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JULY
A
UNI0N:THE ARMY
OF T H E POTOMAC
JAMES ARNOLD
AND ROBEKM WIENER
are US-bornfmetanee
writers who haw cmtylbuted
to numerous mllkuy
publiEafiona. James spent
hls lormati- yema In
E u m p and amed the
GETTYSBURG
JULY 1 1863
UNION: THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC
Exclusive publishing rights Osprey Publishing Lirnbd Order of Battle Unk Diagrams - All ' e m U n b in the O W t . W 5 L
present and engaged on the battWeld are drawn in bleclc Tlmse &
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I a d d r e s d to the Publishers.
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BsMlsfield Yaps Unitg engaged ere shown in the r e u p e m mlarrd
armies. Unlh shown as 'shadowed are thorn dsployed far b a t t l e l d d
ISBN 1 65532 833 X
I
I snpaped at the time.
Osprey Series Ed'br: hJohnson
k m l h Serles Edttor: John Mccre
-arch Co-ordlnator: Dlane Moore
Cartography: Chapmmn B o u h r d & AaPoclates, London, United Kingdom O r d e r of B a t t l e Tlmellnes
Destgn: !?evelln Umlted, Braoebomugh, Unmlnshlre, United K i w o m
OriginaUon by Valhwsn LM, I s l ~ r t h Unit&
, Klngdom -
Battle Page Tlmellnes Each volume eonmrns the Order of Ba* br
Prlnted in China through Worldprint LM armies involved. Rarely are the forms available to a wmmandermrsa
Into actlon as per his ORBAT. To help the reader fdlow the s e q m d 4
a Tlrndlne Is provided at the bottom d each 'battle' page. Thu Tm
the hllowing Infomuon:
The tcp llne 4ar deflnss the a m a l time of the aclsobs being
kMIe section.
The Makatlng Manager, Osprey Dlrnet, PO Box 140. Welllngborough. Northanta.
NN8 4ZA United Klngdom
Emall: I~ospreydlreet.m.uk
The middb line shows fhe t l m period oovered by the whole W s
Editor's note
Key to Mllltary Serles symbols
Whersver poaslbls primary swrcas have been uasd In m p n l n g th%
In thls vciume, Tohl caauaMen noted agalna wlmnte I n d W m
numbers kllled, wounded and mlsslraglcsptured during 1311 thm
Oeitysburg.
I 1 CORPS
1st Dlvlsion
2nd Dlvlslon
3rd Dlvlslon
Ill U.S. CORPS
1st Dlvislon
2nd ~ i v i s i o n
V U.S. CORPS
1st Dlvlslon
2nd Dlvlsion
3rd Division
V I U.S. CORPS
Ist Division
2nd Division
3rd Division
XI U.S. CORPS
Ist Division
2nd Division
3rd Division
hgineers INFANTRY
(not present at Gettysburg)
Brigadier-General Henry W. Benham
4 Staff and Field Officers CORPS
(20,800-26,700 men)
15th New York State Volunteer 3 Infantry Divisions
Engineer Regiment + Corps Reserve Artillery
Major Walter L. Cassin DIVISION
126 troops present for duty equipped (5,400-7,300 men)
. Cos. A, B and C. 3-4 Infantry Brigades
+ Divisional Artillery Brigade
50th New York State V o l u n t e e ~ BRIGADE
Engineer Rogiment (3,470-5,250 men)
Colonel William H. Pettes 3-6 Infantry RegimentslBattalions
479 troops present for duty equipped REGIMENT
f
Cos. A thru K. (135-660 men)
Normally 10-12 Companies
Jnited States Enalneer Battalion COMPANY
-
Captain ~ e o rH.~ Mende
i (3540 men)
337 troops present for duty equlppea
Cos. A thru D.
When the rebel army began moving north, Hooker
acquitted himself very well. He interposed his army
between Lee and Washington and kept it fairly mn-
1 45 Staff and Signallers centrated, ready for battle. However his performanee
did not alter Lincoln's loss of faith. When Hooker gave
him an opportunity, the President decided to replace
Flag of the 15th New him with Major-General George Meade.
York State Volunteer Meade was far from the army's brightest star. He
Engineer Regiment. began his Civil War service as a Brigadier-General of
This unit was part of
the organisation of the USA Organisation at Gettysburg
Army of the Potomac
but no Engineer units CAVALRY
were present at -
Gettysburg.
DIVISION
: HI considerable internal reorganisation. The bonds of (6,400 men)
: friendship within units, and efficient cooperation among 6 Brigades
the combat elements were degraded by the exodus of + I Horse Artillery Battalion
I veteran soldierr. + 1 Independent Command
1 After Chancellorsville, President Abraham Lincoln BRIGADE
j summoned Major-GeneralJohn Reynolds to the White (900-1,900 men)
i House for a conference. Lincoln offered Reynolds -
2 6 Cavalry RegimentslBattalions
i command of the army. Reynolds replied that he would REGIMENT
I accept only on the condition that he not be fettered by
1 (200-600 men)
orders from Washington. This was far too radical. It Normally 10 ComganieslTroops
1 would totally disrupt Lincoln's high command. COMPANYRROOP
Reluctantly, the President decided to retain Hooker for (60 men)
the time being.
-
THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC INFANTRY -GETITSBURG July 1 -
XXXX
MEADE
I I I I
a Howard
II I
Osbom
sic- Slocurn
XXX I
sykes
I I pq 1.
Me
Williams
QI
.c
I-
General Meade and his Staff: General George B. months. The majority of the army knew little about
Meade was suddenly thrust into command of the Meade. His modesty made him an undistinguished,
Army of the Potomac when he replaced General drab figure among the rank and file. "Who is he?" was
Hooker three days before the battle of Gettysburg. the response of more than one soldier upon learning
The fate of the Union hung in the balance. that Meade was now in command. They did not know
him as did his friend and staff officer Colonel Theodore
Volunteers at the head of a division raised in his home Lyman. Lyman called Meade a "thorough soldier, and
state of Pennsylvania. He served in the Peninsula a mighty clear-headed man."
