Rigidity
1.11 Youngs modulus (Y) : I t is the r atio of
longitudinal str ess to the longitudinal str ain F
But as 1 , Hence Y
within elastic limit. A
longitudinal stess Pr oblem 1.5
i.e., Y
longitudinal strain A load (M ) suspended fr om a wir e pr oduces
F an elongation (e) in the wir e then find the r ise in
temperature required to produce same elongation
in the same wir e.

F

A
Y a
sol : t

F
F .......1 at.......2
Consider a wire of length ' ' and cross - AY
sectional area A. One end of the wire fixed to rigid But from given data
support and a stretching force F is applied normally F F
to its face as shown in the figure. Due to the at t
AY AYa
stretching force, the length of the wire changes by
. Then at equilibrium. Note 1.5 : If two wires having lengths 1 , 2 ; cross-
F
Longitudinal stress = sectional areas A1, A2 and Youngs modulii Y1, Y2
A
are stretched by forces F1, F2 then
Longitudinal strain =
F F Y1 F1 1 A2 e2
As Y Ae Y F A e
longitudinal stress A F 2 2 2 2 1
Y = longitudinal strain = A
Note 1.6 : In terms of volume V of a wire.

If a force is applied on a wire of radius r F F F 2 F2
As Y Y y
by hanging a load of mass M as shown in figure Ae A e Ve Ve

Where V is the volume of the wire

Mg
2 m m
pr Mg as d V
then Y Y 2 V d
p r
F d2

M y
me

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ELASTICITY PHYSICS - I C

m mass of the wire Pr oblem 1.7

d density of material of the wire
Two wires of same length and r adius are
In the above formula If V, F, Y are same for two j oined end to end and loaded. The Youngs
e1 12 modulii of the mater ials of the two wires are Y 1
wires then e a 2
and Y 2. I f the combination behaves as a single
e2 22
In the above formula if Y, d, F are same for two wires wire then its Youngs modulus is
e1 1 m2
2
2
then e a e1 Y1 A
m e2 2 m1
2
F F A FV e
Note 1.7 : As Y 2 2 AY
Ae Ae Ae e2 Y2 A

FV FV
Y Y 2 4
2
Ae pr e W W
m m
as d V e e1 e2
V d
F 2 F F
Y
Fm
Y
Fm but e , e1 , e2

dA e d p 2 r 4e AYeq AY1 AY2
F 2 F F
In the above formula if F, V, Y are same for
AYeq AY1 AY2
1 1
two wires then ea (or)
ea 4 2 1 1
A r
Yeq Y1 Y2
Pr oblem 1.6
When a body of mass m, density dB is 2Y1Y2
Yeq
suspended from a wir e, its elongation is ewhen Y1 Y2
the body is in air. I f the body is completely
Pr oblem 1.8
immer sed in a non viscous liquid of density d
then its elongation is Two wires of same length and r adius are
j oined in par allel and loaded. The Youngs
modulii of the mater ial of the wires areY 1 & Y 2.
I f the combination is taken as a single wir e then
itsYoungs modulus is
Y1 y2 Yeq
In air In liquid
A A
2A
d
F = Wa = mg F 1 W mg 1 W W
d B
F F = F1 + F2
as e Y 2 A e Y1 Ae Y2 Ae
AY
e a F (as , A, Y are same in both cases)
d 2Yeq Y1 Y2
mg 1 d
e1
F 1 dB e1
e1 Y1 Y2
dB Yeq
2
e F mg
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PHYSICS - I C ELASTICITY

* Pr oblem 1.9 Solution : r = 0.5 x 103m; L=1m

The length of a metal wir e is 1 when the F = 10N ; e=0.064 x 103m
tension in it is T 1 and is 2 when the tension is
T 2. Then the actual length of the wire is 10
F F
i) Stress = 2 = p 2 =
Sol : Let its original length be ' ' . A pr
We know e T 1 T1 .... (1) -2
1.27310 7 N m
2 T2 ...... (2) e 0.064 103
From (1) & (2) (ii) Strain =
L 1
1 T
1 T2 1 T2 T1 2 T1 = 0.064 x 103
2 T2
T T Stress 1.27310 7
T2 1 T1 2 T2 T1 2 1 1 2 (iii) Y=
T2 T1 Strain 0.064103
Pr oblem 1.10 = 1.989x1011Nm2
The length of a r ubber cor d is 1 metr es
* Pr oblem 1.12
when the tension in it is 4N and 2 metr es when
the tension is 5N. Then the length in meters when A steel wir e of diameter 1 mm and length
the tension is 9 N is 2m is str etched by applying a for ce of 2kg wt.
sol : Let ' ' be the original length and 3 be Calculate (i) the incr ease in length of the wir e,
the length of the wire when the tension is 9N. (i i ) t he st r ai n and (i i i ) t he st r ess.
We know e F (g = 9.8 ms2, Y = 2 x 1011 N m2)
1 4.......1 , 2 5....... 2 1 3
3 9.......3 Sol: r 10 m; L 2m;
2
1 4 F = 2kg wt = 2 x 9.8N; Y = 2 x 1011 Nm2
From (1) & (2) 5 51 5 4 2 4
2 F L
i) Y
5 1 4 2 ....... 4 r 2 e

1 4 1 5 1 4 2 4 FL 2 9.8 2
e
From (1) & (3) 9 5 4 9 r Y 1
1 2 3
2 2
3 3
10 2 1011
2
51 4 2 4 4 2 4 1 4
1
3 51 4 2 9 3 51 4 2 9 = 2.495x104m

36 2 361 4 3 201 16 2 e 2.495104

ii) The strain=
20 2 16 1 4 3 3 5 2 4 1 L 2
= 1.248104
* Pr oblem 1.11
iii) The stress = Y x strain
A steel wir e of 1mm diameter and of length
1m is str etched by applying for ce of 10N. I f the 4
11 2.49510
incr ease in length is 0.064mm, find (i) the str ess, 2 10
= 2
(ii) the strain and (iii) theYoungs modulus of the
wir e. = 2.49510 7 Nm 2

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ELASTICITY PHYSICS - I C

* Pr oblem 1.13 MgL Mg Vg L

What mass must suspended fr om the fr ee AY AY
end of a steel wir e of length 2m and diameter
1mm to str etch it by 1mm? (Y=2x1011Nm2) VgL

1 3 Mg L AY
Sol: r 10 m; L 2m; Y 2
2 r e Here, V = 1000cm3 = 1000 x 10-6m3
=1gcm3=1x103kgm3;g=9.8ms2;L=5m
Y r 2 e
M A 1mm2 1106 m2 ;Y 11011 Nm2
gL
The decrease in length
1 2
210 10 1103
11 3
1000106 110 3 9.8 5
2 =
1106 11011
9.82
= 49 x 10-5 m = 0.49 mm
102 100
8.015kg * Pr oblem 1.15
9.8 4 39.2
A copper wir e and a steel wir e of r adii in
* Pr oblem 1.14
the r atio 1:2, lengths in the r atio 2:1 ar e stretched
A br ass wir e of length 5m and cr oss section
by the same force. I f the Young's modulus of
1mm2 is hung fr om a r igid suppor t, with a br ass
copper = 1.1 x 1011Nm2 find the r atio of their
weight of volume 1000 cm3 hanging fr om the
extensions
other end. Find the decr ease in the length of the
(youngsmodulus of steel = 2 x 1011 N/m2).
wir e, when t he br ass weight is complet ely
FL
immer sed in water. Sol: we know e 2
r Y
(Ybrass=1011 Nm2; g=9.8ms2; water 1gcm 3 )
e1 L1 r Y2 F
2

