Microstrip Filter From First Principle

Filter
Prof. Tzong-Lin Wu
EMC Laboratory
Department of Electrical Engineering
National Taiwan University
2013/5/14 MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu 1

Accept desired signal and reject signal outside the operating band
Low-pass, high-pass and bandpass filters.
Insertion loss method will be introduced
The insertion loss method is based on network synthesis techniques, and can be used
to design filters having a specific type of frequency response. The technique begins
with the design of a low-pass filter prototype that is normalized in terms of impedance
and cutoff frequency.
Impedance and frequency scaling and transformations are then used to convert the
normalized design to the one having the desired frequency response, cutoff frequency,
and impedance level.
Additional transformations, such as Richard's transformation, impedance/admittance

inverters, and the Kuroda identities, can be used to facilitate filter implementation in
terms of practical components such as transmission lines sections, stubs, and resonant
elements.

5.1 Filter design by the insertion loss method
For minimum loss: binomial response,

For sharpest cutoff: Chebyshev response
Linear phase needs sacrifices attenuation rate
Power loss ratio:
Thus, for a filter to be physically realizable its power loss ratio must be of the form.

Maximally flat or binominal or Butterworth
This characteristic is also called the binomial or Butterworth response, and is optimum in
the sense that it provides the flattest possible passband response for a given filter
complexity, or order.

Maximally flat or binominal or Butterworth

Chebyshev response or equal ripple
Chebyshev polynomial is used to specify the insertion loss of an N-order low-pass filter

Linear Phase
The above filters specify the amplitude response, but in some applications
(such as multiplexing filters in frequency-division multiplexed communications system).
It is important to have a linear phase response in the passband to avoid signal distortion.
A linear phase characteristic can be achieved with the following phase response:
which shows that the group delay for a linear phase filter is a maximally flat function.

We will next discuss the design of low-pass filter prototypes which are normalized in
terms of impedance and frequency;
This type of normalization simplifies the design of filters for arbitrary frequency,
impedance, and type (low-pass, high-pass, bandpass, or bandstop).
The low-pass prototypes are then scaled to the desired frequency and impedance,
and the lumped-element components replaced with distributed circuit elements for
implementation at microwave frequencies.

Maximally flat low-pass filter prototype
Consider the two-element low-pass filter prototype circuit shown in Figure 5.3; we will
derive the normalized element values, L and C, for a maximally flat response.
The desired power loss ratio will be, for N = 2,


Comparing to the desired response

In principle, this procedure can be extended to find the element values for filters with
an arbitrary number of elements, N, but clearly this is not practical for large N.

Equal ripple low-pass filter prototype
Desired response
Chebyshev polynomials have the property that

Chebyshev polynomial of order 2 is given as

Note that (5.14) gives a value for R that is not unity, so there will be an impedance
mismatch if the load actually has a unity (normalized) impedance;
this can be corrected with a quarter-wave transformer, or by using an additional

filter element to make N odd. For odd N, it can be shown that R = 1.

Linear Phase Low-Pass Filter Prototype
Filters having a maximally flat time delay, or a linear phase response, can be designed
in the same way, but things are somewhat more complicated because the phase of the
voltage transfer function is not as simply expressed as is its amplitude. Design values
have been derived for such filters, however, again for the ladder circuits of Figure 5.4,
and are given in Table 5.3 for a normalized source impedance and cutoff frequency

5.2 Filter scaling and transformation
Impedance scaling (1 -> R0)

In the prototype design, the source and load resistances are unity.

Frequency Scaling for Low Pass Filter

Frequency Scaling for Low Pass Filter
Both impedance and frequency scaling

Low-pass to high-pass transformation
Both impedance and frequency scaling

Bandpass and bandstop transformation
Fractional bandwidth


The new filter elements are determined

Band stop transformation
Then series inductors of the low-pass prototype are converted to parallel LC circuits
having element values given by
The shunt capacitor of the low-pass prototype is converted to series LC circuits having
element values given by

5.3 Low pass and high pass filters using
transmission line stubs
The lumped-element filters discussed in the previous sections generally work well at low
frequencies, but two problems arise at higher RF and microwave frequencies.
First, lumped elements such as inductors and capacitors are generally available only for
a limited range of values, and are difficult to implement at high frequencies.
In addition, at microwave frequencies the electrical distance between filter components

is not negligible.
Richard's transformation can be used to convert lumped elements to transmission line

stubs.
Kuroda's identities can be used to separate filter elements by using transmission line
sections. Because such additional transmission line sections do not affect the filter
response, this type of design is called redundant filter synthesis.

Richards Transformation
This transformation was introduced by P. Richard to synthesize an LC network using

open- and short-circuited transmission lines.
if we replace the frequency variable with , the reactance of an inductor can be

written as
and the susceptance of a capacitor can be written as

Cutoff occurs at unity frequency for a low-pass filter prototype; to obtain the same
cutoff frequency for the Richard's-transformed filter,


Kuroda Identities
The four Kuroda identities use redundant transmission line sections to achieve a more
practical microwave filter implementation by performing any of the following operations:
The additional transmission lines are called unit elements, and are /8 long at wc
The unit elements are thus commensurate with the stubs obtained by Richard's
transform from the prototype design.

Kuroda Identities

Kuroda Identities
Prove identity (a)
For Fig. 5.14(a)

For Fig. 5.14(b)

5.4 Stepped-impedance low-pass filter
A relatively easy way to implement low-pass filters in microstrip or stripline form is

to use alternating sections of very high and very low characteristic lines. Such filters are
usually referred to a stepped-impedance.
Popular because they are easy to design and take up less space than a similar low-pass
filter using stubs.
Because of the approximations involved, however, their electrical performance is often

not as good as that of stub filters, so the use of such filters is usually limited to
applications where a sharp cutoff is not required, such as for rejection of out-of-band
mixer products.

Approximate Equivalent Circuits for Short Transmission
Line Sections
The open-circuit impedance matrix elements for a transmission line of length l and
characteristic impedance Zo can easily be found as
The series elements of a T-equivalent circuit for the transmission line section are then
given as Zll - Z12 for the series arms, and Z12 for the shunt arm.

Approximate Equivalent Circuits for Short Transmission
Line Sections

Large Z0
Small Z0
the actual values of Zh and Ze are usually set to the highest and lowest characteristic
impedances that can be practically fabricated (the thinnest and widest lines, respectively).
The lengths of the lines can then be determined from (5.39) and (5.40); to get the best
response near cutoff, these lengths should be evaluated at w = wc
Combining the results of (5.39) and (5.40) with the impedance scaling equations of (5.15)
allows the electrical lengths of the inductor sections to be calculated as

5.5 BANDPASS FILTERS USING TRANSMlSSlON LINE RESONATORS
Bandpass filters perform a variety of critical functions in wireless systems, being used
to reject out-of-band and image signals in the front end of a receiver, to attenuate
undesired mixer products in transmitters and receivers, and to set the IF bandwidth of
the receiver system.
Impedance and Admittance Inverters
Bandpass filter prototypes require shunt elements consisting of parallel LC resonators

and series elements consisting of series LC resonators.
Such an arrangement is very difficult to implement using transmission line sections, for
which it is preferable to have either all shunt, or all series, elements.
While the Kuroda identities are useful for transforming capacitors or inductors to either
series or shunt transmission line stubs, they are not useful for transforming LC
resonators.
For this purpose, impedance (K) and admittance (J) inverters can be used. Such
techniques are especially useful for bandpass and bandstop filters having narrow (t
10%) bandwidths.
An impedance inverter converts a load impedance to its inverse, while an admittance
inverter converts a load admittance to its inverse:
where K is the impedance inverter constant, and J is the admittance inverter constant.
They can be used to transform between series-connected and shunt-connected

elements. Thus, a series LC resonator can be transformed to a parallel LC resonator,
or vice versa.

In its simplest form, a K or J inverter can be constructed using a quarter-wave transformer

of the appropriate characteristic impedance, Fig. (b)
Others: T network (K inverter), or a pi network (J inverter), of capacitors. Fig. (c)

Practical Realization of Immittance Inverters
Z1 Z2
Z3
proof
+900 -900
Z1 Z1Z 2
1 Z Z1 Z 2
Z3
0 j L
3
1
1 Z2 0
Z 1 j L
3 Z3
-900 +900
Immittance inverters comprised of lumped and transmission line
elements
A circuit mixed with lumped and transmission line elements

Bandpass Filters Using Quarter-Wave Coupled
Quarter-Wave Resonators
Since quarter-wave short-circuited transmission line stubs look like parallel resonant
circuits, they can be used as the shunt parallel LC resonators for bandpass filters.
Quarter wavelength connecting lines between the stubs will act as admittance
inverters, effectively converting alternate shunt stubs to series resonators.
For a narrow passband bandwidth (small ), the response of such a filter using N
stubs is essentially the same as that of a lumped element bandpass filter of order N.
The circuit topology of this filter is convenient in that only shunt stubs are used, but a
disadvantage in practice is that the required characteristic impedances of the stub lines
are often unrealistically low. A similar design employing open-circuited stubs can be
used for bandstop filters
How to design Z0n ?

Note that a given LC resonator has two degrees of freedom: L and C, or equivalently, 0,
and the slope of the admittance at resonance.
For a stub resonator the corresponding degrees of freedom are the resonant length and
characteristic impedance of the transmission line Z0n .


These two results are exactly equivalent for all frequencies if the following conditions are satisfied:

Bandpass Filters Using Capacitively Coupled
An Nth order filter will use N stubs, which are slightly shorter than /4 at the filter center frequency.
The short-circuited stub resonators can be made from sections of coaxial line using ceramic materials
having very high dielectric constant and low loss, resulting in a very compact design even at UHF
frequencies [6].
Such filters are often referred to as ceramic resonator filters, and are presently the most common
type of RF bandpass filter used in portable wireless systems.

Admittance inverter constant J
2 order bandpass filter circuit
J01 L1 J12 L2 J23
Zo C2 R=Zo
-90o C1 -90o -90o
2
J 23
Zin Z2 Y3 J 23
2
Zo
Yo
J01 L1 J12 L2
Y3
Zo C2
-90o C1 -90o
YL
1 YL 1 1
Zin Z2 2 2 jC2 Y3
Y2 J12 J12 j L2
J01 L1
Zo C1
-90o Z2
1 YLoad 1 1 1
Zin 2 2 jC1
Yin J 01 J 01 j L1 Z2

g1
J01 L1 g2 g3
Zo C1
-90o
Lowpass to
Y 1 1 1 Bandpass
Zin Load 2 jC1
2
J 01 J 01 j L1 Z 2 transformation
g1Z o
C1 J 012 J 012 L1 o g1Z oo
J 012 2
G J 23Z o R g3 Z o
J 122
J 122 J 012 Zo g2
L2 C2
J 012 J 122 g 2o Z oo
4Zo
Equivalent L/C of Short-circuited stub : L C
o 4o Z o
The two results are exactly equivalent for all frequencies :

4o Z o g1Z o
Z J
o
o 01
J 012 4 g1
J122 4 Zo Zo
Z J
o 12
J 012 o g2o 4 g1 g2
1 J122
2 2 g3Z o

Z o J 23
2013/5/14 G J 01MW
J 23Z&o RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu 4 g2 g3 75
-network for realizing BPF
Bandpass filter structure
J01 L1 C1 J12 L2 C2 LN CN JN, N+1
-network of J-inverter
C
-C -C
J=C
J-inverter
Circuit implementation
C01 C12 CN, N+1
-CN, N+1
-C01 -C01 L1 C1 -C12 -C12 L2 C2 LN CN -CN, N+1
How to deal with the J-inverter at the two ends due

to the negative capacitors next to the terminations?
The coupling capacitor values at
input/output end for matching (I)
BPF circuit with admittance inverter BPF circuit with capacitor circuit
Cx
Zo J01 L1 C1
Zo Cy L1 C1
J 012 1 j0C x
G J 012 Z o Y j0C y j0C y
YL
1
Zo 1 jZ o0C x
j0C x
j0C x Z o 0C x
2
j0C y
1 Z o0C x
2
Z o 0C x
2
j0C x
j0C y G jB
1 Z o0C x 1 Z o0C x
2 2
Equating G to the real part of Y :

2
J 01
Z
J 012 Z o o 0 x 2
C
J 012 0Cx 1 J x2 Zo
2 2
0Cx
1 Zo0Cx 1 J 012 Zo
2

The coupling capacitor values at
input/output end for matching (II)
The imaginary part of Y should be eliminated:
Zo 0Cx j0Cx
2
Y j0C y G jB
1 Zo0Cx 1 Zo0Cx
2 2
j0Cx Cx
j0C y 0 Cy
1 Zo0Cx 1 Zo0Cx
2 2
Note:
In additional to the modified coupled capacitor Cx, the shunt capacitor Cy is also revised. The Cy is
not directly equal to the Cx unless 0Cx << 1 and this is the assumption in the textbook.
C01 C12 CN, N+1
Textbook -C01 L1 C1 -C12 -C12 L2 C2 LN CN -CN, N+1
C01 C12 CN, N+1
Accurate -C01 L1 C1 -C12 -C12 L2 C2 LN CN -CN, N+1
C01
2013/5/14
'
C01 MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu 78
1 ZoC01
2
Trick for the final circuit for implementing
the BPF

Third order BPF with 0.5 dB Chebyshev prototype
g1 = 1.5963, g2 = 1.0967, g3 = 1.5963, g4 = 1
f0 = 1 GHz, FBW = 5 %, Zo = 50
Difference on the two circuits

Ideal J01 L C J12 L C J23 L C J34
C01 C12 C23 C34
Accurate L C L C L C
-C01 -C12 -C23 -C34
40 40
Ideal Ideal
3.8 Textbook 3.8 Accurate
3.6
-10 3.6
-10
f3/f1 (dB)
f3/f1 (dB)
3.4 3.4
S-parameter
3.2 S-parameter 3.2

-20 -20
3 3
2.8 2.8
-30 -30
2.6 2.6
2.4 2.4
-40
2.2 -40
2.2
0.9
0 0.1 0.2 0.95
0.3 0.4 1
0.5 0.6 0.7 1.05
0.8 0.9 1.1
1 0.9
0 0.1 0.2 0.950.3 0.4 1
0.5 0.6 0.7 1.050.8 0.9 1.1
1
Freq(GHz) Freq(GHz)
u=
u= 2/( 1+ 2) 2/( 1+ 2)
The transformation of the stub length to account for the change in capacitance is
illustrated in Figure 5.25d. A short-circuited length of line with a shunt capacitor at its
input has an input admittance of

Dielectric material properties play a critical role in the performance of dielectric resonator
filters. Materials with high dielectric constants are required in order to provide miniaturization at the
frequencies typically used for wireless applications.
Losses must be low to provide resonators with high Q, leading to low passband insertion loss and
maximum attenuation in the stopbands.
And the dielectric constant must be stable with changes in temperature to avoid drifting of the filter
passband over normal operating conditions.
Most materials that are commonly used in dielectric resonator filters are ceramics such as Barium
tetratitanate, Zinc/Strontium titanate, and various titanium oxide compounds.

Microstrip Filter From First Principle

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Microstrip Filter From First Principle

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Filter

2013/5/14 MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu 1

Additional transformations, such as Richard's transformation, impedance/admittance

2013/5/14 MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu 2

For minimum loss: binomial response,

Power loss ratio:

2013/5/14 MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu 3

2013/5/14 MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu 4

2013/5/14 MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu 5

2013/5/14 MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu 6

2013/5/14 MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu 7

2013/5/14 MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu 8

The desired power loss ratio will be, for N = 2,

2013/5/14 MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu 9

2013/5/14 MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu 10

Comparing to the desired response

2013/5/14 MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu 11

2013/5/14 MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu 12

Chebyshev polynomials have the property that

2013/5/14 MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu 16

Chebyshev polynomial of order 2 is given as

2013/5/14 MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu 17

this can be corrected with a quarter-wave transformer, or by using an additional

2013/5/14 MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu 18

2013/5/14 MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu 22

Impedance scaling (1 -> R0)

2013/5/14 MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu 23

2013/5/14 MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu 24

Both impedance and frequency scaling

2013/5/14 MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu 25

Both impedance and frequency scaling

2013/5/14 MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu 26

2013/5/14 MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu 31

2013/5/14 MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu 32

The new filter elements are determined

2013/5/14 MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu 33

2013/5/14 MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu 34

In addition, at microwave frequencies the electrical distance between filter components

Richard's transformation can be used to convert lumped elements to transmission line

2013/5/14 MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu 38

This transformation was introduced by P. Richard to synthesize an LC network using

if we replace the frequency variable with , the reactance of an inductor can be

and the susceptance of a capacitor can be written as

2013/5/14 MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu 39

2013/5/14 MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu 40

2013/5/14 MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu 41

2013/5/14 MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu 42

2013/5/14 MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu 43

Prove identity (a)

For Fig. 5.14(a)

2013/5/14 MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu 44

2013/5/14 MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu 45

A relatively easy way to implement low-pass filters in microstrip or stripline form is

Because of the approximations involved, however, their electrical performance is often

2013/5/14 MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu 51

2013/5/14 MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu 52

2013/5/14 MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu 53

2013/5/14 MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu 54

Impedance and Admittance Inverters

Bandpass filter prototypes require shunt elements consisting of parallel LC resonators

They can be used to transform between series-connected and shunt-connected

2013/5/14 MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu 60

In its simplest form, a K or J inverter can be constructed using a quarter-wave transformer

Others: T network (K inverter), or a pi network (J inverter), of capacitors. Fig. (c)