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JUNE 15, 2017 | 6:00 AM
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Decades After Turning

Jennifer Merritts rst-graders at Jeerson Elementary School in Pryor, Oklahoma, Backs on Risky Water,
were in for a treat. Sitting cross-legged on the oor, the students gathered in late Tulsans Wade Into Arkansas
November for story time with two special guests, state Rep. Tom Gann and state Sen. River

Marty Quinn.
Heavy Fundraising on State Question 777
Suggests Right-to-Farm is High-Stakes
stateimpactok Political Issue
InsideTheFossilFuelIndustrysNotSoSubtleP

Cookie policy

State Regulators Expand Limits on

Dressed in suits, the Republican lawmakers read aloud from Petro Petes Big Bad Disposal Wells Near Labor Day Weekend
Quake
Dream, a parable in which a Bob the Builder lookalike awakens to nd his
toothbrush, hardhat and even the tires on his bike missing. Abandoned by the school
bus, Pete walks to Petroville Elementary in his pajamas.
RCNTPOT
It sounds like you are missing all of your
This story isa collaborationwith The Center for Public Oils Pipeline to Americas Schools
petroleum by-products today! his Integrity.Versions of this story also appear in The Guardian
US and The Hechinger Report. Details of Oklahoma Budget Agreement
teacher, Mrs. Rigwell, exclaims, extolling
Conceal Cuts for Oklahoma Environmental
oils benets to Pete and fellow students
like Sammy Shale. Before long, Pete decides that having no petroleum is like a Agencies

nightmare! Rye: The Underappreciated Poverty Grain

Enjoys A Renaissance
The tale is the latest in an illustrated series by the Oklahoma Energy Resources
EPA Pledges Bird Creek Clean-Up
Board, a state agency funded by oil and gas producers. The board has spent upwards
of $40 million over the past two decades on K-12 education with a pro-industry bent, Lawmakers Question Legality of Creative
including hundreds of pages of curricula, a speaker series and an afterschool program Legislation to Squeeze More Revenue from
Oil and Gas Taxes
all at no cost to educators.

A similar program in Ohio shows teachers how to frack Twinkies using straws to StateImpact Oklahoma
pump for cream and advises on the curriculum for a charter school that revolves 2,019 likes
around shale drilling. A national program whose sponsors include BP and Shell
claims its too soon to tell if the earth is heating up, but a little warming might be a
good thing. Like Page Share

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OKLAHOMA ENERGY RESOURCES BOARD

State Rep. Tom Gann and State Sen. Marty Quinn read aloud to rst graders at Jeerson Elementary School in
Pryor, Oklahoma.

Decades of documents reviewed by the Center for Public Integrity reveal a tightly
woven network of organizations that works in concert with the oil and gas industry to
paint a rosy picture of fossil fuels in Americas classrooms. Led by advertising and
public-relations strategists, the groups have long plied the tools of their trade on
impressionable children and teachers desperate for resources.

Proponents of programs like the one in Oklahoma say they help the oil and gas
industry replenish its aging workforce by stirring early interest in science, technology,
engineering and math, or STEM. But some experts question the educational value and
ethics of lessons touting an industry that plays a central role in climate change and air
pollution.

Anthony Leiserowitz, director of the Yale Program on Climate Change

Communication, likened industry-sponsored curricula that ignore climate science to
advertising. Youre exploiting that trusted relationship between the student and the
teacher, he said. Leiserowitz whose research has focused on how culture, politics
and psychology impact public perception of the environment said fossil-fuel
companies have a stake in perpetuating a message of oil dependency.
As early as the 1940s, the industrys largest and most powerful lobby group targeted
K-12 schools as a key element of its edgling marketing strategy. By the 1960s,
theAmerican Petroleum Institute was looking to shake its reputation as a monopoly
which reaped excessive prots andset out to cultivate a network of thought leaders
that included educators, journalists, politicians and even clergy, according to an
organizational history copyrighted by API in 1990.

The idea caught on. Hundreds of oil-and-gas-centric lesson plans are now available at
the click of a mouse. The programs occupy a gray area between corporate
sponsorship and promotion at a time when climate science has increasingly come
under siege at the highest levels of government. On June 1, President Donald

Trump, anked by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency administrator and former

Oklahoma attorney general Scott Pruitt, announced that the United States would
withdraw from the Paris climate agreement.

