Topic02 EarthquakeMechanicsandEffectsHandouts

Earthquakes Mechanics and Effects
Earthquakes: Cause and Effect
• Why earthquakes occur

• How earthquakes are measured
• Earthquake effects
• Mitigation strategy
• Earthquake time histories
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Earthquake Mechanics 2 - 1 Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Earthquake Mechanics 2 - 2
Seismic Activity: 1961-1967 Plate Boundaries
Plate Tectonics: Driving Mechanism Plate Tectonics: Details in Subduction Zone
FEMA 451B Topic 2 Handouts Earthquake Mechanics 2 - 1

Seismicity of North America Seismicity of Alaska
North American
Plate
North American
Plate
Pacific
Plate Pacific
Plate
Faults and Fault Rupture Types of Faults
Epicenter
Strike slip Strike slip

Rupture surface (left lateral) (right lateral)
Hypocenter
(focus)
Fault plane
Normal Reverse (thrust)
Elastic Rebound Theory Time = 40 Years

Time = 0 Years
New road
New fence
Old fence

Time = 41 Years
New road
Old fence
Seismic Wave Forms Seismic Wave Forms

(Body Waves) (Surface Waves)
D
D pr irec D
pr irec op tio Di pr irec
op tio ag n pr rect op tio
ag n o
ag n at of op io
at of io
n ag n o at f
ion
io at f
n ion
Compression wave Shear wave Rayleigh wave

Love wave
(P wave) (S wave)
Relationship Between Reservoir Level

Arrival of Seismic Waves and Seismic Activity at Koyna Dam, India
Inflow
Reservoir level
Earthquake frequency
P waves S waves Love waves

Surface Fault Rupture,
Effects of Seismic Waves 1971 Earthquake in San Fernando, California
• Fault rupture
• Ground shaking
• Landslides
• Liquefaction
• Tsunamis
• Seiches
Cause of Liquefaction Liquefaction Damage, Niigata, Japan, 1964

“If a saturated sand is subjected to ground
vibrations, it tends to compact and decrease in volume.
If drainage is unable to occur, the tendency to

decrease in volume results in an increase in
pore pressure.
If the pore water pressure builds up to the point at

which it is equal to the overburden pressure, the
effective stress becomes zero, the sand loses its
strength completely, and liquefaction occurs.”
Seed and Idriss (1971)
Liquefaction and Lateral Spreading, Landslide on Coastal Bluff,

1993 Earthquake in Kobe, Japan 1989 Earthquake in Loma Prieta, California

Tsunami Damage, Seward, Alaska, 1964
Cause of Tsunamis
Tsunamis are created by a sudden vertical

movement of the sea floor.
These movements usually occur in

subduction zones.
Tsunamis move at great speeds, often 600

to 800 km/hr.
Result of Ground Shaking, 1994

Earthquake in Northridge, California Mitigation Strategies
Earthquake effect Strategy

Fault rupture Avoid
Tsunami/seiche Avoid
Landslide Avoid
Liquefaction Avoid/resist
Ground shaking Resist
Measuring Earthquakes
Modified Mercalli Intensity
INTENSITY
• Subjective Developed by G. Mercalli in 1902 (after a previous
version of M. S. De Rossi in the 1880s)
• Used where instruments are not available
• Very useful in historical seismicity Subjective measure of human reaction and damage
MAGNITUDE Modified by Wood and Neuman to fit

• Measured with seismometers California construction conditions
• Direct measure of energy released
Intensity range I (lowest) to XII (most severe)
• Possible confusion due to different measures

IV. During the day, felt indoors by many, outdoors by
few. At night, some awakened. Dishes, windows,
I. Not felt except by a few under especially doors disturbed; walls make creaking sound. Sensation
favorable circumstances. like heavy truck striking building. Standing automobiles
rocked noticeably. [0.015 to 0.02g]
II. Felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on
upper floors if buildings. Suspended objects may swing. V. Felt by nearly everyone, many awakened. Some
dishes and windows broken. Cracked plaster.
Unstable objects overturned. Disturbance of trees, poles
Felt quite noticeably indoors, especially on and other tall objects. [0.03 to 0.04g]
III.
upper floors of buildings. Standing automobiles may
rock slightly. Vibration like passing truck. VI. Felt by all. Many frightened and run outdoors.
Some heavy furniture moved. Fallen plaster and
damaged chimneys. Damage slight. [0.06 to 0.07g]
Modified Mercalli Intensity Modified Mercalli Intensity