Sol: When a weight is hung in air from the other 2

end of a wire, F = Mg. The increase in length of the e 2 L 2
r1 Y F
1

wire, e = ? Here r1:r2= 1:2, L1:L2 = 2:1 Y1=1.1x1011

FL
Young's modulus, Y Nm2; Y2 = 2.0x1011Nm2
Ae
e1 2 2 2.01011 16 160
2
MgL
e .
AY e 2 1 1 1.11011 1.1 11
When weight hung in a liquid,
e1:e2 = 160:11
Weight of the body in the liquid = Mg - V g
where V is the volume of the body * Pr oblem 1.16
This is the force, F acting on the wire i.e., An aluminium wir e and a steel wir e of the
same length and cr oss-section ar e j oined end to
F = Mg V g
end. The composite wir e is hung fr om a r igid
Increase in length of the wire, suppor t and a load is suspended fr om the fr ee
Mg vg L end. I f the incr ease in the length of the composite
e/ wir e is 2.7mm, find the incr ease in the length of
AY
each wir e.
which is less than the increase in length of the (Y A1=2x1011Nm2, Y steel =7x1011Nm2)
wire when the weight is in air. Sol: Total increase in length, e = e1 + e2.
Decrease in length = e in air - e| in liquid e1 + e2 = 2.7 mm

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 PHYSICS - I C ELASTICITY

FL * Pr oblem 1.18
we know e
AY
1 A steel wire of length 2 m and cross sectional
As F, A, L are same for both the wires. So, e ar ea 2 mm2 is fixed at one end and str etched by
Y
e1 Y2 21011 20 20 suspending a block of mass 2 kg on the sur face
= , e1 e 2
e 2 Y1 710 11
7 7 of the moon. I f theYpungs modulus of steel is 2
substituting in e1 + e2 = 2.7 mm x 1011 N m2 find the increase in the length of the
steel wir e.
20 27e 2
e1 e 2 2.7mm 2.7mm 1
7 7 (g on the moon of the g on the earth)
6
e2 = 0.7 mm Sol: L = 2 m ; A = 2 mm2 = 2 x 106 m2;
20 20
e1 e 2 0.7 2.0mm g 9.8 2
ms
7 7 M = 2 kg ; g on the moon =
6 6
* Pr oblem 1.17 N
Y 21011 ;e ?
A block of mass 1 kg is fastended to one end m2
of a wir e of cr oss - sectional ar ea 2 mm2 and is The increase in length ,
r otated in a ver tical cir cle of r adius 20 cm. The
speed of the block at the bottom of the cir cle is FL MgL 29.82
3.5 m s1. Find the elongation of the wir e when e
AY AY 62106 21011
the block is at the bottom.
= 1.633 x 105m
Sol: i) Tension at the bottom of the circle,
Pr oblem 1.19
13.5
2 2

T
mv
mg One end of a unifor m wire of length Land
19.8
r 0.2 mass M is attached r igidly to a point in the r oof
and a load of mass mis suspended from its lower
= 61.25 + 9.8 = 71.05 N end. I f A is the area of cross - section of the wire
This tension in the string is equal to the force, then find the str ess in the wir e at height xfr om
F i.e. F = 71.05N, L =r = 0.2m. its lower end (x < L )
The increase in length , Tension in the string at point P is
(L-x)
FL 71.050.2 T = wt of load + wt of wire of length x
e P
AY 2106 21011 L
M
x T mg xg
= 3.553 x 105m L
mg Mxg
ii) Tension at the top of the circle, m
Stress at P = T/A = A AL
T = Tension at the bottom 6 mg Pr oblem 1.20
= 71.05 6 x1x9.8 = 71.05 58.8 = 12.25 N. A metal ring of radius rand cross- sectional
area A is to be fitted on to a wooden circular
F = 12.25 N; L = 0.2 m. disc of r adius R (R > r ). I f the Youngs modulus
The increase in length of the mater ial of the r ing is Y the force with
which the metal r ing expands is
FL 12.25 0.2
e R
AY 2106 21011 x (R > r)
r
= 0.6125105 m

AKASH MULTIMEDIA 15
ELASTICITY PHYSICS - I C

Initial length of wire 2p r Pr oblem 1.23

for it to be fitted onto a wodden disc, its final A copper wire of negligible mass, length ,
length must be 1 2p R cr oss - sectional ar ea (A) is kept on a smooth
F horizontal table with one end fixed, a ball of mass
e 1 2p R r , Y m is attached at other end. The wir e and the
Ae
ball are rotated with angular velocity w . If wire
YAe YA2 p R r YA R r elongates by then find Youngs modulus of
F
2pr r wir e. I f on incr easing the angular velocity fr om
YA R r w to w 1 the wir e br eakdown, obtain br eaking
F str ess
r
Sol : a) r
Pr oblem 1.21
F = T = mrw2
I f two wir es ar e ar r anged as shown in the
figur e. What ar e the elongations of upper and m w 2
F
lower wir es as in small , F mw 2 y
Ae
Sol : for lower wire F = m2g
F2 m g mw 2
e e 2 2 A y1 y
A
Ay2 Ay2 1
m1
b) We know Breaking stress
A 2
For upper wire F = (m1 +m2)g y2 Breaking force
m2 = Area of cross sec tion
F 1 m m2 g 1 m w 1
2
e e 1
Ay1 Ay1 = A
Pr oblem 1.22 Pr oblem 1.24
As shown in adjucent figur e if a load of mass A stone of mass (m) is attached to one end of
(m) is attached at lower end of lower wir e. Then a small wir e of length and cr oss - sectional
find the displacements of the points B, C, D ar e area (A) suspended ver tically. The stone is now
Sol : As shown in figure r otated in hor izontal plane such that the wir e
elongation of first wire mak es an angle ' q ' with ver t ical. Find the
A y1 increase in length of wire if itsYoungs modulus
mg 1
1
B is Y.
e1 2 mg
Ay1 A y2 Sol : From fig. T cos q mg T
C S
cos q
elongation of 2nd wire
3
mg 2 A y3 T sin q mRw 2
e2 D q
Ay2 L T
m
elongation of 3rd wire T cos q
F T
mg 3 e q
e3 AY AY
Ay3 R
T sin q
displacement of B is e1
mg mg
displacement of C is e1 + e2 e
displacement of D is e1 + e2 + e3 AY cos q

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PHYSICS - I C ELASTICITY

Note : If ' q ' was not given but R, w and m was (or) T2 2T1 ......... (i)
given then in such case
As the whole system is in equilibrium, so

T 2 cos 2 q T 2 sin 2 q mg mRw
2 2
t = 0. Taking moment of all the forces acting on
2

the rod about C, we have

T mg mRw
2 2
2

T1 x T2 2 x 0 ......... (ii)
T Solving equations (i) and (ii), we get
and use e
Ay 4
x m
Pr oblem 1.25 3
ii) Second case : For equal strains in both the wires
A light r od of length 2 m is suspended fr om
e1 = e2
the ceiling hor izontally by means of two ver tical
wir es of equal length tied to its ends. One of the T1 T
wir es is made of steel and is of crosssection 103 2
a1Y1 a 2 Y2
m2 and the other is of br ass of cr oss section 2 x
103m2. Find out the position along the r od at T1

T2
(or) 3 3
which a weight may be hung to pr oduce; i) equal 10 21011
210 1011
str ess in both wir es (or) T1 = T2 ........... (iii)
ii) equal str ains in both wir es From equations (ii) and (iii) , we get
Youngs modulus of br ass = 1 x 1011 N/m2 x=1m
Youngs modulus of steel = 2 x 1011 N/m2 Pr oblem 1.26
A steel wire of area of cross-section A and
length 2Lis clamped fir mly between two points
Steel Brass
wire wire seper ated by a distance ' 2L' . A body is hung from
the middle point of the wir e such that the middle
T1 C T2 point sags by a distance x. Calculate the mass of
A B the body and the angle made by the str ing with
x (2 x) the horizontal
W
L L
Sol : Suppose a1 and a2 are the cross - sectional

areas, and Y1 and Y2 are the Youngs moduli of steel
x
and brass wire respectively. Let T 1 and T 2 are
tensions in the steel and brass wires respectively. T
T
Let x is distance of the position of the hanging
weight from the steel wire. Mg

i) First case : For equal stress in both wires, we Since ' ' is small
have x
sin tan
T1 T2 L
F L
a1 a2 y .
A e
T T2
(or) 13 YAe YA 2
L x L
2 1/ 2
10 2103 F
L L