Teachers are taking their cues from the political situation around them, said Glenn
Branch of the National Center for Science Education, a nonprot that advocates for
climate-change and evolution education. He pointed to a survey that found teachers
in Republican counties and states are less likely to teach the scientic consensus on
global warming regardless of the educators politics. Teachers live in local
communities, theyre sensitive to the needs and desires of the people paying their
paychecks.

Branchs group supports wide-scale adoption of Next Generation Science

Standards, a joint eort by states and educational organizations to revamp K-12
science that has met with political backlash since the standards were published in
2013. Oklahoma is among a dozen states that have opted for watered-down versions,
sometimes omitting provisions on evolution and the anthropogenic causes of global
warming. Along with Colorado, Kansas and Montana, Oklahoma legislators have also
championed bills requiring that educators teach both sides of those scientic
concepts.

A 2016 study conrmed that Americas youth receive mixed messages on climate
change. Nearly a third of middle- and high-school science teachers nationwide have
wrongly suggested global warming is naturally occurring. A quarter have spent as
much time rebutting evidence of warming as they have presenting it.
 JOE WERTZ / STATEIMPACT OKLAHOMA
Teachers gathered at Choctaw High School for a workshop in April by the Oklahoma Energy Resources Board. Joe
Wertz of StateImpact Oklahoma.

FRDDIFULLANDOLIVROILPATCH
Schools and libraries across Oklahoma have received more than 9,000 complimentary
copies of Petro Petes Big Bad Dream since it was published last year. The story has
been a hit with Jennifer Merritts students, who won the storytelling visit from
lawmakers after submitting a photo to the energy resources board via Facebook.
Posing on a jungle gym, the students clutched stued animals and footballs their
favorite petroleum by-products.

Its not some boring thing, Merritt said of the boards Little Bits curriculum for
kindergarten through second grade, which features alliterative characters like Freddie
Fuelless and Oliver Oilpatch. Without it, she said, I probably wouldnt have taught rst
graders about energy.

Merritt is among 14,000 Oklahoma teachers who have attended workshops on how to
use what the board calls its innovative, one-of-a-kind science and energy curriculum
in their classrooms. Participants are reimbursed for supplies year-round and can
register their classes for free museum eld trips so long as the exhibits highlight
petroleum.

On a recent Saturday, a workshop was in session at Choctaw High School, east of

Oklahoma City. The parking lot was bustling as teachers loaded their cars with heavy
tubs, each stued with up to $1,200 worth of calculators, lab equipment and other
materials. In classrooms, some teachers plotted oil-production trends while others
watched bubbling brews simulating how the industry wrings oil from depleting elds.

In an email, board Chairman Danny Morgan wrote that the organization doesnt use
public funds and does not function like a typical agency. Under state law, half of its
revenues from oil and gas producers are spent restoring abandoned oil wells. Morgan
pointed to a board safety campaign aimed at preventing children from playing on
dangerous pumpjacks that dot the state, writing, if just one child is kept safe through
the awareness this program created, it is well worth the eort.

While the boards curriculum enlightens students about the benets of black gold,
their teachers are hard-pressed to nd any information on climate change or other
drawbacks of fossil fuels even as Oklahoma struggles to curb a slew of man-made
earthquakes tied to its fracking boom. Morgan, an oil company executive and a
former state legislator, declined to say why the boards materials fail to address global
 JOE WERTZ / STATEIMPACT OKLAHOMA
During the workshop, Oklahoma educators learned about oil production and other aspects of the petroleum
industry.

warming.

Cheerleading for the industry has been central to the energy resources boards mission
from the start. Lawmakers created the board in 1993 as a privatized state agency
funded by a voluntary tax on local oil and gas producers to publicize the industry.
Kansas, Illinois and Ohiofollowed suit with similar legislation.

But Oklahoma remains the epicenter of oil-industry puery in the classroom. The
boards curricula are used in an estimated 98 percent of Oklahoma school districts
and have been adopted in neighboring Kansas. Records show that Oklahomas
energy resources board has pitched its programs and pro-industry ads to trade groups
and legislators in Montana, Arkansas, North Dakota, Wyoming and Texas. Similar
petroleum boards in Kansas, Illinois and Ohio declined to fulll records requests led
by the Center.

