Geography of Spain

1 External boundaries and land-

form regions

Map of Spain and Portugal, Corrected and Augmented from the Spains exclaves in north Africa
Map Published by D. Tomas Lopez. 1810.

Spain is a country located in southwestern Europe, oc-

cupying most (about 85 percent) of the Iberian Penin-
sula and includes a small exclave inside France called
Llvia as well as the Balearic Islands in the Mediter-
ranean, the Canary Islands in the Western Atlantic Ocean
108 km (67 mi) o northwest Africa, and ve places of
sovereignty (plazas de soberana) on and o the coast of
North Africa: Ceuta, Melilla, Islas Chafarinas, Pen de
Alhucemas, and Pen de Vlez de la Gomera.
The Spanish mainland is bordered to the south and east
almost entirely by the Mediterranean Sea (except for a
small land boundary with Gibraltar); to the north by
France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the
west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal. With an area
of 504,030 km, Spain is the second largest country in
Western Europe (behind France) and with an average al-
titude of 650 m, the third highest country in Europe (be-
hind Switzerland and Austria). Map of Spain
Its total area is 504,782 km2 (194,897 sq mi) of which
499,542 km2 (192,874 sq mi) is land and 5,240 km2 Most of Spains boundaries are water: the Mediterranean
(2,023 sq mi) is water.[1] Spain lies between latitudes 36 Sea on the south to the French border and the Atlantic
and 44 N, and longitudes 19 W and 5 E. Its Atlantic Ocean on the northwest and southwest (in the south as
coast is 710 km (441 mi) long. The Pyrenees mountain the Golfo de Cdiz and in the north as the Bay of Bis-
range, extends 435 km (270 mi) from the Mediterranean cay). Spain also shares land boundaries with France
to the Bay of Biscay. In the extreme south of Spain lie and Andorra along the Pyrenees in the northeast, with
the Straits of Gibraltar, which separate the Iberian penin- Portugal on the west, and with the small British Over-
sula and the rest of Europe from Ceuta and Morocco in seas Territory of Gibraltar near the southernmost tip.
north Africa; at its narrowest extent, Spain and Morocco The aliation of Gibraltar has continued to be a con-
are separated by only 13 km (8.1 mi). tentious issue between Spain and Britain. The sovereignty

1
2 1 EXTERNAL BOUNDARIES AND LANDFORM REGIONS

m
3600
and railroad transportation to the northwest and the north-
3400 east.
3200

3000

2800
The southern portion of the Meseta (Spanish: Submese-
2600

2400
ta Sur) is further divided by twin mountain ranges, the
2200

2000
Montes de Toledo running to the east with the Sierra de
1800 Guadalupe, to the west. Their peaks do not rise much
1600

1400 higher than 1,500 m. With many easy passes, including

1200

1000
those that connect the Meseta with the Andalusian Plain,
800

600
the Montes de Toledo do not present an obstacle to trans-
400

200
portation and communication. This chain of lower moun-
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
tain ranges is separated from the Sistema Central to the
% Espaa
north by the longest river in the Iberian Peninsula: the
Tagus River.
Hypsometric curve of Spain