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ELASTICITY PHYSICS - I C

1pa 1N / m 2 So tension in the wire (due to elasticity)

1.9941011 p 5104 0.02
2

YA x 2 YA YA
x2 T L 199.4p N
F L
1 2
L L L L 5
L 2 L
L 2L
YAx 2 and as equation of circular motion of a mass m tied
F to a string in a vertical plane is
2 L2
2T sin mg mv 2 / r T mg cos q
2T mg for small angles sin
So at lowest point
2F mg

2.
YAx 2
mg
mv 2 / r T mg [as q 0 ]
2 L2
But here r = 5 + 0.02 + 0.1 = 5.12 m
2 YAx2 x YAX 3
. mg , M 3
2L2 L Lg So 8pv 2 / 5.12 1.99.4p 8p 9.8
x Mg
1/ 3
x 3 Mg x
, Tan
L3 YA
,
L YA L i.e., v 2 1215.12 / 8 77.44 , so v = 8.8 m/s.

Mg
1/ 3
Mg
1/ 3
1.12 Elongation of wir e due to its own weigt:
Tan Tan1
YA
YA Consider a wire of length ' ' and cross -
Pr oblem 1.27 sectional area A. If density of its material is d then
A spher e of r adius 0.1 m and mass 8p kg is weight of the wire W A dg
attached to the lower end of a steel wir e of length
5.0 m and diamet er 103m. The wire is suspended
fr om 5.22 m high ceiling of a r oom. When the
spher e is made to swing as a simple pendulum, it dx
j ust gr azes the floor at its lowest point. Calculate
x
the velocity of the spher e at the lowest position.
Y for steel = 1.994 x 1011 N/m2.
Let the wire is hanging from the rigid support.
The wire extends due to self weight
Let us consider an element of thickness dx at
T 5.22m a distance x from the free end.
The weight of the wire of length x is w1 = (Ax)dg
The extension of the element due to this weight is
0.2m
w1 dx xAdg dx dg
CFF
mv2 de x dx
r AY AY Y
mg
Sol : As the length of the wire is 5m and diameter dg
2 x 0.1 = 0.2 m and at lowest point it grazes the floor The total extension e de Y x dx
0 0
which is at a distance 5.22 m from the roof, the

increase in length of the wire at lowest point dg dg2 W
L 5.22 5 0.2 = Y x dx , e also e
0 2Y 2 AY
= 0.02 m

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PHYSICS - I C ELASTICITY

* Note 1.8 : The above formula can also derived by a) Find the for ce with which the r ods acts on
considering total weight at center of mass and using each other at heigher temper atur e.
effective length / 2 . b) Find the lengths of the r ods at the higher
temperature.
F / 2 Assume that there is no change in the cross-
Y /2
Ae cm sectional ar ea of the r ods and the r ods do not
wt bend. Ther e is no defor mation of walls.
e
F mg
2 AY

2 AY
1

aY
a Y
2

A 1 1 2 2
B

A dg
e dg
2

2Y
, Sol : a) Due to heating the increases in length of the
2 AY
composite rod will be
Note 1.9 : In the above case, if a force F is applied
at the lower end in addition to its weight then the I 1a1t 2a2 t 1a1 2a2 t ... (1)
total elongation is due to compressive force F from the walls,
2dg F due to elasticity, the decrease in length will be
e
2Y AY F F F
1.13 Ther mal Str ess: D 1 2 1 2 .... (2)
AY1 AY2 A Y1 Y2
As the length of the composite rod remains
unchanged the increase in length due to heating must
be equal to decrease in length due to compression.
When a rod whose ends are rigidly fixed such that it F
is prevented from expansion or contraction 1a1 2a2 t 1 2
A Y1 Y2
undergoes a change in temperature, due to thermal
expansion or contraction a compressive or tensile
A 1a1 2 a2 t
stress is developed init. Due to this thermal stress the F
1 2
rod will exert a large force on the supports. If the
Y1 Y2
change in temperature of a rod of length ' ' is q o C .
Then
b) As initially the length of one rod in L1 and due

aq as a to heating its length increases by 1 H a11t ,
q
Thermal strain =

Thermal stress = Y (thermal strain) while due to compression its length decreases by
Thermal stress = Y aq F 1
1 C
AY1
Force F YAaq
so its final length
Pr oblem 1.28
Two rodsof different metals, having the same 11 1 1 H 1 C
area of cross - section A, are placed end to end
between two massive walls as shown in fig. If the F 1
temper atur e of both the r ods ar e now r aised by = 1 1a1t AY
t 0 C then
1

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ELASTICITY PHYSICS - I C

for the other rod 1.14 Analogy of rod as a spr ing :

2 2 H 2 C
1
2
stress F
We know Y Y
F2 strain A
12 2 2a2t
AY2
Note 1.10: In the above problem length of composite K

rod remains unchanged, i.e. 11 12 1 2 . but
that of individual rods changes i.e. 11 1 and AY
(or) F

=

12 2 .
Note 1.11 : In the above problem if the displacement F
of junction point was asked, AY
constant, depends on type of material
This displacement is equal to change in length
and geomentry of rod.
of any one of the rod
F 1 F k (or) (F = kx)
1 1a1t
AY1 where AY
Where k is t he equivalent spring

F 1a1 2a2 t constant.

A 1 2
Pr oblem 1.30
Y Y
1 2 A mass mis attached with r od as shown in
a1Y1 a2Y2 figur e. This mass is slightly stretched and released
then find the time per iod. (Y isYoungs modulus
If 1 2 then Y Y t
1 2 of rod, A is cross sectional area of rod, ' ' is its
* Pr oblem 1.29 length).
A st eel wir e, 2mm in diameter, is j ust
st r et ched bet ween t wo f i xed poi nt s at a
A
temperatur e of 300C. Deter mineits tension when AY
Y k
the temper atur e falls to 200C. (Coefficient of
linear expansion of steel = 0.000011/0C; Young's m m
modulus for steel = 2.0 x 1011 Nm2)
F m m
Sol: Thermal stress = Yt T 2p T 2p
A k AY
Tension in the wire YA t 2 t1 . 1.15 Bulk modulus (K ) :
Here, I t is defined as the r atio of the volume str ess
Y =2.0x1011 Nm2 ; (nor mal str ess) to the volume str ain within the
elastic limit
11106 / 0 C; volume stress
K
t2 = 300C; t1 = 200C; radius=1mm=1x103m; volume strain
F

A r 110 10 m
2 3 2 6 2
F V
F
The tension in the wire
F V V F
2.0 1011 11106 106 30 20
F F
= 69.14N F