Campaign and received a wound at White Oak Meade's strategic instructions included the para-
Swamp. In the army's subsequent battles he acquired mount necessity of defending the nation's capital.
increasing distinction as a competent leader. Notably, Federal manpower in the East was at its lowest ebb.
his division was the only unit to achieve any success at The Army's 'Chief of Staff', Major-General Henry
the Battle of Fredericksburg. Halleck had stripped the Washington defences to rein-
Elevated to corps command, he participated in the force the field army. Meade would have to manoeuvre
Chancellorsville Campaign. At first impressed by cautiously to ensure Washington's safety and to
Hooker's fine flank manoeuvre, he railed against defend Baltimore. Halleck wrote, "Should General Lee
Hooker's decision to halt his advance and go on the move upon either of these places, it is expected that
defensive. you will either anticipate him or arrive with him so as to
Meade did not think he had any chance for the top give him a battle." Outside of the considerable restraint
job. Unlike other officers in this highly politicised army, of defending these two cities, Meade was "free to act"
he lacked friends in high places. He was a modest as he saw fit.
man. In a letter written shortly before his elevation, he The most significant command authority that Meade
stated, "I have not the vanity to think my capacity so acquired was the power to promote officers which he
pre-eminent" as to have a chance at the highest com- considered worthy without having to clear his decisions
mand. Consequently, when a staff officer awakened with the authorities in Washington.
him at 0300 hours on June 28, and said he was the By June 30, Meade could reflect that he had already
bearer of 'trouble', Meade groggily figured he must be achieved some important results. He wrote, "All is
under arrest for some error or about to be relieved of going on well. I think I have relieved Harrisburg and
command. Instead, two days before what has widely Philadelphia, and that Lee has now come to the con-
been considered as the war's decisive battle, George clusion that he must attend to other matters."
Meade learned that he was in command of the Army of And General Lee would do just that as the two armies
the Potomac. marched north toward the small Pennsylvania town of
It was the army's fourth command change in eight Gettysburg. I 7
U
lIS
10 20 30 40 50 miles
E
o
10 20 30 40 50 kilometres
o
a.
CII Meade's March North in Search of
.c
CII PENNSYLVANIA
.c
I-
: ~~
....
:/;r' Rap~a"I' ~
'0
Spotsylvania Court
!
\.
REYNOLDS
I
~1Me
Wadsworth Robinson
I
8 x
Wainwright
Baxter
IZJ 149 Pa
When McClellan merged the Army of Virginia with the orders literally himself, and expects all under him to do
Army of the Potomac, McDowell's old III Corps the same." A tall, handsome man and a superb rider,
became I Corps under the command of Major-General he looked very much the part of a superior, fighting
Joseph Hooker. The Corps fought at South Mountain general. Fredericksburg was yet another bungled bat-
on September 14, 1862 and then opened the Battle of tle. The only Federal success occurred when the
Antietam, three days later, with its famous attack Corps' 3rd Division, led by Major-General George
through the Cornfield. In straight up, frontal fighting, Meade, briefly penetrated the Confederate line.
the Corps suffered severe losses. However, on this During the Chancellorsville Campaign the Corps was
field it burnished the reputation it had earned at barely engaged, losing about 300 men. Army com-
Second Bull Run as an aggressive combat formation. mander Hooker's failure to commit all of his men badly
At the Battle of Fredericksburg, the Corps fought frustrated aggressive Federal gene~als. After being
under the command of newly-promoted Major-General drubbed by Jackson's flank attack, Hooker summoned
Reynolds for the first time. By this time, Reynolds was a council of war to decide what to do. Reynolds and
one of the army's most respected officers. The Corps' Meade were two of the three generals who voted for
Chief of Artillery said of him, "General Reynolds obeys offensive action.
Indicative of Hooker's trust in Reynolds was his
I US Corps Casualties appointment on June 25 to command the advanced
at Gettysburg wing of the army as it moved to counter Lee's invasion
1 July 1863 of Pennsylvania. I Corps crossed the Potomac that day
and marched about 18 miles the next. June 29 saw the
Killed 611 Corps march a hard 20 to 25 miles to Emmitsburg. On
Wounded 2,757 June 30 it marched to Marsh Run, just south of Gettys-
Missing/Captured 2,162 burg. It was therefore the nearest Federal infantry to
10 the town on the first day of July.
c
o
I U.S. Army Corps - 1st Division 'Iii
'S:
is
FIRST BRIGADE
Potomac than the 1st Division's "Iron Brigade." (The Iron Brigade)
There
At its was
core no more
were famous
four veteranunitwestern
in the Army of the
regiments. Brigadier-General Solomon Meredithl
Its leader in the spring of 1862, Brigadier-General John Colonel William Wallace Robinson
Gibbon, emphasised drill, discipline, and appearance. 4 Staff and Field Officers
He ordered the men to don a regular army uniform 11 Band
comprising a dark blue frock coat and a black felt 11
Brigadier-General who received promotion because of political connec-
Solomon Meredith, 53, tions rather than demonstrated competence. The 496
born poor in North men of the 24th Michigan were new to the Brigade and
Carolina, became a had never seen combat.
farmer and politician in
Indiana. He was 19th Regiment Indiana
c
o inexperienced and iII- Volunteer Infantry
'iij Colonel Samuel J. Williams
suited to command.
'S;
is- 308 troops present for duty equipped
Coso A thru K .
(II
..
Hardee hat. The distinctive hats and the fact that they 24th Regiment Michigan Volunteer
composed the army's only western brigade set the Infantry
Brigade apart from everyone else. Colonel Henry Andrew Morrowl
The introduction to combat for most of the Brigade Captain Albert Marshall Edwards
came at the Battle at Brawner Farm (Groveton) on 496 troops present for duty equipped
August 28, 1862. Here the Brigade faced a surprise COSoA thru K.
flank assault by Stonewall Jackson's veterans.
Although outnumbered, the Brigade held its ground 2nd Wisconsin Infantry Regiment
during a two-hour fight. It suffered staggering losses: Colonel Lucius Fairchildl
133 dead, 539 wounded, and 79 missing, a total in Major John Mansfield
excess of 33% of the Brigade's strength. The "black- 302 troops present for duty equipped
hatted fellows", as rebel prisoners labelled them, had Coso A thru K.
extracted a huge cost from the Confederates.
At the Battle of South Mountain on September 14, 6th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment
1862, the Brigade gave another gallant performance Lieutenant-Colonel Rufus R. Dawes
and lost some 25% of its men. Following that battle, I 344 troops present for duty equipped
Corps' commander General Hooker called the west- Coso A thru K.
erners his "iron brigade." It was a name and a reputa-
tion that endured. The Brigade again fought hard at 7th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment
Antietam, losing yet another 25% of its strength. Colonel William Wallace Robinsonl
On the eve of Gettysburg the Brigade had two ques- Major Mark Finnicum
tion marks. Its commander was the former colonel of 364 troops present for duty equipped
12
I Corps - 1st Division - 2nd Brigade
::'at they suffered heavily, losing 236 men. Yet their Colonel Ira Glanton Grover
434 troops present for duty equipped
:ontribution was .forgotten amidst the glory of the Iron
3rigade's baptism by fire. Coso A thru K.
Brigadier-General Lysander Cutler commanded the
'mn Brigade's 6th Wisconsin at Groveton where he 76th Regiment New York State
received a dangerous wound. When Brigadier-General Volunteers (Cortland Regiment)
John Gibbon departed the Iron Brigade, he wanted the Major Andrew Jackson Groverl
Jattle-proven Cutler to succeed him. Cutler had exhib- Captain John Elihu Cook
ited tenacity and courage. However, political consider- 375 troops present for duty equipped
Coso A thru K.
