Numerical simulation of free convection in
uniformly heated concentric annulus filled
with Micropolar fluid
H. Imtiaz and F. M. Mahfouz *
Mechanical Engineering Department, UET, Taxila, Pakistan
ABSTRACT In this paper, the problem of transient and
steady natural convection in a uniformly heated concentric
circular annulus filled with Micropolar fluid has been
numerically investigated using the Fourier Spectral Method.
The annulus is heated through its inner wall at constant
heat flux while the outer wall is cooled and kept at constant
temperature. The full governing equations of momentum,
angular momentum (microrotation) and energy have been
solved to give the details of flow and thermal fields. The
main controlling parameters are modified Rayleigh number
Ram, Prandtl number Pr, radius ratio Rr and dimensionless
material parameters of Micropolar fluid. The material
parameters of micropolar fluid are dimensionless spin
gradient viscosity , dimensionless spin viscosity B and
dimensionless vortex viscosity . This study considered Ram
up to 105, a range of Rr from 2 to 5 and range for
dimensionless material parameters of Micropolar fluid from
1 to 10. The study considered the effect of controlling
parameters on flow and thermal fields with the emphasis on
the effect of these parameters on dimensionless mean
temperature of inner wall. The study shows that as Ram
increases, the dimensionless mean temperature of inner wall
decreases. The study also shows an increase in the inner wall
dimensionless temperature in case of Micropolar fluid as
compared with that for Newtonian fluid.
NOMENCLATURE
Ri Inner wall radius
Ro Outer wall radius
B Dimensionless spin viscosity
C Space between inner and outer wall of concentric circular
annulus i.e. (Ro-Ri)
fn, gn
Fourier Coefficients
Ho,Hn
G Gravitational acceleration
K Thermal conductivity
Kv Vortex viscosity
J Micro-inertia density
N Dimensionless microrotation
Pr Prandtl Number
Rr Radius ratio (Ro/Ri)
Ram Modified Rayleigh number
T Dimensionless time
T Temperature
x, y Cartesian coordinates
r ' , Cylindrical coordinates
Proceedings of International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences & Technology,
Islamabad, Pakistan, 10 - 13 January, 2011
, Polar coordinates
Fx, Fy Component of buoyancy force in x and y directions
Fr ' ,F ' Component of buoyancy force in r ' and directions
To Ambient temperature
Constant heat flux at inner wall of concentric circular
qH
annulus
r Dimensionless radial coordinate (r/c)
QOH heat transfer rate at outer wall of concentric circular
annulus
QIH heat transfer rate at inner wall of concentric circular
annulus
Greek Symbols
a Thermal diffusivity
b Coefficient of thermal expansion
D Dimensionless vortex viscosity
g Spin gradient viscosity
f Dimensionless temperature
fi Inner wall dimensionless temperature
fim Average inner wall dimensionless temperature
x Dimensionless logarithmic coordinates (lnr)
m Dynamic viscosity
l Dimensionless spin gradient viscosity
r Density
t Time
q Angular coordinates
Vorticity and dimensionless vorticity
z ' ,z
', Stream function and dimensionless stream function
s Component of microrotation vector in r, plane
I. INTRODUCTION
Free convection in a uniformly heated concentric
circular annulus has received considerable interest not
only due to its fundamental aspects but also due to its
importance in many industrial applications. These
applications include electronic cable cooling systems,
nuclear reactors, food processing devices and manifolds of
solar energy collectors. Most of the studies focused on free
convection in uniformly heated concentric circular
annulus filled with Newtonian fluids. To date, only a few
(Van de Sande and Hamer [1], Glakpe et al [2], Kumar
[3], Castrejon and Spalding [4]) have investigated the
139
natural convection in concentric circular annulus filled cooled and kept at constant temperature To. The resulting
with Newtonian fluid with inner wall kept at constant buoyancy induced flow of the fluid is assumed two
heat flux. dimensional and laminar. The effect of temperature