of the plazas de soberana on the Mediterranean coast of

Morocco is disputed by Morocco.
Spain also has a small exclave inside France called Llvia.
The majority of Spains peninsular region consists of the
Meseta Central, a highland plateau rimmed and dissected
by mountain ranges. Other landforms include narrow
coastal plains and some lowland river valleys, the most
prominent of which is the Andalusian Plain in the south-
west. The country can be divided into ten natural re-
gions or subregions: the dominant Meseta Central, the
Cantabrian Mountains (Cordillera Cantabrica) and the The Picos de Europa in Northern Spain
northwest region, the Ibrico region, the Pyrenees, the
Penibtico region in the southeast, the Andalusian Plain, The mountain regions that rim the Meseta Central and are
the Ebro Basin, the coastal plains, the Balearic Islands, associated with it are the Sierra Morena, the Cordillera
and the Canary Islands. These are commonly grouped Cantbrica, and the Sistema Ibrico. Forming the south-
into four types: the Meseta Central and associated moun- ern edge of the Meseta Central, the Sierra Morena merges
tains, other mountainous regions, lowland regions, and is- in the east with the southern extension of the Sistema
lands. Iberico and reaches westward along the northern edge
of the Rio Guadalquivir valley to join the mountains in
southern Portugal. The massif of the Sierra Morena ex-
1.1 The Inner Plateau and associated tends northward to the Ro Guadiana, which separates it
mountains from the Sistema Central. Despite their relatively low el-
evations, seldom surpassing 1,300 m, the mountains of
The Meseta Central (Inner Plateau) is a vast plateau in the Sierra Morena are rugged at their southern edge.
the heart of peninsular Spain, which has elevations that
range from 610 to 760 m. Rimmed by mountains, the The Cordillera Cantbrica, a limestone formation, runs
Meseta Central slopes gently to the west and to the se- parallel to, and close to, the northern coast near the Bay
ries of rivers that form some of the border with Portugal. of Biscay. Its highest points are the Picos de Europa, sur-
The Sistema Central, described as the dorsal spine of passing 2,600 m. The Cordillera Cantbrica extends 182
the Meseta Central, divides the Meseta into northern and km and abruptly drops 1,500 m some 30 km from the
southern subregions, the former higher in elevation and coast. To the west lie the hills of the northwest region
smaller in area than the latter. The Sistema Central rims and to the east the Basque mountains that link them to
the capital city of Madrid with peaks that rise to 2,400 the Pyrenees.
m north of the city and to lower elevations south of it. The Sistema Ibrico extends from the Cordillera Can-
West of Madrid, the Sistema Central shows its highest tbrica southeastward and, close to the Mediterranean,
peak, Pico Almanzor, of 2,592 m. The mountains of the spreads out from the Ro Ebro to the Ro Jcar. The bar-
Sistema Central, which continue westward into Portugal, ren, rugged slopes of this mountain range cover an area of
display some glacial features; the highest of the peaks are close to 21,000 square kilometers. The mountains exceed
snow-capped for most of the year. Despite their height, 2,000 m in their northern region and reach a maximum
however, the mountain system does not create a major height of over 2,300 m east of the headwaters of the Rio
barrier between the northern and the southern portions Duero. The extremely steep mountain slopes in this range
of the Meseta Central because several passes permit road are often cut by deep, narrow gorges.
 3