Oklahomas board appears to have taken cues from the American Petroleum
Institute the countrys leading oil and gas lobby group, representing more than 625
companies. The plot of Big Bad Dream bears uncanny similarities to APIs 1996
educational lm, Fuel-less: you cant be cool without fuel. Records show that the
boards education director, who wrote Big Bad Dream, has ordered hundreds of
copies of Fuel-less to distribute locally most recently in 2013.

APIs vice president of communications delivered a special presentation to the

board in 2012 on marketing strategies. The same year, an API lobbyist asked the
board to host a fracking workshop on its behalf as part of the trade groups eort to
reach out to legislators, regulators and other stakeholders nationwide. Morgan wrote
that the board did not participate in the workshop because API never followed up on
the request. He added that the board itself doesnt engage in lobbying.

Copied on APIs communications with the board was Bill Whitsitt, a Devon Energy
executive who helped draft letters for then-state attorney general Pruitt. In 2014, The
New York Times reported on Pruitts extensive industry ties which included oil and
gas companies, utilities and lobby groups.

Where the board draws the line between industry promotion and youth education is
unclear. While it spent $3.5 million for K-12 eorts in 2016, roughly the same amount
went to messaging it calls public education. Its contract with Oklahoma-based
Brothers & Company which creates its pro-industry commercials and some K-12
materials forbids the advertising rm to perform work for other clients that
portrays the oil and natural gas exploration and production industry in an unfavorable
light. Brothers & Company counts among its clients Kansas Strong, an oil and gas
marketing group similar to Oklahomas; apparel company Under Armour; and handgun
maker Remington.

Last spring, Brothers & Company rolled out an ad campaign highlighting petroleums
benets and based on Alex Epsteins The Moral Case for Fossil Fuels. Epstein is a
libertarian writer whose work is popular with climate-change deniers and who falsely
claims that rising carbon dioxide levels have yielded only mild and manageable
warming.

A Brothers & Company ocial wrote in an email that the rms work for the energy
resources board helps citizens better understand domestic oil and natural gas
production.

The rm also developed videos on Oklahomas seismicity issue after the state was
rattled by more than 900 earthquakes in 2015 and polls showed the matter was
dampening the industrys brand. Energy resources board members insisted that no
cause for the seismic uptick be cited in the videos. Records show that Morgan
cautioned his colleagues to be careful not to state anything that someone might
misconstrue and attempt to use in a court case. Soon afterward, state ocials
acknowledged that underground wells used for fracking waste likely were to blame.

WNDOIL.WNDGA.
Carla Schaeperkoetter, the energy resources boards education director, is the creator
of Big Bad Dream and Lab Time with Leo a video series featuring a bowtie-
wearing scientist not unlike Bill Nye the Science Guy. Instead of exploring
fundamentals like the solar system, Leo delves into the nuances of oil rening,
teaching kids as young as 8 about fractional distillation and residuals.

Like her predecessor, Schaeperkoetter doesnt have any teaching experience and
isnt a state employee. Board sta, including Schaeperkoetter, are consultants hired by
a private foundation aliated with the Oklahoma Independent Petroleum
Association. The state trade group is listed as a partner of the Independent
Petroleum Association of America, a lobbying organization that worked closely with
API to roll back federal rules on fracking.
Schaeperkoetters name appears on curricula reassuring teachers that companies are
spending more dollars protecting the environment than drilling new wells. A jump-
rope rhyme reads, We need oil. We need gas. Where are the oil products in our
class? And a high school guide asks students to create 30-second commercials on
how new technologies to nd oil and natural gas will help America be energy
independent.

Charles W. Anderson a professor at Michigan State University who studies

environmental literacy and develops curricula said the board materials are upfront
about their pro-industry agenda but only tell half the story by omitting global issues
like climate change in favor of niche oil knowledge. The children of Oklahoma are
getting a raw deal they are getting educationally ineective materials teaching
content that will be of little use to them if they want to leave the state, Anderson said.

