Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
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103, 219231
Maciej WITEK
Institute of Forensic Research, Krakw, Poland
abstract
The role of footwear impression analysis in the identification of perpetrators is discussed in the present paper against the back-
ground of three cases. The analysis of footwear impressions, which were amongst the evidences studied in these cases, helped
in the reconstruction of the circumstances of the crimes in these cases. Moreover, in the presented cases, footwear evidences
were found on atypical surfaces. Examples of commonly encountered types of cases involving the comparative analysis of footwear
impressions as well as the analysis of a footwear trace created in a dynamic manner are presented. Moreover, an attempt to establish
the direction in which a pedestrian was moving (walking) on a road when she was hit by a car is also described in the paper.
key words
Footwear impression analysis; Footwear outsole impressions; Complex casework reports.
footwear imprints are collected at different crime scenes, how perpetrators moved at the scene of the crime;
and they can be linked to one perpetrator by referring to the gender of the perpetrators;
such a database (Choch, witek, 2012). perpetrators figures, and even in some circum-
Footwear outsole impressions are amongst the stances, their state of health (Rodowicz, 2000).
more commonly found and protected evidences at
scenes of crime. They have helped to identify perpe-
trators of thefts, burglaries, rapes, beatings and kill- 2. materials and methods
ings. Footwear impression analysis is also frequently
a constituent of complex casework analysis (Rodo- 2.1 Comparative analysis
wicz, 2000).
Complex or team casework analyses, according In comparative analyses of footwear/tire impres-
to the (Polish) Code of Criminal Procedure, are case- sions, evidences found at the scene of the crime are
works performed by teams of experts with different compared with a comparative shoe or tire or imprints
specializations. Fact-finders decide whether there made using this footwear or tire. If the evidential im-
should be presented in the form of one joint case re- print was left on a soft surface, e.g. soil, snow or sand,
port (opinion), or whether separate partial case reports then a plaster cast is made and compared with the sole
should be prepared by the various experts (Tomasze- of the shoe or tire delivered for analysis as control
wski, 2000). Each year, ca. 6,000 caseworks are per- material. If the imprint was found on a flat surface,
formed at the Institute of Forensic Research, Krakw, then it is secured using a fingerprint foil, or the surface
Poland. Among them, hundreds are complex (team) bearing the imprint is cut out. In such a situation, the
caseworks, and in such caseworks, the results of com- evidential imprint is compared with an imprint of the
parative and/or identification analysis of footwear im- sole of footwear or of a tire delivered for analysis as
pressions are frequently used. control material. Control imprints are made taking into
Footwear impression analyses are also carried out account all the possible conditions in which the evi-
in car accident reconstructions. The person driving the dence imprint was created. Control imprints are made
vehicle can be identified on the basis of analysis of using various substances, which are deposited on the
footwear outsole impressions on the brake or clutch sole or tire and then impressed on a sheet of paper.
pedals of the vehicle. Footwear imprints found on Inkless Shoe Print Kit (produced by Identicator) was
these pedals are compared to imprints of the soles of used in Case I.
footwear of persons who could have driven the car, but, Adobe PhotoShop CS2 software was used in the
for example, because they were under the influence of comparison of footwear imprints, as well as to prepare
alcohol suggested that another sober person (passen- photographic documentation in casework reports.
ger) drove the car. One of the aims of analysis within
car accident reconstructions involving knocked-down 2.2 Interpretation of results
pedestrians is to determine the direction in which the
pedestrian who was later hit by the car was moving Comparative analysis of footwear/tire imprints can
(walking) along a road. In such cases, characteristic be subdivided into group (class) and individual analy-
traces of friction can often be found on footwear soles. sis. The aim of group analysis is to determine the sim-
Tire imprints found on the body or clothes of persons ilarity of the pattern observed on the evidence imprint
hit by a car are also analysed during a car accident re- to that observed on the sole of footwear or the tire sent
construction. They are compared to imprints made by in for analysis as control material. In group analysis,
tires fitted on the suspects car. it is only possible to determine the model, pattern,
Footwear sole imprints are also used in the recon- size, and type of footwear or vehicle tire. The scope of
struction of crimes and criminal profiling. When several measurements is dependent on the state of the eviden-
imprints are observed, then a so-called ichnogram can be tial imprint, especially its clarity and completeness.
