Building Business Case Sip WP 2084771

Integrating People, Process, Information, & Technology
Whitepaper
Moving to VoIP and SIP trunking has the potential to reduce costs by 50 percent or
more. Exactly how much will an organization save by moving to SIP trunks? This
whitepaper reviews the opportunity and benefits of moving to SIP trunking for an
enterprise based in the United States.
Sorell Slaymaker
Building the Business Case for SIP Trunking Whitepaper
Telecom costs represent 10 percent of the typical IT fixed expense budget of a Fortune
1000 company. Moving to VoIP and SIP trunking has the potential to reduce this cost by
50 percent or more. Exactly how much will an organization save by moving to SIP
trunks? This whitepaper reviews the opportunity and benefits of moving to SIP trunking
for an enterprise based in the United States.
Building a business case for SIP trunking is a 6-step process:

1. Understand the business requirements for voice connectivity in terms of
availability, capacity, quality, security, and features.
2. Gather existing voice communication costs by reviewing existing infrastructure,

rates, and bills from the carriers.
3. Issue RFPs to get the costs for SIP trunks.
4. Determine the appropriate architectural model Centralized vs. Distributed
5. Put together the business case with a cost-benefit analysis
6. Highlight other strategic reasons for implementing SIP trunks besides cost
savings.
Implementing SIP trunking is usually the third and final phase in converting an
organizations voice communication system to total Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)
and using the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) for communication signaling. The first
phase in moving an organization to VoIP is moving to IP-Telephony by putting in IP-
PBX and IP phones. Originally this was done using H.323 or a proprietary protocol, but
SIP has evolved into the de facto industry standard. The second phase is using
VoIP/SIP to interconnect auxiliary voice communication systems such as voice
messaging, call recording, and IVRs.
The focus of this whitepaper is the business case for SIP trunking. The moves to IP
Telephony and VoIP adjuncts have their own business cases.
Introduction
Currently most organizations use traditional digital phone trunks when placing voice calls
to callers who are at another location. In the United States, these phone trunks fall into
three categories:
- Local trunks Used for local phone calls within a LATA {1} that comes from
a LEC {2}. Direct Inward Dial (DID) trunks are local trunks that the telephone
company assigns standard phone numbers to.
- Long distance trunks Used for calls outside of a LATA. Calls can be Intra-
state (within a state), Inter-state (between different U.S. states), or
International that come through an IXC {3}.
- Toll-free trunks Used so callers can call an organization without incurring
long-distance charges; they start with 800, 888, 877, or 866.
These digital phone trunks typically ride across a T1 and use an ISDN {4} PRI D
channel for their signaling. A T1/PRI will carry 23 voice channels and one D channel. An
office will normally have two T1/PRIs for every 100 full-time people who work in it.
Figure 1 shows an overview of traditional digital trunk connectivity.
Unified IT Systems 2
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Figure 1 Traditional Digital Trunking
As organizations moved to IP-Telephony, most kept their T1/PRI digital trunks to the
carriers at each office but converted them to VoIP within a gateway. They also
centralized their call processing and started running VoIP over the WAN {5} for voice
messages and intra-company calling (illustrated in Figure 2).
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Figure 2 IP Telephony With Digital Trunks
The final step in moving all voice communication to VoIP is implementing SIP trunking.
SIP trunking is a service offered by Internet Telephony Service Providers (ITSP) that
connects a companys telephony system to the existing telephone system infrastructure,
PSTN {6} via the Internet using the SIP VoIP standard.
The most common architecture is to consolidate all trunks into the data centers to
optimize costs and minimize the amount of technology. SIP trunks are provided by
traditional carriers like AT&T, Verizon, Qwest, or a long list of other service providers. A
key component in moving to SIP trunking is the Session Border Controller (SBC). The
SBC provides security, management, monitoring, support, and reporting for SIP trunks.
This is illustrated in Figure 3.
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Figure 3 IP Telephony With Centralized SIP Trunks
Building the Business Case - Step 1: Business Requirements
Every business has different expectations and requirements for their voice
communication systems, including voice trunking. These requirements will have a large
impact on the design and cost of moving to SIP trunks. The first step in the six-step
process for building the business case for SIP trunking is understanding the business
requirements for voice trunking in terms of availability, capacity, quality, security, and
features.
Availability
Availability is defined in terms of how reliable the system is, or how often the system is
not available over a period of time. What are the business expectations with regards to
how reliable voice connectivity is? Typically, expectations fall into one of three
categories:
1. Ultra-Reliable 99.999 percent - Voice connectivity is always available with the

average annual down time of less than six minutes per year. Voice connectivity
should work even if there is a loss of power, if a telecom connection into the
building is compromised, or if a piece of telecom equipment fails.
2. Reliable 99.99 percent - Less than one hour of unplanned downtime per year.
If the average time to repair a problem is four hours at a site, then only one out of
four sites can have an outage per year.
3. Standard 99.9 percent - Less than nine hours of unplanned downtime per
year. If the average time to repair a problem is four hours, a site can have two
problems per year.
Voice connectivity used to be mission critical to most businesses, but this is changing.
When all else fails, the phone system and its telecom connectivity should work to call for
help and to keep the business operational. As cellular messaging technologies like
email, chat, and SMS have taken off, voice applications now are on par with other critical
business applications.
Typically, voice connectivity needs to be as reliable as a companys WAN and critical

