HEAT

WHAT IS HEAT?
Form of energy because it can move things
- E.g: Makes a hot air balloon rise.
- Steam engines
Measured in JOULES (J)

Measured in Calories
HOW IS HEAT PRODUCED?
The movement of particles/molecules
produces heat
Particles move about more and take

up more room if heated this is why

things expand if heated
It is also why substances change form
when heated
solids liquids gases
HEAT TRANSFER
Heat always moves from a warmer place to a
cooler place.

HOT object COOLER object

Hot objects in a cooler room will cool to room

temperature.e.g: tea, coffee
Cold objects in a warmer room will heat up to
room temperature.e.g: butter, ice
HEATING AND COOLING CONT

Heat energy always moves from:

e.g. Cup of water at 20 C in a room at 30C -

gains heat energy and heats up its
temperature rises
Cup of water at 20 C in a room at 10C
loses heat energy and cools down its
temperature will fall.
 HEAT
Definition:Flow of energy between two objects
due to difference in temperature
Note: similar to WORK
Object does not have heat
(it has energy)
Symbol: Q
Units: calorie
Amount of energy needed to raise 1g of water 1C
1 calorie = 4.186 Joules
1 Calorie = 1000 calories

10
 HEAT AND TEMPERATURE
Heat:
Heat is the energy that flows from one object to
another when there is a difference in temperature
between the objects. Heat is the average kinetic
energy of atoms or molecules making up the
system.
SIR JAMES JOULE

James Joule 1818-1889

Stirring water made it
warm
Change in temperature
proportional to work done
Showing equivalence of
heat and energy
HEAT VS TEMPERATURE
The temperature of an object tells us
how HOT it is
Measured in degrees Celsius - C
It is NOT the same as heat energy
although the two quantities are
related.
TEMPERATURE AND ITS MEASUREMENT
Thermometric Property
A physical property that changes with
temperature

What is Temperature
The absolute temperature
is a measure of the average
translational Kinetic Energy
of molecules in a Gas
TEMPERATURE SCALES
Thefirst widely used
temperature scale was
devised by Gabriel
Fahrenheit.
Water freezing point: 32F
Water boiling point: 212F
Another widely used scale
was devised by Anders
Celsius.
Water freezing point: 0C.
Water boiling point: 100C
 THE THIRD TEMPERATURE SCALE
Absolute Temperature Scale (Kelvin Scale)
TK TC 273.2
Example
Water freezing point: 0C =273.2 K.
Water boiling point: 100C = 373.2 K

0Kis set at Absolute Zero, the temperature at

which all particle motion stops
LORD KELVIN

William Thompson, born

Belfast 1824
Student in Natural
Philosophy
Professor at 22!
Baron Kelvin of Largs in
1897
Lived at 11 The Square
Founder of Thermodynamics
 HEAT

What happens when Heat is absorbed

THE EFFECTS OF HEAT
Sensible effect (Experiment 7)
A change in a substances temperature
Latent Effect (Experiment 8)
A change in a substances phase
Expansion
A change in a substances dimensions

10
HOW MUCH ENERGY REQUIRED TO HEAT
OBJECT?

Heat (energy) flows because of temperature

difference
Bigger temperature difference bigger heat flow
Less insulation give more heat flow for the same
temperature difference
Heat will not flow between two bodies of the
same temperature
THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM

Iftwo objects are in contact with one

another long enough, the two objects have
the same temperature (thermal
equilibrium).

Two or more objects in thermal

equilibrium have the same
temperature.

Zeroth law of thermodynamics.

EQUILIBRIUM
Two objects of different temperature when
placed in contact will reach the same
temperature

+ =
Hot black coffee Cold milk
Warm white coffee
 HEAT TRANSFER = ENERGY TRANSFER

HEATING AND COOLING

If an object has become hotter,

it means that it has gained heat energy.

If an object cools down, it means it has

lost energy
HEAT AND SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY

Steelhas a lower specific

heat capacity than water.
 When a materials temperature is changed, we
can calculate how much heat absorbed/released
by the material:
Q = mcT
where Q = quantity of heat
m = mass
c = specific heat capacity
T = change in temperature
Example: E6
How much heat is required to raise the temperature of
70g of water from 20C to 80C
 SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
specific heat capacity (c): the quantity of heat needed to
change a unit mass (1 g) of the material by a unit amount in
temperature (1 C).
It is a property of the material, determined by
experiment.
The specific heat capacity of water is 1 cal/gC

Table 10.1 Specific capacity of some common substances

Substance Specific Heat Capacity (in Cal/g/C)

Water 1.0
Ice 0.49
Steam 0.48
Ethyl alcohol 0.58
Glass 0.20
Aluminum 0.215
SOLUTIONS IN CALORIMETRY
Specific Heat
 REVIEW OF SPECIFIC HEAT

An unknown mass of steel sample at 95 deg

Celsius was dropped in a 400 gram water bath at
25 deg Celsius. If the final temp is 30 deg
Celsius, find the mass of steel sample.
An unknown mass of steel
sample at 95 OC was dropped in a 400 gram water bath at 25
OC. If the final temp is 30 OC, find the mass of steel sample.