Students also are being sold short in more immediate ways: an increasing number of
Oklahoma districts are adopting four-day school weeks amid budget cuts due partly
to tax breaks for the petroleum industry. The state government of Oklahoma, in its
wisdom, has decided that oil and gas companies should have a whole lot of money
and schools should have hardly any money, Anderson said. Thats a social decision
that values oil and gas extraction over the public good of public schools.

Oklahomas State Department of Educationpromotes energy board lessons online

and in newsletters. Though the curricula are described by the board as having been
developed in a collaborative eort with the state, the education department has not
reviewed, endorsed or had any oversight over the materials in two decades,
spokeswoman Anne Price said.

We value curricula that align to our state standards and are at no cost to educators,
but ultimately we encourage educators to investigate further to choose what is best for
their classrooms, Price wrote in an email.

Without explicit guidance, experts say, its dicult for educators to assess which
materials are appropriate especially elementary-school teachers who dont have
extensive science training. Historically, K-12 energy curricula have been scarce,
leaving a window open for groups looking to mold young minds.

This provides an opportunity for anyone who has a particular point of view, whether
its an oil company or an environmental concern, said David Evans, executive director
of the National Science Teachers Association, which co-developed the Next
Generation Science Standards. Both the association and the standards are supported
by corporate money.

The standards specify which concepts students should grasp by grade level like the
greenhouse eects of gases like carbon dioxide and methane but dont provide
curricula, leaving educators to nd or create lessons themselves. So far, the standards
have been adopted by 18 states and the District of Columbia.

When it comes to climate change, Evans urges teachers to stick to facts and avoid
politics. Science is about understanding the physical world that we live in, he said.
We wouldnt say, Why should people understand gravity?

But education is inherently political, said Nicole Colston, a researcher at Oklahoma

State University who has studied overlap between groups that push against evolution
and climate change education. Its this implied thing that you cant talk about climate
change, she said of her interviews with Oklahoma teachers. Its almost, like, impolite
or uncomfortable.
Prominent Oklahomans like Pruitt and Republican U.S. Sen. James Inhofe are
climate-science deniers, a fact not lost on the states residents. Just 46 percent of
adult Oklahomans believe global warming is caused mostly by human activities, below
the national average of 53 percent, according to 2016 data from the Yale Program on
Climate Change Communication.

In 2014, Oklahoma lawmakers tried but failed to block the state board of education
from adopting its version of Next Generation Science Standards. The same year, a
state law was passed to give local school districts ultimate authority over curricula.

Merritt said she chose to use energy resources board materials because they were
age-appropriate, factual and free. Its just a way of life, she said of the curriculums
laser focus on petroleum. We live in Oklahoma. Theres a lot of oil.

THMAGICUITCA
Smiling broadly, the host pulls item
after item from two large drums.
Plastic wrap, shingles, Lucite all
modern day miracles made possible
by oil and petrochemicals. Three
minutes into the muted-color lm, the
man in the tan suit and plaid tie pours
Freon-12 from a pressurized canister.
THE HAGLEY MUSEUM
The Magic Barrel was a promotional video produced by
You may be able to note that it is DuPont for the American Petroleum Institute. The lm
boiling violently, just as water would hyped petrochemicals like Freon-12.

boil on a stove, he says, holding up a

glass of the clear liquid. Yes, its a safe refrigerant. Ill just pour some on my clothing.
And now, watch the frost appear. Ill blow on it. Oh, its cold all right.

Scientists now know Freon is far from benign. Forms of the coolant are still being
phased out after research in the 1980s found it was rapidly depleting the Earths
ozone layer. The volatile chemical is moderately toxic when inhaled.

Shot in the 1960s, The Magic Barrel promoted a one-man show of the same name
developed by chemical giant DuPont for the American Petroleum Institute. By 1954,
DuPont had trained 600 oil-industry workers to deliver the show-and-tell in
classrooms, with 40 assigned to New Yorks 230 middle schools and high schools. The
lecture was a xture of Oil Progress Week, APIs bygone annual celebration of all
things petroleum.

Half a century later, a version of the demonstration which uses a suitcase instead of
a barrel and originally targeted womens groups lives on. YouTube videos show the
talk being delivered at elementary schools in West Virginia, a state embracing natural
gas amid coals decline. The Magic Suitcase also has made the rounds in Texas,
Wyoming, Louisiana, and most recently in Pennsylvania and Colorado.