business applications. Most businesses rely on centralized data centers to run their
applications. If the WAN is down, most business functions will not operate and
employees cannot effectively handle most calls. Thus, voice applications are considered
to be just as critical as other business applications, but not more so as they use to be.
Reliable to 99.99 percent is the typical requirement these days. The additional cost to
provide ultra-reliable connectivity usually does not have a corresponding business
benefit. This is especially true when voice connectivity can be routed to another site, so
that the site can be down, but customer and other calls can still be answered by the
enterprise. Standard connectivity is usually not good enough for an enterprise since it is
too disruptive to the business. The size of the site is also a factor; larger sites have
higher availability requirements.
Disaster Recovery (DR) is also a requirement that needs to be included in the above
calculations. Long before a site actually fails, a back-up site should be determined; the
back-up site(s) should have the capacity to handle the additional call volume.
Capacity
Capacity is defined as how many voice trunks are required. How many people will be on
the phone at the same time, and what level of blocking (fast busy signal) is acceptable?
Capacity is typically measured by percent of calls blocked during the busiest hour in a
given week. P.01 means that one percent of call attempts will be blocked during the
busiest hour in a given week. Call volume can also be seasonal with certain vertical
markets getting twice the call volume during one month out of a year. For retail, this is
around the Christmas holidays, for health insurance this is at the beginning of the year
for new enrollment, and for tax preparation companies, it is around April 15.
Typically for most businesses, the busiest periods are at 10 a.m. and again at 2 p.m.
During the few minutes surrounding these times, half the people in an office can be on
the phone. Conference or person-to-person calls that are scheduled to go from 9
10a.m., for example, may run over a few minutes while calls from 10 11 a.m. are just
getting started. Over the last 20 years, the number of trunks into an office with the same
number of employees has gone up due to more collaboration with people outside of the
office.
Capacity requirements are broken down into three categories:

1. Ultra-high P.001 Less than one out of 1,000 calls are blocked during the
busy hour for the year. Typically, this requires a 5:4 person-to-trunk ratio; thus, a
100-person office needs 80 voice trunks.
2. High P.01 One out of 100 calls are blocked during any given week, and if
blocking does occur, a trunk should be available in less than a minute. Typically,
this requires a 2:1 person-to-trunk ratio, depending on the business; thus, a 100-
person office needs 50 voice trunks.
3. Standard P.02 One out of 50 calls are blocked during any given week.
Typically this requires a 3:1 person-to-trunk ratio; thus, a 100-person office needs
33 voice trunks.
Capacity requirements are also determined by type of phone trunks. In-bound toll-free
trunks typically have the highest requirements, and outbound local calls have the lowest
requirements. The default requirement is P.01 for inbound calls (toll-free and local DID),
and P.02 for outbound calls. A business wants to be available for in-bound customer
calls, but maintaining extra trunks for occasional large conference calls is usually not
worth it.
Again, with the proliferation of cell phones as an option, the need to have extra voice
trunks to handle peak capacity may no longer be warranted. In many businesses about
one-third of phone lines are used less than one hour per month.
Quality
Voice quality is subjective to the caller. Some people have grown accustomed to
repeating themselves and working hard to listen to what a caller is saying. Others, who
make their living by talking to people, require that voice quality be as good as if the
communication were face-to-face.
One measure of voice quality is the Mean Opinion Score (MOS), which provides a
numerical indication of perceived quality. MOS is expressed as a number from one to
five, where one is the lowest perceived audio quality and five is the highest.
MOS Quality Impairment

5 Excellent Imperceptible
4 Good Perceptible
3 Fair Slightly Annoying
2 Poor Annoying
1 Bad Very Annoying
Table 1 MOS Scores Measuring Voice Quality
Voice codecs and compression is the process of converting a human audio conversation
to a digital bit stream and minimizing the data bit stream to save bandwidth and
associated costs. There is usually a linear correlation between increasing voice
compression and lower voice quality. What is determined as good enough is left up to
an organization.
There are three general classes of voice compression:

1. Wideband Audio 50 to 7,000 hertz. High quality audio with an average MOS
score of 4.8. Codecs such as G.722 use from 48 64Kbps of bandwidth.
2. Standard Audio 300 to 4,000 hertz Standard telephony quality audio with an
average MOS score of 4.3. Codec is G.711 and is the industry standard, using
64Kbps of bandwidth.
3. Compressed Audio 300 to 4,000 hertz Compressed to 8Kbps of bandwidth
with a MOS score of 3.9. The traditional standard codec is G.729.
When the first generation of VoIP systems came to market in the late 1990s, voice
quality took a step back. The second, most recent generation of VoIP systems is
capable of higher voice quality than traditional TDM systems. For contact center agents,
sales people, and others who spend significant amounts of time on the phone every day,
high voice quality is critical. Poor voice quality leads to greater mental fatigue, poorer
productivity, and a poor communication experience.
Because the industry is still in transition from TDM to VoIP, G.711 is the default standard
audio that most organizations use with G.729 used over their WAN. One of the great
benefits is that SIP allows the end points to negotiate the call quality.
Security
Different organizations have different security requirements for their voice