It is well known that heterogeneous mixtures such as variation on fluid properties is considered negligible
ferro liquids, colloidal fluids, most slurries and except for the buoyancy force term in the momentum
suspensions and some liquids with polymer additives equation. The conservation equations of motion and
behave differently from Newtonian fluids. In order to energy in terms of the vorticity, stream function,
study such type of fluid, the theory of Micropolar fluids microrotation and temperature can be expressed as
was developed by Eringen [5]. This theory can be used to z ' 1 y ' z ' 1 y ' z '
model the fluids with microstructure which cannot be + -
t r ' q r ' r ' r ' q
adequately described by the classical Navier stokes
K K 1 F ' F ' 1 F '
theory. The essence of this theory lies in the extension of = n + v 2z ' - v 2s + q' + q' - ' r (1)
constitutive equation for Newtonian fluid. In practice, the r r r r r r q
theory of Micropolar fluid requires that one must solve an
additional transport equation representing the principle of s 1 y ' s 1 y ' s
conservation of local angular momentum as well as usual + -
t r ' q r ' r ' r ' q
transport equation for conservation of mass, energy and g 2 K
momentum, while additional constitutive parameters are = s + v ( z '- 2s ) (2)
introduced. These fluids can support stress moments and rj rj
body couples and are influenced by the spin inertia.
Most of the studies carried out so far on flow and heat z ' = - 2y ' (3)
convection in Micropolar fluids have focused mainly on
geometries other than concentric circular annulus. Chen T 1 y ' T 1 y ' T
et al [6] investigated the transient natural convection of + - = a 2T (4)
t r ' q r ' r ' r ' q
Micropolar fluids in concentric spherical annuli. Hsu and
How [7] investigated the natural convection of 2 2
Where 2 = 2 + 1 + 1 2 2
Micropolar fluids over a uniformly heated horizontal r r r r q
plate. The transient and steady free convection from
isothermal cylindrical tubes placed in infinite medium of
Micropolar fluid is investigated by Mahfouz [8] in case
of circular tube and by Mahfouz [9] in case of horizontal
elliptical tube with major axis horizontal. Chen [10]
examined the transient natural convection of Micropolar
fluids between concentric and vertically eccentric
spheres. Cheng [11] examined the natural convection heat
and mass transfer from a horizontal cylinder of elliptic
cross section in Micropolar fluids. He also investigated
the natural convection heat and mass transfer from a
sphere in Micropolar fluids with constant wall
temperature and concentration [12].
The main objective of this study is to analyze the
transient and steady free convection in uniformly heated
concentric annulus filled with Micropolar fluid. Such a
problem, to the best of authors knowledge, has not yet
been investigated.
The analysis is based on solution of full governing
equations using Fourier spectral method. The Figure 1. Coordinate System
dimensionless temperature at inner wall, heat flux at Where a is the thermal diffusivity of the fluid, t is the
outer wall, flow and thermal fields are presented here. time r is the density, is the kinematic viscosity, k is
The buoyancy driven flow is assumed laminar and two
dimensional. the thermal conductivity. Kv, j and B are the vortex
viscosity, micro-inertia density and spin gradient
II. PROBLEM FORMULATION viscosity. z ' is the vorticity, ' is the stream function, T
The Physical domain and coordinates system are is the temperature and is the component of
shown in Fig.1. The annulus is the space between two microrotation vector whose direction of rotation is in the
concentric circular cylinders of radius Ri and Ro r ' - plane. Fr =g (T-To)cos and F=-g (T-To)sin
respectively. The annulus is filled with Micropolar fluid are the radial and tangential components of the buoyancy
and then suddenly heated through its inner wall. The force Fb, where is the coefficient of thermal expansion
heating process takes place by keeping the inner wall at of the fluid.
constant heat flux qH through inner wall. The outer wall is