Brigadier-General
Lysander Cutler was a 84th Regiment New York State
businessman undaunt- Volunteers (14th Brooklyn Militia)
ed by being twice Colonel Edward Brush Fowler
ruined financially. His 318 troops present for duty equipped
men loathed the 56- Coso A thru K.
year-old for his
difficult personality. 95th Regiment New York State
Volunteers {Warren Rifles)
SECOND BRIGADE Colonel George H. Biddle!
Brigadier-General Lysander Cutler Major Edward Pye
2 Staff and Field Officers 241 troops present for duty equipped
15 Band Coso A thru K.
13
c During the Antietam Campaign, the four-regiment
o
'in 147th Regiment New York State Brigade - the 84th New York was serving in a different
'S;
Q
Volunteers (Oswego Regiment) brigade in Wadsworth's Division - fought at South
Lieutenant-Colonel Francis Charles Millerl Mountain where it lost three killed, 52 wounded, and
"CI
C Major George Harney four missing but saw limited combat at the Battle of
('II
380 troops present for duty equipped Antietam itself.
Coso A thru K. Likewise, the Brigade had been only lightly engaged
at Fredericksburg. Cutler's debut as brigade comman-
56th Regiment Pennsylvania der at Chancellorsville also did not feature much
Volunteer Infantry action. Here it lost three killed, 25 wounded, and five
Colonel John William Hoffman
missing.
252 troops present for duty equipped
Although, from experience, the Brigade knew him
to be a hard fighter, Gettysburg would be the first
COSoA thru D and F thru K. time Cutler would show his abilities as brigade
commander.
Paul
~~~~~
15
Q) rank to long army service and the eloquence of his wife
"CI
CIS
r:n
16th Regiment Maine who convinced President Lincoln to promote him.
';: Volunteer Infantry The Brigade's march north was hard and fast, with
= Colonel Charles William Tilden the 16th Maine reporting that it traversed 40 miles
"CI
C 298 troops present for duty equipped between 1600 hours on June 28 and 1800 hours on
N
COSoA thru K. June 29. The 13th Massachusetts marched 26 miles
c on June 29, most of which was over poor, muddy
o
'Ui 13th Regiment Massachusetts roads.
':;
is Volunteer Infantry
Colonel Samuel Haven LeonardI 104th Regiment New York State
"CI
C Lieutenant-Colonel Nathaniel Walter Batchelder Volunteers (Wadsworth Guards)
N
284 troops present for duty equipped Colonel Gilbert G. Prey
Coso A thru K. 286 troops present for duty equipped
Coso A thru K.
94th Regiment New York State
Volunteers 107th Regiment Pennsylvania
(Sacket's Harbor Regiment) Volunteer Infantry
Colonel Adrian Rowe Rootl Lieutenant-Colonel James McLeanThompsonl
Major Samuel A. Moffett Captain Emanuel D. Roath
411 troops present for duty equipped 255 troops present for duty equipped
Coso A thru K. Coso A thru K.
SECOND BRIGADE
an combat units led by an untested commander. Brigadier-General Henry Baxter
The 2ndof Division's
Four 2nd Brigade
the Brigade's comprised
six regiments veter-
mustered 4 Staff and Field Officers
into service in 1861. The 97th New York and 111th
Pennsylvania organised in the winter of 1862. The
Brigade's commander, Brigadier-General Henry
16
3axter, had enjoyed a meteoric, albeit painful, rise in many of the boys had the privilege of being home
;ank. He began the war as a captain in the 7th again."
:,iichigan. While leading his company during the Seven
Jays' Battles he received a severe wound. Promoted
:0 Lieutenant-Colonel, he was with the regiment at 12th Regiment Massachusetts
.-\ntietam where he was again badly wounded. He Volunteer Infantry
Colonel James Lawrence Batesl c
,9covered in time for the Fredericksburg Campaign. o
He led the regiment in its amphibious assault into Lieutenant-Colonel David Allen, Jr. '(jj
'S;
Fredericksburg during Federal efforts to bridge the 261 troops present for duty equipped
is
~appahannock River. For the third time Baxter was hit. "CI
C
Returning to his unit in the spring of 1863, Baxter Cas. A thru K. N
jumped from Lieutenant-Colonel to Brigadier-General
and took over the c.ommand of the 2nd Brigade. 83rd Regiment New York State
The Brigade followed Baxter into the Chancellorsville Volunteers (9th NY Militia)
Lieutenant-Colonel Joseph Anton Moesch
Brigadier-General 199 troops present for duty equipped
Henry Baxter,
a Michigan COSoA thru K.
merchant,
organised a 97th Regiment New York State
militia prior Volunteers
to the war. A (3rd Oneida Regiment)
courageous Colonel Charles Wheelockl
front-line leader, he Major Charles Northrup
was wounded three 236 troops present for duty equipped
times before the Battle
of Gettysburg. COSoA thru K.
xx
X
_I -------------If' X
DOUBLEDAY
~ ""wi', ~ 8to",
III III
~ ~
18
[ Corps - 3rd Division - 1st Brigade
I/)
"t""
c
eran regiment, the 80th New York. This regi- 80th Regiment New York State o
The ment
3rdhad
Brigade
mustered
contained
into the
service
Division's
in the
only
fallvet-
of Volunteers (Ulster Guard) 'iij
';
Colonel Theodore Burr Gates is
3.-igadier-General 287 troops present for duty equipped 'tI
..
::-.omas Algeo M
COSoA thru K.
=.owley, a 55-year-old
?~nnsylvania co.urt
:i;:;rk with political 121 st Regiment Pennsylvania
:':J-I1nections,had lit- Volunteer Infantry
.~;:;military experience Major Alexander Biddlel
::.!t great courage in Colonel Chapman Biddle
~ttle. 263 troops present for duty equipped
. ~:o1and seen extensive combat at Second Bull Run. Co. A and Coso C thru K.
~ ,'/as a well-drilled unit. Its then brigade commander
~s Marsena Patrick, who became the army's Provost 142nd Regiment Pennsylvania
~.=neral.The Brigade's three Pennsylvania regiments Volunteer Infantry
"Gj been present at Chancellorsville but suffered only Colonel Robert P. Cumminsl
:G& soldier killed. Lieutenant-Colonel Alfred Brunson McCalmont
.hen the Brigade's nominal commander, General 336 troops present for duty equipped
:;'::rl'lley,ascended to divisional command around 1130 CosoA thru K.