VII. Everybody runs outdoors. Damage negligible in IX. Damage considerable in specially designed
buildings of good design and construction, slight to structures, well designed frame structures thrown
moderate in well built ordinary structures, considerable out of plumb, damage great in substantial buildings
in poorly built or badly designed structures. Noticed with partial collapse. Buildings shifted off foundations.
by persons driving cars. [0.10 to 0. 15g] Ground cracked conspicuously. Underground pipes
broken. [0.50 to 0.55g]
VIII. Damage slight in specially designed structures, X. Some well built wooden structures destroyed. Most
considerable in ordinary construction, great in masonry and frame structures destroyed with
poorly built structures. Fall of chimneys, stacks, foundations badly cracked. Rails bent. Landslides
monuments. Sand and mud ejected is small considerable from river banks and steep slopes.
amounts. Changes in well water. Persons driving Shifted sand and mud. Water splashed over banks.
cars disturbed. [0.25 to 0.30g] [More than 0.60g]
Isoseismal Map for the Giles County, Virginia,

Modified Mercalli Intensity Earthquake of May 31, 1897.
XI. Few, if any, (masonry) structures left standing.

Bridges destroyed. Broad fissures in ground.
Underground pipelines completely out of service.
Earth slumps and land slips in soft ground.
Rails bent greatly.
XII. Damage total. Waves seen on ground surface. Lines

of sight and level distorted. Objects thrown into air.

Isoseismal Map Isoseismal Map
For New Madrid for 1886
Earthquake of Charleston
December 16, 1811 Earthquake
Isoseismal Map for February 9, 1971,

Comparison of Isosiesmal Intensity for Four Earthquakes
San Fernando Earthquake
Comparisons of Various Intensity Scales Instrumental Seismicity
Magnitude (Richter, 1935)

Also called local magnitude
ML = Log [Maxumum Wave Amplitude (in mm/1000)]
Recorded Wood-Anderson seismograph
100 km from epicenter

MMI = Modified Mercalli
RF = Rossi-Forel
JMA = Japan Meteorological Agency
MSK =Medvedez-Spoonheur-Karnik

Other Wave-Based Magnitudes
Magnitude (in general)
MS Surface-wave magnitude (Rayleigh waves)
M = Log A +f(d,h) +CS + CR
mb Body-wave magnitude (P waves)
A is wave amplitude MB Body-wave magnitude (P and other waves)
F(d,h) accounts for focal distance and depth mbLg (Higher order Love and Rayleigh waves)
CS and CR, are station and regional corrections MJMA (Japanese, long period)
Moment Magnitude vs Other Magnitude Scales

Moment Magnitude (Magnitude Saturation)
Seismic moment = MO = μAD
[Units = force times distance]
Where:
μ = modulus of rigidity
A = fault rupture area
D = fault dislocation or slip
Moment magnitude = MW = (Log MO-16.05)/1.5

(Units = dyne-cm)
Approximate Relationship Seismic Energy Release

Between Magnitude and Intensity Log E = 1.5 MS + 11.8
10
9 1E+28
8 1E+26
7
1E+24
6 Mˆ L = 0.67 I 0 + 1
Energy, Ergs
Magnitude
1E+22
5
1E+20
4 .
mˆ bLg = 0.49 I 0 + 1.66 1000

1E+18
3 Richter (Local) 31
2 MbLg 1E+16
1 1E+14
0 1E+12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
0 2 4 6 8 10
Intensity
Magnitude, Ms

Seismic Energy Release Ground Motion Accelerograms
1E+28
Nuclear bomb Sources:
1E+26
1964 Alaska earthquake • NONLIN (more than 100 records)
1E+24
1906 San Francisco earthquake • Internet (e.g., National Strong Motion Data Center)
Energy, Ergs
1E+22 1972 San Fernando earthquake • USGS CD ROM

1E+20 Atomic bomb
.
1E+18 1978 Santa Barbara earthquake

Uses:
1E+16
• Evaluation of earthquake characteristics
1E+14
• Development of response spectra
1E+12 • Time history analysis
0 2 4 6 8 10
Magnitude, Ms
Sample Ground Motion Records