1.2 Other mountainous regions

External to the Meseta Central lie the Pyrenees in the
northeast and the Sistema Penibtico in the southeast.
The Pyrenees, extending from the eastern edge of the
Cordillera Cantbrica to the Mediterranean Sea, form a
solid barrier that separates Spain, France and Andorra
and has acted as a natural border throughout history,
which has eectively isolated the countries from each
other. Passage is easy in the relatively low terrain at the
eastern and western extremes of the mountain range; it
is here that international railroads and roadways cross the Teide, the highest mountain in Spain (Tenerife, Canary Islands)
border. In the central section of the Pyrenees, however,
passage is dicult. In several places, peaks rise above
3,000 m; the highest, Pico de Aneto, surpasses 3,400 m. meters, lie 80 kilometers o Spains central eastern coast.
The mountains that rise up above the Mediterranean Sea
The Sistema Penibtico extends northeast from the south- to form these islands are an extension of the Sistema
ern tip of Spain, running parallel to the coast until it Penibetico. The archipelagos highest points, which reach
merges with the southern extension of the Sistema Ibrico 1,400 meters, are in northwestern Mallorca, close to the
near the Rio Jcar and with the eastern extension of the coast. The central portion of Majorca is a plain, bounded
Sierra Morena. The Sierra Nevada, part of the Sistema on the east and the southeast by broken hills.
Penibtico south of Granada, includes the highest moun-
tain on the peninsula and continental Spain, Mulhacn, The Canary Islands, ninety kilometers o the west coast
which rises to 3,479 m. Other peaks in the range also of Africa, are of volcanic origin. The large central islands,
surpass 3,000 m. Tenerife and Gran Canaria, have the highest peaks. Pico
de Las Nieves, on Gran Canaria, rises to 1,949 meters,
and the Teide, on Tenerife, to 3,718 meters. Teide, a
1.3 Lowland regions dormant volcano, is the highest peak of Spain and the
third largest volcano in the world from its base.
The major lowland regions are the Andalusian Plain in the
southwest, the Ebro Basin in the northeast, and the coastal
plains. The Andalusian Plain is essentially a wide river 2 Drainage, oods and water stress
valley through which the Ro Guadalquivir ows. The
river broadens out along its course, reaching its widest
See also: List of rivers of Spain
point at the Golfo de Cadiz. The Andalusian Plain is
Of the roughly 1,800 rivers and streams in Spain, only the
bounded on the north by the Sierra Morena and on the
south by the Sistema Penibtico; it to an apex in the east
where these two mountain chains meet. The Ebro Basin
is formed by the Ro Ebro valley, contained by mountains
on three sidesthe Sistema Ibrico to the south and west,
the Pyrenees to the north and east, and their coastal ex-
tensions paralleling the shore to the east. Minor low-lying
river valleys close to the Portuguese border are located on
the Tagus and the Ro Guadiana.
The Coastal Plains regions are narrow strips between the
coastal mountains and the seas. They are broadest along
the Golfo de Cdiz, where the coastal plain adjoins the
Andalusian Plain, and along the southern and central east-
ern coasts. The narrowest coastal plain runs along the Bay River basins of continental Spain
of Biscay, where the Cordillera Cantbrica ends close to
shore. Tagus is more than 960 kilometers long; all but 90 extend
less than 96 kilometers. These shorter rivers carry small
volumes of water on an irregular basis, and they have sea-
1.4 The islands sonally dry river beds; however, when they do ow, they
often are swift and torrential. Most major rivers rise in
The remaining regions of Spain are the Balearic and the the mountains rimming or dissecting the Meseta Central
Canary Islands, the former located in the Mediterranean and ow westward across the plateau through Portugal to
Sea and the latter in the Atlantic Ocean. The Balearic empty into the Atlantic Ocean. One signicant excep-
Islands, encompassing a total area of 5,000 square kilo- tion is the river with the most abundant ow in Spain,
4 4 POPULATION GEOGRAPHY

the Ebro, which ows eastward to the Mediterranean. Overall, the regions in the south-east of Spain are partic-
Rivers in the extreme northwest and in the narrow north- ularly vulnerable to water shortages. Furthermore, large
ern coastal plain drain directly into the Atlantic Ocean. areas of the Mediterranean are aected by saltwater in-
The northwestern coastline is also truncated by rias, wa- trusion.[2]
terbodies similar to fjords.
The major rivers owing westward through the Meseta
Central include the Duero, the Tagus, the Guadiana, and 3 Climate
the Guadalquivir. The Rio Guadalquivir is one of the
most signicant rivers in Spain because it irrigates a fer-
tile valley, thus creating a rich agricultural area, and be- Main article: Climate of Spain
cause it is navigable inland, making Seville the only inland Three main climatic zones can be separated, ac-
river port for ocean-going trac in Spain. The major
river in the northwest region is the Mio.
El Atazar Dam is a major dam built near Madrid to pro-
vide a water supply.

2.1 Floods and erosion

The Mediterranean coast of Spain

cording to geographical situation and orographic

conditions:[5][6][7][8]

The Mediterranean climate, characterized by dry

and warm summers. According to the Kppen cli-
mate classication, it is dominant in the peninsula,
Santa Teresa ood. with two varieties: Csa and Csb.

Certain Spanish regions can be considered vulnerable to
both ooding and erosion.[2]
15 October 1879, in Murcia, Santa Teresa ood.
1314 October 1957, in Valencia, torrential rain re-
sults in a devastating ood, at least 81 people lost
their lives.[3]
In 1982, the river Jucar (Valencia, Spain) broke
the Tous Reservoir causing a ood that killed 30
people.[4]
The semiarid climate (Bsh, Bsk), located in the
southeastern quarter of the country, especially in the
region of Murcia and in the Ebro valley. In contrast
with the Mediterranean climate, the dry season ex-
tends beyond the summer.
The oceanic climate (Cfb), is located in the north-
ern quarter of the country, especially in the regions
of Basque Country, Asturias, Cantabria and partly
Galicia. In contrary to the Mediterranean climate,
winter and summer temperatures are inuenced by
the ocean.