communication. When voice was on its own digital infrastructure and not connected to
the corporate data network, the risk of someone hacking the voice system was lower.
Yes, hackers try to crack voice systems to get free long distance and eavesdrop for
credit card information; however, the value of hacking into a voice system is a lot less
than hacking into a web server, which typically stores numerous credit card numbers
and access to free product. When voice moves to IP, it is subject to all the security
required for all of the organizations IT applications. Security falls into the following three
levels:
1. Highly Secure Encrypt all media and associated SIP signaling and information
2. Secure Encrypt all SIP signaling and information, but not the media
3. Standard No encryption
Most organizations default to secure communication where all information about the
caller is encrypted, but the media is not encrypted. SIP-TLS is the most common form of
SIP signaling and information encryption with SIP trunking.
A session border controller (SBC) plays a critical role in providing SIP trunking security.
The SBC acts as an SIP back-to-back user agent, or B2BUA {7}, and sits between an
organization and any third party that it sends calls to, especially the SIP trunking
provider(s). The SBC provides a demarcation point with the following security features:
Topology Hiding & Privacy Hides the IP network topology of an organization
to prevent directed attacks and preserves confidentiality; masks user information
for privacy and confidentiality; provides security isolation between networks; and
monitors the media for lawful intercept and/or fraud prevention.
Access Control Permits only specific and known networks, devices, and
applications to communicate with an organizations voice systems.
Denial of Service (DoS) Protection Protects an organization from malicious
attacks and non-malicious overloads so that the voice system never has more
calls than it can handle.
Encryption Encrypting the SIP signaling and the media as required.
Virus & Worm Protection Protects SIP messages from malicious attachments
and prevents malformed messages that may contain a virus, worm, or Trojan.
Logging, Monitoring & Reporting Monitors and reports on alarms for attacks
and overloads, provides an audit trail in response to an attack or fraud
investigation, and logs all configuration changes and usage by support
personnel.
An SBC is used to secure inter-company voice communication in one of the following

four cases:
1) IP trunking border connections to service provider IP networks linking the

enterprise to the outside world of PSTN and IP endpoints
2) Private network border connections to internal employees located on the
enterprise campus LAN and in remote offices connected via private WAN
services such as MPLS VPNs
3) Internet border connections to small offices, users working from home and
mobile employees over the public Internet
4) Hosted services interconnect border private connections to service
providers or Application Service Providers (ASP) that offer hosted IP-based
audio and videoconferencing services, IP contact center services, IP Centrex to
augment premise-based systems for certain sites, business groups or divisions
and VoIP-enabled business applications such as salesforce.com.
Figure 4 Four Common Session Border Control Points
VoIP/SIP has many unique security requirements that the traditional corporate firewall
cannot provide, thus the reason for adding Session Border Controllers as part an SIP
trunking solution.
Features
There are three categories of voice trunks as discussed in the introduction section: toll-
free, long distance, and local. Each category of voice trunks has its own set of features
that are broken down into standard characteristics for that type of trunk, as well as
advanced features that can be customized to meet specific business requirements.
Basic features for each of the three trunking categories are described below. Advanced
features cost extra, so understanding a business desire for them is important. The
standards and testing for basic feature sets have been worked out within the industry,
while some of the advanced feature sets are still not offered by all SIP trunking Service
Providers, or are done on a case-by-case basis. The features of each category of trunks
are:
1. Toll-free In-bound 800 trunks for customers, partners, and others to be able to
call a business without getting charged for long distance.
a. Basic Features Toll-free numbers, DNIS, Trunk Groups, Call
Transferring, and Trunk Allocation
b. Advanced Features Caller Entered Digits, UUI info, Automatic Call
Rerouting
2. Long Distance Calls between LATAs, States, or Countries.
a. Basic Features Managed dial plans for on-net and off-net calling,
private routing, international calling, operator assistance
b. Advanced ANI manipulation, International call authorization
3. Local Trunks Calls within a LATA or given metro area.
a. Basic Features DID numbers, Directory Assistance (411), Directory
Listing, operator services, Emergency (911)
b. Advanced Other n11 services such as 711, 311
Historically, toll-free and long distance trunks come from an Inter-exchange carrier (IXC)
such as AT&T and Verizon, while local trunks come from the Local Exchange Carrier
(LEC). With all the mergers over the last decade, IXCs and LECs have become the
same company in a lot of areas, but the tariffs and provisioning follows the traditional
model. Most companies will provision each of the above trunks separately, each having
their own capacity.
One important note is that outbound toll-free calls must go across a local trunk. Thus, if a
business outsources its conference calling to a third party, it must add additional local
trunks to support it. This can triple the number of local phone trunks that are required
into an office site.
Summary
The criticality of voice trunks in terms of availability, capacity, quality, security, and
features is different for every business. As cellular and other forms of communication
become more predominant, it is important to delineate past versus future business
requirements for voice services. The level of criticality plays a large role in current and
future voice trunking costs.
Business
Requirements Ultra High Standard
Reliability 99.999% 99.99% 99.90%
Capacity P.001 P.01 P.02
Quality Wideband Standard Compressed
Security Encrypt Media Encrypt Info No Encryption
Features 10 5 1
Table 2 - Business Requirements For Voice Trunks
For the sample business case and all examples within this whitepaper, the business
requirements will be assumed as high, as noted in blue highlight above.
Building the Business Case - Step 2: Existing Voice Trunking Costs
To gather the existing telecommunication trunking costs, one must do an inventory of