+ = 0
+ = 0
+ = 0

400 1 30 25 + 0.110 30 95 = 0

400 1 0 5 0 + (0.110 0 ) 65 0 = 0


2000 + (7.15 =0 )


2000 = (7.15 )

2000
= = 280

7.15

REVIEW OF SPECIFIC HEAT
An aluminum cup contains 225 g of water
and a 40-g copper stirrer, all at 27C. A 400-
g sample of silver at an initial temperature
of 87C is placed in the water. The stirrer is
used to stir the mixture until it reaches its
final equilibrium temperature of 32C.
Calculate the mass of the aluminum cup.
 cal/gCO cal/g/CO
Substance Substance

Water (0 oC to 1.000 Aluminum 0.217

100 oC)

Methyl Alcohol 0.609 Marble 0.205

Ice (-10 oC to 0 0.500 Glass (typical) 0.200
oC)

Steam (100 oC) 0.480 Iron/Steel 0.110

Oil 0.478 Copper 0.093
Benzene 0.418 Silver 0.0564
Wood (typical) 0.400 Mercury 0.0330
Soil (typical) 0.250 Gold 0.0310
Air (50 oC) 0.250 Lead 0.0305
DATA:

225 g of water (c = 1 cal/gC0) at 270C

X mass of aluminum (c = 0.217 cal/gC0) at
270C
40 g of copper (c = 0.093 cal/gC0) at 270C

400 g of silver (c = 0.0564 cal/gC0) at 870C

Tf = final temperature at 320C

 225 g of water (c = 1 cal/gC0) at 270C
X mass of aluminum (c = 0.217 cal/gC0) at 270C
40 g of copper (c = 0.093 cal/gC0) at 270C
400 g of silver (c = 0.0564 cal/gC0) at 870C

Tf = final temperature at 320C

+ + + = 0

= 225 1 32 27 = 1125
= 0.217 32 27 = 1.085()
= 40 0.093 32 27 = 18.6
= 400 0.0564 32 87 = 1240.8

1125 + 1.085 + 18.6 1240.8 = 0

1.085 97.2 = 0
= 89.6
 UNKNOWN INITIAL TEMPERATURE
A very hot 500 gram sample of Lava (c = 0.382 0) was immersed in a
200 gram aluminum container half filled with 900 grams of water.
Both the alum container and water had an initial temperature of 25 OC.
Find the initial temperature of the lava sample if the final temperature of
the system is 95 OC.
+ + = 0

= = 900 1.000 950 250 = 63000

0
= = 200 0.215 950 250 = 3010
0
= = 500 0.382 950 = 18145 191
0

+ + = 0
63000 + 3010 + 18145 191 = 0

84155 191 = 0
84155 = 191

84155
= = 440.60
191
UNKNOWN SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY

+ + = 0

= = 200 1.000 80 40 = 800

0
= = 50 0.217 80 40 = 43.4
0
= = 90 80 99.90 = 8271

+ + = 0
800 + 43.4 + 8271 = 0

843.4 8271 = 0
843.4 = 8271

843.4
= = 0.102
8271
UNKNOWN FINAL TEMPERATURE
A 250 gram copper cube at 950C and a 100 gram steel sample at 600C was
introduced to a 50 gram aluminum calorimeter containing 200 grams of
water, both the calorimeter and water were at 5 OC. Find the final
equilibrium temperature of the system.

+ + + = 0

= = 200 1.000 50 = 200 1000

= = 50 0.217 50 = 10.85 54.25
= = 250 0.093 950 = 23.25 2208.75
= = 100 0.110 60 = 11 660

+ + + = 0

(200 1000) + (10.85 54.25) + (23.25 2208.75) + (11 660) = 0

245.1 3923 = 0
245.1 = 3923

3923
= = 160
245.1
UNKNOWN FINAL TEMPERATURE (ALTERNATE SOLUTION)
A 250 gram copper cube at 950C and a 100 gram steel sample at 600C was
introduced to a 50 gram aluminum calorimeter containing 200 grams of
water, both the calorimeter and water were at 5 OC. Find the final
equilibrium temperature of the system.

+ + + = 0

=
200 1.000 50 200 1000
50 0.217 50 10.85 54.25
250 0.093 950 23.25 2208.75
100 0.110 60 11 660
+ + 245.1 3923
+

245.1 3923 = 0
245.1 = 3923

3923
= = 160
245.1
UNKNOWN FINAL TEMPERATURE (ALTERNATE SOLUTION)

A 540 gram copper cube at 850C and a 265 gram steel sample at 700C was
introduced to a 45.25 gram aluminum calorimeter containing 400 grams of
water, both the calorimeter and water were at 15 OC. Find the final
equilibrium temperature of the system.