-'JlJrson July 1, the senior Colonel, Chapman Biddle,
. ;:;rl the Brigade for the rest of the day. 151 st Regiment Pennsylvania
Volunteer Infantry
FIRST BRIGADE Lieutenant-Colonel George Fisher McFarlandl
Brigadier-General Thomas Algeo Rowley! Captain Walter L. Owens
Colonel Chapman Biddle 467 troops present for duty equipped
8 Staff and Field Officers CosoA thru K.
Rowley
~121~ ~'5'P'
~OONY I ~ 142P, I
~~ ~~
19
I Corps - 3rd Division - 2nd Brigade
co from hardy forest workers who had learned to 143rd Regiment Pennsylvania
'iij
Theshootoriginal "Pennsylvania
for food Bucktails"
in childhood. had
Their formed
leader had Volunteer Infantry
':; been then-Major Roy Stone. The Bucktails' success Colonel Edmund Lovell Danai
is prompted the War Department to send Stone to recruit Lieutenant-Colonel John Dunn Musser
"CI
.. an entire brigade from the Pennsylvania mountains . 465 troops present for duty equipped
M
The three regiments attached bucktails from white- COSoA thru K.
tailed deer onto their forage caps but this did not
149th Regiment Pennsylvania
Colonel Roy Stone's Volunteer Infantry
first engagement as Lieutenant-Colonel Walton Dwightl
brigade commander Captain James Glenn
was at Gettysburg. 450 troops present for duty equipped
Despite several Coso A thru C and Coso E thru K.
Civil War wounds, he
lived to serve as 150th Regiment Pennsylvania
brigadier in the Volunteer Infantry
Spanish American Colonel Langhorne Wisterl
War. Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Shippen Huidekoperl
Captain Cornelius C. Widdis
400 troops present for duty equipped
Coso A thru I.
SECOND BRIGADE
(The Bucktail Brigade) impress the original "Bucktails." They called the three
Colonel Roy Stone! new regiments "Bogus Bucktails."
Colonel Langhorne Wister! Chancellorsville was the introduction to combat for
Colonel Edmund Lovell Dana the 2nd Brigade. Except for a brief outpost skirmish in
2 Staff and Field Officers which three men were wounded, the men saw no
action. Gettysburg would be the Brigade's first battle.
Stone
III
Q
III
I
~ 149
150
~
p,
I Corps - 3rd Division - 3rd Brigade
THIRD BRIGADE c
by state. An exception was the 3rd Division's 3rd
The Unionwhich
Brigade army composed
did not tryalltoVermont
organiseregiments.
brigades Brigadier-General George Jerrison Stannard!1
.2
In
::n August 4, 1862, the War Department had issued a Colonel Francis Voltaire Randall :~
Q
6 Staff and Field Officers '1:1
I-
Brigadier-General M
George Jerrison The Brigade's leader had served as a Lieutenant- In
Stannard, a Colonel of a Vermont regiment at First Bull Run. He
a.
I-
received credit for his conduct at the Battle of
o
43-year-old Vermont (.)
businessman, Williamsburg in May 1862. Promoted to Colonel, >.
E
modestly refused Stannard was at Harper's Ferry when that post surren- I-
<I:
his first offer of dered in September 1862. Exchanged and promoted
c4
promotion. His again in April 1863, Stannard became commander of :)
well-drilled but the green regiments composing the 3rd Brigade.
untried Brigade The Brigade was one of four sent from the
performed creditably. Washington defences to reinforce the field army when
Lee's invasion of the North began. It was on picket
duty in Northern Virginia where it received orders on
:::::11 for 300,000 militia to serve for nine months. Among June 25 to head north. Unused to long marches, the
::-.s units thus formed were the five regiments com- Brigade found the seven-day trek to join the army diffi-
-.ended by Brigadier-General George Stannard. cult. Still, the soldiers completed a respectable aver-
A nine-month term of enlistment proved too short. By age of 18 miles per day with little straggling.
:'-.s time the soldiers had acquired military skills, it was Because the Brigade was untested and the nine-
::'l1e for them to go home. It also made men who had month men presumed to be inferior, corps' commander
3~~ned up for three years jealous. When the army's General Reynolds gave the 12th and 15th Regiments
:sierans saw the Vermont soldiers in the new, the assignment to guard the army's trains well to the
_lsoiled uniforms, they promptly dubbed them the rear. The remaining three regiments arrived at Gettys-
~?aper Collar Brigade." Neither they nor the army's burg around 1700 hours on July 1 after the day's fight-
;snerals expected much of the Vermont Brigade. ing had ended.
THIRD BRIGADE
(Not engaged at Gettysburg on July 1)
Brigadier-General George Jerrison Stannard
6 Staff and Field Officers
- ~-
Devilis
D" Little o 1mile enemy fire. Sensing that his impetus was waning,
Round Top
Meredith decided to commit his reserve, the 6th
Big o 1kilometre
ROl1ndTop
Wisconsin. The Brigade guard, twenty men drawn from
0800 hrs 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
I pages 92-93 T ] 71-74 & 74-75! 23
,, i
each regiment along with two lieutenants, joined the 1030 hours - The Confederate troops of Archer's
6th as it advanced. Before it entered the fight the tide Brigade cross Willoughby Run and enter Herbst's
turned. Woods only suddenly to encounter Meredith's
Because the Iron Brigade's left overlapped Archer's Iron Brigade. During a vicious fight, the Federal
flank, the Union troops began to get the best of the troops succeed in turning the rebels' flank and
combat. The 24th and then the 19th Indiana wheeled forcing them to flee back to Herr's Ridge.
to their right to enfilade Archer's men. As an Alabama
private later recalled, "We discovered that we had tack- in the haul was a much fatigued General Archer.
led a hard proposition." While the 24th Michigan As soldiers escorted Archer to the rear he encoun-
enveloped Archer's flank, the 2nd Wisconsin continued tered an old acquaintance, General Abner Doubleday.
its fight in Herbst's Woods. But as the rebel flank Doubleday said, "Good morning, Archer! How are
unravelled, the 2nd's foes began to yield as well. A you? I am glad to see you!"
corporal recalled, "Archer's line gave way, retreating Archer replied, "Well, I am not glad to see you, by a
slowly and stubbornly through the woods ... We damn sight!" '.
followed closely upon their heels." The Iron Brigade had so savaged Archer's Brigade
Suddenly the fight's complexion changed from a hard that the latter was out of action until July 3. Meredith
combat to a pursuit. Archer's men retreated in fair withdrew the Brigade back to the McPherson's Ridge
order across Willoughby Run. One group of rebels crest line. While he was reforming his lines, a shell
tried to make a stand in a clump of willows. The 2nd fragment fractured his skull, knocking him from active
Wisconsin neatly performed a pincers movement and operations for the remainder of the war.
-
surrounded the willows, compelling the Confederates The western soldiers of the Iron Brigade had sta-
to surrender. In all, the Iron Brigade captured perhaps bilised the Union left and preserved the Brigade's rep-
200 men along the banks of Willoughby Run. Included utation as a crack, fighting unit.