While oil and gas is not the only industry to market to young audiences, it is among
the most prolic and enduring. Records detail APIs early eorts to rehab the industrys
image by inuencing educators. In the 1950s, companies like DuPont worked hand in
hand with APIs budding public-relations division, which sent ying squadrons of
industry representatives to schools nationwide, getting two million copies of API
lessons into classrooms.

Inspiration for these squadrons sprang from a 1946 study surveying 10,000
Americans, according to the 1990 API history. The documents author wrote that, the
more people knew about the petroleum industry, the more favorable were their feelings
towards it. To combat the industrys negative reputation, the study suggested a well-
directed program of public education was the right medicine to bring about a cure.

Hill & Knowlton the public-relations rm that would later help the tobacco
industry fend o cancer claims was brought on to strategize. The rm surmised
that the petroleum industrys legislative diculties could be traced to
misunderstandings by government and the public and laid out a plan to cultivate
thought leaders or opinion molders educators, editors, columnists, the clergy,
business and nancial leaders and, of course, key people in government, according
to the 1990 document.

In 1960, educators helped revamp API materials that eventually made their way into
25,000 secondary schools. Advertisers were hired to ghost-write scripts hyping oil
for popular childrens programs like Art Linkletters House Party. The widely televised
Odyssey: A Quest for Energy, was among dozens of educational videos made
available through APIs vast regional network.

The 1982 lm examined renewable energy, but made the best

case for fossil fuels urging that oshore drilling be expanded
into deeper waters and that federal lands be opened for coal
mining in promotional brochures sent to some 14,000 schools.
Within months, more than 1,300 schools wanted to screen
Odyssey. Indiana ocials ordered enough kits to show the lm
to every high-schooler in the state. APIs public relations team
meticulously tracked Odysseys reach, estimating that at
least ve million Americans saw the lm.

API did not respond to requests for comment.

APIs message was amplied with the help of an unlikely ally

the National Science Teachers Association, which boasts THE HAGLEY MUSEUM
DuPont promoted The
some 55,000 members of mostly K-12 educators. The
Magic Barrel lm in a
association worked closely with API and utility executives during brochure.

the 1970s to develop K-12 energy curricula. When federal

funding dried up in the 1980s, the association turned to corporate sponsors to cover
costs.

As pressure to act on global warming mounted during the 1990s, API ramped up its
strategy to quiet critics, including leveraging its relationship with the teachers
association. Months after the language of a global climate treaty known as the Kyoto
Protocol was nalized in 1997, an internal memo obtained by The New York Times
laid out APIs plans to infuse doubt about climate change into K-12 materials. Less
than a decade later, the association garnered criticism for distributing APIs Fuel-
less lm to teachers while API funded the associations educational website for kids.

Some of APIs largest corporate members, including Chevron and Shell, remain top
sponsors of the teachers association. Evans, who has led the association since 2013,
said he was unable to comment on the organizations past but defended the groups
independence. Its NSTA that decides what the content should be, he said.

WIN-WIN
With only 14 seniors, the class of 2016 came nowhere near lling a gymnasium in
Salineville, Ohio a town of 1,300 about 50 miles west of Pittsburgh. In this region,
there are phenomenal opportunities, said Rhonda Reda, delivering the keynote
speech at the Utica Shale Academy graduation. Go out there and make a
dierence.
Named after the rock formation that stretches from eastern Ohio to Canada, the
tuition-free charter school founded in 2014 promises real opportunity outside of
traditional settings. Instead of hitting textbooks, students work on drilling
certications and intern for oil companies. Attendance is exible: students must spend
more than half their time on campus an increase from a previous requirement of at
least 15 hours weekly.

The academy rents space from two high schools. A third location for K-12 students
was shuttered last June after just a year in operation. The academys website
prominently displays the logos of corporate partners like Chesapeake Energy, whose
executives meet with school administrators to help carve out the curriculum for the
year.

One of the academys most prominent sponsors, the Ohio Oil and Gas Energy
Education Programled by Reda has stirred up criticism for its pro-drilling
message. Like the Oklahoma energy resources board, the Ohio group is industry-
funded, state-sanctioned and conducts free teacher workshops. In a meeting with
state legislators in 2016, Reda said that 2,700 teachers statewide had attended the
workshops since 1997.