existing voice trunks at each office, get a copy of carrier contracts detailing current
telecom rates, and review bills from the various LECs and IXCs. Using this information,
telecom costs can be broken into five different categories:
1. Access This is the transport from the business location to the phone company,
sometimes referred to as the local loop. In most cases, this is a T1/PRI. Typically
T1 access runs $200/month anywhere within the U.S. and an additional charge
of $100/month for the D channel.
2. Trunk Each voice channel is referred to as a trunk that can carry one voice
call. Voice trunks are broken into three different categories: toll-free, long
distance, and local. Typically a local trunk costs $35/month. Long distance and
toll-free trunks are usually free since the cost is recouped in the per-minute
usage charge.
3. Usage The per-minute charge for the use of each trunk. Usage varies based
on the call type and location of the calling parties, and is broken down into:
a. Local Calls made within a LATA. These calls can either be free or have
a per-minute rate based on how far away the caller is, based on bands
(A, B, or C). Typically the cost is $0.01/minute, but this varies widely
within U.S. metro areas.
b. Long Distance
i. Intra-State Calls outside of a LATA but within the same state.
Typically these calls are $0.05/minute. This also applies to toll-free
calls where a caller dials a toll-free number within the same state
as the person who answers it.
ii. Inter-State Calls between states within the U.S. Typical cost is
$0.02/minute.
iii. On-net calls (intra-company calls that may be part of a private
dial plan) and off-net calls (inter-company calls) are treated the
same, even though on-net calls are typically 10 to 20 percent less
than off-net calls.
iv. International 1 Calls between the U.S. and another country.
v. International 2 Call between two foreign countries.
c. Toll-free Calls made to a toll-free number registered by a business.
Typical cost is $0.02/minute.
4. Features The cost for advanced services above basic features that are
included in the base trunk or usage charge. The most common advanced
features charges include:
a. Reserved Numbers toll-free and DID
b. Operator Someone to assist with a call or 411 information services
c. Directory Listing Advertising of a number
d. Transfer Costs $0.25 per call transferred or $0.025 per call if all calls in
a trunk group have this feature, whether the call is transferred or not
5. Support One person for every 2000 people The cost for staff to move, add,
change, or delete (MACD) a trunk, along with finance staff who check the bill and
who also may allocate costs to specific business groups. Assume a fully-loaded
support person costs $8,000/month.
6. Taxes & Fees Local, state, and national taxes, along with fees levied by
various government agencies. This comes to at least 10 percent of the total
phone bill.
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Figure 5 Typical Business Voice Trunking Connectivity
Figure 5 illustrates the basic components of a typical business office as discussed

above. Some of the inefficiencies of traditional trunking architecture are:
1. T1 Access Voice circuits come in bundles of 24, so if an organization needs 60
circuits, they need three T1s to the office. If an organization only needs 15 voice
trunks, it is still cheaper to get a T1 for access than run analog business lines
with an average cost of $50 per line.
2. Separate Services Local and long distance trunks are separate; thus, if one
group of trunks fills up, blocking will occur while other trunks are available. PBXs
can be programmed to get around this, but due to additional complexity and cost,
this is rarely done.
3. Provisioning A majority of the MACD work requires manual human
intervention.
After gathering the above information, the following spreadsheet should be used to
calculate existing telecom trunking costs.
Trunk Type Access Trunks Usage Usage Features Sub Total

T1/PRI Inter-State Intra-State Basic
Toll-free
Default $300 0 .02/min .05/min $50/trunk
Long Distance
Default $300 0 0.02/min .05/min $3/trunk
Local
Default $300 $35 .01/min $5/trunk
Support
Taxes
Total
Table 3. Existing Monthly Telecom Costs Spreadsheet
In cases where the information is not known, the default can be used based on number
of employees/contractors and industry average rates. The defaults are based on 99.99
percent availability, P.01 capacity, standard quality, SIP-TLS security, and five basic
features. The defaults are:
Toll-free
Number of trunks = 1.5 times the total number of call center agents. Extra trunks
are necessary for time spent in IVR and Queuing.
Access = number of trunks divided by 23 and rounded up.
Usage = total number of call center agents times 10,000 minutes per month
Inter-state vs. Intra-state usage = Assume 15 percent of above minutes are Intra-
state
Feature charges = $50 per trunk (most of this is for transfer charges)
Long Distance
Number of trunks = Total number of employees divided by 10
Usage = Number of employees times 1,000 minutes per month
Inter-state vs. Intra-state usage = Assume 25 percent of minutes are Intra-state
On-net vs. Off-net usage Intra-company calling vs. Inter-company calling. For
the sake of simplicity, the 10 percent difference between the two will not be
accounted for.
Feature charges = $3 per trunk
Local
Number of trunks = Total number of employees divided by 5
Usage = Number of employees times 500 minutes per month of local calls
Feature charges = $5 per trunk
* Assumptions are that audio conferencing is an external service and employees dial a
toll-free number to use it. Audio conferencing toll-free costs are separate, but
access/trunk costs are included. Also, intra-company calling is still done over the PSTN
vs. VoIP internally.
Using the above assumptions, this would be the monthly cost for a Fortune 1000
company with 5,000 employees within the U.S., of which 500 are call center agents:

T1/PRI Inter-State Intra-State Basic
Toll-free 33 750 4250000 750000 750
Default $300 0 0.02 0.05 $50
Sub Total $9,783 $0 $85,000 $37,500 $37,500 $169,783
Long Distance 22 500 3750000 1250000 500
Default $300 0 0.02 0.05 $3
Sub Total $6,522 $0 $75,000 $62,500 $1,500 $145,522
Local 43 1000 0 2500000 1000
Default $300 $35 0 0.01 $5
Sub Total $13,043 $35,000 $0 $25,000 $5,000 $78,043
Support 2.5 people $20,000
Taxes 10% $39,335
Monthly Total $452,683
Yearly Total $5,432,191

Table 4. Monthly Voice Trunking Costs for a 5,000-person company
The above numbers are an ideal case. Many companies are over-trunked due to the fact
that over the years they have not deleted excess capacity as the business changed.
Also, quite a few single analog phone lines may be in place for use with modems, fax
machines, and small and home offices. As much as businesses like to say we are in the
digital age where all documentation is electronic, there are still a lot of modems and fax
machines in place. Part of the business case for going to SIP trunking may be cleaning
up the existing environment, but it is not used in this analysis.
The $5,432,191 in annual cost is in line with an average cost of $1,000 per year per full
time employee for voice telecom costs. This does not include cellular costs.
Summary
Calculating existing telecom costs can be time consuming. The examples used above
are for estimating only and as a general rule, within 25 percent. To truly understand the
costs, a detailed circuit inventory must be performed, with associated usage compared
against negotiated rates and the actual bill.
Building the Business Case - Step 3: New SIP Trunking Costs
The first part in determining SIP trunking costs is to issue an RFP to multiple SIP
trunking providers. This can include existing incumbent voice trunking carriers along with
a few new SIP trunking service providers who are hungry for new business. Within the
RFP, the business requirements, as discussed above, should be specified along with the
current number of trunks, usage, and features.
In the response to the RFP, costs should be broken out into:

1. Access DSL or Ethernet (10/100/1000) vs. T1 with IP connectivity as private or
public.
a. Private IP MPLS or other private IP connection between the enterprise
and the carrier
b. Public IP Internet connectivity running a secure tunnel or other type of
encryption
2. Trunks Fixed cost per trunk with an assumption of an average number of
concurrent voice trunks used during the busy hour of a normal week and the
peak number of trunks that would ever be required. A fixed amount of long
distance should be included in the monthly trunking cost. Concurrent call ports
are defined by:
a. Long distance only Inter-company
b. Long distance & local
c. Inbound only Typically for toll-free
3. Usage Cost per minute for usage
a. Unlimited
i. Local only
ii. Local and long distance
b. Tiered Domestic long distance X number of minutes per month bundled
with each trunk
c. Metered Traditional model of a charge per minute for usage Not
recommended due to the common rule 40 percent of the phone bill is the
phone bill.
4. Features Costs
a. Bundled Basic Features Include Fixed quantity of DID/Toll numbers, call
transfers, ANI, dial plan and routing strategies, international authorization
codes
b. Additional Charges Directory listings, Operator/411, 911 (possibly
provided by a third party)
Based on the response to the RFP and an organizations business requirements, two
important architectural decisions must be made that have a significant impact on the ROI
of SIP trunking and the scope of the project:
1. Centralized vs. decentralized trunking model. A centralized trunking model