1100
1300
1200
1800
1700
1600
1500
1400
1000
0900 1
pages 92-93 171-74 & 74-751
24 I
I CORPS' BATTLES
July 1 -1000 -1130 hrs
)800 hrs 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
pages 92-93 i 71-74 & 74-751 25
Brigade's 6th Wisconsin joined in this movement. Approx. 1100 hours - Following the success of
The westerners saw "a long line of yelling Confed- Davis' Confederates against Cutler's Brigade, the
erates" pursuing Cutler's men. They rested their mus- rebels come under fire from across the
kets on a rail fence along the Chambersburg Pike and Chambersburg Pike and take shelter in the rail-
fired a deadly volley into the rebel flank. This fire road cut. Unknown to them three Federal regi-
checked the Confederates. The rebels ran to the shel- ments had changed front to the north and charge
ter of the railroad cut. with devastating results. Davis' command is so
Due to the personal initiative of the commanders of mauled that it will be out of action until July 3.
the 6th Wisconsin and 84th New York, the Federals
mounted a coordinated advance against Davis' men. Mississippi, "a heroic ambition" consumed some
About 900 Union soldiers charged toward the cut. Wisconsin soldiers. They charged the flag and a furi-
The Confederate fire assailed the charging Federals. ous hand to hand grapple ensued. Eventually a
The 6th Wisconsin lost 180 men during an advance of Wisconsin corporal seized the colours, but the fight
only 175 paces. The three Union regiments arrived at was so intense that he threw it down, placed one foot
the cut to look down and see hundreds of Confederate atop it, and continued to load and fire his musket three
faces. A Wisconsin adjutant led about 20 men to the more times. Then, when the rebels surrendered, he
cut's eastern end to seal it off. The Union soldiers turned the trophy over to Dawes.
began calling out, "Throw down your muskets! Down The 6th Wisconsin captured seven officers and 225
with your muskets!" men. The 84th New York and 95th New York captured
Lieutenant-Colonel Rufus Dawes sought out the scores more. By 1130 hours it was over. Cutler's
opposing commander. "Who are you?" inquired Brigade and the 6th Wisconsin had shattered Davis'
Confederate Major John Blair. Brigade. Like Archer's Brigade, it would not return to
Dawes replied, "I command this regiment. Surrender combat until July 3.
or I will fire." Silently, Blair handed over his sword. The action at the railroad cut ended the morning
Meanwhile, upon spying the colours of the 2nd phase of the battle for McPherson's Ridge.
0800 hrs 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
26 I pages 92-93 ~ 71-74 & 74-751
I CORPS' BATTLES
July 1 - 1600 - 1630 hrs
road cut from the north. Here the 3rd Division's 2nd
seize McPherson's Ridge, a lull descended on Brigade, Colonel Roy Stone's "Bucktails", conducted a
After the Fe~erals
the field repelled Heth's
west of Gettysburg. first1400
Around attempt to
hours, desperate defence that initially held Daniel at bay.
=-=:;.inson's Division, supported by Cutler, engaged the Slowly Pettigrew's Brigade drove the Iron Brigade
:=':...,federates belonging to Rodes' Division along Oak back through Herbst's Woods. A Wisconsin soldier
=5:-;;e. During this action they inflicted severe losses to called "every tree ...a breastwork, every log a barri-
:::"'Neill'sand Iverson's Brigades. cade, every bush a cover." A Confederate officer
.'.J1 hour later, Heth renewed his assault against reported, "On this second line, the fighting was terrible
":?herson's Ridge. The Iron Brigade, alongside - our men advancing, the enemy stubbornly resisting,
~rps' 3rd Division, fought to hold the ridge. until the two lines were pouring volleys into each other
=.:"lfederate artillery had achieved fire superiority. It at a distance not greater than 20 paces."
::-::Ne the Union artillery rearward, but the infantry stood The Federal position on McPherson's Ridge
h., An officer in the 19th Indiana reported that "no rebel collapsed around 1545 hours when the rebels
~ed that stream [Willoughby Run] and lived." outflanked the 3rd Division's 1st Brigade, which was en
nen, about 1530 hours, the Confederates belonging echelon to the left and rear of the Iron Brigade. The
:: Janiel's Brigade of Rodes' Division charged the rail- Iron Brigade conducted a fighting withdrawal to
Seminary Ridge. There, the "shattered remains of the
Iron Brigade", as General Doubleday described them,
manned some hastily constructed breastworks near
the Seminary that had been built by the 2nd Division's
1st Brigade.
Simultaneously, Stone's Brigade fell back in good
order to a peach orchard on Seminary Ridge, just
south of the Chambersburg Pike. Chapman Biddle,
who had taken over from Rowley to command the 3rd
Division's 1st Brigade, also led his brigade across the
500 yards separating McPherson's and Seminary
Ridges to join in the defence.
The Union position on Seminary Ridge spanned
about 600 yards between the Chambersburg Pike and
the Hagerstown Road. The Seminary itself stood about
in the middle of the line. General Doubleday, who had
assumed command after Reynolds' death, deployed
his units from left to right in the brigade order: Biddle,
Meredith, Stone, Baxter, Cutler, Paul.
-
LiWe o 1mile
Round Top
-=-=:J
__ J
)800hrs 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
pages 92-93 171-74 & 74-751 27
Battery B, 4th U.S. Artillery occupied a position at the 1600 hours - Pender's fresh Confederate Division
eastern end of the railroad cut. Initially, crews trained begins its assault on Seminary Ridge. To the
their Napoleons west to defend the cut and the north the remnants of the Federal I Corps prepare
Chambersburg Pike. "First we could see the tips of to race for the safety of Cemetery Hill.
their color-staffs coming up over the little ridge, then
drew near, three pieces faced south and delivered
-
the points of their bayonets, and then the Johnnies
themselves, coming on with a steady tramp, tramp, double-shotted canister into the flank of Scales'
and with loud yells." When Pender's Confederates battle line.
!
1100
1800
1600
1500
1300
1000
1700
1400
1200
0900 171-74 & 74-751
pages 92-93
28
Simultaneously a mass of guns around the Seminary
~sff fired into the charging Confederates. Packed
':~JSe together, with only five yards between pieces,
:-, three still serviceable ordnance rifles of the 1st
::sflnsylvania Light, six Napoleons of the 5th Maine
~ctery, and a rifled section of Battery L, 1st New York,
:clJnded the enemy infantry. Nearby, the balance of
~rrery L fired as well. It seemed to one observer "as if
:;;".;srylanyard was pulled by the same hand."
'3sneral Scales described the Federal fire as "a most
-.snific fire of grape and shell on our flank, and grape
::;.,-
j musketry in our front." The 7th Wisconsin's colonel
=;:KJrted that the r.ebel "ranks went down like grass
:1iOiorethe scythe." Soldiers of the 6th Wisconsin, who
,,(8 supporting Battery B, fired volley after volley,
slling "Come on, Johnny! Come on!" Aided by the Troops of Biddle's Brigade and the Iron Brigade
=-sflzied, but depleted infantry, the Union artillery retire under the rebel onslaught at the Seminary.
=;Jelled Scales' charge.
South of the Seminary, Perrin's Confederates Battery B suffered the second highest casualty total
:cssaulted the Iron Brigade and Biddle's Brigade. Perrin of any Federal battery during the three-day action.