2.2 Water stress Apart from these main types, other sub-types can be
found, like the alpine climate in the Pyrenees and Sierra
See also: Water abstraction Nevada, and a typical subtropical climate in the Canary
Islands.
Water stress or water lack, poses the greatest threat in
Spain. Water scarcity is a signicant issue in many re-
gions throughout Spain and climate change may aggravate
the problem, with longer periods of dry weather. Supply 4 Population geography
problems regularly occur in the Jucar basin during sum-
mer. In the Segura basin, water scarcity has resulted in Main article: Demographics of Spain
an increase of the water prices by 30% for households.
4.2 Biggest metropolitan areas 5

4.2 Biggest metropolitan areas

Spains cities and main towns

Main metropolitan areas in Spain

4.1 Largest cities by population The largest metropolitan areas, based on 2007 population,
Madrid 3,300,000 were:[9]

Barcelona 1,582,738 1. Madrid 5,603,285

Valencia 797,654
2. Barcelona 4,667,136
Seville 709,975
3. Valencia 1,671,189
Zaragoza 626,081
4. Sevilla 1,294,081
Mlaga 547,105
5. Bilbao 950,829
Murcia 391,146
6. Mlaga 897,563
Las Palmas 377,600
Palma 367,277 7. Asturias (Gijn-Oviedo) 857,079

Bilbao 353,567 8. Alicante-Elche 748,565

Valladolid 321,143 9. Zaragoza 731,803
Crdoba 318,628 10. Vigo 662,412
Alicante 305,911 11. Las Palmas 616,903
Vigo 292,566
12. Baha de Cdiz (Cdiz-Jerez de la Frontera)
Gijn 270,875 615,494
Hospitalet de Llobregat 246,415 13. Santa Cruz de Tenerife 573,825
A Corua (Corunna) 243,902 14. Murcia 563,272
Granada 237,663
15. Palma de Mallorca 474,035
Vitoria-Gasteiz 223,257
16. Granada 472,638
Santa Cruz de Tenerife 220,022
17. San Sebastin 402,168
Badalona 214,440
18. Tarragona 406,042
Oviedo 207,699
19. A Corua 403,007
Elche 207,163
Mstoles 201,789 20. Valladolid 400,400