has all SIP trunks coming into a few data centers and then riding a companys
WAN to all office sites. A decentralized trunking model has all voice trunks
coming into each local office, which is the historical model.
2. One vs. multiple SIP trunking providers. A single provider is easier and initially
cheaper but based on high availability requirements, coverage, and competition,
multiple providers may be better over the long run.
The sample business case and all assumptions are based on a centralized trunking
model with a single SIP trunking provider, per the graphic below.
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Figure 6. - Centralized SIP Trunking Architecture
SIP trunking is cheaper than traditional TDM trunking due to:
1. Aggregation of Trunks By combining all voice trunks from many office sites
into a few data centers, a business can reduce the number of voice trunks
required across the entire enterprise by 30 to 50 percent, while still maintaining
capacity requirements for the business. This is because:
a. Busy Hour Due to different time zones, the maximum number of calls
coming into an office varies; thus, one office receives a substantial
number of calls while another office may not.
b. Sharing Local, long distance, and toll-free trunks can all share the same
access
c. Seasonal Capacity Since adding extra voice trunks is just a software
change, voice trunks are sized for average peak usage, not seasonal
peak usage.
d. Erlang C Calculations If a business has 50 sites of 100 people and
needs P.01 of service, it may need 60 voice trunks at each office for a
total of 3,000 across the enterprise. To meet the same P.01 service
requirement in a centralized model, only 2,200 trunks are required.
e. Exact Number Instead of having to buy trunks in increments of 24 on a
T1 per site, like 72 in the above example for each office, an organization
can get the exact number that they need with the option to burst above
this normal concurrent volume.
2. Aggregation of Access A few Ethernet access lines are cheaper than many
T1s into each office. Since most companies already have redundant fiber
connectivity from their data centers, adding additional Ethernet links for voice
access is cheap and easy. Access cost can drop by as much as 80 percent.
3. On-Net Calling All inter-company calls go over the WAN and no longer require
carrier trunks. If audio conferencing and/or IVR services are outsourced to a third
party, the connection to the third party is through an IP/SIP connection versus
telecom trunks.
4. Free Features With SIP trunks, many of the features that were charged
separately are now bundled into the overall fixed monthly charge. This varies by
SIP provider, but the general free features are:
a. D Channel The signaling and information pasted on the ISDN D
channel is part of the SIP invite message. There is no longer a separate
charge of $100 per D channel.
b. Transfers An SIP Redirect will send the call to a different organization at
no charge.
c. Long Distance Typically, 1,000 minutes of long distance are included
with a local trunk as part of the base charge.
d. DID Numbers 20 DID numbers per 100 voice trunks are included.
Existing DID numbers can be kept in most cases and ported over to a
new service provider.
5. Tariffs With SIP trunks, many traditional tariffs in TDM telephony no longer
apply. This includes:
a. Intra-state Since all calls go through data centers that are out-of-state
(through appropriate routing), the high cost for Intra-state long
distance/toll-free goes away.
b. Local Usage Local calling within a LATA does not have a per-minute
charge.
6. Competition In a centralized model it is easier to have multiple SIP trunking
providers and/or to switch SIP trunking service providers.
7. Billing Forty percent of the phone bill is the phone bill. An extraordinary
amount of effort goes toward tracking usage and getting the appropriate internal
charge backs. Some Service Providers offer SIP trunking with fixed-rate billing,
allowing voice bills to look like data networking bills. The costs are fixed and
predictable, allowing a company to pay a flat rate for normal usage and a fee if
they go above the negotiated threshold. Also, the current tax and fee structure for
SIP trunks is lower than that of traditional TDM trunks.
8. Support In a centralized model, the managing, administration, and support of
voice trunks is simpler, easier, and cheaper.
Building the Business Case - Step 4: Architecture Options
Centralized vs. Decentralized
Most organizations, which have deployed IP Telephony, centralize all call control
processing into the data center, but still keep the trunking local and have a backup call
control processor at the site. This allows for calls to be made, even if the IP network to
the data center is lost. While this sounds good in theory, the reality is that in most cases
when IP network connectivity to the data center is lost, the phone connectivity is also
lost, or of little value. The primary reason for IP network connectivity loss is a failure of
local access, which in most cases impacts traditional voice trunks also. The second most
common reason is loss of power, which results in the lack of lighting and the ability to
use computers, making it generally impossible for people to work.
Centralizing voice trunks into data centers is the next step in the evolution of voice
communication as it is integrated with data for Unified Communications and offered as a
service, versus a point solution. Long term, the next generation of IT architecture is for
all IT services to live in private or public clouds and to minimize the amount of
technology within an office and an end device.
The advantages of a centralized voice trunking model are:

1. Higher Availability Data centers have redundant local access, power, on-site
support and HVAC. Using multiple data centers in an active-active model
ensures the highest availability of voice services possible.
2. Business Continuity Ability to close an office due to weather, pandemics, or
other causes and still be able to handle all in-coming calls.
3. 24/7/365 Ability to answer calls anytime if the business chooses without having
to listen to messages or wait while being transferred around.
4. 100 percent Call Recording Recording and analyzing all calls for industry
compliance, quality, and speech analytics to understand why customers call and
how to improve sales and service.
5. Improving Productivity Further integration of people, processes, and
information with communication to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of a
business.
6. Better ROI Economies of scale as outlined above.
7. Security Fewer points of entry to manage, control, and log.
8. Flexibility Integration of voice with other systems, along with the adaptability to
meet changing business needs.
The disadvantages of a centralized voice trunking model are:

1. Bigger Project Upgrade of the WAN to handle additional voice traffic.
2. Organizational In the past, voice has been its own island within IT. Moving to
100 percent VoIP/SIP in a centralized model folds voice into IT as another
application that is managed within the environment and subject to standard IT
governance.
IP Telephony vendors have a vested interest in keeping telephony trunks decentralized,