drawn up, showing the path walked by the person. The When an evidence imprint presents only a fragment of
length, width and angle of steps (and hence the gait), and sole then measurements are limited to the part of the
the direction of walking are determined from the ichno- sole that has been imprinted for example, the heel or
gram. Analysis of the path and gait allows us to deter- forefoot (Kdzierski, 1995).
mine: When an individual analysis is carried out, then
the path by which persons at the scene of crime en- a detailed analysis of individual features is performed
tered and exited; (e.g. the presence in imprints of indications of manu-
the number of persons involved in the event; facturing defects on matrices used for the production
of the sole, and the level of wear and tear of the sole) one individual, but very intensively visible and
and other characteristic individual features such as de- characteristic, feature is observed, e.g. a lack of half
fects (holes/damage), traces of repairs or the distribu- of a heel. Conversely, a situation may occur where
tion of foreign bodies embedded in the sole. Therefore, the presence of several individually characteristic
individual analysis allows us to draw a categorical features but ones that are small and weakly visi-
conclusion concerning a link between a suspects foot- ble is not sufficient for a categorical conclusion.
wear and a footwear imprint found at a crime scene
(Kdzierski, 1995). In order to draw categorical con-
clusions, it is sufficient to observe only two individual 3. analysis of cases
features that occur on both the evidential imprint and
the sole of the suspects footwear, which have arisen 3.1 Case I
during use of the footwear. (Bodziak, 2000; Rodo-
wicz, 2000). However, it should be emphasized that The first case is a good example of the most com-
it is a categorical indication of the footwear, not of mon situation in which footwear imprints comparative
the perpetrator. Nevertheless, the footwear has been analysis is applied, i.e. when footwear imprints found
collected from a particular person, and thus this result on a crime scene and imprint(s) made using footwear
could be indirectly used to find the perpetrator. collected from a suspect are compared. This case is
The following scale is commonly applied in the presented in order to show how such analysis is per-
evaluation of the evidential value of footwear imprints formed in real casework.
(Bodziak, 2000; Borkowski, 2013; Rodowicz, 2000; A footwear imprint collected on a fingerprint foil
witek, 2015): was sent in for analysis. The imprint contained a pat-
Categorical and positive conclusion. Such an eval- tern composed of wavy lines having a width of ca.
uation can be given when a match between group 0.1 cm, spaced ca. 0.2 cm apart, and curved lines pres-
features as well as at least two individual features is ent in the middle part of the imprint, as well as two
observed between an evidence imprint and an imprint ovals located on the heel (Figure 1). Control material
of the sole of footwear submitted for analysis (control was delivered in the form of blue and white lace-up
material). sports/tourism shoes. The total length of the sole was
a) An evidence imprint very probably originates from ca. 25 cm. The pattern on the soles of the footwear
the sole of footwear submitted for analysis (control consisted of the following geometrical figures: on the
material). This conclusion can be drawn when there fore-sole wavy lines having a width of ca. 0.1 cm,
is a match between group features as well as at least spaced ca. 0.2 cm apart; on the (narrow) central part of
one individual feature between compared evidenc- the sole curved lines; and two partially erased ovals,
es (imprints). located on the heel (Figure 1). The question submit-
b) An evidential imprint probably originates from ted to the footwear impression expert was: does the
the sole of footwear submitted for analysis (con- pattern observed on the evidential imprint match the
trol material). This conclusion can be drawn when pattern observed on the sole of footwear collected as
a match between group features as well as individ- control material?