Terrassa 200,000 21. Santander - Torrelavega 391,480

Pamplona 198,750 22. Cordoba 323,600

6 9 NOTES
23. Pamplona 309,631
Further information: List of metropolitan areas in Spain
by population
4.3 Islands
Islander population:[10]
5 Resources and land use
Natural resources: coal, lignite, iron ore, uranium,
mercury, pyrites, uorspar, gypsum, zinc, lead, tungsten,
copper, kaolin, potash, sepiolite, hydropower, arable land
Land use:
Arable land: 27.18%
Permanent crops: 9.85%
Other: 62.97% (2005)
Irrigated land: 38,000 km (2003)
Total renewable water resources: 111.1 cubic metres
(2005)
Freshwater withdrawal (domes-
tic/industrial/agricultural):
total: 37.22 cu km/yr (13%/19%/68%)
per capita: 864 cu m/yr (2002)
6 Environmental concerns
Natural hazards: periodic droughts, occasional ooding
Environment Current Issues:
pollution of the Mediterranean Sea from
raw sewage and euents from the o-
shore production of oil and gas; water
quality and quantity nationwide; air pol-
lution; deforestation; desertication
Environment International Agreements:
Party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-
Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur
94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Com-
pounds, Antarctic-Environmental Proto-
col, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Cli-
mate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertication, Endangered
Species, Environmental Modication,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ma-
rine Dumping, Marine Life Conserva-
tion, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollu-
tion, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Tim-
ber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
Signed, but not ratied: Air Pollution-
Persistent Organic Pollutants
7 Maritime claims
contiguous zone: 24 nmi (44.4 km; 27.6
mi)
exclusive economic zone: 200 nmi (370.4
km; 230.2 mi) (applies only to the At-
lantic Ocean)
territorial sea: 12 nmi (22.2 km; 13.8 mi)
8 See also
Autonomous communities of Spain
Comarcas of Spain
Extreme points of Spain
Provinces of Spain
9 Notes
[1] Spain. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence
Agency. 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
[2] http://ec.europa.eu/maritimeaffairs/documentation/
studies/documents/spain_en.pdf
[3] Hasta aqu lleg la riada, ABC, 13 August 2007
[4] Diluvio en el Pas Valenciano, La Vanguardia, 21 October
1982, p1
[5] Atlas Climtico Ibrico Iberian Climate Atlas. (PDF).
2011. Retrieved 2011-10-18. Agencia Estatal de Mete-
orologa (Espana). Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y
Medio Rural y Marino (Espana). Instituto de Meteo-
rologia de Portugal .
[6] World Map of the Kppen-Geiger climate classication
updated (see p.3)" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-04-30.
[7] http://www.city-data.com/forum/attachments/weather/
56180d1263187925-ultimate-climate-poll-koppen-climate-classification-ko
et_al_2006.gif
[8] http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/
Koppen_World_Map.png
 7

[9] Ruiz, Francisco (2007). Poblacin de las reas urbanas

y metropolitanas (xls). Poblacin de Espaa datos y
mapas (in Spanish). Alarcos Research Group. Retrieved
2008-12-10.

[10] La supercie de las islas vendr dada en hectreas salvo la

de las mayores islas de los archipilagos canario y balear,
as como las Plazas de Soberana.

10 References
This article incorporates public domain material
from websites or documents of the Library of
Congress Country Studies.

This article incorporates public domain material

from websites or documents of the CIA World Fact-
book.

11 External links
Loyd, Nick (2007). IberiaNature: A guide to the
environment, climate, wildlife, geography and na-
ture of Spain. Retrieved 2008-12-04.
Data Spain: Satellite relief maps, aerial photogra-
phy, outline maps, travel maps and useful themed
maps of Spain

Virtual Cadastral: Lookup ocial Spanish property

(catastro) deeds and other Spanish property infor-
mation: exact map location, altitude, land area, and
distances.

Coordinates: 4000N 400W / 40.000N 4.000W

8 12 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

12 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

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Geography of Spain Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Spain?oldid=692455601 Contributors: The Epopt, Andre
Engels, Danny, JeLuF, Montrealais, Snoyes, Crissov, Tpbradbury, Paul-L~enwiki, Sabbut, Warofdreams, Dsierra, Dale Arnett, Nurg,
Bkell, Timpo, Wwoods, Bobblewik, Domino theory, Jossi, Exigentsky, Grunners, Neutrality, D6, Vsmith, DerekLaw, Brian0918,
*drew, MBisanz, Shanes, Orlady, Bobo192, Captain Blood~enwiki, Nk, Alansohn, Calton, Snowolf, Harej, Zntrip, Stemonitis, Hipi Zh-
dripi~enwiki, Rocastelo, Je3000, Kelisi, Prashanthns, Marudubshinki, GoldRingChip, Waninoco, Kbdank71, FreplySpang, Rjwilmsi,
Bremen, Jweiss11, Brighterorange, MarnetteD, Yamamoto Ichiro, CalJW, Gurch, Mark J, Wars, Lemuel Gulliver, Gwernol, YurikBot,
NawlinWiki, Wiki alf, Magicmonster, Botteville, Ms2ger, 2over0, Hurricanehink, Petri Krohn, DVD R W, SmackBot, Hydrogen Iodide,
Eskimbot, Yamaguchi , Hmains, Bazonka, Snowmanradio, Valenciano, Alexandra lb, Sergio.solar, NetherlandishYankee, Kahuroa, Ged
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