::;scribed the defenders' volleys as "the most destruc- Out of 90 men, seven were killed or mortally wounded
_ .'5 fire" he had ever witnessed. and at least 29 others received wounds. When
Neight of numbers told. Perrin skilfully reorganised the gunners had to kill some of their crippled horses,
-';5 men to break through Biddle's line. The they needed to borrow revolvers because they had
::Onfederates then poured a deadly enfilade fire into used up their own ammunition defending themselves.
:;-;e Union position, rendering it untenable. _ Overall, the Artillery Brigade lost about 80 men and a
The Confederate breakthrough could not be stemmed. similar number of horses during July 1. These were
~.s Wadsworth reported, "Outflanked on both right and significant losses but the Brigade escaped as a formed
s.i, heavily pressed in front, and my ammunition nearly fighting unit and would contribute during the next two
:x.lausted ... ordered the command to retire."
1 days.
:::utler's Brigade along with the 6th Wisconsin and a The Iron Brigade had sacrificed dearly to defend first
~:ction of the regular battery, delayed the McPherson's Ridge and then its position at the
JJf1federates long enough to permit Robinson's 2nd Seminary. Colonel Henry Morrow of the 24th Michigan
=~lision to extricate itself. Meanwhile, engulfed on wrote, "The field over which we fought, from our first
:-.iSe sides, the Iron Brigade continued resolutely to line of battle in McPherson's [Herbst's] woods to the
-JId its position. A Michigan captain found the 24th's barricade near the seminary, was strewn with the
:dours gripped in the arms of a dying man. Nearby, a killed and wounded." About 65% of the Iron Brigade
IJUnded sergeant used his one intact hand and his were casualties, very few of whom were captured.
-=-sthto tear cartridges so his comrades could maintain Individual regimental percentages demonstrate the
:-.2 fight. severity of the carnage: 2nd Wisconsin, 77%; 19th
Nhen Union officers decided to withdraw from Indiana, 72 %; 7th Wisconsin, 52%; 6th Wisconsin,
3.5minary Ridge, Colonel Wainwright, commander of I 48%. At its first battle the 24th Michigan suffered an
:.orps Artillery Brigade, somehow did not receive the astounding 80% casualty rate.
:.:der. Consequently, the batteries had to improvise, I Corps would lose prisoners while retiring from
xch section limbering and moving rearward as fast as Seminary Ridge and through Gettysburg. Overall, I
:ossible. The rebels shot down numerous horses, Corps' heroic stand cost it about 3,368 killed and
:::::.rnpellingthe Regulars of Battery B to abandon three wounded and 2,162 missing.
-
:::cissons while the New Yorkers of Battery L had to
3ave behind a 3-inch rifle.
0800 hrs 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
pages 92-93 171-74 & 74-751 29
U
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FIRST BRIGADE
Colonel Edward E. Cross
3 Staff and Field Officers
32
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SECOND BRIGADE (The Irish Brigade) o
'Ui
Colonel Patrick Kelly '>
2 Staff and Field Officers is
a.
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Colonel Richard Byrnes (5th Regiment, Irish Brigade) o
224 troops present for duty equipped Captain Denis Francis Burke (J
90 troops present for duty equipped >-
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63rd Regiment New York State <C
Volunteers
~
(3rd Regiment, Irish Brigade) ~
Lieutenant-Colonel Richard Charles Bentley =
75 troops. present for duty equipped
THIRD BRIGADE
Brigadier-General Samuel Kosciuszko Zook
4 Staff and Field Officers
52nd Regiment New York State 66th Regiment New York State
Volunteers (Sigel Rifles) Volunteers (Governor's Guard)
Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Colonel Orlando Harriman Morris
Godfrey Freudenberg 147 troops present for duty equipped
134 troops present for duty equipped
140th Regiment Pennsylvania
57th Regiment New York State Volunteer Infantry
Volunteers (Zook's Voltigeurs) Colonel Richard Petit Roberts
Lieutenant-Colonel Alford B. Chapman 515 troops present for duty equipped
175 troops present for duty equipped
FOURTH BRIGADE
Colonel John Rutter Brooke
1 Staff Officer
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I II U.S. Army Corps - 2nd Division
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DIVISIONAL HEADQUARTERS
Sedgwick, the 2nd Division campaigned in the 6 Staff and Field Officers
Under the command
Peninsula. of both
It fought at Brigadier-General John
the Battle of Seven
Pines and during the Seven Days' Battles. Uninvolved Provost Guard
Co. C, 1st Minnesota
Brigadier-General Volunteer Infantry Regiment
= John Gibbon, a 36 Brigadier-General William F. Harrow
year-old West Point 56 troops present for duty equipped
graduate and instruc-
tor, became a skilled 1st Company
career soldier. He Massachusetts Sharpshooters
stayed with the U.S. Captain William Plumer
Army while his North 42 troops present for duty equipped
Carolina brothers
served the South.
Brigadier-General Oliver Howard commanded the
in battle during the Second Bull Run Campaign, it suf- Division at Fredericksburg. It formed the rearmost divi-
fered terribly at Antietam. Here, under the personal sion in the three-division column that struck Marye's
leadership of corps commander General Sumner, it Heights. It lost 895 men during this futile charge.
conducted a poorly conceived advance on the Dunker At the beginning of the Chancellorsville Campaign,
Church. Engulfed on three sides, it retired after losing the 2nd Division remained in its camps at Falmouth to
about 2,200 men. help deceive Confederate observers. Then it support-
ed Sedgwick's VI Corps but was only lightly engaged.
2nd DIVISION During this campaign it was led by Brigadier-General
Brigadier-General John F. Gibbonl John Gibbon, the officer who would take it to
Brigadier-General William F. Harrowl Gettysburg. The Division was fortunate in having an
Brigadier-General John F. Gibbon experienced and extremely able commander.
However, because General Meade trusted him, twice
1st Brigade 1,346 during the Battle of Gettysburg Gibbon would be
2nd Brigade 1,224 assigned elsewhere. Worse, Gibbon relieved two of his
3rd Brigade 922 brigadiers on battle's eve, compelling two-thirds of his
men to fight under new, untested commanders.
FIRST BRIGADE
Brigadier-General William F. Harrow
3 Staff and Field Officers
THIRD BRIGADE
Colonel Norman Jonathan Hall
2 Staff and Field Officers
Provost Guard
Captain Alfred Craig
36 troops present for duty equipped
SECOND BRIGADE
Colonel Thomas Alfred Smyth
2 Staff and Field Officers
THIRD BRIGADE
Colonel George Lamb Willard
2 Staff and Field Officers
39th Regiment New York State 125th Regiment New York State
Volunteers (Garibaldi Guards) Volunteers
Major Hugo Hildebrandt Lieutenant-Colonel Levin Crandell
269 troops present for duty equipped 392 troops present for duty equipped
111th Regiment New York State 126th Regiment New York State
Volunteers Volunteers
Colonel Clinton Dugald MacDougall Colonel Eliakim Sherrill
390 troops present for duty equipped 455 troops present for duty equipped
=
:;:-3 Chancellorsville Campaign. Although operating on departed Frederick at 1300 hours and did not make
:;-8 defensive, it still lost 686 men. camp until 0300 hours the next day, having covered an
nree days before the Battle of Gettysburg began, impressive 30 miles.