Proceedings of International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences & Technology,

Islamabad, Pakistan, 10 - 13 January, 2011 140
The following dimensionless numbers are now function, vorticity, microrotation and temperature are
introduced. approximated as a Fourier series expansion. This
at r c 2s c2 Y j approach is similar to that used by Mahfouz [9] and
t= 2 ,r= , N= , z = -z , Y = , B=2 Badr [13]. The dimensionless stream function, vorticity,
c c a a a c
microrotation and temperature are approximated using
g Kv k ( T - To ) Fourier series expansions as follows
l= , D= ,f=
r jn rn c ( qH ) N
z = g n Sin ( nq ) (10a)
Using the above variables in equations (1)(4) and the n =1
modified polar coordinates (, , = ln r) results in N
following equations. y = f n Sin ( nq ) (10b)
2x z 2z 2z 2 N 2 N n =1
e = Pr (1 + D ) 2 + 2 + Pr D 2 + 2
t x q x q N
y z y z f f N = rn Sin ( nq ) (10c)
+ - + Ra m Pr ex Sinq + Cosq (5) n =1
x q q x x q
N 2 N 2 N H0 N
e2x = Pr 2 + 2 f= + H n Cos ( nq ) (10d)
t x q 2 n =1
D Pr y N y N
- ( z + 2N ) e2x + - (6) Where fn, gn, rn, Ho and Hn are Fourier coefficients and all
B x q q x are functions of and t. The values of stream function,
2y 2y vorticity and microrotation in equations (58) are
e 2x z = + (7) replaced by their respective Fourier series. Now the both
x 2 q 2
sides of resulting equations are integrated (after
f 2f 2f y f y f multiplying each side at a time by ( 1, sin(n), cos(n),)
e2x = + + - (8)
t x 2 q 2 x q q x with respect to between the limits 0 and 2. It results in
the following set of differential equations
Where Ra m = g b c3 ( qH c / k ) / is the modified Rayleigh
number. The boundary conditions are no-slip and g n 2 gn
e 2x = Pr (1 + D ) - n2 gn
t x (11)
2
impermeability conditions at inner and outer walls. The
inner wall is heated at constant heat flux while the outer + W1n (n=1, 2, 3, 4......N)
wall is cooled and kept at constant temperature To. Since
no flow enters or escapes from the enclosure. The stream r 2r
e 2x n = Pr l 2n - n 2 rn
function is set equal to zero on all the wall boundaries. t x (12)
At time t0 the boundary conditions can be expressed
+ W2 n (n=1, 2, 3, 4......N)
mathematically as follows
At x = xi = ln Ri 2 fn
e 2x g n = - n2 f n (n=1, 2, 3, 4.N) (13)
y y f x 2
y = = = 0 , N=-nz i and = -ex (9a)
q x x H o 2 H o 2 0 W3n
e 2x = -n +
At x = xo = ln Ro t H n x 2 H n H n W4 n (14)
(n=1, 2, 3, 4.....N)
Y Y
Y= = =0, N=-n z o and f = 0 (9b)
q x
Where W1n, W2n, W3n and W4n are all easily identifiable
Where n is constant 0n1. In this study n is fixed at functions of and t. The boundary conditions for all the
n=1/2. functions presented in equations (1114) are obtained
For this time dependent problem the initial condition is from equations (9) and can be expressed as
needed. The fluid inside the annulus is assumed initially
at rest and at the temperature To (i.e. f =0). The inner f n H n H o
fn = = = 0, = -2 ex at =i=lnRi (15a)
wall is initially heated and kept at constant heat flux x x x
while outer wall is cooled and kept at constant Whereas
temperature To. f n
H o =H n = f n = 0, =0 at =o=lnRo (15b)
III. THE METHOD OF SOLUTION x
The method used to solve the governing equations
(5-8) along with the boundary conditions (9) is based on Integrating both sides of equation (13) with respect to
using the Fourier spectral method in which the stream (after multiplying by en) from = i to = o and using