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PHYSICS - I C ELASTICITY

when a solid (or) fluid is subjected to a change 1.17 Adiabatic Bulk modulus of elasticity Ef :
in pressure, its volume changes but the shape remains
The bulk modulus of a gas in adiabatic condition
unchanged. The force per unit area, applied normally
and uniformaly to the surface of the body i.e pres- is defined as adiabatic Bulk modulus of elasticity.
sure gives the stress and the change in volume per For adiabatic process PV = constant
unit volume gives the volume strain. differentiating both sides
Thus if the volume 'V' of the body decreases
by an amount V when the pressure on its surface P gV g 1dV V g dp 0
is increased uniformaly by p , then in equilibrium. P gV g1dV V g dp
volume stress = p
P gV gV 1dV V g dp
V
volume strain 1
V gp dV dp
V
P P dp dp
K K V g p gp
V V
Bulk modulus dV dV E g p
V
V
f
V
The negative sign shows that with increase in
Hence, adiabatic Bulk modulus of elasticity is
pressure, the volume decreses.
equal to g times pressure
Note 1.12 : All the states of matter possess bulk
modulus Note 1.14 : Ratio of adiabatic to isothermal Bulk
modulus of elasticity
K solids K liquids K gases
Ef gP
Note 1.13 : Gases have two bulk modulli, they are g g > 1 E f Eq
Eq P
1.16 I sother mal Bulk modulus of elasticity Eq :
The bulk modulus of a gas in isothermal con- adiabatic bulk modulus of elasticity is g times
dition is defined as isother mal Bulk modulus of to the isothermal bulk modulus of elasticity.
eleasticity. We know for isother mal process 1.18 Compr essibility :
PV = constant The reciprocal of bulk modulus iscalled com-
Differentiating both sides pressibility. i.e
1
pdV + Vdp = 0 Compressibility = Bulk mod ulus
PdV = V dp 1 V

dp V P
P O.F = M1LT2
dV
S.I unit of compressibility is N1 m2
V
Note 1.15 : A rigid body and an ideal liquid are in-
dp compressible i.e., compressibility is zero implies bulk
P Eq P modulus is infinite
dV

V * 1.19 Density of compr essed liquid :
If a liquid of density ' r ', volume V and bulk
Hence isot hermal elasticity is equal to modulus 'K' is compressed, then its density increases
m
pressure. density r
V
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ELASTICITY PHYSICS - I C

1 r V
r -------- (1) Pr oblem 1.33
V r V A solid sphere of r adius 'R' made of a mate-
But by definition of bulk modulus r ial of bulk modulus B is sur r ounded by a liquid
V P V P in a cylindr ical container. A massless piston of
K ----------------(2)
V V K ar ea 'A' floats on the sur face of the liquid. Find
the fr actional change in the r adius of the spher e
r P
from (1) and (2) r K dR
, when a mass M is placed on the piston to
R
r1 r P P compr ess the liquid.
r1 r r
r K K Sol : As for a spherical body
P 4 V R
r1 r 1 V p R3 , 3
K 3 V R
Also r r 1 CP where C is the com- Now by definition of bulk modulus
1

pressibility. P V P Mg Mg
B V i.e as P
V V B AB A
* Pr oblem 1.31
A volume of 103 m 3 is subj ected to a dR 1 V dR Mg
pressure of 10 atmospher e. The changein volume
R 3 V R 3 AB
is 10-6 m3. Find the bulk modulus of water.
(Atmospheric pressure= 1105 N m2 ) Pr oblem 1.34

Sol : V 103 m3 ; V 106 m3 ; P 10 atm A uniform pressure 'P' is exer ted on all sides
of a solid cube at temper atur e t 0C . By what
= 1010 5 1106 Nm2 amount should the temper atur e of the cube be
P r aised in or der to br ing its volume back to the
K = V volume it had befor e the pr essur e was applied,
V
if the bulk modulus and coefficient of volume
1106 expansion of the mater ial ar e B and g r espec-
V= 6
103 110 9 Nm2 tively.
10
Sol : As by definition of bulk modulus
* Pr oblem 1.32 P
B V
Deter mine the pr essur e r equir ed to r educe V , with increase in pressure
the given volume of water by 1 % . Bulk modu- decrease in volume of the cube will be given
lus of water is 2 10 9 N m-2 VP
by V , (as P P )
V 1 B
Sol : , K= 2 10 9 N m-2 P = ? Now with rise in temperature due to thermal
V 100 expansion, volume increases so if ' q ' is the rise in
V
P
K
V
V P K temperature then V V gq as g
V , V V q
As the volume of the cube remains constant
1 VP P
= 210 2 107 N m -2 V gq q
9

100 B gB

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PHYSICS - I C ELASTICITY

cube to be slightly displaced or sheared relative to

Pr oblem 1.35
When a r ubber ball of volumeV, bulk modu- one another, each line such as AB or CD in the cube
lus 'K ' is taken to a depth 'h' in water, then de- is rotated through an angle ' q ' by this shear..
cr ease in its volume is The shearing strain is the angle q in radians
P m through which a line normal to a fixed surface has
K Pa
V turned. For small values of angle

V v
AA1 x
shearing strain q
phrg h AB L
PV
V shear stress F / A F
K m h
shear strain q Aq
hr g V Pa p
v1 * In this case shape of a body changes but its vol-
K
hr g V ume remains unchanged.
So decrease in volume of ball * Only solids can exhibit a shearing as these have
K
1.20 M odulus of r igidity h (or ) shear modulus definite shape.
Within elastic limit, the r atio of shear ing * Pr oblem 1.36
str ess to the shear ing str ain is called modulus of
r igidity of the mater ial of the body. A 5.0 cm cube of substance hasits upper face
shearing stress displaced by 0.65 cm, by a tangential force of 0.25
h N. Calculate the modulus of r igidity of t he
shearing strain
substance.
A F FL FL F
Sol : h = , A = L2, h 2
A L L
Here, L 5.0 102 m

A 0.65102 m ; F=0.25 N.
F
fixed 0.25 0.2510 4
h =
5.0102 0.65102 3.25
= 769.2 N m2
A A1 C C1
x F * Pr oblem 1.37
L q q A tangential for ce of 2100 N is applied on a
sur face of ar ea 3106 m 2 which is 0.1 m fr om
a fixed face. The for ce pr oduces a shift of 7mm
F B Fixed D of upper sur f ace wi t h r espect t o bot t om.
Calculate the modulus of rigidity of the material.
consider a cube of material fixed at its lower
Sol:
face and acted upon by a tangential force 'F' at its
upper surface having area A as shown in the figure. F = 2100 N ; A = 3106 m2 ;

F// el F L =0.1m; 7103 m.

Shearing stress
A A
As shown in above figure, the shearing force FL 2100 0.1
h =1x1010 Nm2
'F' causes the consecutive horizontal layers of the A 3106 7103

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ELASTICITY PHYSICS - I C

* Pr oblem 1.38 Sol : As in punching, shear elasticity is involved, the

A steel plate of face ar ea 2 cm2 and the hole will be punched it
thickness 1.0cm is fixed r igidly at the lower face. F11
ultimate shear stress
A tangential force of 10 N is applied on the upper A
sur face . Find the later al displacement of the
upper sur face with r espect to the lower sur face.
Rigidity modulus of steel = 8.41010 Nm -2
Sol : A 2cm2 2 104 m2 ; F
L=1.0 cm= 1102 m;
F=10 N. h 8.41010 N m-2 ; ? F11 > (shear stress) X Area
FL F11 min = (3.45 X 108) 2prL A 2prL
h
= 3.4510 23.140.7310 1.2710 200KN
8 2 2
A
The lateral displacement of the upper face with
1.21 Some impor tant points on modulus of
FL
respect to the lower face is elasticity
Ah
101102 1) Young's modulus (Y) and rigidity modulus
= ( h ) exist only for solids but not for liquids. This is
2104 8.41010
1 because liquids and gases cannot be deformed along
= 107 m = 5.952109 m. one dimension only and also cannot sustain ( shear
16.8
strain). Bulk modulus (K) exists for all states of mater
Pr oblem 1.39 (solids, liquids and gases)
Calculate the for ce F needed to punch a 2) Gases being most compressible are least elas-
1.46 cm diameter hole in a steel plate1.27 cm thick tic while solids are most elastic.
(as shown in fig). The ultimate shear str ength of Esolid Eliquid E gas
steel is 345 M N/m2
Type of Change in Elastic Name of State of
Stress Strain
stress shape volume modulus modulus Matter
Two equal and Elongation or
opposite forces compression
Tensile perpendicular parallel to force F L Young's Solid
Yes Y
or to opposite direction No AL modulus
compressive faces L / L
s F / A (longitudinal strain)
Two equal and
opposite forces
parallel to opposite
surfaces [forces F q Shear
Shearing in each case such Pure shear, q Yes No G modulus Solid
A
that total force and
total torque on the
body vanishes]
Forces perpendicular
everywhere to the Volume change Bulk
Solid,
Bulk p
surface, force per (compression or Yes B liquid
unit area (pressure) elongation) No V / V modulus and gas
same everywhere V / V

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PHYSICS - I C ELASTICITY

3) For a perfectly rigid body as L, V or The r atio of change in r adius (or ) diameter
f 0 , So Y, K or h will be ' a ' i.e elasticity of a to the or iginal r adius (or ) diameter is called lat-
rigid body is infinite. er al strain
4) Greater the value of modulli of elasticity, more r
(D) r r
elastic is the material. L D D
1 1 1
But as Y a , Ka and h a for a
L V f
constant stress, smaller change of shape or size for a F
given stress corresponds to greater elasticity. D r
Lateral strain
ex :(1) For same load, more elongation is produced D (or) r
in rubber wire than in steel wire of same cross-sec- The ratio of change in length to the original
tion hence steel is more elastic than r ubber. length is called longitudinal strain

Longitudinal strain
ex : (2) Water is more elastic than air as volume
change in water is less for same applied pressure
Lateral strain is directly proportional to the lon-
5) The value of moduli of elasticity is indepen-
gitudinal strain
dent of the magnitude of the stress and strain. It de- lateral strain a (longitudinal strain)
pends on the nature of the material of the body. Lateral strain = s (longitudinal strain)
6) For a given material there can be different Where ' s ' is poisson's ratio. It depends on the
moduli of elasticity depending on the type of stress nature of the material.
applied and the strain produced. Poisson's ratio ( s ) is defined as the ratio of lateral
7) In a suspension br idge as there is a stretch strain to longitudinal strain.
Lateral strain
in the ropes by the load of the bridge, the elasticity poisson ' s ratio s
involved is linear or tensile. Longitudinal strain
D
8) In an automobile tyr e as air is compressed
D
the elasticity involved is volume, i.e., bulk. s

9) In transmitting power an automobile shaft

is sheared as it rotates, so the elasticity involved is negative sign indicates that the radius or diam-
shear, i.e., rigidity. eter of the wire decreases when it is stretched.
10) When a coiled spr ing is stretched, the de- Poissons's ratio has no units and dimensions as
formation of the wire of the spring is in the form of a it is ratio of two strains.
twisting strain so the elasticity involved is shear, i.e., The theroetical limits of poisson's ratio are from
rigidity. 1 to + 0.5. But its practical limits are from 0 to 0.5
11) In a water lift pump as the water is com- and generally between 0.2 and 0.4.
pressed, the elasticity involved is volume, i.e., bulk 1.23 Relation among volume strain, Lateral strain
12) The shape of r ubber heels changes under and poisson's r atio :
stress, the elasticity involved is shear, or rigidity. Consider a wire of length ' ' and radius 'r', then
1.22 Poisson's r atio :
its volume V p r 2 (1)
When a wire is stretched by a force along its
length, then its length increases and the radius (or) V r
2
diameter decreases as shown in the figure. V r

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ELASTICITY PHYSICS - I C

r The fractional increase in volume,

r
s V
0.01(12x0.30)=0.01x0.40=0.004.
But we know
V

1.24 BEHAVI OUR OF A M ETAL WI RE
r UNDER I NCREASI NG L OAD
s
r Consider a metal wire having its upper end fixed
V to a rigid support and loaded at the lower end by
2s attaching a weight hanger. Let the load be increased
V
gradually. To study the behaviour of the metal wire
V
12s under increasing load, a graph is plotted between
V the stress on the Y axis and the strain on the X
V axis. In general, the curve shown in figure is obtained
Note 1.16 : If a material has s 0.5 then 0, for ductile materials that can be drawn into wires.
V
V 0 , there in no change in the volume of
the body and the material is said to be incompressible.
* Pr oblem 1.40
A 3 cm long copper wir e is str etched to in-
cr ease its length by 0.3 cm. find the later al strain
in the wire, if the Poissons r atio for copper is
0.26.
Sol : L = 3cm ; L 0.3cm; s 0.26.
L 0.3 1. From O to P the graph is a straight line show-
Longitudinal strain 0.1
L 3 ing that stress is proportional to strain i.e., the wire
obeys Hooke's law upto the point P. So, P is called
LateralStrain
s the proportionality limit of the wire.
LongitudinalStrain
2. From P to E as the graph is slightly curved, the
The Lateral Strain = s LongitudinalStrain stress is not proportional to strain. If the load is
= 0.260.1 removed at any point between O and E it will regain
= 0.026. its natural length. The point E is called the elastic
limit. In case of some materials, the wire may obey
* Pr oblem 1.41
Hooke's law upto E coinciding E with P i.e., P will
Find the fr actional incr ease in volume of a be the elastic limit for such materials.
wir e of cir cular cr oss section if its longitudinal 3. On increasing the load beyond elastic limit, the
str ain is 1% . s 0.30 graph is more curved upto the point Y called yield
point. From E to Y, the wire does not obey Hooke's
Sol: we know that
law indicating that for a small increase in load there
dV dL
1 2s is greater increase in length. If the load applied on
V L the wire is removed between E and Y, the wire does
dL 1 not regain its natural length completely. It will have
Here, 1% 0.01; s 0.30. a permanent increase in length. This behaviour of
L 100

AKASH MULTIMEDIA 26
PHYSICS - I C ELASTICITY

the wire is shown by the dashed line which is a vi) Breaking force is proportional to area of cross-
straight line that cuts the xaxis not at O but at O1. section.
OO1 is the permanent set. vii) If we cut a cable that can support a maximum load of
W into two equal parts, then each part can support a
Strain OO
|

maximum load of W.
Permanent increase in length OO
|
viii) A very long wire suspended vertically may
4. When the wire crosses the point Y strain break due to its own weight
increases rapidly without any increase in the load. The maximum length of a wire that can hung
So, yield point is defined as the point beyond which without breaking under its own weight is
strain increases rapidly without any increase in load. mg Ag
breaking stress = g
Beyond the point Y as the wire becomes thin and A A
the stress for the same load becomes larger and larger Breaking Stress

increasing the strain further and further. If the load rg
is not removed the strain increases continuously till
the wire reaches a point T. The stress corresponding Note 1.17 : A metal rope of density b has breaking
to T is called the tensile strength of the given material. stress (B:S). This rope is used to measure the depth
The tensile strength is ratio of maximum load to of the sea. Then the depth of the sea that can be
which the wire may be subjected by slowly measured without breaking is
increasing the load to the original area of cross-
r r
section of the wire. mg1 Arb g1
5. Beyond the point T, the thinning of the wire is rb rb
B. S. = grb r
no longer uniform and the wire shows necks. A A
Immediately, as this occurs, the stress decreases
B.stress
automatically and the part TB is obtained. At B the
wire ultimately breaks. B is called breaking point. grb r
6. If large deformation occurs between the elastic (Whoe PL is the density of sea water)
limit and the breaking point, the material is ductile.
Ex : copper, silver, gold etc., * Pr oblem 1.42
7. If the deformation between the elastic limit and Find the greatest length of the wir e made of
the breaking point is very small or if the wire breaks
mater ial of br eaking str ess 8x108Nm 2 and
immediately after crossing the elastic limit, the
material is brittle. Ex : glass, ceramic etc. density 8x103kgm3 that can be suspended from
1.25 BREAK I NG STRESS : a rigid support without breaking. (g = 10 ms2)
i) The breaking stress of a wire is the maximum Sol:
stress at which the wire breaks. Greatest length of the wire without breaking.
BreakingForce
ii) Breaking stress = Braking Stress
initialareaofcrosssection L
iii) Breaking force = Breaking stress x area of cross rg
section.
Here, breaking stress = 8 x 108 Nm2;
iv) Breaking stress a) depends only on the nature
of material of the wire b) is independent of the length r = 8 x 103 kg m3; g = 10 ms2.
and area of cross-section of the wire.
v) Breaking force a) is independent of length of 8108
the wire b) depends on the area of cross-section and L 1104 m 10km
nature of material of the wire. 810 10
3