ual (sizing) features is observed between compared Features of patterns observed on the evidential
evidences (imprints). imprint and on the soles of the suspects footwear re-
c) An evidential imprint may originate from the sole vealed similarities in their shapes and sizes. Therefore,
of footwear submitted for analysis (control mate- an imprint of the suspects footwear sole was made and
rial) when only a match between group features is compared in detail with the evidential imprint. Dis-
observed. tances between the most distant geometrical figures,
d) Categorical negative conclusion. Compared im- on both the horizontal and vertical axes (described as
prints have different patterns of soles or different ab and cd; Figure 1), were measured on the eviden-
footwear sizes. tial imprint. Similar measurements were taken on the
e) The evidential imprint is not suitable for compara- control imprint (described as ab and cd; Figure
tive analysis. The evidence was incorrectly protect- 1), made using the right shoe, as the evidential imprint
ed or the geometrical figures which form the sole indicated such an orientation. It was concluded that
pattern are not visible on the imprint. all distances were the same length (Figure 1). Using
f) It should be emphasized that footwear imprints Photoshop CS2 software, both imprints were superim-
analysis is subjective; there are situations where posed, and it was found that they perfectly overlapped.
a categorical conclusion can be drawn when only Moreover, on the evidential imprint, four individually
characteristic features were found in the form of loss Footwear imprints analysis allowed us to conclude
(wear and tear) of the sole material. This loss was also categorically that the evidential imprint was made by
observed at the same locations on the imprint made us- the shoe sent in for analyses and the results of these
ing the suspects right shoe. These features are clearly analyses also allowed us to identify the perpetrator. It
marked in Figure 2. has been ascertained in the literature that a match be-
A match of four individually characteristic features tween at least two individually characteristic features
allowed us to conclude that the evidential imprint was found on both evidence and control imprints allows
made by the left shoe collected from the suspect. a categorical conclusion that the evidential imprint
has been left by the control shoe (Bodziak, 2000;
a b
Borkowski, 2013; Rodowicz, 2000; witek, 2015).
3.2 Case II
was compared with the evidential smear and it was The described case shows that each footwear im-
found that they reveal similarity in group features. print/trace should be treated individually and should
This allowed us to conclude that the evidential smear not be rejected automatically if it does not match the
could have been made by the victims shoe or any oth- pattern of the control shoe imprint.
er shoe of a similar size and pattern (Figure 6).
Analysis of other evidences e.g., the victims fin- 3.3 Case III
gerprints found on the outside windowsill and the
submitted case files allowed us to establish the hy- The direction of moving (walking) of a pedestrian
pothetical course of events. It was concluded that the on a road at the moment of contact with a car which hit
imprint of the sole found on the window frame of the the pedestrian is presented in Case III. Frequently, the
flat on the floor below could have been left by the shoe direction of movement (walking) can be determined
of the victim, who, hanging from the windowsill try- by analysis of injuries to bones and soft tissues as well
ing to prevent herself from falling, strongly kicked the as traces (damage) found on the pedestrians clothes
window of the flat on the floor below. Thus, the results during physicochemical and tool marks examination.
of the footwear imprint analysis delivered valuable in- But sometimes results of these analyses do not allow
formation, which could contribute to a reconstruction us to determine the direction of movement (walking)
of the course of the event. of the pedestrian. In such a situation, it could be useful
to analyse shoe soles with the aim of finding traces then the driver would not have had time for an appro-
created by friction, i.e. ones which are created as a re- priate reaction (hypothesis I). However, if the pedes-
sult of a sudden shift of the pedestrians foot at the trian had been crossing the road from left to right (Fig-
moment when s/he is hit by a moving vehicle. ure 7b), then the driver would have had time to notice
A pedestrian was hit by a car on a local road and her, and could have braked or avoided the pedestrian
died. The driver of the car said that she was driving (hypothesis II).