Proceedings of International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences & Technology,

Islamabad, Pakistan, 10 - 13 January, 2011 141
the boundary conditions represented by equation (15a)
gives the following integral conditions
xo
( 2- n ) x g d = 0
e n x (16)
xi
The above integral condition is used for calculating the
values of the function gn on the inner wall of the annulus.
For outer wall of the annulus the value of gn is calculated
by using equation (13) directly. The details of the method
of solution and numerical treatment are more or less
similar to those explained in Badr [13] and Badr and
Dennis [14].
After calculating the streamlines and isotherms the flow
and thermal parameters can be calculated. The most
important parameter in case of heating at constant heat (a)
flux is the inner wall surface temperature distribution
which is calculated from f i . The average inner wall
dimensionless temperature fim is calculated from
2p
1
fim =
2p fi dq (17)
0

Another important parameter is the heat flux distribution

at outer wall of the annulus. This local flux qo ,
normalized by constant inner wall heat flux q H , can be
expressed as
qo f
=- at R=Ro (18)
qH r
(b)
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The governing equations along with the boundary
conditions are solved in order to give the details of both Figure 2. Streamlines (Left half, inner streamlines is of greater value
than outer ones ) and Isotherms (Right Half, the value of inner iso-
flow and thermal fields. The main controlling parameters therm is greater than outer one) for the case of Ram=2105& Pr=0.7 and
are modified Rayleigh number Ram, Prandtl number Pr, Rr =5 (Newtonian fluid). (a) Present. (b) Yoo[15].
Radius ratio Rr and the dimensionless material
parameters of Micropolar fluid (, B and ). This study 0.5
considers Ram up to 105, a range of Pr from 0.01 to 100 4
Ra=410 ,Pr =0.1 Present
and a range of Rr from 2 to 10. The range for Rr=5 Num Yoo[15]
dimensionless material parameters (, B and ) are taken 0.4
from 1 to 10.
Due to the absence of previous experimental and
numerical results on the same present problem, the 0.3
qo/qH

accuracy of the numerical solution is first assessed by

comparing the results for Newtonian fluid cases (i.e. at
= 0) with the available results in the literature. The 0.2
most relevant work is that done by Yoo[15]. The
qualitative comparison between the present results and
those in Yoo[15] for the case of Ram=2105 & Pr=0.7 and 0.1
Rr = 5 are shown in Fig.2. The figure shows that the
presents result for steady streamlines and isotherms
pattern are in good agreement with the results of 0
Yoo [15]. 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
The present numerical results for distribution of heat flux
along the outer wall of the annulus are shown in Fig. 3 Figure 3. Distribution of outer wall heat flux and comparison with the
for the case of Ram=4x104, Pr=0.1, Rr=5. The numerical numerical results of Yoo[15] numerical results
results of Yoo[15] are also shown in the same figure.
This figure shows excellent agreement between the Further quantitative comparison between the present
present results and the numerical results of Yoo[15]. results and that in Yoo[15] for the distribution of

Proceedings of International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences & Technology,

Islamabad, Pakistan, 10 - 13 January, 2011 142
=

dimensionless temperature along the inner wall is shown

in Fig.4 at Ram=4104, Pr=0.1 and Rr =5. The figure 1
shows that the present results are in good agreement with 4
Ram =10 ,Pr=0.7,Rr=2.0
the results of Yoo[15]. 0.8
B=1,=1,=1

0.5 0.6
4
Ra=410 ,Pr =0.1 Present QOH
Rr=5 Num Yoo[15]
0.4
QIH 0.4

0.2
0.3

fi 0
0.2 0 0.5 1
t
Figure 5. The time variation of the ratio between QOH and QIH
0.1

0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Figure. 4. Distribution of inner wall dimensionless temperature and
comparison with the Yoo[15] numerical results

After verifying the numerical technique, the results that

show the time development of both flow and thermal
(a) (b)
fields and the effect of controlling parameters on
dimensionless inner wall temperature are investigated.
As indicated in the numerical analysis the solution is
marched in time until the steady state solution is
achieved. To make sure that the steady state solution is
Q OH
attained, the is monitored. This ratio can be
Q IH
expressed as :
QOH R 2p f
QIH
=- o
Ri 0 r


R = Ro
d (19)

QOH is the total rate of heat dissipated from outer wall of
the annulus while QIH is the total rate of heat pumped to
the annulus through the inner wall at constant heat flux.
At the steady state the QOH becomes equal to QIH and
then the calculation is terminated. Fig. 5 shows the time
Q OH
variation of the at Ram=104, Rr=2.0, Pr=0.7, =1,
Q IH
=1& B=1. At initial time stages the temperature gradient
QOH
at outer wall is almost zero and hence the
QIH
small, but as the time advances the heat convections
process develop and negative temperature gradient is
Q OH
established at the outer wall and so the increases
Q IH
till reaching one at the steady state.
(c) (d)
Figure 6. Streamlines (Left half, inner streamlines is of greater value
than outer ones) and Isotherms (Right Half, The value of inner iso-
therm is greater than outer one) for the case of Ram=104, Rr=2.0, Pr=0.7,
=1, =1& B=1, a) t=0.04 b) t=0.08 c) t=0.4 d) t=1.2(steady state)
Fig. 6 shows the time development of both flow and
thermal fields in terms of streamlines and isotherms
patterns. Since these fields are symmetrical about the
is very
vertical axis, only one half of each field is shown. The
figure shows that natural convection in the annulus
produces two crescent-shaped eddies which are
symmetrical about the vertical axis. These eddies are
shown by the streamlines (left half). It can be deduced
from streamlines plot that the heated fluid close to inner
wall moves up and separates at the top of inner wall. This
separated fluid impinges on the cooled outer wall and
moves down along the outer wall. At the bottom of outer
wall, the cooled fluid is separated again and moved up

Proceedings of International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences & Technology,

Islamabad, Pakistan, 10 - 13 January, 2011 143
along the two sides of the inner wall. This whole cycle
illustrates the heating and cooling process of Micropolar
fluid inside the annulus.
The isotherms plot (right half in figure 6) shows that at
small times (t = 0.04, 0.08) the isotherms are almost
concentric circles, confirming that the initial stages are
mainly dominated by conduction mode of heat transfer.
As the time advances to t=0.4, and further to t= 1.2, the
convection mode develops and causes the formation of
thermal plume in the upper part of the annulus
The effects of controlling parameters (Ram, Pr, radius
ratio and dimensionless material parameters of
Micropolar fluid , and B) on dimensionless inner wall
temperature are analyzed here one by one.
Figure 7. Effect of Prandtl number on steady state fim
The effect of Pr and Ram on steady state fim in the
annulus is shown in Fig.7 for the case of Rr=2, =1,
=1& B=1. The figure shows that that the conduction
regime persists for Ram 103 with a constant value of fim
at all values of Prandtl number. When Ram >103, fim
decreases with the increase in modified Rayleigh number.
This is due to fact that increase in Ram leads to increase in
convection currents intensity, thereby decreases the
steady state fim . The decreasing rate of fim rises with
increase in Prandtl number, but for Pr1 this rate of
decrease in fim becomes constant.
.
TABLE 1
4
(Effect of radius ratio at Ram =10 , Pr=0.7, =1, B=1, =1)
Rr Steady state fim
2 0.49578
5 0.29822
10 0.21326
Table 1 shows the effect of radius ratio Rr on steady
state fim for the case of Ram =104, Pr =0.7, =1, B=1,
Proceedings of International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences & Technology,
Islamabad, Pakistan, 10 - 13 January, 2011
=1. This shows that decrease in Rr will cause an
increase in fim in the annulus filled with Micropolar fluid
Table 2 shows the effect of on steady state fim for the
case of Ram =104, =1, B=1. It can be seen from the table
that effect of on fim is negligible and it can be
concluded that the material parameter is not a
significant controlling parameter.
TABLE 2
(Effect of at Pr=0.7, =1, Ram =104 , B=1 and Rr =2.0)
Steady state fim
1 0.4958
2 0.4972
5 0.4983
Table 3 shows the effect of B on steady state fim for the
case of Ram=104, Pr =0.7, Rr =2.0, =1, =1. Similar to
the effect of it can be observed that the effect of B on
fim is not significant.
TABLE 3
(Effect of B at Pr=0.7, =1, =1 , Ram =104 and Rr=2.0)
B Steady state fim
1 0.49578
2 0.49195
5 0.48474
0.9
Ra m = 104, Pr = 0.7 =0(New)
B = 1, = 1 =1
Rr = 2 =2
=5
0.6
fim
0.3
0
0 1 2 3
t
Figure 8. The time development of fim in the annulus for the case
of Ram =104, Pr =0.7, Rr =2.0, B=1, =1 and at different values
of
Fig. 8 shows the time variation of fim for the case of
Ram =104, Pr =0.7, Rr =2.0, B=1, =1 and at different
144
=
values of dimensionless vortex viscosity (=1, 2, 5) .The
figure clearly shows that the general variation of fim in
case of Micropolar fluid ( =1, 2, 5) is similar to that for
Newtonian fluid ( = 0). It can also be observed from the
figure that the fim for the case of Micropolar fluids is
more than that for Newtonian fluid. In Micropolar fluid
the increase in will increase the fim . This increase is
attributed to the increase in vortex viscosity which makes
the fluid flow more viscous and so weakens the
convection currents.
1 natural convection in enclosures between horizontal circular
4
Ra m =10 , Rr =2.0,Pr=0.7 =0
B=1, =1 =1
=5
=10
0.75
fi
0.5
0.25
0
0 60 120 180
q 8.
Figure 9. The effect of on the dimensionless steady state fi in the
annulus for the case of Ram =104, Pr =0.7,Rr =2.0, B=1, =1
The steady state fi along the inner wall at four values of
vortex viscosity (i.e. = 0, 1, 5, 10) for the case of
Ram =104, Pr =0.7, Rr =2.0, B=1, =1. is shown in Fig. 9.
The figure shows that the steady state fi increases as
heated fluid moves from =180 to 0 along the inner wall
in order to maintain the constant heat flux. It can be
observed from the figure that as vortex viscosity
increases from zero to ten the fi increases at all points
along the inner wall. However this increasing effect is
minimium at the point of detachment when the
becomes equal or greater than 5.
V. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper the problem of steady and transient free
convection in uniformly heated concentric annulus filled
with Micropolar fluid is investigated. The full governing
equations of momentum, angular momentum
(microrotation) and energy have been solved to give the
details of flow and thermal fields. The main controlling
parameters are Ram, Pr, , B and . The effect of
controlling parameters on dimensionless inner wall
temperature of the concentric annulus is investigated
here. Increase in modified Rayleigh number decreases the
dimensionless inner wall temperature of concentric
annulus filled with Micropolar fluid. Increase in radius
ratio decreases the dimensionless inner wall temperature
Proceedings of International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences & Technology,
Islamabad, Pakistan, 10 - 13 January, 2011
of the concentric annulus. Changing in B and has no
significant effect on dimensionless inner wall temperature
of the concentric annulus filled with Micropolar fluid.
Dimensionless inner wall temperature of concentric
annulus in the case of Micropolar fluids ( =1, 2, 5) is
higher than Newtonian fluid ( = 0). In Micropolar fluid,
the increase in will increase the dimensionless inner
wall temperature of uniformly heated concentric circular
annulus.
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