AKASH MULTIMEDIA 27
ELASTICITY
* Pr oblem 1.43
A block of mass 1 kg is fastended to one end
of a copper wir e of cr oss- sectional ar ea 1 mm2
and is r otated in a ver tical cir cle of r adius 20 cm.
I f the br eaking str ess of copper is 5 x 108 Nm2,
find the maximum number of r evolutions the
block make in the minute without the str ing
breaking.
Sol : Maximum tension on the string = Breaking
stress x Area of cross - section
= 5x108 x1x10 6= 500 N.
When a body revolves in a horizontal circle,
Tension on the string = Centripetal force
500 = mr w 2
Where m = 1 kg, r = 0.20m, w = ?
500 = 1 x 0.2 x w 2
500
w2 2500
0.2
Maximum angular speed, w 50 rad s1 .
t= 60 s,n= ?
2p n 2p n
w , 50
t 60
The maximum number of revolut ions ,
50 60 1500
n 477.4rpm.
2p p the tension at that instant of time. The strain is x/L.
1.26 Elastic Fatigue : When a body is subjected to
a repeated stress, even within the elastic limit, it
becomes weak since it loses its elastic property to
some extent temporarily. If greater stress is applied
on the body without knowing present state, cracks
develop within the body and it breaks. This occurs
even for a stress lesser than that of breaking stress.
Ex : When a metal wire is bent once, it may not
break. But, it breaks when it is bent repeatedly at the
same point. This weakness or the state of temporary
loss of elastic nature of the body when subjected to
repeated stress is called elastic fatigue.
If the material is given some rest, i.e., kept in
unstrained state for some time, it regains its original
elastic nature.
AKASH MULTIMEDIA
PHYSICS - I C
1.27 EL ASTI C AFTER EFFECT:
When stress is removed the strain does not
reduce to zero at once. It takes some time for the
strain to become zero after the removal of stress, the
delay in recovering back to the original condition on
removal of deforming force is called elastic after-
effect. This effect is very much dominant in glass
while it is totally absent in quartz, phosphor bronze,
silver and gold.
1.28 Str ain energy : When a wire has natural length,
the potential energy corresponding to the atomic and
molecular forces is minimum. When the wire is
deformed, internal forces called restoring forces are
set up and work is to be done against these forces to
produce the deformation. This work done is stored
in the wire as potential energy which is called strain
energy.
Str ain Ener gy is the ener gy stor ed in a body due
to its defor mation :
1.29 Expr ession for str ain ener gy or wor k done
in str etching a wir e : Consider a metal wire of
length L and crosssectional area A fixed at one end
and is stretched by an external force applied at the
other end. The force is so adjusted that the wire is
only slowly stretched. This ensures that at any time
during the extension the external force is equal to
the tension in the wire. When the extension is e, the
wire is under a longitudinal stress F/A, where F is
Let the force acting on a wire suspended from a
rigid support be F. The work done in increasing its
length by de is
dW = Fde
The total work done in increasing the length of
wire by e is obtained by integrating the above
expression between the limits 0 and e.
e
W dW Fde
0
e
YAe
= de Y FL
0
L Ae
YA e 2 YAe e 1
Fe
L 2 L 2 2
28
PHYSICS - I C ELASTICITY

This is stored as strain energy in the wire.

1 F 2 L 1 Mg L
2

1 The work done =

Strain energy in the wire = Fe 2 AY 2 AY
2
Strain energy per unit volume of the wire 8 9.8 3
2
1

1 Fe 1 F e 2 4106 1.21011
.
2 AL 2 A = 0.0192 J

1 Pr oblem 1.45
Stress Strain
2 A metal wire of length and cross-sectional
area A has mass m. I t is stretched by an amount
1 Stress
2

= strain Stress eby a load of mass M . I f the wir e br eaks at the

2 Y Y
point of suspension due to the load then find the
1
= strain Y
2
r ise in temper atur e of the wir e ?
2
1 1
When the external force is withdrawn, the stress Strain energy = F.e Mg e
disappears and the strain energy appears as heat. The 2 2
above relation holds good for longitudinal, volume As the wire breaks strain energy stored in the
and shearing strains. wire appears in the form of heat.
Note 1.18: 1
i) Work done in stretching a wire, Mg e mst [s = specific heat of wire]
2
1
w= 2
x stretching force x extension.
1 YAe 2 1 F 2 1 F2 Mg e
ii) w = 12 Fe = = t
2 l 2 AY 2 pr 2 y 2 ms

Pr oblem 1.46
iii) w = 12 x stress x strain x volume of the wire
A stone of mass m is pr oj ected fr om a
iv) Area under F-e graph gives the work done
or the strain energy sto red in t he wire. r ubber catpult of length and cr oss-sectional
1
area A stretched by an amount e. I f Y be the
Area = 2
F.e = W youngs modulus of r ubber then find the velocity
of pr oj ection of stone ?
* Pr oblem 1.44
I f Youngs modulus of the mater ial of a wire Solution :
is 1.2 1011 N m2, calculate the wor k done in 1
Strain energy = F.e
str etching the wir e of length 3 m and cr oss- sec- 2
tional ar ea 4 mm2 when it is suspended ver tically
1 YAe 1 YAe2
= e
and a load of 8 kg is attached to its lower end. 2 2
Sol : Y = 1.21011 Nm -2 : L =3 m; A = 4mm2 As the stone is released, the strain energy in the
= 4106 m2 ; M= 8 kg. catpult appears in the form of kinetic energy of the
1 stone.
work done = stretching force increase in 1 YAe 2 1 2
2 mv
length. 2 2
FL YAe 2
YAe2
But increase in length, e v2 , v
AY m m

AKASH MULTIMEDIA 29
ELASTICITY
1.30 Exper imental deter mination of Youngs
modulus (Y) Sear les appar atus
Youngs modulus of the material of a wire can
be experimentally determined by Searles method.
Descr iption : Two wires of the same material,
length and area of cross section, suspended from a
rigid support carry at their lower ends, two
rectangular metal frames as shown in figure. One of
the wires is called experimental wire and the other
wire is called reference wire. The frame attached to
the reference wire carries a constant weight to keep
the wire stretched without any kinks. The frame
attached to the experimental wire carriers a hanger,
over which slotted weights can be slipped as required.
A spirit level is hinged with one end to the frame
attached to the reference wire and rests horizontally
on the tip of a micrometer screw which can be
worked in the frame attached to the experimental wire
along a vertical scale marked in millimeter.
Wor king :
1) A suitable load is kept on the hanger so that
the experimental wire is straight without kinks.
2) The micrometer screw is adjusted so that the
air bubble in the spirit level comes in the centre. The
reading of the micrometer screw is noted.
3) Half a kilogram weight is then slipped into
the hanger. This elongates the experimental wire. The
frame attached to the experimental wire moves down
AKASH MULTIMEDIA
PHYSICS - I C
relative to the other frame and the air bubble shifts to
one side. The micrometer screw is now adjusted to
take back the air bubble to the centre and the
micrometer screw reading is noted.
4) The experiment is repeated at least five times
every time increasing the load by half a kilogram
weight. Readings of the micrometer screw are noted
while increasing and decreasing the load and mean
reading is found.
5) The difference between the first and second
readings gives the increase in length or extension
produced in the experimental wire when the load is
increased by half a kilogram weight. The difference
between the first and third readings gives the
extension for a load of one kilogram weight.
1
Similarly, the extensions for 1 , 2, .... kg wt are
2
found.
6) A graph is plotted between the load and
extension. The graph is a straight line and gives the
elongation e for a load Mg.
Extension
Load
7) The radius, r, of the experimental wire is
found by using a screw gauge and measuring the
diameter at 6 or 7 places of the wire. The length, L,
of the experimental wire is measured with the help
of a meter scale.
Mg
8) Substituting the values of r, L and in
e
the formula of Young modulus.
F L Mg L
Y = ( F = Mg and A = pr 2 )
Ae pr e
the Youngs modulus of the material is
calculated.
Sour ces of er r or and their minimisation : There
are two sources of error in the experiment.
i) The support may yield when the load is attached
at the lower end of the experimental wire and the
30
PHYSICS - I C ELASTICITY

