Raspberry Pi - Wikipedia

6/19/2017 RaspberryPiWikipedia
RaspberryPi
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
TheRaspberryPiisaseriesofsmallsingleboardcomputersdevelopedintheUnitedKingdombytheRaspberry
RaspberryPi3ModelB(latestversion)
PiFoundationtopromotetheteachingofbasiccomputerscienceinschoolsandindevelopingcountries.[4][5][6]The
originalmodelbecamefarmorepopularthananticipated,[7]sellingoutsideofitstargetmarketforusessuchas
robotics.Peripherals(includingkeyboards,miceandcases)arenotincludedwiththeRaspberryPi.Some
accessorieshoweverhavebeenincludedinseveralofficialandunofficialbundles.[7]
AccordingtotheRaspberryPiFoundation,over5millionRaspberryPishavebeensoldbeforeFebruary2015,
makingitthebestsellingBritishcomputer.[8]ByNovember2016theyhadsold11millionunits.[9][10]
Contents
1 Overview
2 Hardware
2.1 Processor
2.1.1 Performance
2.1.2 Overclocking
2.2 RAM
2.3 Networking
2.4 Peripherals RaspberryPi3ModelB
2.5 Video Releasedate 29February2016
2.6 Realtimeclock
2.7 Specifications Introductory US$35
2.8 Connectors price
2.8.1 PiZero
Operating Raspbian
2.8.2 ModelA
2.8.3 ModelB system CentOS
2.9 Generalpurposeinputoutput(GPIO)connector Fedora
2.10 Accessories UbuntuMATE
3 Software KaliLinux
3.1 Operatingsystems UbuntuCore
3.2 DriverAPIs
3.3 Firmware Windows10IoTCore[1]
3.4 Thirdpartyapplicationsoftware RISCOS
3.5 Softwaredevelopmenttools Slackware
4 Receptionanduse Debian
4.1 Community ArchLinuxARM
4.2 Useineducation
AndroidThings
4.3 Useinhomeautomation
4.4 Useinindustrialautomation SUSE
4.5 Useincommercialproducts FreeBSD
5 AstroPi NetBSD
6 History
Systemon BroadcomBCM2837
6.1 Prelaunch
6.2 Launch chipused
6.3 Postlaunch CPU 1.2GHz64/32bitquadcoreARM
7 Seealso CortexA53
8 References
9 Furtherreading Memory 1GBLPDDR2RAMat900MHz[2]
10 Externallinks Storage MicroSDHCslot
Graphics BroadcomVideoCoreIVathigher
clockfrequencies(300MHz&
Overview 400MHz)thanpreviousthatrunat
250MHz
SeveralgenerationsofRaspberryPishavebeenreleased.Thefirstgeneration(RaspberryPi1ModelB)was
releasedinFebruary2012.ItwasfollowedbyasimplerandinexpensivemodelModelA.In2014,thefoundation Power 1.5W(averagewhenidle)to6.7W
releasedaboardwithanimproveddesigninRaspberryPi1ModelB+.Theseboardsareapproximatelycredit (maximumunderstress)[3]
cardsizedandrepresentthestandardmainlineformfactor.ImprovedA+andB+modelswerereleasedayearlater. Website raspberrypi.org(https://raspberrypi.or
A"computemodule"wasreleasedinApril2014forembeddedapplications,andaRaspberryPiZerowithsmaller
g)
sizeandreducedinput/output(I/O)andgeneralpurposeinput/output(GPIO)capabilitieswasreleasedinNovember
2015forUS$5.TheRaspberryPi2whichaddedmoreRAMwasreleasedinFebruary2015.RaspberryPi3
ModelBreleasedinFebruary2016,isbundledwithonboardWiFi,BluetoothandUSBbootcapabilities.[11]AsofJanuary
2017,RaspberryPi3ModelBisthenewestmainlineRaspberryPi.RaspberryPiboardsarepricedbetweenUS$535.Asof
28February2017,theRaspberryPiZeroWwaslaunched,whichisidenticaltotheRaspberryPiZero,buthastheWiFiand
BluetoothfunctionalityoftheRaspberryPi3forUS$10.[12][13]
AllmodelsfeatureaBroadcomsystemonachip(SoC),whichincludesanARMcompatiblecentralprocessingunit(CPU)and
anonchipgraphicsprocessingunit(GPU,aVideoCoreIV).CPUspeedrangesfrom700MHzto1.2GHzforthePi3andon
boardmemoryrangefrom256MBto1GBRAM.SecureDigital(SD)cardsareusedtostoretheoperatingsystemand
programmemoryineithertheSDHCorMicroSDHCsizes.MostboardshavebetweenoneandfourUSBslots,HDMIand TheRaspberryPiZero,aUS$5
compositevideooutput,anda3.5mmphonojackforaudio.LowerleveloutputisprovidedbyanumberofGPIOpinswhich modelfirstintroducedin2015
supportcommonprotocolslikeIC.TheBmodelshavean8P8CEthernetportandthePi3andPiZeroWhaveonboardWiFi
802.11nandBluetooth.
TheFoundationprovidesRaspbian,aDebianbasedLinuxdistributionfordownload,aswellasthirdpartyUbuntu,Windows10IOTCore,RISCOS,andspecialised
mediacenterdistributions.[14]ItpromotesPythonandScratchasthemainprogramminglanguage,withsupportformanyotherlanguages.[15]Thedefaultfirmwareis
closedsource,whileanunofficialopensourceisavailable.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi#Overview 1/16
Hardware
TheRaspberryPihardwarehasevolvedthroughseveralversionsthatfeaturevariationsinmemorycapacityandperipheraldevicesupport.
ThisblockdiagramdepictsModelsA,B,A+,andB+.ModelA,A+,andthePiZerolacktheEthernetandUSBhub
components.TheEthernetadapterisinternallyconnectedtoanadditionalUSBport.InModelA,A+,andthePiZero,theUSB
portisconnecteddirectlytothesystemonachip(SoC).OnthePi1ModelB+andlatermodelstheUSB/Ethernetchipcontains
afivepointUSBhub,ofwhichfourportsareavailable,whilethePi1ModelBonlyprovidestwo.OnthePiZero,theUSB
portisalsoconnecteddirectlytotheSoC,butitusesamicroUSB(OTG)port.
Processor
TheBroadcomBCM2835SoCusedinthefirstgenerationRaspberryPiissomewhatequivalenttothechipusedinfirstmodern
generationsmartphones(itsCPUisanolderARMv6architecture),[16]whichincludesa700MHzARM1176JZFSprocessor,
VideoCoreIVgraphicsprocessingunit(GPU),[17]andRAM.Ithasalevel1(L1)cacheof16KBandalevel2(L2)cacheof
128KB.Thelevel2cacheisusedprimarilybytheGPU.TheSoCisstackedunderneaththeRAMchip,soonlyitsedgeis
visible.
TheRaspberryPi2usesaBroadcomBCM2836SoCwitha900MHz32bitquadcoreARMCortexA7processor,with
256KBsharedL2cache.[18]
TheRaspberryPi3usesaBroadcomBCM2837SoCwitha1.2GHz64bitquadcoreARMCortexA53processor,with
512KBsharedL2cache.[19] TheRaspberryPi2usesa32bit
900MHzquadcoreARMCortexA7
processor.
Performance
TheRaspberryPi3,withaquadcoreCortexA53processor,isdescribedas10timestheperformanceofaRaspberryPi1.[19]Thiswassuggestedtobehighly
dependentupontaskthreadingandinstructionsetuse.BenchmarksshowedtheRaspberryPi3tobeapproximately80%fasterthantheRaspberryPi2inparallelized
tasks.[20]
RaspberryPi2includesaquadcoreCortexA7CPUrunningat900MHzand1GBRAM.Itisdescribedas46timesmorepowerfulthanitspredecessor.TheGPUis
identicaltotheoriginal.[18]Inparallelizedbenchmarks,theRaspberryPi2couldbeupto14timesfasterthanaRaspberryPi1ModelB+.[21]
Whileoperatingat700MHzbydefault,thefirstgenerationRaspberryPiprovidedarealworldperformanceroughlyequivalentto0.041GFLOPS.[22][23]OntheCPU
leveltheperformanceissimilartoa300MHzPentiumIIof199799.TheGPUprovides1Gpixel/sor1.5Gtexel/sofgraphicsprocessingor24GFLOPSofgeneral
purposecomputingperformance.ThegraphicalcapabilitiesoftheRaspberryPiareroughlyequivalenttotheperformanceoftheXboxof2001.
TheLINPACKsinglenodecomputebenchmarkresultsinameansingleprecisionperformanceof0.065GFLOPSandameandoubleprecisionperformanceof
0.041GFLOPSforoneRaspberryPiModelBboard.[24]Aclusterof64RaspberryPiModelBcomputers,labeled"Iridispi",achievedaLINPACKHPLsuiteresult
of1.14GFLOPS(n=10240)at216wattsforc.US$4000.[24]
Overclocking
TheCPUchipsofthefirstandsecondgenerationRaspberryPiboarddidnotrequirecooling,suchasaheatsink,unlessthechipwasoverclocked,buttheRaspberry
Pi2SoCmayheatmorethanusualunderoverclocking.
MostRaspberryPichipscouldbeoverclockedto800MHz,andsometo1000MHz.TherearereportstheRaspberryPi2canbesimilarlyoverclocked,inextreme
cases,evento1500MHz(discardingallsafetyfeaturesandovervoltagelimitations).IntheRaspbianLinuxdistrotheoverclockingoptionsonbootcanbedonebya
softwarecommandrunning"sudoraspiconfig"withoutvoidingthewarranty.[25]InthosecasesthePiautomaticallyshutstheoverclockingdownifthechipreaches
85C(185F),butitispossibletooverrideautomaticovervoltageandoverclockingsettings(voidingthewarranty)anappropriatelysizedheatsinkisneededto
protectthechipfromseriousoverheating.
Newerversionsofthefirmwarecontaintheoptiontochoosebetweenfiveoverclock("turbo")presetsthatwhenused,attempttomaximizetheperformanceoftheSoC
withoutimpairingthelifetimeoftheboard.Thisisdonebymonitoringthecoretemperatureofthechip,theCPUload,anddynamicallyadjustingclockspeedsandthe
corevoltage.WhenthedemandislowontheCPUoritisrunningtoohottheperformanceisthrottled,butiftheCPUhasmuchtodoandthechip'stemperatureis
acceptable,performanceistemporarilyincreasedwithclockspeedsofupto1GHzdependingontheindividualboardandonwhichoftheturbosettingsisused.
Thesevenoverclockpresetsare:
none700MHzARM,250MHzcore,400MHzSDRAM,0overvolt,
modest800MHzARM,250MHzcore,400MHzSDRAM,0overvolt,
medium900MHzARM,250MHzcore,450MHzSDRAM,2overvolt,
high950MHzARM,250MHzcore,450MHzSDRAM,6overvolt,
turbo1000MHzARM,500MHzcore,600MHzSDRAM,6overvolt,
Pi21000MHzARM,500MHzcore,500MHzSDRAM,2overvolt,
Pi31100MHzARM,550MHzcore,500MHzSDRAM,6overvolt.InsysteminformationCPUspeedwillappearas1200MHz.Wheninidlespeedlowersto
600MHz.[25][26]
Inthehighest(turbo)presettheSDRAMclockwasoriginally500MHz,butthiswaslaterchangedto600MHzbecause500MHzsometimescausesSDcard
corruption.Simultaneouslyinhighmodethecoreclockspeedwasloweredfrom450to250MHz,andinmediummodefrom333to250MHz.
TheRaspberryPiZerorunsat1GHz.
RAM
OntheolderbetaModelBboards,128MBwasallocatedbydefaulttotheGPU,leaving128MBfortheCPU.[27]Onthefirst256MBreleaseModelB(and
ModelA),threedifferentsplitswerepossible.Thedefaultsplitwas192MB(RAMforCPU),whichshouldbesufficientforstandalone1080pvideodecoding,orfor
simple3D,butprobablynotforbothtogether.224MBwasforLinuxonly,withonlya1080pframebuffer,andwaslikelytofailforanyvideoor3D.128MBwasfor
heavy3D,possiblyalsowithvideodecoding(e.g.XBMC).[28]ComparativelytheNokia701uses128MBfortheBroadcomVideoCoreIV.[29]ForthenewModelB
with512MBRAMinitiallytherewerenewstandardmemorysplitfilesreleased(arm256_start.elf,arm384_start.elf,arm496_start.elf)for256MB,384MBand
496MBCPURAM(and256MB,128MBand16MBvideoRAM).ButaweekorsolatertheRPFreleasedanewversionofstart.elfthatcouldreadanewentryin
config.txt(gpu_mem=xx)andcoulddynamicallyassignanamountofRAM(from16to256MBin8MBsteps)totheGPU,sotheoldermethodofmemorysplits
becameobsolete,andasinglestart.elfworkedthesamefor256and512MBRaspberryPis.[30]
TheRaspberryPi2andtheRaspberryPi3have1GBofRAM.[31][32]TheRaspberryPiZeroandZeroWhave512MBofRAM.
Networking
TheModelA,A+andPiZerohavenoEthernetcircuitryandarecommonlyconnectedtoanetworkusinganexternalusersuppliedUSBEthernetorWiFiadapter.On
theModelBandB+theEthernetportisprovidedbyabuiltinUSBEthernetadapterusingtheSMSCLAN9514chip.[33]TheRaspberryPi3andPiZeroW(wireless)
areequippedwith2.4GHzWiFi802.11n(150Mbit/s)andBluetooth4.1(24Mbit/s)basedonBroadcomBCM43438FullMACchipwithnoofficialsupportfor
Monitormodebutimplementedthroughunofficialfirmwarepatching[34]andthePi3alsohasa10/100Ethernetport.
Peripherals
TheRaspberryPimaybeoperatedwithanygenericUSBcomputerkeyboardandmouse.[35]ItmayalsobeusedwithUSB
storage,USBtoMIDIconverters,andvirtuallyanyotherdevice/componentwithUSBcapabilities.
OtherperipheralscanbeattachedthroughthevariouspinsandconnectorsonthesurfaceoftheRaspberryPi.[36]
Video
ThevideocontrollercanemitstandardmodernTVresolutions,suchasHDandFullHD,andhigherorlowermonitor
resolutionsandolderstandardCRTTVresolutions.Asshipped(i.e.,withoutcustomoverclocking)itcanemitthese:640350
EGA640480VGA800600SVGA1024768XGA1280720720pHDTV1280768WXGAvariant1280800 ThecurrentModelBboards
WXGAvariant12801024SXGA1366768WXGAvariant14001050SXGA+16001200UXGA16801050WXGA+ incorporatefourUSBportsfor
192010801080pHDTV19201200WUXGA.[37] connectingperipherals.
Higherresolutions,suchas,upto20481152,maywork[38][39]oreven38402160at15Hz(toolowaframeratefor
convincingvideo).[40]NotealsothatallowingthehighestresolutionsdoesnotimplythattheGPUcandecodevideoformatsat
thoseinfact,thePisareknowntonotworkreliablyforH.265(atthosehighresolutions),commonlyusedforveryhigh
resolutions(mostformats,commonlyused,uptoFullHD,dowork).
AlthoughtheRaspberryPi3doesnothaveH.265decodinghardware,theCPUismorepowerfulthanitspredecessors,
potentiallyfastenoughtoallowthedecodingofH.265encodedvideosinsoftware.[41]TheGPUintheRaspberryPi3runsata
higherclockfrequenciesof300MHzor400MHz,comparedtopreviousversionswhichranat250MHz.[42]
TheRaspberryPiscanalsogenerate576iand480icompositevideosignals,asusedonoldstyle(CRT)TVscreensandless
expensivemonitorsthroughstandardconnectorseitherRCAor3.5mmphonoconnectordependingonmodels.Thetelevision
signalstandardssupportedarePALBGHID,PALM,PALN,NTSCandNTSCJ.[43]
TheearlyRaspberryPi1ModelA,
Realtimeclock withanHDMIportandastandard
RCAcompositevideoportforolder
NoneofthecurrentRaspberryPimodelshaveabuiltinrealtimeclock,sotheyareunabletokeeptrackofthetimeofday displays
independently.Asaworkaround,aprogramrunningonthePicanretrievethetimefromanetworktimeserverorfromuser
inputatboottime,thusknowingthetimewhilepoweredon.Toprovideconsistencyoftimeforthefilesystem,thePidoesautomaticallysavethetimeithason
shutdown,andreinstallsthattimeatboot.
Arealtimehardwareclockwithbatterybackup,suchastheDS1307,whichisfullybinarycoded,maybeadded(oftenviatheICinterface).
Specifications
Type ModelA ModelB ComputeModule* Zero

PCBver PCBver W
Generations 1 1+ 1 1+ 2 2ver1.2 3 1 3 3lite
1.2 1.3 (wireless)
February November February October February January November 28
AprilJune
Releasedate July2014[46] April2014[48] May2016 February
2013[44] 2014[45] 2012 2015[18] 2016[47] 2016[19] 2017[49] 2015[50]
2017
Targetprice $30(inbatches
$25[44] $20[45] $35[51] $25[52] $35 $35 $35 $30 $25 $5[50] $5 $10
(USD) of100)[48]
ARMv8
ARMv7 ARMv6Z(32
Architecture ARMv6Z(32bit) ARMv8A(64/32bit) A(64/32 ARMv6Z(32bit)
A(32bit) bit)
bit)
Broadcom Broadcom Broadcom
SoC BroadcomBCM2835[16] BroadcomBCM2837 BroadcomBCM2835
BCM2836 BCM2835[48] BCM2837
900MHz
900MHz 1.2GHz
64bit
32bit 1.2GHz64 700MHz 64bit
quad
quadcore bitquadcore singlecore quadcore 1GHzsinglecoreARM1176JZF
CPU 700MHzsinglecoreARM1176JZFS[16] core
ARM
ARM
ARMCortex ARM1176JZF ARM S[50]
Cortex A53 S Cortex
Cortex
A7 A53
A53
BroadcomVideoCoreIV@250MHz(BCM2837:3DpartofGPU@300MHz,videopartofGPU@400MHz)[53][54]
GPU OpenGLES2.0(BCM2835,BCM2836:24GFLOPS/BCM2837:28.8GFLOPS)
MPEG2andVC1(withlicense),[55]1080p30H.264/MPEG4AVChighprofiledecoderandencoder[16](BCM2837:1080p60)
512MB(sharedwithGPU)asof4May 1GB
256MB 512MB
Memory (shared
(sharedwith 2016.Olderboardshad256MB 1GB(sharedwithGPU) (sharedwith 512MB(sharedwithGPU)
(SDRAM) with
GPU) (sharedwithGPU)[56] GPU)
GPU)
2(viathe 1(direct
USB2.0 onboard3 1(directfrom
1(directfromBCM2835 [33][46] from 1MicroUSB(directfrom
portUSB 4(viatheonboard5portUSBhub) BCM2835
ports[35] chip)
chip)
BCM2837 BCM2835chip)
hub)[57] chip)
MIPI
camera MIPI
15pinMIPIcamerainterface(CSI)connector,usedwiththeRaspberryPicameraor 2MIPIcamerainterface
Videoinput None interface camera
RaspberryPiNoIRcamera[58] (CSI)[48][59][60] (CSI)(rev interface
1.3)[61]
HDMI(rev
HDMI(rev
HDMI(rev 1.3),
1.3),
1.3) composite
composite
composite video
video
video(RCA (3.5mm HDMI,2MIPIdisplay MiniHDMI,1080p60,[50]
(RCA HDMI(rev1.3),compositevideo(3.5mmTRRS interface(DSI)forraw
Video jack),MIPI TRRSjack), compositevideoviamarkedpoints
jack),MIPI jack),MIPIdisplayinterface(DSI)forrawLCD
outputs display MIPI LCDpanels,[48][60][62][63] onPCBforoptionalheader
display panels
interface display
interface compositevideo[59][64] pins[65]
(DSI)for interface
(DSI)for
rawLCD (DSI)for
rawLCD
panels rawLCD
panels
panels
Audio
Asofrevision2boardsviaIS[66]
inputs
Audio MiniHDMI,stereoaudiothrough
Analogvia3.5mmphonejackdigitalviaHDMIand,asofrevision2boards,IS Analog,HDMI,IS
outputs PWMonGPIO
SD,MMC, MicroSDHC
Onboard SDIOcard MicroSDHC SD,MMC, slot,USB 4GBeMMCflash
slot(3.3V SDIOcard MicroSDHCslot MicroSDHC
storage[35] withcard slot[46] slot
Boot memorychip[48]
Mode[67]
poweronly)
10/100Mbit/s
802.11n
Onboard 10/100Mbit/sEthernet(8P8C)USBadapteron Ethernet, wireless,
None[68] 802.11n None
network[35] theUSBhub[57] wireless,
Bluetooth
4.1
Bluetooth4.1
Lowlevel 8GPIO[69] 17GPIO 8GPIO 17GPIOplusthesamespecificfunctions,and 46GPIO,someofwhich 17GPIOplusthesamespecific
peripherals plusthe plusthe plusthe HATIDbus canbeusedforspecific functions,andHATIDbus[50]
following, same following, functionsincludingIC,
whichcan specific whichcan SPI,UART,PCM,
alsobeused functions, alsobe PWM[72]
asGPIO: andHATID usedas
UART,IC bus GPIO:
bus,SPIbus UART,IC
withtwo bus,SPI
chipselects, buswith
ISaudio[70] twochip
+3.3V,+5V, selects,IS
audio
ground[53][71]
+3.3V,
+5V,
ground.
An
additional
4GPIO
are
available
ontheP5
padifthe
useris
willingto
make
solder
connections
200mA 300mA
(1W) (1.5W)
average averagewhen
220mA(1.1W)
whenidle, idle,1.34A
averagewhenidle,
350mA (6.7W) 100mA(0.5W)averagewhen
820mA(4.1W)
Power 300mA 200mA 700mA (1.75W) maximum 700mA idle,350mA(1.75W)maximum
maximumunder
ratings (1.5W)[73] (1W)[74] (3.5W) maximum understress 200mA(1W) (3.5W) understress(monitor,keyboard
stress(monitor,
understress
keyboardandmouse
(monitor, andmouseconnected)[3]
(monitor, keyboard,
keyboard connected)[3] mouseand
andmouse WiFi
connected)[3] connected)[3]
Power
5VviaMicroUSBorGPIOheader
source
65mm
85.60mm 85.60mm
56.5mm 65mm
56.5mm 56.5mm
10mm 67.6mm 30mm
(3.370in
(2.56in 85.60mm56.5mm(3.370in2.224in),not 17[75]mm 30mm 67.6mm31mm 5mm
Size 2.224in),
2.22in includingprotrudingconnectors (3.370in (2.66in (2.66in1.22in) (2.56in
notincluding
0.39in), 2.224in 1.18in) 1.18in
protruding
sameas 0.669in) 0.20in)
connectors
HATboard
23g 7g 9g
Weight 31g(1.1oz) 45g(1.6oz)
(0.81oz) (0.25oz)[76] (0.32oz)[77]
Console AddingaUSBnetworkinterfaceviatethering[68]oraserialcablewithoptionalGPIOpowerconnector[78]
PCBver PCBver W
Generation 1 1+ 1 1+ 2 2ver1.2 3 1 3 3lite
1.2 1.3 (wireless)
Type ModelA ModelB ComputeModule* Zero
*allinterfacesarevia200pinDDR2SODIMMconnector.
Connectors
PiZero ModelA ModelB
LocationofconnectorsandmainICs

LocationofconnectorsandmainICsonRaspberry LocationofconnectorsandmainICsonRaspberry
Pi1ModelA Pi1ModelBrevision1.2
LocationofconnectorsandmainICsonRaspberry LocationofconnectorsandmainICsonRaspberry
Pi1ModelA+revision1.1 Pi1ModelB+revision1.2andRaspberryPi2
LocationofconnectorsandmainICsonRaspberry
Pi3
Generalpurposeinputoutput(GPIO)connector
RaspberryPi1ModelsA+andB+,Pi2ModelB,Pi3ModelBandPiZero(andZeroW)GPIOJ8havea40pinpinout.[79][80]RaspberryPi1ModelsAandBhave
onlythefirst26pins.[81][82][83]
GPIO# 2ndfunc. Pin# Pin# 2ndfunc. GPIO#

+3.3V 1 2 +5V
2 SDA1(IC) 3 4 +5V
3 SCL1(IC) 5 6 GND
4 GCLK 7 8 TXD0(UART) 14
GND 9 10 RXD0(UART) 15
17 GEN0 11 12 GEN1 18
27 GEN2 13 14 GND
22 GEN3 15 16 GEN4 23
+3.3V 17 18 GEN5 24
10 MOSI(SPI) 19 20 GND
9 MISO(SPI) 21 22 GEN6 25
11 SCLK(SPI) 23 24 CE0_N(SPI) 8
GND 25 26 CE1_N(SPI) 7
(Pi1ModelsAandBstophere)
EEPROM ID_SD 27 28 ID_SC EEPROM
5 N/A 29 30 GND
6 N/A 31 32 12
13 N/A 33 34 GND
19 N/A 35 36 N/A 16
26 N/A 37 38 DigitalIN 20
GND 39 40 DigitalOUT 21
ModelBrev.2alsohasapad(calledP5ontheboardandP6ontheschematics)of8pinsofferingaccesstoanadditional4GPIOconnections.[84]
Function 2ndfunc. Pin# Pin# 2ndfunc. Function

N/A +5V 1 2 +3.3V N/A
GPIO28 GPIO_GEN7 3 4 GPIO_GEN8 GPIO29
GPIO30 GPIO_GEN9 5 6 GPIO_GEN10 GPIO31
N/A GND 7 8 GND N/A
ModelsAandBprovideGPIOaccesstotheACTstatusLEDusingGPIO16.ModelsA+andB+provideGPIOaccesstotheACTstatusLEDusingGPIO47,andthe
powerstatusLEDusingGPIO35.
Accessories
CameraOn14May2013,thefoundationandthedistributorsRSComponents&PremierFarnell/Element14launchedtheRaspberryPicameraboard
alongsideafirmwareupdatetoaccommodateit.[85]ThecameraboardisshippedwithaflexibleflatcablethatplugsintotheCSIconnectorwhichislocated
betweentheEthernetandHDMIports.InRaspbian,theusermustenabletheuseofthecameraboardbyrunningRaspiconfigandselectingthecameraoption.
Thecostofthecameramoduleis20inEurope(9September2013).[86]Itcanproduce1080p,720pand640x480pvideo.Thedimensionsare
25mm20mm9mm.[86]InMay2016,v2ofthecameracameout,andisan8megapixelcamera.
GertboardARaspberryPiFoundationsanctioneddevice,designedforeducationalpurposes,thatexpandstheRaspberryPi'sGPIOpinstoallowinterfacewith
andcontrolofLEDs,switches,analogsignals,sensorsandotherdevices.ItalsoincludesanoptionalArduinocompatiblecontrollertointerfacewiththePi.[87]
InfraredCameraInOctober2013,thefoundationannouncedthattheywouldbeginproducingacameramodulewithoutaninfraredfilter,calledthePi
NoIR.[88]
HAT(HardwareAttachedonTop)expansionboardsTogetherwiththeModelB+,inspiredbytheArduinoshieldboards,theinterfaceforHATboardswas
devisedbytheRaspberryPiFoundation.EachHATboardcarriesasmallEEPROM(typicallyaCAT24C32WIGT3)[89]containingtherelevantdetailsofthe
board,[90]sothattheRaspberryPi'sOSisinformedoftheHAT,andthetechnicaldetailsofit,relevanttotheOSusingtheHAT.[91]MechanicaldetailsofaHAT
board,thatusethefourmountingholesintheirrectangularformation,areavailableonline.[92][93]
Software
Operatingsystems
TheRaspberryPiFoundationrecommendstheuseofRaspbian,aDebianbasedLinuxoperatingsystem.Otherthirdparty
operatingsystemsavailableviatheofficialwebsiteincludeUbuntuMATE,SnappyUbuntuCore,Windows10IoTCore,
RISCOSandspecialiseddistributionsfortheKodimediacenterandclassroommanagement.[94]
ManyotheroperatingsystemscanalsorunontheRaspberryPi.
Otheroperatingsystems(notLinuxbased)
RISCOSPi(aspecialcutdownversionRISCOSPico,for16MBcardsandlargerforallmodelsofPi1&2,hasalso
beenmadeavailable.)
FreeBSD[95][96] Variousoperatingsystemsforthe
NetBSD[97][98] RaspberryPicanbeinstalledona
MicroSD,MiniSDorSDcard,
Plan9fromBellLabs[99][100]andInferno[101](inbeta)
dependingontheboardandavailable
Windows10IoTCoreanocosteditionofWindows10offeredbyMicrosoftthatrunsnativelyontheRaspberry
adaptersseenhereistheMicroSD
Pi2.[102]
slotlocatedonthebottomofa
xv6[103]isamodernreimplementationofSixthEditionUnixOSforteachingpurposesitisportedtoRaspberryPifrom RaspberryPi2board.
MITxv6thisxv6portcanbootfromNOOBS.
HaikuisanopensourceBeOSclonethathascanbecompiledfortheRaspberryPiandseveralotherARMboards.[104]WorkonPi1beganin2011,butonly
thePi2willbesupported.
HelenOSaportablemicrokernelbasedmultiserveroperatingsystemhasbasicRaspberryPisupportsinceversion0.6.0[105]
GenodeOSFrameworksupportstheRaspberryPiplatformwiththebasehwkernelsincerelease13.05[106]
Otheroperatingsystems(Linuxbased)
AndroidThingsanembeddedversionoftheAndroidoperatingsystemdesignedforIoTdevicedevelopment.
ArchLinuxARMaportofArchLinuxforARMprocessors.
Xbian[107]usingtheKodi(formerlyXBMC)opensourcedigitalmediacenter
openSUSE[108]
RaspberryPiFedoraRemix[109]
Pidora,[110]anotherFedoraRemixoptimizedfortheRaspberryPi
GentooLinux[111]
DietPi,includesadiverserangeofserversformedia,VPN,Minecraftandmanyothers[112]
CentOSforRaspberryPi2andlater
RedSleeve(aRHELport)forRaspberryPi1
SlackwareARMversion13.37andlaterrunsontheRaspberryPiwithoutmodification.[113][114][115][116]The128496MBofavailablememoryonthe
RaspberryPiisatleasttwicetheminimumrequirementof64MBneededtorunSlackwareLinuxonanARMori386system.[117](Whereasthemajorityof
Linuxsystemsbootintoagraphicaluserinterface,Slackware'sdefaultuserenvironmentisthetextualshell/commandlineinterface.[118])TheFluxboxwindow
managerrunningundertheXWindowSystemrequiresanadditional48MBofRAM.[119]
Moebius[120]isalightARMHFdistributionbasedonDebian.ItusesRaspbianrepository,butitfitsina128MBSDcard.[121]Ithasonlyminimalservicesand
itsmemoryuseisoptimizedtobesmall.
OpenWrtisprimarilyusedonembeddeddevicestoroutenetworktraffic.
KaliLinuxisaDebianderiveddistrodesignedfordigitalforensicsandpenetrationtesting.
SolydXKisalightDebianderiveddistrowithXfce.
PardusARM[122]isaDebianbasedoperatingsystemwhichisthelightversionofthePardus(operatingsystem).
InstantWebKioskisanoperatingsystemfordigitalsignagepurposes(webandmediaviews).
ArkOSisdesignedforwebsiteandemailselfhosting.
ROKOS[123]isaRaspbianbasedoperatingsystemwithintegratedclientsfortheBitcoinandOKCashcryptocurrencies.
MinePeon(https://minepeon.com/)isadedicatedoperatingsystemforminingcryptocurrency.
KanoOS[124]
NardSDK[125]isasoftwaredevelopmentkit(SDK)forindustrialembeddedsystems.
SailfishOSwithRaspberryPi2(duetouseARMCortexA7CPURaspberryPi1usesdifferentARMv6architectureandSailfishrequiresARMv7.)[126]
TinyCoreLinuxaminimalLinuxoperatingsystemfocusedonprovidingabasesystemusingBusyBoxandFLTK.DesignedtorunprimarilyinRAM.
IPFireisadedicatedfirewall/routerdistributionfortheprotectionofaSOHOLANrunsonlyonaRaspberryPi1portingtotheRaspberryPi2isnotplanned
fornow.[127]
AlpineLinuxisaLinuxdistributionbasedonmuslandBusyBox,primarilydesignedfor"poweruserswhoappreciatesecurity,simplicityandresource
efficiency".
VoidLinuxarollingreleaseLinuxdistributionwhichwasdesignedandimplementedfromscratch,providesimagesbasedonmuslorglibc.
TingbotOS[128]basedonRaspbian,primarilydesignedforusewiththeTingbotaddonandrunningTideapps.[129]
WTwareforRaspberryPi[130]isafreeoperatingsystemforcreatingWindowsthinclientfromPi2andPi3.
Fedora25supportsPi2andlater(Pi1issupportedbysomeunofficialderivatives,e.g.listedhere.).
Mediacenteroperatingsystems:OSMC,OpenELEC,LibreELEC(https://libreelec.tv/),Xbian(http://www.xbian.org/),Rasplex(http://www.rasplex.com/)
Audiooperatingsystems:Volumio(https://volumio.org/),Pimusicbox(http://www.pimusicbox.com/),Runeaudio(http://www.runeaudio.com/),moOdeaudio(ht
tp://www.moodeaudio.org/)
Retrogamingoperatingsystems:Retropie(https://retropie.org.uk/),Recalbox(http://www.recalbox.com/),HappiGameCenter(http://happigamecenter.com/),
Lakka(http://www.lakka.tv/),ChameleonPi(http://chameleon.enging.com/),Piplay(http://piplay.org/)
PuppyLinux
OctopiaRaspbiandistributionfor3Dprintingthatincludesprinting,webcamandslicingsoftware.
DriverAPIs
RaspberryPicanuseaVideoCoreIVGPUviaabinaryblob,whichisloadedintotheGPUatboottimefromtheSDcard,and
additionalsoftware,thatinitiallywasclosedsource.[131]Thispartofthedrivercodewaslaterreleased.[132]However,muchof
theactualdriverworkisdoneusingtheclosedsourceGPUcode.Applicationsoftwareusecallstoclosedsourceruntime
libraries(OpenMax,OpenGLESorOpenVG)whichinturncallsanopensourcedriverinsidetheLinuxkernel,whichthen
callstheclosedsourceVideoCoreIVGPUdrivercode.TheAPIofthekerneldriverisspecificfortheseclosedlibraries.Video
applicationsuseOpenMAX,3DapplicationsuseOpenGLESand2DapplicationsuseOpenVGwhichbothinturnuseEGL.
OpenMAXandEGLusetheopensourcekerneldriverinturn.[133]
Firmware
Theofficialfirmwareisafreelyredistributable[134]binaryblob,thatisclosedsource.[104]Aminimalopensourcefirmwareis
alsoavailable.[135] SchemeoftheimplementedAPIs:
OpenMAX,OpenGLESand
Thirdpartyapplicationsoftware OpenVG
AstroPrintAstroPrint'swireless3DprintingsoftwarecanberunonthePi2.[136]
C/C++InterpreterChReleased3January2017,C/C++interpreterChandEmbeddedCharereleasedfreefornoncommercialuseforRasperryPi,ChIDEis
alsoincludedforthebeginnerstolearnC/C++.[137]
Mathematica&theWolframLanguageSince21November2013,Raspbianincludesafullinstallationofthisproprietarysoftwarefree.[138][139][140]Asof24
August2015,theversionisMathematica10.2.[141]ProgramscanberuneitherfromacommandlineinterfaceorfromaNotebookinterface.ThereareWolfram
Languagefunctionsforaccessingconnecteddevices.[142]ThereisalsoaWolframLanguagedesktopdevelopmentkitallowingdevelopmentforRaspberryPiin
Mathematicafromdesktopmachines,includingfeaturesfromtheloadedMathematicaversionsuchasimageprocessingandmachinelearning.[143][144][145]
MinecraftReleased11February2013,amodifiedversionthatallowsplayerstodirectlyaltertheworldwithcomputercode.[146]
RealVNCSince28September2016,RaspbianincludesRealVNC'sremoteaccessserverandviewersoftware.[147][148][149]Thisincludesanewcapture
technologywhichallowsdirectlyrenderedcontent(e.g.Minecraft,camerapreviewandomxplayer)aswellasnonX11applicationstobeviewedandcontrolled
remotely.[150][151]
UserGateWebFilterOn20September2013,FloridabasedsecurityvendorEntensysannouncedportingUserGateWebFiltertoRaspberryPiplatform.[152]
Softwaredevelopmenttools
ArduinoIDEforprogramminganArduino.
Algoidforlearningprogrammingforkidsandbeginners.
BlueJforteachingJavatobeginners.
FawltyLanguageafreelyusableIDL(programminglanguage)cloneforPi2.
GreenfootGreenfootteachesobjectorientationwithJava.Create'actors'whichlivein'worlds'tobuildgames,simulations,andothergraphicalprograms.
Juliaaninteractiveandcrossplatformprogramminglanguage/environment,thatrunsonthePi1andlater.[153]IDEsforJulia,suchasJuno,areavailable.See
alsoPispecificrepositoryJuliaBerry.
LazarusaFreePascalRADIDEresemblingDelphi
LiveCodeeducationalRADIDEdescendedfromHyperCardusingEnglishlikelanguagetowriteeventhandlersforWYSIWYGwidgetsrunnableondesktop,
mobileandRaspberryPiplatforms.
NinjaIDEacrossplatformintegrateddevelopmentenvironment(IDE)forPython.
ObjectPascal[154]anobjectorientedvariant(theoneusedinDelphiandLazarus)ofNiklausWirth'soriginalPascallanguage.FreePascalisthecompilerin
Lazarus
ProcessinganIDEbuiltfortheelectronicarts,newmediaart,andvisualdesigncommunitieswiththepurposeofteachingthefundamentalsofcomputer
programminginavisualcontext.
ScratchacrossplatformteachingIDEusingvisualblocksthatstacklikeLegooriginallydevelopedbyMIT'sLifeLongKindergartengroup.ThePiversion
isveryheavilyoptimised[155]forthelimitedcomputeresourcesavailableandisimplementedintheSqueakSmalltalksystem.
SqueakSmalltalkafullscaleopenSmalltalk.
VPlayGameEngineacrossplatformdevelopmentframeworkthatsupportsmobilegameandappdevelopmentwiththeVPlayGameEngine,VPlayapps
andVPlayplugins.
Xojoacrossplatform,professionalRADtoolthatcancreatedesktop,webandconsoleappsforPi2.
PowerBerry[156]aportofPOWERKI[157]programminglanguageonWindows10IoTThePowerBerryManager(PBM)allowsthemanagingoftheboard
anditsdistributioncontainsdemoandtestApps(GPIO,web,PCA9685).
CSTEMStudioaplatformforhandsonintegratedlearningofcomputing,science,technology,engineering,andmathematics(CSTEM)withrobotics.
Receptionanduse
TechnologywriterGlynMoodydescribedtheprojectinMay2011asa"potentialBBCMicro2.0",notbyreplacingPCcompatiblemachinesbutbysupplementing
them.[158]InMarch2012StephenPritchardechoedtheBBCMicrosuccessorsentimentinITPRO.[159]AlexHope,coauthoroftheNextGenreport,ishopefulthatthe
computerwillengagechildrenwiththeexcitementofprogramming.[160]CoauthorIanLivingstonesuggestedthattheBBCcouldbeinvolvedinbuildingsupportfor
thedevice,possiblybrandingitastheBBCNano.[161]ChrisWilliams,writinginTheRegisterseestheinclusionofprogramminglanguagessuchasKidsRuby,
ScratchandBASICasa"goodstart"toequipkidswiththeskillsneededinthefuturealthoughitremainstobeseenhoweffectivetheirusewillbe.[162]TheCentre
forComputingHistorystronglysupportstheRaspberryPiproject,feelingthatitcould"usherinanewera".[163]Beforerelease,theboardwasshowcasedbyARM's
CEOWarrenEastataneventinCambridgeoutliningGoogle'sideastoimproveUKscienceandtechnologyeducation.[164]
HarryFairhead,however,suggeststhatmoreemphasisshouldbeputonimprovingtheeducationalsoftwareavailableonexistinghardware,usingtoolssuchasGoogle
AppInventortoreturnprogrammingtoschools,ratherthanaddingnewhardwarechoices.[165]SimonRockman,writinginaZDNetblog,wasoftheopinionthatteens
willhave"betterthingstodo",despitewhathappenedinthe1980s.[166]
InOctober2012,theRaspberryPiwonT3'sInnovationoftheYearaward,[167]andfuturistMarkPesceciteda(borrowed)RaspberryPiastheinspirationforhis
ambientdeviceprojectMooresCloud.[168]InOctober2012,theBritishComputerSocietyreactedtotheannouncementofenhancedspecificationsbystating,"it's
definitelysomethingwe'llwanttosinkourteethinto."[169]
InFebruary2015,aswitchedmodepowersupplychip,designatedU16,oftheRaspberryPi2ModelBversion1.1(theinitiallyreleasedversion)wasfoundtobe
vulnerabletoflashesoflight,[170]particularlythelightfromxenoncameraflashesandgreen[171]andredlaserpointers.However,otherbrightlights,particularlyones
thatareoncontinuously,werefoundtohavenoeffect.ThesymptomwastheRaspberryPi2spontaneouslyrebootingorturningoffwhentheselightswereflashedat
thechip.Initially,someusersandcommenterssuspectedthattheelectromagneticpulse(EMP)fromthexenonflashtubewascausingtheproblembyinterferingwith
thecomputer'sdigitalcircuitry,butthiswasruledoutbytestswherethelightwaseitherblockedbyacardoraimedattheothersideoftheRaspberryPi2,bothof
whichdidnotcauseaproblem.TheproblemwasnarroweddowntotheU16chipbycoveringfirstthesystemonachip(mainprocessor)andthenU16withBluTack
(anopaquepostermountingcompound).Lightbeingthesoleculprit,insteadofEMP,wasfurtherconfirmedbythelaserpointertests,[171]whereitwasalsofoundthat
lessopaquecoveringwasneededtoshieldagainstthelaserpointersthantoshieldagainstthexenonflashes.[170]TheU16chipseemstobebaresiliconwithouta
plasticcover(i.e.achipscalepackageorwaferlevelpackage),whichwould,ifpresent,blockthelight.UnofficialworkaroundsincludecoveringU16withopaque
material(suchaselectricaltape,[170][171]lacquer,postermountingcompound,orevenballedupbread[170]),puttingtheRaspberryPi2inacase,[171]andavoiding
takingphotosofthetopsideoftheboardwithaxenonflash.ThisissuewasnotcaughtbeforethereleaseoftheRaspberryPi2becausewhilecommercialelectronic
devicesareroutinelysubjectedtotestsofsusceptibilitytoradiointerference,itisnotstandardorcommonpracticetotesttheirsusceptibilitytoopticalinterference.[170]
Community
TheRaspberryPicommunitywasdescribedbyJamieAyreofFLOSSsoftwarecompanyAdaCoreasoneofthemostexcitingpartsoftheproject.[172]Community
bloggerRussellDavissaidthatthecommunitystrengthallowstheFoundationtoconcentrateondocumentationandteaching.[172]Thecommunitydevelopedafanzine
aroundtheplatformcalledTheMagPi[173]whichin2015,washandedovertotheRaspberryPiFoundationbyitsvolunteerstobecontinuedinhouse.[174]Aseriesof
communityRaspberryJameventshavebeenheldacrosstheUKandaroundtheworld.[175]
Useineducation
AsofJanuary2012,enquiriesabouttheboardintheUnitedKingdomhavebeenreceivedfromschoolsinboththestateandprivatesectors,witharoundfivetimesas
muchinterestfromthelatter.Itishopedthatbusinesseswillsponsorpurchasesforlessadvantagedschools.[176]TheCEOofPremierFarnellsaidthatthegovernment
ofacountryintheMiddleEasthasexpressedinterestinprovidingaboardtoeveryschoolgirl,inordertoenhanceheremploymentprospects.[177][178]
In2014,theRaspberryPiFoundationhiredanumberofitscommunitymembersincludingexteachersandsoftwaredeveloperstolaunchasetoffreelearning
resourcesforitswebsite.[179]TheresourcesarefreelylicensedunderCreativeCommons,andcontributionsandcollaborationsareencouragedonsocialcoding
platformGitHub.
TheFoundationalsostartedateachertrainingcoursecalledPicademywiththeaimofhelpingteachersprepareforteachingthenewcomputingcurriculumusingthe
RaspberryPiintheclassroom.[180]ThecontinuedprofessionaldevelopmentcourseisprovidedfreeforteachersandisrunbytheFoundation'seducationteam.
InJanuary2017,afreeMOOCcourselaunchedonKadenzeincollaborationwithUniversityofNewSouthWalesinSydneyAustraliaontheInternetofThingsusing
RaspberryPiOnlineRpiCourse(https://www.kadenze.com/courses/creativeaudioprogrammingontheraspberrypi/info).Therearealsogoodonlineresourcesfor
RaspberryPionSparkfun(https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/tags/raspberrypi)siteaswellastheRaspberryPiOrganization(https://www.raspberrypi.org/resources/l
earn/)community.
TheeducationalDIYcomputerkitsmadebyLondonbasedcomputingcompanyKanoarepoweredbytheRaspberryPi.Oneofthegoalsofthecompanywastomake
theRaspberryPimoreaccessibletothebroaderpublic.[181][182][183]
Useinhomeautomation
ThereareanumberofdevelopersandapplicationsthatareleveragingtheRaspberryPiforhomeautomation.Theseprogrammersaremakinganefforttomodifythe
RaspberryPiintoacostaffordablesolutioninenergymonitoringandpowerconsumption.BecauseoftherelativelylowcostoftheRaspberryPi,thishasbecomea
popularandeconomicalsolutiontothemoreexpensivecommercialalternatives.[184]
Useinindustrialautomation
InJune2014,TECHBASE,Polishindustrialautomationmanufacturerdesignedworld'sfirstindustrialcomputerbasedonRaspberryPiComputeModule,called
ModBerry.Thedevicehasnumerousinterfaces,mostnotablyRS485/232serialports,digitalandanaloginputs/outputs,CANandeconomical1Wirebuses,allof
whicharewidelyusedinautomationindustry.ThedesignallowstheuseofComputeModuleinharshindustrialenvironments,leadingtoconclusion,thatRaspberryPi
isnolongerlimitedtohomeandscienceprojectsonly,butcanbewidelyusedasIndustrialIoTsolutionandachievegoalsofIndustry4.0.[185]
Useincommercialproducts
OTTOisadigitalcameracreatedbyNextThingCo.ItincorporatesaRaspberryPiComputeModule.ItwassuccessfullycrowdfundedinaMay2014Kickstarter
campaign.[186]
SliceisadigitalmediaplayerwhichalsousesaComputeModuleasitsheart.ItwascrowdfundedinanAugust2014Kickstartercampaign.Thesoftwarerunningon
SliceisbasedonKodi.[187]
AstroPi
AprojectwaslaunchedinDecember2014ataneventheldbytheUKSpaceAgency.TheAstroPicompetitionwasofficiallyopenedinJanuaryandwasopenedtoall
primaryandsecondaryschoolagedchildrenwhowereresidentsoftheUnitedKingdom.Duringhismission,BritishESAastronautTimPeakedeployedthecomputers
onboardtheInternationalSpaceStation.[188]Heloadedthewinningcodewhileinorbit,collectedthedatageneratedandthensentthistoEarthwhereitwasdistributed
tothewinningteams.ThethemesofSpacecraftSensors,SatelliteImaging,SpaceMeasurements,DataFusionandSpaceRadiationweredevisedtostimulatecreative
andscientificthinking.
TheorganisationsinvolvedintheAstroPicompetitionincludetheUKSpaceAgency,UKspace,RaspberryPi,ESEROUKandESA.
History
In2006,earlyconceptsoftheRaspberryPiwerebasedontheAtmelATmega644microcontroller.ItsschematicsandPCB
layoutarepubliclyavailable.[189]FoundationtrusteeEbenUptonassembledagroupofteachers,academicsandcomputer
enthusiaststodeviseacomputertoinspirechildren.[176]ThecomputerisinspiredbyAcorn'sBBCMicroof1981.[190][191]The
ModelA,ModelBandModelB+namesarereferencestotheoriginalmodelsoftheBritisheducationalBBCMicrocomputer,
developedbyAcornComputers.[162]ThefirstARMprototypeversionofthecomputerwasmountedinapackagethesamesize
asaUSBmemorystick.[192]IthadaUSBportononeendandanHDMIportontheother.
TheFoundation'sgoalwastooffertwoversions,pricedatUS$25and$35.Theystartedacceptingordersforthehigherpriced
ModelBon29February2012,[193]thelowercostModelAon4February2013.[194]andtheevenlowercost(US$20)A+on10
November2014.[45]On26November2015,thecheapestRaspberryPiyet,theRaspberryPiZero,waslaunchedatUS$5or Anearlyalphatestboardinoperation
usingdifferentlayoutfromlaterbeta
4.[195]
andproductionboards
Prelaunch
July2011:TrusteeEbenUptonpubliclyapproachedtheRISCOSOpencommunityinJuly2011toenquireaboutassistancewithaport.[196]AdrianLeesat
Broadcomhassinceworkedontheport,[197][198]withhisworkbeingcitedinadiscussionregardingthegraphicsdrivers.[199]Thisportisnowincludedin
NOOBS.
August201150alphaboardsaremanufactured.TheseboardswerefunctionallyidenticaltotheplannedModelB,[200]buttheywerephysicallylargerto
accommodatedebugheaders.DemonstrationsoftheboardshoweditrunningtheLXDEdesktoponDebian,Quake3at1080p,[201]andFullHDMPEG4video
overHDMI.[202]
October2011AversionofRISCOS5wasdemonstratedinpublic,andfollowingayearofdevelopmenttheportwasreleasedforgeneralconsumptionin
November2012.[203][204][205][206]
December2011TwentyfiveModelBBetaboardswereassembledandtested[207]fromonehundredunpopulatedPCBs.[208]ThecomponentlayoutoftheBeta
boardswasthesameasonproductionboards.AsingleerrorwasdiscoveredintheboarddesignwheresomepinsontheCPUwerenotheldhighitwasfixedfor
thefirstproductionrun.[209]TheBetaboardsweredemonstratedbootingLinux,playinga1080pmovietrailerandtheRightwareSamuraiOpenGLES
benchmark.[210]
Early2012Duringthefirstweekoftheyear,thefirst10boardswereputupforauctiononeBay.[211][212]Onewasboughtanonymouslyanddonatedtothe
museumatTheCentreforComputingHistoryinCambridge,England.[163][213]Thetenboards(withatotalretailpriceof220)togetherraisedover16,000,[214]
withthelasttobeauctioned,serialnumberNo.01,raising3,500.[215]InadvanceoftheanticipatedlaunchattheendofFebruary2012,theFoundation'sservers
struggledtocopewiththeloadplacedbywatchersrepeatedlyrefreshingtheirbrowsers.[216]
Launch
19February2012ThefirstproofofconceptSDcardimagethatcouldbeloadedontoanSDcardtoproduceapreliminaryoperatingsystemisreleased.The
imagewasbasedonDebian6.0(Squeeze),withtheLXDEdesktopandtheMidoribrowser,plusvariousprogrammingtools.TheimagealsorunsonQEMU
allowingtheRaspberryPitobeemulatedonvariousotherplatforms.[217][218]
29February2012Initialsalescommence29February2012[219]at06:00UTC.Atthesametime,itwasannouncedthatthemodelA,originallytohavehad
128MBofRAM,wastobeupgradedto256MBbeforerelease.[193]TheFoundation'swebsitealsoannounced:"Sixyearsaftertheproject'sinception,we're
nearlyattheendofourfirstrunofdevelopmentalthoughit'sjustthebeginningoftheRaspberryPistory."[220]Thewebshopsofthetwolicensed
manufacturerssellingRaspberryPi'swithintheUnitedKingdom,PremierFarnellandRSComponents,hadtheirwebsitesstalledbyheavywebtraffic
immediatelyafterthelaunch(RSComponentsbrieflygoingdowncompletely).[221][222]Unconfirmedreportssuggestedthattherewereovertwomillion
expressionsofinterestorpreorders.[223]TheofficialRaspberryPiTwitteraccountreportedthatPremierFarnellsoldoutwithinafewminutesoftheinitial
launch,whileRSComponentstookover100,000preordersondayone.[193]ManufacturerswerereportedinMarch2012tobetakinga"healthynumber"ofpre
orders.[172]
March2012ShippingdelaysforthefirstbatchwereannouncedinMarch2012,astheresultofinstallationofanincorrectEthernetport,[224][225]butthe
Foundationexpectedthatmanufacturingquantitiesoffuturebatchescouldbeincreasedwithlittledifficultyifrequired.[226]"Wehaveensuredwecangetthem
[theEthernetconnectorswithmagnetics]inlargenumbersandPremierFarnellandRSComponents[thetwodistributors]havebeenfantasticathelpingto
sourcecomponents,"Uptonsaid.Thefirstbatchof10,000boardswasmanufacturedinTaiwanandChina.[227][228]
8March2012ReleaseRaspberryPiFedoraRemix,therecommendedLinuxdistribution,[229]developedatSenecaCollegeinCanada.[230]
March2012TheDebianportisinitiatedbyMikeThompson,formerCTOofAtomz.TheeffortwaslargelycarriedoutbyThompsonandPeterGreen,a
volunteerDebiandeveloper,withsomesupportfromtheFoundation,whotestedtheresultingbinariesthatthetwoproducedduringtheearlystages(neither
ThompsonnorGreenhadphysicalaccesstothehardware,asboardswerenotwidelyaccessibleatthetimeduetodemand).[231]Whilethepreliminaryproofof
conceptimagedistributedbytheFoundationbeforelaunchwasalsoDebianbased,itdifferedfromThompsonandGreen'sRaspbianeffortinacoupleofways.
ThePOCimagewasbasedonthenstableDebianSqueeze,whileRaspbianaimedtotrackthenupcomingDebianWheezypackages.[218]Asidefromtheupdated
packagesthatwouldcomewiththenewrelease,Wheezywasalsosettointroducethearmhfarchitecture,[232]whichbecametheraisond'trefortheRaspbian
effort.TheSqueezebasedPOCimagewaslimitedtothearmelarchitecture,whichwas,atthetimeofSqueeze'srelease,thelatestattemptbytheDebianproject
tohaveDebianrunonthenewestARMembeddedapplicationbinaryinterface(EABI).[233]ThearmhfarchitectureinWheezyintendedtomakeDebianrunon
theARMVFPhardwarefloatingpointunit,whilearmelwaslimitedtoemulatingfloatingpointoperationsinsoftware.[234][235]SincetheRaspberryPiincluded
aVFP,beingabletomakeuseofthehardwareunitwouldresultinperformancegainsandreducedpoweruseforfloatingpointoperations.[231]Thearmhfeffort
inmainlineDebian,however,wasorthogonaltotheworksurroundingthePiandonlyintendedtoallowDebiantorunonARMv7ataminimum,whichwould
meanthePi,anARMv6device,wouldnotbenefit.[232]Asaresult,ThompsonandGreensetouttobuildthe19,000Debianpackagesforthedeviceusinga
custombuildcluster.[231]
Postlaunch
16April2012ReportsappearfromthefirstbuyerswhohadreceivedtheirRaspberryPi.[236][237]
20April2012TheschematicsfortheModelAandModelBarereleased.[238]
18May2012TheFoundationreportedonitsblogaboutaprototypecameramoduletheyhadtested.[239]Theprototypeuseda14megapixelmodule.
22May2012Over20,000unitshadbeenshipped.[240]
16July2012Itwasannouncedthat4,000unitswerebeingmanufacturedperday,allowingRaspberryPistobeboughtinbulk.[241][242]
24August2012Hardwareacceleratedvideo(H.264)encodingbecomesavailableafteritbecameknownthattheexistinglicensealsocoveredencoding.
Formerlyitwasthoughtthatencodingwouldbeaddedwiththereleaseoftheannouncedcameramodule.[243][244]However,nostablesoftwareexistsfor
hardwareH.264encoding.[245]AtthesametimetheFoundationreleasedtwoadditionalcodecsthatcanbeboughtseparately,MPEG2andMicrosoft'sVC1.
AlsoitwasannouncedthatthePiwillimplementCEC,enablingittobecontrolledwiththetelevision'sremotecontrol.[55]
July2012ReleaseofRaspbian.[246]
5September2012TheFoundationannouncedasecondrevisionoftheRaspberryPiModelB.[247]Arevision2.0boardisannounced,withanumberofminor
correctionsandimprovements.[248]
6September2012AnnouncementthatinfuturethebulkofRaspberryPiunitswouldbemanufacturedintheUK,atSony'smanufacturingfacilityinPencoed,
Wales.TheFoundationestimatedthattheplantwouldproduce30,000unitspermonth,andwouldcreateabout30newjobs.[249][250]
15October2012ItisannouncedthatnewRaspberryPiModelBsaretobefittedwith512MBinsteadof256MBRAM.[251]
24October2012TheFoundationannouncesthat"alloftheVideoCoredrivercodewhichrunsontheARM"hadbeenreleasedasfreesoftwareunderaBSD
stylelicense,makingit"thefirstARMbasedmultimediaSoCwithfullyfunctional,vendorprovided(asopposedtopartial,reverseengineered)fullyopen
sourcedrivers",althoughthisclaimhasnotbeenuniversallyaccepted.[132]On28February2014,theyalsoannouncedthereleaseoffulldocumentationforthe
VideoCoreIVgraphicscore,andacompletesourcereleaseofthegraphicsstackundera3clauseBSDlicense[252][253]
October2012Itwasreportedthatsomecustomersofoneofthetwomaindistributorshadbeenwaitingmorethansixmonthsfortheirorders.Thiswas
reportedtobeduetodifficultiesinsourcingtheCPUandconservativesalesforecastingbythisdistributor.[254]
17December2012TheFoundation,incollaborationwithIndieCityandVelocix,opensthePiStore,asa"onestopshopforallyourRaspberryPi(software)
needs".UsinganapplicationincludedinRaspbian,userscanbrowsethroughseveralcategoriesanddownloadwhattheywant.Softwarecanalsobeuploadedfor
moderationandrelease.[255]
3June2013'NewOutOfBoxSoftwareorNOOBSisintroduced.ThismakestheRaspberryPieasiertousebysimplifyingtheinstallationofanoperating
system.InsteadofusingspecificsoftwaretoprepareanSDcard,afileisunzippedandthecontentscopiedovertoaFATformatted(4GBorbigger)SDcard.
ThatcardcanthenbebootedontheRaspberryPiandachoiceofsixoperatingsystemsispresentedforinstallationonthecard.Thesystemalsocontainsa
recoverypartitionthatallowsforthequickrestorationoftheinstalledOS,toolstomodifytheconfig.txtandanonlinehelpbuttonandwebbrowserwhichdirects
totheRaspberryPiForums.[256]
October2013TheFoundationannouncesthattheonemillionthPihadbeenmanufacturedintheUnitedKingdom.[257]
November2013:theyannouncethatthetwomillionthPishippedbetween24and31October.[258]
28February2014OnthedayofthesecondanniversaryoftheRaspberryPi,Broadcom,togetherwiththeRaspberryPifoundation,announcedthereleaseof
fulldocumentationfortheVideoCoreIVgraphicscore,andacompletesourcereleaseofthegraphicsstackundera3clauseBSDlicense.[252][253]
7April2014TheofficialRaspberryPiblogannouncedtheRaspberryPiComputeModule,adeviceina200pinDDR2
SODIMMconfiguredmemorymodule(thoughnotinanywaycompatiblewithsuchRAM),intendedforconsumer
electronicsdesignerstouseasthecoreoftheirownproducts.[48]
June2014TheofficialRaspberryPiblogmentionedthatthethreemillionthPishippedinearlyMay2014.[259]
14July2014TheofficialRaspberryPiblogannouncedtheRaspberryPiModelB+,"thefinalevolutionoftheoriginal
RaspberryPi.ForthesamepriceastheoriginalRaspberryPimodelB,butincorporatingnumeroussmallimprovements
peoplehavebeenaskingfor".[46] RaspberryPiComputeModule
10November2014TheofficialRaspberryPiblogannouncedtheRaspberryPiModelA+.[45]Itisthesmallestand
cheapest(US$20)RaspberryPisofarandhasthesameprocessorandRAMastheModelA.LiketheA,ithasno
Ethernetport,andonlyoneUSBport,butdoeshavetheotherinnovationsoftheB+,likelowerpower,microSDcardslot,and40pinHATcompatibleGPIO.
2February2015TheofficialRaspberryPiblogannouncedtheRaspberryPi2.LookinglikeaModelB+,ithasa900MHzquadcoreARMv7CortexA7
CPU,twicethememory(foratotalof1GB)andcompletecompatibilitywiththeoriginalgenerationofRaspberryPis.[260]
14May2015ThepriceofModelB+wasdecreasedfromUS$35to$25,purportedlyasa"sideeffectoftheproduction
optimizations"fromthePi2development.[261]Industryobservershaveskepticallynoted,however,thatthepricedrop
appearedtobeadirectresponsetotheC.H.I.P.,alowerpricedcompetitor.[262]
26November2015TheRaspberryPiFoundationlaunchedtheRaspberryPiZero,thesmallestandcheapestmemberof
theRaspberryPifamilyyet,at65mm30mm,andUS$5.TheZeroissimilartotheModelA+withoutcameraand
LCDconnectors,whilesmalleranduseslesspower.ItwasgivenawaywiththeRaspberryPimagazineMagpi#40that
wasdistributedintheUKandUSthatdaytheMagPiwassoldoutatalmosteveryretailerinternationallyduetothe
freebie.[50]
29February2016RaspberryPi3withaBCM28371.2GHz64bitquadprocessorbasedontheARMv8CortexA53,
withbuiltinWiFiBCM43438802.11n2.4GHzandBluetooth4.1LowEnergy(BLE).Startingwitha32bitRaspbian
version,witha64bitversionlatertocomeif"thereisvalueinmovingto64bitmode".Inthesameannouncementitwas RaspberryPiModelB
saidthatanewBCM2837basedComputeModulewasexpectedtobeintroducedafewmonthslater. [263]
February2016TheRaspberryPiFoundationannouncesthattheyhadsoldeightmilliondevices(forallmodelscombined),makingitthebestsellingUK
personalcomputer,aheadoftheAmstradPCW.[264][265]SalesreachedtenmillioninSeptember2016.[7]
25April2016RaspberryPiCamerav2.1announcedwith8Mpixels,innormalandNoIR(canreceiveIR)versions.ThecamerausestheSonyIMX219chip
witharesolutionof32802464.Tomakeuseofthenewresolutionthesoftwarehastobeupdated.[266]
10October2016NECDisplaySolutionsannouncesthatselectmodelsofcommercialdisplaystobereleasedinearly2017willincorporateaRaspberryPi3
ComputeModule.[267]
14October2016RaspberryPiFoundationannouncestheircooperationwithNECDisplaySolutions.TheyexpectthattheRaspberryPi3ComputeModule
willbeavailabletothegeneralpublicbytheendof2016.[268]
25November201611millionunitssold.[9]
16January2017ComputeModule3andComputeModule3Litearelaunched.[269]
28February2017RaspberryPiZeroWwithWiFiandBluetoothviachipscaleantennaslaunched.[270][271]
Seealso
Arduino
RACHEL
Comparisonofsingleboardcomputers
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stselling).theGuardian. blog/raspberrypizerowjoinsfamily/).RaspberryPiFoundation.28February
265."RaspberryPi3onsalenowat$35"(https://web.archive.org/web/20160229072534/h 2017.
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February2016.
Furtherreading
RaspberryPiForDummiesSeanMcManusandMikeCook432pages2013ISBN9781118554210.
GettingStartedwithRaspberryPiMattRichardsonandShawnWallace176pages2013ISBN9781449344214.
RaspberryPiUserGuideEbenUptonandGarethHalfacree312pages2014ISBN9781118921661.
HelloRaspberryPi!RyanHeitz320pages2016ISBN9781617292453.
GettingStartedwithWolframLanguageandMathematicaforRaspberryPiAgusKurniawan73pages2016ISBNB01BON8NCI.
Externallinks
RaspberryPiFoundationofficialwebsiteandforums(https://raspberrypi.org)
WikimediaCommonshas
RaspberryPiWiki,supportedbytheRPF(http://elinux.org/RaspberryPiBoard)
mediarelatedtoRaspberry
TheMagPinewsletter(http://www.themagpi.com) Pi.
RaspberryPigpiopinout(http://www.panu.it/raspberry/)
RaspberryPicomponentmap(http://raspmap.everpi.net)
ARM1176JZFS(ARM11CPUCore)TechnicalReferenceManual(http://infocenter.arm.com/help/topic/com.arm.doc.ddi0301h/DDI0301H_arm1176jzfs_r0p7_
trm.pdf),ARMHoldings.
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raspberry_Pi&oldid=786432690"
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