="i1ch was transferred. Brigadier-General Alexander
-;.2.ysadded his brigade to French's former command
:;:-d, by virtue of seniority, assumed divisional command. II ARMY CORPS ARTILLERY BRIGADE
~,xh hasty improvisation was all too common among the Captain John G. Hazzard
~'-:,s of the Army of the Potomac on the way to 4 Staff and Field Officers
::;';ttysburg.
-;le Division was fortunate in that Hays was an experi-
?-.;.:edcombat veteran. He had raised and led a Pennsyl- Battery B, 1st New York Light Artillery
'SfIia regiment at Seven Pines and performed well. At the (14th New York Battery attached)
:.c:tle of Glendale on June 30, 1862, he led a determined Lieutenant Albert S. Sheldon
:.cyonet charge and was singled out in dispatches. (117 troops present for duty equipped)
~ regiment nearly broke Stonewall Jackson's line at 6 pieces
::6COnd Manassas. Hays' leg was shattered by a bullet
Battery A, 1st Rhode Island Artillery
Camp flag of the 108th Captain William Albert Arnold
Regiment New York (117 troops present for duty equipped)
State Volunteers. 6 pieces
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The
the command of one of the army's fighting gen-
1st Division
erals, was led intoPhilip
Brigadier-General its firstKearny.
actions under
Num-
1862. As troops arrived in Alexandria, they shuttled to
reinforce Pope's Army of Virginia. It fought along the
Federal right flank at Second Bull Run. Then, in the
::ared as the 3rd Division during the Peninsula dusk of September 1, at the Battle of Chantilly, it lost
::ampaign, it first fought at the Battle of Williamsburg. its commanding general to enemy fire. The Division
-'-.i its next battle, Fair Oaks, two of its brigades carried was so battered that it retired behind the Washington
ure bulk of the corps' fighting and suffered severely. defences to rest and refit during the Antietam
ne Division lost 1,090 men in this battle. Campaign.
During the Seven Days' Battles, the Division fought at
Jak Grove on June 25, Glendale on June 30, and Major-General David
~Ialvern Hill on July 1. Its 1st Brigade suffered more Bell Birney, 38, was a
:::asualties than any other in the corps. successful lawyer.
The Division departed the Peninsula on August 20, Cold and formal in
manner, and lacking
1st DIVISION military experience, he
Major-General David Bell Birney was nevertheless a
4 Staff and Field Officers competent divisional
commander.
1st Brigade 1,516
2nd Brigade 2,188
3rd Brigade 1,387 Following Kearny's death, the officer who was to lead
the Division at Gettysburg, David Birney, assumed I 39
287 troops present for duty equipped
Lieutenant-Colonel Colonel
141st
Sharpshooters
Volunteers
Volunteer
124th 238
169
274still
105th
Colonel
Colonel99th
Major
209
277
313Regiment
114th
2nd
Volunteer
1stAugustus
Calvin
Major
Colonel Hiram
Lieutenant-Colonel
(Collis' Zouaves
suffered
Regiment
Infantry
John
Division
men
troops
Although
troops Berdan
Frederick
940
(American
Regiment
Regiment
Regiment New
Augustus
Homer
than present
present
William
Van
Henry
was
any
inin de
Infantryof
of
HorneYork
Richard
John
otherfor
for
Craig
Moore
reserve
the Fernandez
Afrique)
casualties.
Sharpshooters Guard)
United
United
duty
Ellis
Madill
in
thick
the
at
duty Atthe
Pennsylvania
State
Stoughton Cavadalosing
Chancellorsville,
States
States
Fredericksburg,
of
army.
equipped
fighting,
equipped the 1st
the Division
more
210 troops presentBenjamin L. Higgins
for duty equipped
dnew
Bull
and c
Brigadier-General
igadier-General
I
259 4th
troops
Charles
John Regiment
61Kinnaird
StaffHobart
Staff
present
Henry Maine
Officer
Officers
forGraham
duty Volunteer
equipped
Ward FIRST BRIGADE
ndiana 'iijo I
nsylvania
ECOND
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THIRD BRIGADE '(ij
Colonel Philippe Regis Denis de Keredern de Trobriand :~
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1 Staff Officer
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17th Regiment Maine Volunteer 40th Regiment New York State
Infantry Volunteers (Constitution Guard)
Colonel Charles Benjamin Merrill Colonel Thomas Washington Egan
350 troops present for duty equipped 431 troops present for duty equipped
General Daniel Sickles. The Division remained in Major-General Hiram Berry led the Division at
reserve at Fredericksburg where it lost 99 men. Chancellorsville. Here it saw fierce fighting. Among the
With Sickles' ascension to command of III Corps, 1,348 casualties was Berry, who was killed in action.
SECOND BRIGADE
(The Excelsior Brigade)
Colonel William R. Brewster
3 Staff and Field Officers
70th Regiment New York State 73rd Regiment New York State
Volunteers Volunteers
(1st Regiment, Excelsior Brigade) (4th Regiment, Excelsior Brigade)
Colonel John Egbert Farnum Major Michael William Burns
288 troops present for duty equipped 349 troops present for duty equipped
71st Regiment New York State 74th Regiment New York State
Volunteers Volunteers
(2nd Regiment, Excelsior Brigade) (5th Regiment, Excelsior Brigade)
Colonel Henry Langdon Potter Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Holt
243 troops present for duty equipped 266 troops present for duty equipped
72nd Regiment New York State 120th Regiment New York State
Volunteers Volunteers
(3rd Regiment, Excelsior Brigade) (Washington Guards)
Colonel John S. Austin Lieutenant-Colonel Cornelius Depuy Westbrook
305 troops present for duty equipped 383 troops present for duty equipped
42
-
THIRD BRIGADE
(The New Jersey Brigade)
Colonel George Childs Burling
2 Staff Officers
5th New Jersey Volunteer Infantry 8th New Jersey Volunteer Infantry
. Regiment Regiment
Colo"nel William Joyce Sewell Colonel John Ramsey
206 troops present for duty equipped 170 troops present for duty equipped
Battery B Battery E
2nd New Jersey Light Artillery 1st Rhode Island Light Artillery
Captain Adoniram Judson Clarke Lieutenant John Knight Bucklyn
(131 troops present for duty equipped) (108 troops present for duty equipped)
6 pieces 6 pieces
4th Battery New York Light Artillery Battery K, 4th United States Artillery
Captain James Edward Smith Lieutenant Francis Webb Seeley
(126 troops present for duty equipped) (113 troops present for duty equipped)
6 pieces 6 pieces
43
THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC
Porter. Later in July, the term "provisional" was dropped McClellan left V Corps north of the Chickahominy
and the organisation became a permanent corps. River while the rest of his army inched forward toward
Its first battle was at Hanover Court House outside Richmond on the river's south side. Its isolated position
Richmond on May 27, 1862. Four days later the Corps invited attack. On June 26 at Mechanicsville, and again
reported 17,546 present for duty. McCall's Division of the next day at Gaines' Mill, the Corps desperately
Pennsylvania Reserves joined the Corps on June 14, resisted assaults from almost the entire Confederate
adding 9,500 men to the ranks. army. It fought superbly, losing 6,837 men at Gaines'
Mill.