Ground Motion Characteristics
• Acceleration, velocity, displacement

• Effective peak acceleration and velocity
• Fourier amplitude spectra
• Duration (bracketed duration)
• Incremental velocity (killer pulse)
• Response spectra
• Other (see, for example, Naiem and Anderson 2002)
Base Line Correction for Simple Ground Motion

Corrected vs Uncorrected Motions 500
250
Acceleration, in/sec2
Corrections made primarily: -250
-500
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
200 Velocity, in/sec
• To remove instrument response

150
100
50
• To account for base line shift 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
800 Displacement, in
600
400
200
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time, sec

Typical Earthquake Accelerogram Set
600
400
Horizontal acceleration (E-W), cm/sec2 Definition of Bracketed Duration
200
-2 0 0 Acceleration, cm/sec2
-4 0 0 600
-6 0 0
0 5
-463 cm/sec
10
2
15 20 25 30 35 40 45
400
0.05g
600 200
400
Vertical acceleration (E-W), cm/sec2 0
200
0 -200
-2 0 0
-400
-4 0 0
-6 0 0 -600
0 5 10 2 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
-500 cm/sec 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
6 00 Time, Seconds
4 00
2 00
Horizontal acceleration (N-S), cm/sec2
0
Bracketed duration
-2 00
-4 00
-6 00
0 5 10
-391 cm/sec21 5 20 25 30 35 40 45
T im e (s e c )
Time, Seconds Loma Prieta Earthquake

Definition of Incremental Velocity

Acceleration, cm/sec2
Concept of Fourier Amplitude Spectra
N /2 N /2 N /2
v&&g (t ) ≅ a0 + ∑ a j cos( 2πjf 0 ) + ∑ b j sin( 2πjf 0 ) = a0 + ∑ A j cos( 2πjf 0 + φ j )
600
400
j =1 j =1 j =1
Acceleration, cm/sec2 200
400
⎛ b ⎞
0
f 0 = df = 1 / Ndt φ j = arctan⎜⎜ − j ⎟
⎟ A j = a 2j + b 2j
⎝ aj
300 -2 0 0
⎠
-4 0 0
200
-6 0 0
Acceleration, cm/sec2 Normalized Fourier Coefficient
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 600
100 1.2
400
Time, Seconds 1.0
0 200
0.8
0
0.6
-100
-2 0 0
0.4
-4 0 0
-200 0.2
-6 0 0
0.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
-300 0 10 20 30
Frequency (Hz)
-400 N points at timestep dt N/2 points at frequency df

8 9 10 11 12
Time, Seconds
Concept of Fourier Amplitude Spectra Ground Motion Frequency Content (1)

50
40
30 1.2
20 Horizontal acceleration (E-W), cm/sec2
Amplitude
10 600
1.0
0
-1 0
400
Fourier Amplitude
0.8
-2 0
200
-3 0
-4 0 0 0.6
-5 0
0 .0 0 0 .1 0 0 .2 0 0 .3 0 0 .4 0 0 .5 0 0 .6 0 0 .7 0 0 .8 0 0 .9 0 1 .0 0 -200 0.4
T im e , S e c o n d s
-400
0.2
-600
12 0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
10 1.2 Frequency(Hz)
Vertical acceleration (E-W), cm/sec2
Fourier Amplitude
8 600
1.0
400
F o u rie r Am p litu d e
6 0.8
200
4 0.6
0
-200 0.4
2
-400 0.2
0
-600
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50
F req u en cy, Hz. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time, Seconds Frequency (Hz)