at ca. 50 km/h, when suddenly she observed the vic- The footwear of the victim was submitted for anal-
tim in front of her car. In such a situation, she could ysis (Figure 8) with the aim of revealing potential trac-
not effectively brake or carry out any other manoeu- es of friction and using the results of such analysis to
vre to avoid the pedestrian. Thus, it was necessary to determine the direction in which the pedestrian was
determine the direction in which the pedestrian had moving (walking) at the moment of the accident. The
been moving (walking) on the road. If the pedestrian creation of such traces depends on the type of material
had been crossing the road from right to left and had that was used for manufacturing the soles, as well as
walked straight into the oncoming vehicle (Figure 7a), meteorological conditions during the accident. There
a b
Fig. 7. Hypothesis I: the pedestrian was moving (walking) from the Fig. 8. Victims footwear.
right to the left side of the road (a). Hypothesis II: the pedestrian was
moving (walking) from the left to the right side of the road (b).
is a lower probability of the formation of such traces tem analysis, revealing injuries on the left side of the
on hard soles made of synthetic resins than on soles victims body. They were very characteristic of inju-
made of soft rubber. Moreover, friction is greater on ries of pedestrian victims of car accidents.
a dry road than on a wet or snow-covered one. This case showed that analysis of footwear soles
In the presented case, the footwear was made of could deliver additional and important information to
soft rubber and the road was dry. Therefore, conditions the reconstruction of a car accident.
were suitable for the formation of characteristic traces
of friction on the soles of the footwear. Traces were
found on the sole of the left shoe (Figure 9). 4. conclusions
The direction of formation of friction traces is
determined on the basis of results of observation of Footwear impression analysis is still commonly
wrinkles (creases) on the material used for the produc- carried out in forensic laboratories. There are ca. 4,000
tion of the soles. The wrinkles show the direction of such cases in Poland each year. Perpetrators have to
the impact force (Figure 9 frame, arrows). As can reach the scene of the crime by foot or by car, and then
be seen in Figure 9, wrinkles were present on the left they leave impressions of footwear or tires. Criminals
side, which allows us to conclude that the victim was very often use gloves with the aim of avoiding leaving
hit on the left side of her body. This suggests that she fingerprints, as well as trying not to leave DNA traces.
was crossing the road from the right to the left side But they still forget to protect their footwear against
and that she walked straight into the oncoming vehicle leaving imprints.
(hypothesis I). This version of the event is consistent The cases presented in the paper, especially those
with the drivers testimony. in which footwear impression analyses formed part of
Results of analysis of the soles of the victims foot- complex opinions, showed how important footwear
wear were consistent with findings from the post-mor- imprints which are still frequently found at scenes
corresponding author
Maciej witek
Instytut Ekspertyz Sdowych
ul. Westerplatte 9
PL 31-033 Krakw
e-mail: mswietek@ies.gov.pl
foli kryminalistyczn, albo wycinajc podoe wraz ze a) Wnioskowanie kategoryczne, pozytywne. Ocen tak
ladem. W takim przypadku lad dowodowy porwnuje mona wystawi, gdy pomidzy ladem dowodowym
si z odbitk podeszwy obuwia lub opony sporzdzo- i porwnawczym wystpuje zgodno cech grupo-
n w laboratorium. lady porwnawcze wykonuje si, wych oraz przynajmniej dwch indywidualnie cha-
uwzgldniajc wszystkie moliwe do ustalenia warunki, rakterystycznych.
w jakich powsta lad dowodowy. Odwzorowania po- b) lad dowodowy najprawdopodobniej pochodzi od
rwnawcze tworzy si, uywajc rnych preparatw, spodw obuwia porwnawczego. Ocena taka wyst-
ktre nakada si na podeszw lub opon i odciskuje je puje, gdy pomidzy porwnywanymi ladami wy-
na kartce papieru. W omawianym przypadku 1 uyto ze- stpuje zgodno cech grupowych oraz jednej cechy
stawu do odbitek traseologicznych Inkless Shoe Print Kit indywidualnie charakterystycznej.