since they can sell more hardware/software with this model. In a recent survey of 600
organizations deploying SIP trunking, the majority of them did so in a centralized model.
So the industry is gravitating to a centralized model where voice communication is an IT
application/service. *1
Single SIP Trunking Service Provider vs. Multiple Service Providers
A single service provider is the easiest and cheapest model, at least in the short-run.
This is the model recommended for small and medium-sized organizations. Large
organizations have the scale to potential justify multiple service providers.
From a reliability perspective, a second service provider does not offer greater
availability for inbound calls since DID and toll-free numbers are assigned by a specific
service provider. The availability of inbound calls is then tied to the carrier that a
company has its numbers registered to. In the past decade, large Tier1 carriers have not
been able to deliver all calls within their network both regionally and nationally, primarily
due to large call volumes events like 9/11, American Idol voting, first business day of the
year, and extremely large conference calls. These outageswhere a significant number
of calls are blockedhave occurred only for one day. It takes two or more days to port a
number from one carrier to another.
The biggest advantage of a second SIP trunking service provider is for outbound calling,
both in terms of redundancy and costs. By peering {8} with multiple service providers, an
organization can send outbound calls to the service provider that has the lowest costs
for the called party. Again, this makes the most sense for very large organizations that
do millions of minutes of outbound calls in a month.
Building the Business Case - Step 5: the Business Case
With the knowledge of business requirements for voice trunking, existing voice trunking
costs, SIP trunking costs from a Service Provider(s), and an architectural model, the
business opportunity for moving to SIP trunking can be calculated. This calculation can
be an estimate based on the number of employees within an organization and industry
averages for voice trunking usage and costs, or it can be detailed based on gathering all
pertinent information.
The case study below is an estimate based on the number of employees within an
organization and industry averages for voice trunking usage and costs.
Case Study
Now back to our Fortune 1000 company that has 5,000 employees, of which 500 are
contact center agents. We know what their estimated current telecom spend is
$5.4M/year. What would it be if they implemented SIP trunking in a centralized, single
Service Provider model? Based on the following SIP RFP response assumptions, the
table below provides an estimate.
SIP Trunking RFP Response Assumption Results

- Access $20,000/month - 100M Ethernet connectivity between Service
Provider and Data Center for four, 100M Ethernet connections running MPLS
with a full port speed and 90 percent high-queue commitment, each capable
of carrying 900 concurrent G.711 calls.
- Trunk - $25/month Trunk includes basic features plus 1000 minutes of
long distance.
- Overflow Usage $0.015 cents/minute Usage above standard monthly
allocation.
- Feature Charges Same as current costs for operator/411, directory listings,
and other services not included in standard voice trunk costs.
SIP Trunking business requirements for our hypothetical Fortune 1000 company.
- 1,500 trunks instead of the current 2,250 currently used. Since intra-
company calling and conferencing now ride over the WAN and trunk
aggregation, 750 fewer trunks are required.
- 750,000 minutes of long distance since intra-company calling and
conferencing now ride now ride over the WAN. Since all 1500 trunks have
1000 minutes of long distance included for a total of 1,500,000 minutes a
month, no additional overflow usage charges should occur.
- Feature charges will drop, especially for toll-free, as transfer connect fees go
away. Lets assume they average $5 per trunk.
- Support One employee can now support 4,000 callers instead of 2,000
- Taxes Assume that taxes and fees drop to 5 percent

Ethernet Inter-State Intra-State Basic
SIP Trunks 4 1500 0 0 0
Default $5,000 $25 0 0 $5
Sub Total $20,000 $37,500 $0 $0 $7,500 $65,000
1.25
Support people $10,000
Taxes 5% $3,750
Monthly Total $78,750
Yearly Total $945,000.00
Table 5 Monthly Costs For SIP Trunking Example
The resulting telecom voice savings are $4.4 Million dollars a year!
There are some off-setting costs of moving to this model. They include:
1. Hardware - Data Center Routers, Session Border Controllers, and associated
hardware and space. Assume $1 million to $3 million.
2. WAN - Upgrade of the WAN to carry all voice traffic back to the data center. For
most large offices that already have DS-3 access and port speed, the associated
gold-level commit rate upgrade for voice is nominal. For smaller offices, the cost
can be higher unless an organization moves to next generation access such as
business grade DSL, Cable, or Ethernet. Assume $100,000/month in additional
WAN costs.
3. Implementation - A project this size takes 10,000 20,000 hours at $100 an
hour, which equals $1 million to $2 million in costs.
Based on these numbers, this SIP trunking project would break even in 12 18 months.
The Net Present Value and ROI would be over $10 million depending on the cost of
capital and number of years that the project would be capitalized over.
One important cost that was excluded in the above calculation is the centralization of the
PBX, IP-PBX, or IP Telephony infrastructure into the data center and upgrades to
support VoIP/SIP. As mentioned earlier, IP Telephony has its own business case and
should stand on its own, though the two projects are dependent on one another to
achieve optimal savings.
Summary
There is significant cost savings to be had in moving from traditional telephony phone
trunks to SIP trunking. Most organizations will see their overall monthly expense drop by
over 50 percent. Much of the savings potential is based on business requirements and if
a centralized architectural model is adopted.
Building the Business Case - Step 6: Other Benefits of SIP Trunks
Besides lowering monthly telecom trunking costs, SIP trunking can also reduce costs by:
1. Clean-up Most telecom environments have evolved over decades and a lot of
trunks sit idle while they are still being paid for.
2. Green IT SIP trunks use 50-75 percent less power than their TDM
predecessors due to the power required to drive and terminate coppers T1s
versus using fiber optics and high-density servers.
SIP trunking is also strategic for an organization due to:

1. One Network Getting all corporate applications on one IP network instead of
having separate voice, video, and data networks. Maintaining parallel networks is
expensive and slows down an organization from adapting to every changing
business requirements.
2. Multi-Channel Communication As cellular technology moves to 4G and IP
phones like Skype take off, which are VoIP/SIP based, integrating chat, voice,
video, and co-browsing will become the norm. Over time, the number of phone
calls will continue to rise and it will be the adoption of multi-channel
communication that will shorten the average duration of a call, which will enable
a business to optimize employee productivity in terms of efficiency and
effectiveness.
3. Standards Based SIP is a standard that enables interoperability between
software, hardware, and service provider vendors. While SIP is still fairly young,
it has reached critical mass and is what the telecom industry has adopted. Like
with all standards, SIP-based hardware and transport will become a commodity,
and enhanced communication features through software will add top line value to
businesses and their customers.
In order to keep the risk of migrating to SIP trunking to a minimum, an organization

should:
- Test and pilot the technology, and in the process, educate engineering and
support staff.
- Get the appropriate monitoring, alarming, reporting, and support tools in
place.
- Start with long distance trunks first, then toll-free, then local trunks last.
Outbound calls offer a quick ROI with minimal risk to an organization since the existing
PSTN can be left in place as a back-up while the lower-cost SIP trunks are being used.
Also, outbound calling offers fewer security and implementation challenges.
A good SBC is a critical component to the success of a SIP trunking project. The SBC is
the demarcation point, not only from a security perspective, but also from a support,
monitoring, and reporting perspective.
Summary
SIP trunking is both a short-term solution for cutting telecom costs along with a long-term
solution for multi-channel communication. All good IT infrastructure projects cut bottom
line costs while enabling top line revenue growth. A good SBC is a critical component to
the success of an SIP trunking implementation.
Next Steps
The objective of this whitepaper is to show the business cost savings opportunity in
moving from traditional voice trunking to SIP trunking. For most organizations, the
potential cost savings is significant. By presenting the opportunity to senior management
within an organization, the next step would then be to form a team to perform a detailed
analysis, create a design, build a project plan, and produce a detailed financial cost-
benefit analysis.
Glossary
(1) LATA - Local Access and Transport Area is a term used in U.S.
telecommunications regulation. It represents a geographical area of the United
States under the terms of the Modification of Final Judgment (MFJ) that
precipitated the breakup of the original AT&T into the "Baby Bells" or created
since that time for wire line regulation. For more info:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LATA
(2) LEC - Local Exchange Carrier is a regulatory term in telecommunications for the
local telephone company. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_exchange_carrier
(3) IXC Inter-exchange Carrier is a U.S. legal and regulatory term for a
telecommunications company, commonly called a long-distance telephone
company, such as MCI (before its absorption by Verizon), Sprint and the former
AT&T (before its merger with SBC in 2005) in the United States. It is defined as
any carrier that provides inter-LATA communication.
(4) ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a set of communications
standards for digital transmission of voice over the traditional circuits of the public
switched telephone network.
(5) WAN Wide Area Network A network that interconnects all of an
organizations local data networks.
(6) PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network - The network of the world's
telephone networks.
(7) B2BUA - A Back-to-Back User Agent is a logical SIP network element. It resides
between both end points of a phone call or communications session and divides
the communication session into two call legs. It mediates all SIP signaling
between both ends of the call, from call establishment to termination. Each call is
tracked from beginning to end, allowing the operators of the B2BUA to offer
value-added features to the call.
(8) Peering - Peering is a voluntary interconnection of administratively separate
Internet networks for the purpose of exchanging traffic between the customers of
each network.
References
1. No Jitter Webinar Overcoming The Technical Obstacles Of SIP Trunking
June 24, 2009. On-line participant survey.

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Integrating People, Process, Information, & Technology

Building a business case for SIP trunking is a 6-step process:

availability, capacity, quality, security, and features.

2. Gather existing voice communication costs by reviewing existing infrastructure,

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Figure 1 Traditional Digital Trunking

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Figure 2 IP Telephony With Digital Trunks

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Figure 3 IP Telephony With Centralized SIP Trunks

Building the Business Case - Step 1: Business Requirements

1. Ultra-Reliable 99.999 percent - Voice connectivity is always available with the

Typically, voice connectivity needs to be as reliable as a companys WAN and critical

Capacity requirements are broken down into three categories:

MOS Quality Impairment

There are three general classes of voice compression:

Different organizations have different security requirements for their voice

An SBC is used to secure inter-company voice communication in one of the following

1) IP trunking border connections to service provider IP networks linking the

Figure 4 Four Common Session Border Control Points

Building the Business Case - Step 2: Existing Voice Trunking Costs

To gather the existing telecommunication trunking costs, one must do an inventory of

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Figure 5 Typical Business Voice Trunking Connectivity

Figure 5 illustrates the basic components of a typical business office as discussed

Trunk Type Access Trunks Usage Usage Features Sub Total

Trunk Type Access Trunks Usage Usage Features Sub Total

Yearly Total $5,432,191

Building the Business Case - Step 3: New SIP Trunking Costs

In the response to the RFP, costs should be broken out into:

1. Centralized vs. decentralized trunking model. A centralized trunking model

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Figure 6. - Centralized SIP Trunking Architecture

SIP trunking is cheaper than traditional TDM trunking due to:

Building the Business Case - Step 4: Architecture Options

Centralized vs. Decentralized

The advantages of a centralized voice trunking model are: