D -
Dobereiners theory Newlands theory
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Around 1803-1805, John Dalton a part-time scientist from the
UK, publishes his first work - The Atomic Theory.
Daltons Atomic Theory had four main ideas around
elements, these are;
1) All matter is made of atoms. Atoms are indivisible
and Indestructible
2) All atoms of given elements are identical in mass
and properties
3) Compounds are formed by a combination of two or
more different kinds of atoms
4) A chemical reaction is a rearrangement of atoms
Dalton began by calculating the atomic weights of;
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon and Sulfur. Percentage
of composition compounds and a system to find the most
likely atomic structure of a compound, was used to find the
atomic weights. Dalton then labelled each element with a
small symbol, which he later increased to 20
symbols/elements.
Johann Dobereiner 1829
German scientist Johann Dobereiner, created triad of
similar elements, these elements had similar reactions and
appearance. Dobereiner later discovered that relative
atomic mass of the central element in the triad, had an
average atomic mass of the two elements below/above it. This
was a breakthrough as all scientist now knew that atomic
masses played a role in dictating element behaviour and
positioning on the periodic table.
LE
Mendeleevs theory Law of Triads is the basis for Dobereiners theory, it
shows the similarities between three (triad) elements,
it states that;
The appearance and reaction of the elements
in a triad are similar to each other.
We can prove this between three elements, for Law of Octaves is the basis for Newlands theory, it is used on Newlands
example; Lithium, Sodium and Potassium. We now periodic table the and it is that;
have to prove this statement by comparing the The first element will be similar to the eighth (octave) element.
appearances and reaction of all 3 elements; We can prove this statement by looking at Newlands periodic table. Lets look at
Dmitri Mendeleevs theory was based around improving the periodic table and used Appearance
the atomic mass to arrange elements, Mendeleevs theory states; Ca (calcium), reading the table left-right, follow Ca across eight (Once at end
Arranging the sixty-three elements based on atomic mass into a start bottom next row), we finally end up on Al (aluminium). Now we can
periodic table compare similarities between Ca and Al;
The columns represented elements physical and chemicals properties, which we - non-toxic
must now prove. Lets look at group (column) 5, which has the elements N - solid
(nitrogen), P (phosphorus), V (vanadium), As (arsenic), Nb (niobium), Ta - conduct electricity
(Tantalum) and Pa (protactinium). Comparing the chemical and physical (Lithium) ( Sodium) (Potassium) - opaque and shiny
similarities between elements Nb and Ta (below); - room temperature = solid state
Physical Appearance Chemical Similarity Reactivity
- Low toxicity Lithium Highly reactive
- Radioactive isotopes Sodium Reacts rapidly with water J.J Thomson 1897
-Anti corrosion Potassium Reacts rapidly with water
Niels Bohr 1913
John Newlands 1863
(Niobium) ( Tantalum) Henry Mosely 1914
UK physicist J.J Thomas, proved
John Daltons theory that,
electrons are in its finest form and
cannot be broken down into smaller
English scientist John Newland, developed an early version of the
British physicist Henry Mosely, created the Modern pieces, was incorrect. Thomson
periodic table, called the Lad of Octaves. From the discoverys by Danish physicist Niels Bohr, developed Ernest
Periodic table, he improved off Dmitri Mendeleevs
Dobereiner, Newland set the elements out by increasing atomic Rutherfords atom model, his Bohr Model was discovered that an electron could be
periodic table by adding an atomic number. Mosely also
mass (left to right). He discovered that the first and eighth element proven through experimental evidence. Bohr first broken down into separate and
added sections for groups of similar element properties, i.e.
were similar (columns), for example eight across from hydrogen is discovered that electrons travel in separate orbits smaller pieces. This was discovered
metals, non-metals, halogens and Nobel gasses. Instead of in an experiment about proving
lithium, whom both have similarities. The table had flaws though, around the nucleus and that the amount of electrons on
using atomic mass to organise the table, Mosely used that cathode rays really were
scientist rejected Newlands periodic table as there were non-metals in the outer orbit will determine the properties of that
atomic number (also No. of protons). Mosely had created
the same group as metals, i.e Newlands placed iron in the same element. Bohr proved that electrons occupy shells, that particle. After this discovery
a table that scientist couldnt find any flaws with, its so
group/row, as oxygen and sulfur (2 non-metals). orbit around a central nucleus atom. Each shell holds physicist George F. Fitzgerald,
accurate that we still use it today! named these particles electrons,
different amounts of electrons (2,8,18).
which was accepted by the science
community.
Dmitri Mendeleev - 1869
Ernest Rutherford 1905
James Chadwick 1932
British physicist James Chadwick, discovered the neutron and was
able to calculate the mass of the neutral particle. Chadwick was given British physicist Ernest Rutherford, redefined the atomic module around
the task to prove Rutherfords proton-electron pairs (which is now 1900, this was also very important evidence for proving the atomic
Russian chemist Dimitri Mendeleev, almost 5 years after Newlands periodic structure of an atom. Before the Rutherford Model, scientist relied
known as neutrons). Around 1930 a discovery was made, when table, Mendeleev published an improved version of the periodic table. The
Beryllium (blue sheet) is exposed to large amounts of alpha particles on the plum model, which was very different to modern models, as the
elements are in order of relative atomic mass, but he noticed Newlands electrons were randomly placed within a small circle. A group of
traveling through it, it emits an energetic stream of radiation. These faults and changed it by separating similar elements into coloums/groups,
rays were presumed to be gamma rays, but after testing the properties scientist, including Rutherford, set up an experiment where a beam of
going down rows. Gaps in the table meant that the element had not been alpha particles was directly aimed at micro thin sheet of gold. Scientist
of the rays it was found that they didnt get repelled or deflected when discovered yet by scientist. Even though not discovered, Mendeleev was able
travelling through the paraffin (yellow sheet), so it was considered were baffled as some rays passed straight through, while others
to calculate the unknown elements mass and even predict its properties, deflected and repelled off the sheet of gold. This explained that there
neutral. 1935 Chadwick was awarded a Nobel prize for his discovery. which turned out to be correct once they discovered the element. For
was a central positive charge in an atom, also known as the nucleus.
example, Mendeleev was able to predict the atomic mass and properties of gave it the name electron, which was accepted by all scientist.
gallium, which was discovered in 1875.