Lisa Hoyos of Climate Parents, an aliate of the Sierra Club that successfully
petitioned Radio Disney to sever ties with Redas group in 2014, criticized
educational content that pushes petroleums benets but sidesteps its downsides.
Theyre basically indoctrinating children, she said of the Ohio program. All the
materials [the program is] putting out are about oil and gas, which are the chief
culprits, along with coal, in causing climate change.

Before founding the Ohio program in 1997, Reda handled public aairs for the states
Oil and Gas Association. She sits on the communications committee for the
Independent Petroleum Association of America, which created Energy in Depth
a website run by a public-relations rm that aggressively disputes industry criticism
and news media reports, including investigative work done by the Center for Public
Integrity. Redas program helped launch Energy in Depths Ohio section in 2011.

Reda declined in an email to elaborate on her relationship with lobby groups, but wrote
that her organization does not utilize any taxpayer dollars and does not lobby the
legislature or take positions on regulatory or public policy. She added that her
program may elect on occasion to collaborate with other oil and gas groups,
educational institutions and other experts on specic projects.

Redas group has helped develop lessons for the National Energy Education
Development Project, or NEED, a nonprot that publishes thousands of pages of K-
12 energy lessons online. A 2015 NEED lesson teaches students how to frack a
frozen layer cake using chocolate syrup and a syringe-like turkey injector not unlike
Ohios demonstration using Twinkies.

Oil and gas companies are among NEEDs most prominent backers. ConocoPhillips
has sponsored NEED workshops since 2008, exposing educators nationwide to
packets like Oil, Gas and their Energy, and Exploring Oil and Gas. A 2014 NEED
guide tells of Sue Ann, who is a sticky pool of oil waiting to be freed, and Stacey, who
wants to follow in her fathers footsteps and become a blowout specialist on an
oshore rig.

Executive Director Mary Spruill said NEED teams up with industry groups to train
future workers, but the groups dont play a substantial role in developing content. We
dont send drafts to our partners, she said.
Like Reda, Spruill does not have an education or science background. Lessons from
both their groups have been adapted by Arkansas Energy Rocks!, a website
dedicated to teaching kids about the thriving oil and natural gas industry. Lessons
include Just a little oil spill, which uses drops of vegetable oil in a pie plate lled
with water to simulate an oshore oil spill, and Persuasion POWER! which
highlights the legislative process with a congressional press release titled,
Consumers desperate for new natural gas pipelines. Its unclear how many
schools are using the materials.

The website is a project of the Arkansas Energy Education Foundation, a nonprot

arm of the Arkansas Independent Producers & Royalty Owners. The programs
logo and website are registered to the American Petroleum Institute. Listed as a
contact for an all-expenses-paid teachers workshop in 2015 promoting Arkansas
Energy Rocks! was the personal email address of Paige Miller, an API public-aairs
specialist based in Little Rock.

Spruill works closely with the Independent Petroleum Association of America, sitting
on an advisory board for the lobby groups ve Petroleum Academies. IPAA, whose
chief executive and lobbyist, Barry Russell, is co-chair of the advisory board, has
billed the academies as a win-win for high schoolers and oil companies in Houston
and Fort Worth.

Students are encouraged to put themselves in industry leaders shoes by competing

for lucrative leasing deals as ctional oil companies and delivering presentations on
topics like clearing misconceptions of the oil and gas industry.

Despite the hard sell, some students are unsure of their prospects in the petroleum
industry. The ongoing oil-price slump has made jobs in the industry scarce and
advancements in automation are expected to accelerate the trend.

Even in a state built on fossil fuels, other career options have grown more appealing.
Having interviewed administrators at the academies, the Houston Chronicle reported
last year that students were gravitating more toward climate-friendly subjects like
algae-based biofuel and super-ecient tiny houses.

Joe Wertz, a reporter with StateImpact Oklahoma, contributed to this story.

StateImpact Oklahoma is a partnership among Oklahomas public radio stations and

relies on contributions from readers and listeners to fulll its mission of public service
to Oklahoma and beyond. Donate online.

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