measured value of increase in length may not be

Ver y Shor t Answer Questions
correct. ii) While the experiment is carried out,
temperature may change which causes some increase 1. Define Hooke's law of elasticity.
in length. The measured value of increase in length 2. State the units and dimensions of str ess.
becomes incorrect. 3. State the units and dimensions of modulus
Both the errors are minimized by using the of elasticity.
reference wire. The yield of support or the change 4. State the units and dimensions of Young's
of temperature affects both the experimental and modulus.
reference wires. The relative increase of the 5. State the units and dimensions of Rigidity
experimental wire with respect to the reference wire modulus.
will give correct increase in length. 6. State t he units and dimensions of Bulk
modulus.
L ong Answer Questions 7. State the examples of near ly per fectly elastic
1. Define Hooke's law of elasticity. Descr ibe and plastic bodies .
Sear les method to deter mine the Young's 8. State the theor etical limits of Poisson's ratio.
modulus of the mater ial of a wir e. 9. State the pr actical limits of Poisson's r atio.
10. What is str ain ener gy? State its expr ession
Shor t Answer Questions in ter ms of the applied for ce and extension.
1. Def i ne H ook e' s l aw of el ast i ci t y, 11. Expr ess str ain ener gy per unit volume in
pr opor tionality limit, per manent set and terms of stress and strain, stress and Young's
modulus.
Br eaking str ess.
12. What is elastic fatigue?
2. Define modulus of elasticity, stress, strain the 13. What ar e the sour ces of er r or in Sear le's
Poission's ratio. exper iment?
3. Define defor mation and defor ming for ce. 14. How ar e the er r or s eliminated in Sear le's
M ention the differ ence between elastic and exper iment?
plastic bodies. 15. State the examples of ductile and br ittle
materials.
4. Descr ibe the behaviour of a wir e under
gr adually incr easing load. Assess Your self

5. DefineYoung's modulus, Bulk modulus and 1. Why is a spr ing made of steel but not of
Rigidity modulus. copper ?
6. Define str ess and explain the types of str ess. Ans. As Youngs modulus of steel is greater than
that of copper, the strain produced is small for a
7. Define str ain and explain the types of strain. given stress in case of steel than copper. Hence
8. Define strain energy and derive the equation steel is prefered
for the same. 2. A cable is cut to half its or iginal length. Can
9. Steel exhibits mor e elastic natur e than each par t suppor t the same maximum load
as the or iginal cable ?
r ubber Explain.
Ans. Yes. Since the breaking stress is constant for a
10. I f a wire is bent continuously at a par ticular given material and the breaking load = breaking
point in opposite dir ections, it br eaks. stress x area of cross section; the maximum load
Explain. remains the same as the area of cross section
does not change.

AKASH MULTIMEDIA 31
ELASTICITY
3. When a spr ing is str etched, what type of
str ain is pr oduced ?
Ans. When a spring is stretched there is neither
change in the length of the wire forming the
coil nor change in its volume. The change takes
place in the shape of coil producing shear strain.
4. Can a liquid offer r esistance to shear ing
str ess?
Ans. No. It cannot offer permanent resistance forces
to change its shape.
5. Can a liquid offer r esistance to bulk str ess?
Ans. Yes. It can offer very great resistance forces
tending to decrease its volume.
6. Can a gas offer resistance to shearing str ess?
Ans. No.
7. Can a gasoffer great resistanceto bulk stress?
Ans. No. It can offer small resistance forces tending
to decrease its volume.
8. What will be the modulus of elasticity of a
r igid body?
Ans. Infinity.
9. Can a shear str ain be expr essed in ter ms of
tensile str ain and compr essive str ain ?
Ans.Yes. If shear strain is equal to q , tensile and
q
compressive strains are each equal to .
2
10. I f a body is per fectly incompr essible what
will be its value of Poissons r atio ?
Ans. For a body to be perfectly incompressible,
V V (iii) Bending of Beam :
0 .We know that 1 2s Beam is the structural member which can carry
V V
. Hence 1 2s 0 s 0.5 .
11. Br idges ar e declar ed unsafe after long use.
Explain.
Ans.After long use, the bridge loses its elastic
strength. It develops large strains corresponding
to the same usual values of stress and the bridge
may collapse.
AKASH MULTIMEDIA
PHYSICS - I C
12. I s ther e any incr ease in temper ature when a
wir e br eaks ?
Ans.Yes. Since the strain energy is converted into
heat energy.
Additional topic's for AI EEE
** (i) Elastic hysteresis : As a result of elastic after
effect strain in a material lags behind the stress to
which it is subjected, this phenomenon of lagging
behind of strain with respect to stress is called elastic
hysteresis.
(ii) Hyster esis Cur ve : When a ductile material
is loaded and then unloaded, stress-strain graph of
the material is as shown in Figure. It is seen that at
the time of unloading strain is larger than that at the
time of loading for the same stress. This lagging is
known as hysteresis. The area enclosed by hysteresis
curve represents the hysteresis loss during the
process. This energy is lost as heat. The material is
selected depending upon the type of use. For
example when rubber is used as shock absorber then
we want that large quantity of energy of mechanical
vibrations which are impressed upon it is dissipated
as heat. In this case, rubber having the stress-strain
curve as shown in Fig . is choosen. For air craft
tyres where wear and tear matters, rubber whose
hysteresis curve has low area, is choosen (fig.)
Load
.
Extension
transverse load. A simply supported beam is
supported at its ends. A cantilever beam is fixed at
one end.
32
PHYSICS - I C ELASTICITY

(iv) Deflection of beam : Deflection of beam at its (vi) A hollow shaft is stronger than a solid shaft
centre due to load placed as shown in Figure. made of same mater ial and of equal volume.

W 3 Consider a solid bar or shaft of radius r, length l

d for simply supported beam and and made of material of modulus of rigidity . It
48YI
can be proved that the torque required to produce
W 3 phr 4
d for cantilever beam where I is called unit twist in the bar is given by t .....(1)
3YI 2
geometric moment of area.
If the shaft is hollow with internal and external
bd 3 radii r1 and r2 respectively, then torque required to
d
i) For rectangular cross - section I produce unit twist is given by
12
b
ph r24 r14
t ............(2)
pr 4 r 2
ii) For circular cross - section I
4 Length of the hollow shaft is the same from eqs
(v) Twisting of a shaft : (1)and (2) we have
Let us consider a shaft of length and radius r,,
' r24 r14 r2 r1 r2 r1
2 2 2 2

whose one end is rigidly clamped and torque t is ........(3)

r4 r4
applied at the free end. Because of this the free end
is twisted by and angle q . As the two shafts are made from equal material,
of same volume. Hence
pr 2 p r22 r12 or r 2 r22 r12 .....(4)