firmy ID identicator. c) lad dowodowy prawdopodobnie pochodzi od
W opisywanych przypadkach do porwnawczych ba- spodw obuwia porwnawczego. Do takiej oceny
da traseologicznych oraz do wykonania tablic pogldo- upowania zgodno ladw pod wzgldem cech gru-
wych uyto programu komputerowego PhotoShop CS2 powych i indywidualizujcych.
firmy Adobe. d) lad dowodowy moe pochodzi od spodw obuwia
porwnawczego w przypadku, kiedy lady wykazuj
2.2 Interpretacja wynikw jedynie zgodno grupow.
e) Wnioskowanie kategoryczne, negatywne. lady maj
W porwnawczych badaniach traseologicznych wy- inne wzory figur tworzcych kompozycj wzornicz
rniamy badania grupowe i indywidualne. Badania gru- podeszwy lub inne rozmiary.
powe maj na celu ustalenie zgodnoci wzoru widoczne- f) lad dowodowy nie nadaje si do bada porwnaw-
go na ladzie zabezpieczonym na miejscu przestpstwa czych. lad dowodowy zosta le zabezpieczony lub
ze wzorem wystpujcym na spodach obuwia lub opo- nie odwzoroway si na nim figury geometryczne
ny nadesanych do bada jako materia porwnawczy. tworzce wzr podeszwy.
W badaniach grupowych mona ustali jedynie rodzaj, Naley jednak podkreli, e badania traseologiczne
wzr, rozmiar oraz typ obuwia lub opony samochodo- s badaniami subiektywnymi, zatem istniej sytuacje,
wej. Zakres pomiarw uzaleniony jest od stanu ladu, gdy do wnioskw kategorycznych moe wystarczy
a szczeglnie jego wyrazistoci i kompletnoci. Przy la- jedna dua i bardzo wyrana cecha indywidualnie cha-
dach przedstawiajcych fragmenty spodw obuwia po- rakterystyczna, np. ubytek poowy obcasa. Moe zaist-
miary s ograniczone tylko, na przykad, do obcasa bd nie te taka sytuacja, gdy nawet kilka maych i sabo
przodostopia (Kdzierski, 1995). widocznych cech indywidualnie charakterystycznych nie
W badaniach indywidualnych dokonuje si szcze- wystarczy do wnioskowania kategorycznego.
gowej analizy cech indywidualizujcych (np. odwzo-
rowania wad fabrycznych matryc uytych podczas pro-
dukcji podeszew obuwia, stopnia starcia podeszwy) oraz 3. analiza przypadkw
cech indywidualnie charakterystycznych, jak ubytki,
lady napraw czy rozmieszczenie cia obcych wbitych 3.1 Przypadek I
w podeszw. Badania indywidualne pozwalaj zatem
na kategoryczne powizanie obuwia podejrzanego ze W celu zobrazowania problematyki bada traseolo-
ladem zabezpieczonym na miejscu zdarzenia (Kdzier- gicznych przedstawiona zostaa przykadowa, klasyczna,
ski, 1995). Do wnioskw kategorycznych wystarczy najczciej wykonywana analiza porwnawcza ladw
ujawnienia na spodach obuwia podejrzanego i ladach ujawnionych na miejscu zdarzenia ze ladami spodw
dowodowych zaledwie dwch takich samych cech indy- obuwia zabezpieczonymi od podejrzanych.
widualnie charakterystycznych powstajcych w czasie Do bada nadesano lad spodu obuwia zabezpieczo-
uytkowania obuwia (Bodziak, 2000; Rodowicz, 2000). ny na czarnej folii daktyloskopijnej o wzorze uksztato-
Jest to co prawda kategoryczne wskazanie przedmiotu wanym z figur geometrycznych w postaci linii amanych
(obuwia), a nie bezporednio samego sprawcy, ale buty o szerokoci ok. 0,1 cm, oddalonych od siebie o ok.