600
Ground Motion Frequency Content (2) 1.2
Development of an Elastic Displacement
1.0
Horizontal acceleration, cm/sec2
400
Response Spectrum
Fourier Amplitude
0.8
200
0.6
0
-2 0 0
0.4 0.40
El Centro Earthquake Record
0.2
-4 0 0
GROUND ACC, g
0.20
-6 0 0 -463 cm/sec2 0.0
0 10 20 30 0.00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
1.2
Frequenc y (Hz )
-0.20
Maximum Displacement Response Spectrum
40 16
30 Horizontal velocity, cm/sec 1.0 -0.40
DISPLACEMENT, inches
14
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
Fourier Amplitude
20 0.8
10
TIME, SECONDS 12
0.6
0 10
-1 0 0.4
8
-2 0 0.2 T=0.6 Seconds 6
DISPLACEMENT, in.
4.00
-3 0
-30.7 cm/sec 0.0 2.00 4
-4 0 0 10 20 30
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0.00
Frequenc y (Hz) 2
-2.00
15 1.2 0
11.0 cm -4.00
0 2 4 6 8 10
10 Horizontal displacement, cm 1.0 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
PERIOD, Seconds
Fourier Amplitude
5 0.8
T=2.0 Seconds
DISPLACEMENT, In.
0 0.6 8.00
` 4.00
-5 0.4
0.00
-1 0 0.2 -4.00
-1 5 -8.00
0.0 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0 10 20 30
Time, Seconds Frequenc y (Hz )

Topic02 EarthquakeMechanicsandEffectsHandouts

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Topic02 EarthquakeMechanicsandEffectsHandouts

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Earthquakes Mechanics and Effects

Earthquakes: Cause and Effect

• Why earthquakes occur

Seismic Activity: 1961-1967 Plate Boundaries

Plate Tectonics: Driving Mechanism Plate Tectonics: Details in Subduction Zone

FEMA 451B Topic 2 Handouts Earthquake Mechanics 2 - 1

Faults and Fault Rupture Types of Faults

Strike slip Strike slip

Elastic Rebound Theory Time = 40 Years

FEMA 451B Topic 2 Handouts Earthquake Mechanics 2 - 2

Seismic Wave Forms Seismic Wave Forms

Compression wave Shear wave Rayleigh wave

Relationship Between Reservoir Level

FEMA 451B Topic 2 Handouts Earthquake Mechanics 2 - 3

Cause of Liquefaction Liquefaction Damage, Niigata, Japan, 1964

If drainage is unable to occur, the tendency to

If the pore water pressure builds up to the point at

Liquefaction and Lateral Spreading, Landslide on Coastal Bluff,

FEMA 451B Topic 2 Handouts Earthquake Mechanics 2 - 4

Tsunamis are created by a sudden vertical

These movements usually occur in

Tsunamis move at great speeds, often 600

Result of Ground Shaking, 1994

Earthquake effect Strategy

MAGNITUDE Modified by Wood and Neuman to fit

FEMA 451B Topic 2 Handouts Earthquake Mechanics 2 - 5

Modified Mercalli Intensity Modified Mercalli Intensity

Isoseismal Map for the Giles County, Virginia,

XI. Few, if any, (masonry) structures left standing.

XII. Damage total. Waves seen on ground surface. Lines

FEMA 451B Topic 2 Handouts Earthquake Mechanics 2 - 6

Isoseismal Map for February 9, 1971,

Comparisons of Various Intensity Scales Instrumental Seismicity

Magnitude (Richter, 1935)

ML = Log [Maxumum Wave Amplitude (in mm/1000)]

Recorded Wood-Anderson seismograph

100 km from epicenter

FEMA 451B Topic 2 Handouts Earthquake Mechanics 2 - 7

A is wave amplitude MB Body-wave magnitude (P and other waves)

Moment Magnitude vs Other Magnitude Scales

Moment magnitude = MW = (Log MO-16.05)/1.5

Approximate Relationship Seismic Energy Release

mˆ bLg = 0.49 I 0 + 1.66 1000

FEMA 451B Topic 2 Handouts Earthquake Mechanics 2 - 8

1E+22 1972 San Fernando earthquake • USGS CD ROM

1E+18 1978 Santa Barbara earthquake

Sample Ground Motion Records

• Acceleration, velocity, displacement

Base Line Correction for Simple Ground Motion

Corrections made primarily: -250

200 Velocity, in/sec

• To remove instrument response

• To account for base line shift 0

FEMA 451B Topic 2 Handouts Earthquake Mechanics 2 - 9

Time, Seconds Loma Prieta Earthquake

Definition of Incremental Velocity

-400 N points at timestep dt N/2 points at frequency df

Concept of Fourier Amplitude Spectra Ground Motion Frequency Content (1)

FEMA 451B Topic 2 Handouts Earthquake Mechanics 2 - 10

FEMA 451B Topic 2 Handouts Earthquake Mechanics 2 - 11

Вам также может понравиться