Substituting the value of r 2 in eq. (3) we get

' r2 r1 r2 r1 r22 r12

2 2 2 2

1
r22 r12 r 2 r2
From the diagram, arc s r q f
where q angle of twist and r 2
r22 r12 and r22 r12 r 2
f angle of shear '
t ph r 4 Therefore, torque required to twist a hollow
Torsional rigidity of shaft
q 2 cylinder is more than required to twist a solid cylinder.
where h modulus of rigidity.. So, a hollow shaft is more stronger than a solid shaft.
Note 1.19: One end of the rod is fixed. The other Due to this reason, electric poles are made hollow.
free end is twisted through an angle ' q ' by applying (vii) REL ATI ON BETWEEN Y, n, AND K :
a torque ' t ' then the work done on the rod (or) energy (OPTI ONAL )
stored in the rod is Consider a unit cube with sides parallel to the
1 axes OX,OY and OZ.Let the forces P,Q and R are
W acting along X,Y and Z axes respectively. Since the
2
area of each face is unit, the force acting on each
where is in radians. face is equal to stress. Each force produces

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ELASTICITY PHYSICS - I C

elongation in its direction and contraction in the other P

two directions. changein length Y 1 2 P
1 2
We know that, original length 1 Y
But, volume strain = 3 Longitudinal strain
3P
1 2
Y
Normal stress
Bulk modulus
volumestrain
P Y
K
3P
1 2 s 3 1 2s
Longitudinal stress Y
Youngs modulus
LongitudinalStrain Y 3 K 1 2 1
ii) Two forces, one elongative and the other
Longitudinalstress
Longitudinal strain compressive force constitute shear,
Young's modulus i.e., If Q = P and R = 0, then shear will be produced
Extension along X -axis = P/Y in the cube.
Now the linear strain
Lateral strain = longitudinal strain.
P P
Lateral strain P 0 1
Poisson ' s ratio Y Y Y
Longitudinal strain Shearing strain 2 linear strain
P 2P
1
Y Y
P Tangential stress
Compression along Y and Z axis Rigidity modulus
Y Shearing strain
P P
Elongation along each of Y and Z axes n
Y 2P
1
Similarly, the elongations in other directions are Y
tabulated as follows. Y
1 2
STRAIN PRODUCED ALONG 2n
Stress X-axis Y-axis Z-axis Fom equation (1)
P P P Y
P along X-axis s s 1 2 3
Y Y Y 3K
Q along Y-axis s
Q Q
s
Q and from equation 2
Y Y Y Y
R R R
2 2 4
R along Z-axis s s n
Y Y Y On adding equations 3 and 4
when P, Q and R P s Q s R s
act simultaneously Y Y Q R Y Y P R P Q
Y Y
Y Y 3 1 1
3
(i) If P = Q = R, then 3K n Y n 3K
Elongation produced in each side 1 1 1
P s P 5
2 P 1 2s Y 3n 9K
Y Y Y 9 nK
Y 6
Longitudinal strain 3K n

AKASH MULTIMEDIA 34
PHYSICS - I C ELASTICITY

(viii) L imiting values of Poissons r atio :

70103 1
Y
1 2 BC 3.5107 m
From equation (3) 1210 11
3K
Y and K are positive, 1 2 must be positive 50103 2
1 and CD 5.0107 m
or 2 1 or 121011
2
Y The total extension AB BC CD
From equation (2) 1
2n = 4.5 x 107 + 3.5 x 107 + 5.0 x 107
Y and n are positive, 1 must be positive
1 0 = 13 x 107 m
1 Pr oblem 1.48
or 1 so 1 . But can never be
negative.
2 A uniform elastic plank moves over a smooth
1 1 hor izontal plane due to a constant for ce F 0
Poissons ratio lies between 0 and or 0 distr ibuted unifor mly over the end face. The
2 2
Note : From (1) and (2) sur face area of the end face is equal to A and
3K 1 2 2 n 1 Youngs modulus of the mater ial is Y. Find the
compr essive str ain of the plank in the dir ection
3K 6Ks 2n 2ns
of acting for ce.
3K 2n 6 K s 2ns F0 M
m
3K 2 n 2 3K n dx
x

3K 2n Sol : The force at any section is due to the inertia

7 .
2 3 K n behind the section. The stress therefore increases from
zero to maximum at the end where force is applied.
Pr oblem 1.47
Consider a small element of length dx at a
A steel r od of cr oss-sectional ar ea 1m2 is
distance x from the free end. The force
acted upon by forces shown in the fig. Deter mine
the total elongation of the bar. Fx = ma
Take Y = 2.0 x 1011 N/m2. M F Fx
x 0 0
Fx Fx
= L
A B C D
M L dx
60 kN 10 kN 20 kN 50 kN
Elongation of the element
F0 x
1.5m 1m 2m
F dx dx
Sol: The action of forces on each part of rod is shown in fig. d x L
AY AY
60 kN
10 kN 20 kN 50 kN Total elongation
60 kN 50 kN 50 kN L
60 kN F0
50 kN
x dx F0 L2 (or) F0 L
60 kN 50 kN
0
ALY 2 ALY 2 AY
60 kN 70 kN

Pr oblem 1.49
70 kN

We know that the extension due to external force F

is given by A slightly conical wir e of length and r adius
F r 1 and r 2 is str etched by two for ces applied
AB
AY par allel to length in opposite dir ections and
60103 1.5 nor mal to end faces. I f Y denotes the Youngs
AB 4.5107 m modulus, then find the elongation of the wir e.
1210 11

AKASH MULTIMEDIA 35
ELASTICITY PHYSICS - I C
L
Sol : 1
i.e., T r Aw rdr 2 r Aw L r .......(1)
2 2 2 2

r
2
r r2 r
2 1
r1
1 r 2

F
2
4
p
F F F
So here T
2
10 10 400 2
x

dx dx 1
8p 106 r 2 N
4
Consider an element of length dx at distance x
as shown in fig. The radius of the sect ion Pr oblem 1.51
The tension in the r od will not be constant
r r
rx r1 2 1 x but will var y from point to point. At the free end,
i.e., r = L, it will be min = 0 while at the other end
The extension of the element r = 0, it wil be max = 2p106 N .
F dx Fdx (b) Now if dy is the elongation in the element of
d 2 length dr at position r where tension is T, by definition
AxY p rx Y
of Youngs moulus,
Total extension
dy T stress
as strain
Fdx F dr AY Y

r r
2
p r1r2Y Which in the light of Eqn. (1) gives
0
p r1 2 1 x Y

1 rw 2 2
dy L r 2 dr
Pr oblem 1.50 2 Y
A thin unifor m metallic r od of length 0.5 m so the elongation of the whole rod
and r adius 0.1 m r otates with an angular velocity
L
400 r ad/s in a hor izontal plane about a ver tical rw 2 1 rw 2 L3
L L r dr 3
2 2
axis passing thr ough one of its ends. Calculate 2Y Y
0
tension in the r od and the elongation of the r od.
The density of mater ial of the r od is 104 kg/m3 1 10 400 0.53 1
4 2

Here L 103 m
and theYoungs modulus is 3 2 10 11
3
2 x 1011 N/m|2.
Sol :(a) Consider an element w SYNOPSIS
of length dr at a distance r
from the axis of rotation as r dr
1. Ri gi d body : A body whose shape and size
shown in fig. The centripetal L cannot be changed, however large the applied
force acting on this element force may be, is called rigid body.
will be There is no perfectly rigid body in nature.
dT dmrw 2 r Adr rw 2
2. Defor mation force : A force which changes the
As this force is provided by tension in the rod
size or shape or both of a body without moving it
(due to elasticity), so the tension in the rod at a as a whole is called deformation force.
distance r from the axis of roataion will be due to the
centripetal force due to all elemetns between x = r to 3. Restor ing for ce : The force which restores the
x = L. size and shape of the body when deformation
forces are removed is called restoring force.
centripetal force due to all elemetns between x = r to Deformation force and restoring force are not
x = L. action reaction pair.

AKASH MULTIMEDIA 36