zabezpieczane s od osoby, ktra je uytkuje, a zatem 0,2 cm i linii ukowatych znajdujcych si w rodkowej
wyniki bada traseologicznych mog porednio posuy czci ladu oraz dwch owali zlokalizowanych na obca-
do ujawnienia sprawcy zdarzenia. sie (rysunek 1). Materia porwnawczy stanowio sznu-
Do interpretacji wynikw najczciej stosuje si rowane obuwie sportowo-turystyczne barwy niebiesko-
nastpujc skal oceny ladw traseologicznych (Bo- biaej o dugoci podeszwy ok. 25 cm. Na kompozycj
dziak, 2000; Borkowski, 2013; Rodowicz, 2000; wi- wzornicz spodu obuwia skaday si figury geometrycz-
tek, 2015): ne w postaci: na zelwce linii amanych o szerokoci
ok. 0,1 cm oddalonych od siebie o ok. 0,2 cm, na glan-
ku ukowatych linii i dwch czciowo wytartych owa- nie przyznawa si jednak do zarzuconego mu czynu. Na
li na obcasie (rysunek 1). Pytanie, jakie zadano biegemu jego ciele ujawniono wiele wieych otar naskrka, co
z zakresu traseologii, brzmiao: czy dowodowy lad mogoby wskazywa, e uczestniczy przed zdarzeniem
wykazuje zgodne cechy z odwzorowaniem podeszwy w bjce lub szamotaninie. W wyniku ogldzin mieszka-
obuwia zabezpieczonego jako materia porwnawczy? nia ujawniono m.in. plamy krwawe oraz zabezpieczono
Kompozycja wzornicza na ladzie dowodowym oraz lady w postaci odamanego parapetu i odciskw palcw,
na spodach obuwia podejrzanego wykazywaa podo- ktre znajdoway si w kuchni na oknie, z ktrego mo-
biestwo w zakresie ksztatw i wymiarw tworzcych ga wypa denatka. Ponadto zabezpieczono kilka plam
j elementw. W zwizku z tym nadesanym obuwiem krwawych na oknie znajdujcym si pitro niej oraz
wykonano lad prbny i porwnano go ze ladem do- sfotografowano otarcie barwy czarnej widoczne na ramie
wodowym. Na ladzie dowodowym wyznaczono odcin- okna (rysunek 3).
ki czce najbardziej odlege figury geometryczne tak Fotografi tego ladu oraz buty denatki przesano do
w pionie, jak i w poziomie, oznaczajc je jako ab i cd. bada celem ustalenia, czy otarcie to pochodzi od butw
Podobne odcinki wyznaczono na ladzie porwnawczym ofiary (rysunek 4). Wzr ujawnionego ladu skada si
(odcinki ab i cd) wykonanym prawym butem, gdy z rozmazanych czworobokw uoonych rwnolegle do
tak orientacj przyjmowa lad dowodowy. Stwierdzo- siebie, a kompozycja wzornicza podeszwy obuwia denat-
no, e wszystkie odpowiadajce sobie odcinki maj tak ki skadaa si z gwiazd oraz czworobokw, wewntrz
sam dugo (rysunek 1). W programie Photoshop CS2 ktrych wpisane byy linie amane. lad otarcia na oknie
naoono obydwa lady na siebie, co wykazao, e po- zupenie nie wykazywa zgodnoci ze wzorem podeszwy
krywaj si one ze sob. Ponadto na ladzie dowodowym obuwia porwnawczego, ale charakter ladu dowodowe-
ujawniono cztery cechy indywidualnie charakterystyczne go uwidacznia, i zosta on wykonany w sposb dyna-
w postaci ubytkw materiau, z jakiego wyprodukowana miczny. Nasczony tuszem spd buta przesunito zatem
bya podeszwa, ktre wystpoway rwnie w analogicz- dynamicznie po biaej kartce papieru. W wyniku uzyska-
nych miejscach na ladzie porwnawczym wykonanym no lad przedstawiony na rysunku 5. Nastpnie tak otrzy-
prawym butem. Cechy te przedstawiono na rysunku 2. many lad porwnano ze ladem dowodowym i stwier-
Cztery zgodne cechy indywidualnie charakterystycz- dzono, e wykazuje on zgodno grupow, co oznacza,
ne pozwoliy na stwierdzenie, e lad dowodowy zosta e lad mg zosta wykonany obuwiem dowodowym,
wykonany lewym butem zabezpieczonym od podejrza- jak rwnie kadym innym o podobnym wzorze i roz-
nego. miarze (rysunek 6).
Badania traseologiczne pozwoliy na kategorycz- Analizujc inne lady kryminalistyczne, m.in. odciski
ne ustalenie zgodnoci porwnywanych spodw butw palcw ofiary na zewntrznym parapecie oraz nadesane
i przyczyniy si do poredniej identyfikacji sprawcy do bada akta sprawy, ustalono hipotetyczny przebieg
zdarzenia. W literaturze specjalistycznej dowiedziono wydarze, stwierdzajc, e lad podeszwy pozostawiony
bowiem, e zgodno nawet dwch cech indywidualnie na ramie okna znajdujcego si poniej okna mieszkania
charakterystycznych przy penej zgodnoci cech grupo- denatki mg by pozostawiony przez but ofiary, ktra
wych na ladzie porwnawczym i dowodowym pozwala wiszc na parapecie bronia si przed upadkiem, moc-
na stwierdzenie, e lad dowodowy kategorycznie po- no kopic w okno znajdujce si poniej. Wynik bada
chodzi od obuwia porwnawczego (Bodziak, 2000; Bor- traseologicznych by zatem cenn wskazwk mogc
kowski, 2013; Rodowicz, 2000; witek, 2015). przyczyni si do rekonstrukcji caego przebiegu zdarze-
nia.
3.2 Przypadek II Opisany przypadek dowodzi, e naley zawsze po-
dej indywidualnie do kadego ladu traseologicznego
Funkcjonariusze policji w maej miejscowoci na po- i nie odrzuca go od razu, gdy nie pasuje do wzoru obu-
udniu Polski otrzymali zgoszenie dotyczce ujawnienie wia porwnawczego.
zwok pidziesiciokilkuletniej kobiety z licznymi obra-
eniami ciaa. Zwoki leay na trawniku nieopodal bloku 3.3 Przypadek III
wielorodzinnego. Kobieta najprawdopodobniej zmara
w wyniku upadku z wysokoci. Na skutek dalszych czynno- Przypadek III dotyczy sytuacji, w ktrej ustala si
ci dochodzeniowo-ledczych ustalono, e kobieta wynaj- kierunek przemieszczania si pieszego po jezdni w chwi-
mowaa mczynie i jego konkubinie swoje mieszkanie li kontaktu z jadcym pojazdem. Czsto kierunek prze-
w bloku, przy ktrym ujawniono jej zwoki. Tragicznego mieszczania si wskazuj uszkodzenia koci i tkanek
dnia kobieta udaa si do swojego mieszkania po nale- mikkich ujawnione w wyniku ogldzin ciaa lub lady
n zapat. Zastaa tylko mczyzn. Ssiedzi syszeli na odziey pieszego wykryte podczas bada fizykoche-
krzyki, stuki i odgosy awantury. Mczynie postawio- micznych i mechanoskopijnych. Zdarza si jednak, e
no zarzuty pobicia i wyrzucenia ofiary przez okno. On przytoczone badania nie wskazuj kierunku poruszania