V CORPS McCall's Division engaged at Glendale on June
Major-General George Sykes 30 and portions of the Corps fought at Malvern Hill
(Corps not at Gettysburg on July 1) the next day. For the entire Seven Days' Battles,
V Corps lost 995 killed, 3,805 wounded, and 2,801
First Division captured.
Major-General James Barnes This amounted to about half the casualties suffered
Second Division by the Army of the Potomac. The Corps had entered
Brigadier-General Romeyn Beck Ayres
Third Division V US Corps Casualties
Brigadier-General Samuel Wylie Crawford at Gettysburg
V Corps Artillery 1st July 1863
Captain Augustus P. Martin
Corps not engaged
44
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:;;,e campaign untested, and finished it as the army's General Daniel Butterfield replaced Porter and led the
: ~emier combat formation. Corps at Fredericksburg. Here it swelled again to three
'Nith the return of McCall's Division to its parent for- divisions with the addition of a newly-recruited division
-ation, the Corps reduced to a two-division organisa- of nine-months' men. The Corps participated in the
~Jn. V Corps played a pivotal role during the Second futile charges against Marye's Heights and lost 206
::'JII Run Campaign. It arrived at Aquia Creek on killed, 1,669 wounded and 300 missing.
~~gust 22 and hastened to reinforce Pope's army. Major-General George Meade commanded the
:;even days later, Porter failed to implement Pope's Corps at Chancellorsville. Following that battle the
-;-.structions, an omission for which he was first court terms of enlistment of the Corps' 3rd Division expired.
-.artialed and then, 20 years later, exonerated. However, when Lee invaded the North the Division of
The Corps assaulted Stonewall Jackson's right the Pennsylvania Reserves, who had been guarding the
-,ext day but then was bowled over by Longstreet's Washington defences, petitioned to return to the field
':2nk assault. The Corps suffered severely, losing 331 army and, accordingly, they rejoined V Corps. With
ed, 1,362 wounded and 456 missing. Meade's promotion to command of the Army of the
It remained in reserve at Antietam although most of Potomac, Sykes ascended to corps' command and
Sykes' Division saw piecemeal commitment. Brigadier- was to lead it at Gettysburg. I 45
is
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FIRST BRIGADE
Colonel William Stowell Tilton
1 Staff Officer
46
._-~------
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SECOND BRIGADE 'iij
Colonel Jacob Bowman Sweitzer 'S;
is
1 Staff Officer
THIRD BRIGADE
Colonel Strong Vincent
1 Staff Officer
the 2nd Division. They were the largest aggregation 2nd DIVISION
,-:0 brigades
of regular of United
soldiers in anyStates
FederalRegulars composed
army. The Division (The Regular Division)
-:::s also the best officered since leaders were selected Brigadier-General Romeyn Beck Ayres
3dely on the basis of merit. They were either West Point 5 Staff and Field Officers
;:aduates or soldiers promoted from the ranks.
\kClelian wanted to break up the Regular Army and dis- 1st Brigade 1,553
:;7::Juteits manpower among the volunteers where they 2nd Brigade 953
:;:(Jld instruct and serve as model soldiers. Politics, and 3rd Brigade 1,491
".':nfield Scott's mistaken notion to rely solely on the Reg-
...:arsto win the war, blocked McClellan's wise concept.
; was hard to attract volunteers for the regular service. Desertion rates were exceptionally high. Most regiments
:::-OI1sequently,ranks filled with a larger percentage of for- were small, having between three and eight companies.
3~ners than was the case in most volunteer units. At Gaines' Mill on June 27, 1862 the Regulars I 47
c Brigadier-General Regimental flag of the
o
'iij Romeyn Beck Ayres 6th United States
'S: was a 38-year-old West Regiment of Infantry.
is Point-educated career
'tI
C soldier. He performed
N
well in battle as an
artilleryman and was
rewarded with infantry
brigade and divisional
command. demonstrated their vaunted discipline and suffered terrible
percentage losses among their small regiments.
Brigadier-General Romeyn Ayres assumed divisional
command three days before Gettysburg. He was a proven
leader with experience at this command level.
FIRST BRIGADE
Colonel Hannibal Day
2 Staff and Field Officers
SECOND BRIGADE
Colonel Sidney Burbank
1 Staff Officer
M
140th Regiment New York State 91st Regiment Pennsylvania III
Volunteers (Monroe County Regt.) Volunteer Infantry Q.
..
Colonel Patrick Henry O'Rorke Lieutenant-Colonel Joseph Hill Sinex o
CJ
449 troops present for duty equipped 220 troops present for duty equipped
E
..
146th Regiment New York State 155th Regiment Pennsylvania <C
FIRST BRIGADE
Colonel William McCandless
1 Staff Officer
13 Band
49
THIRD BRIGADE
Colonel Joseph W. Fisher
1 Staff Officer
Major-General John
Sedgwick, a 50-year- W.F. Smith became the new Corps commander. At
old West Pointer, had Fredericksburg the Corps remained under enemy
fought in most of the artillery fire but did not see heavy combat.
army's major battles Hooker's Chancellorsville Campaign saw the Corps
during his long army fight under the leader it had at Gettysburg, Major-
career. To his men he General John Sedgwick. Having commanded a com-
was the beloved bat brigade and division, Sedgwick was an experi-
"Uncle John." enced and well-liked commander.
Hooker left VI Corps in front of Fredericksburg when
he took the rest of the army on its flank march through
the Wilderness. Early on May 3, 1863, it assaulted
VI CORPS Marye's Heights, the same position that had resisted
Major-General John Sedgwick Burnside's repeated attacks back in December. To the
(Corps not at Gettysburg on July 1) men's great credit, they charged four times across this
infamous ground. The next day VI Corps found itself
First Division isolated and confronting an attack directed by Robert
Brigadier-General Horatio Gouverneur Wright E. Lee himself. However it acquitted itself well and
Second Division managed to retreat over Scott's Ford.
Brigadier-General Albion Parris Howe
Third Division VI US Corps Casualties
Major-General John Newtonl at Gettysburg
Brigadier-General Frank Wheaton 1st July 1863
VI Corps Artillery
Colonel Charles H. Tompkins Corps not engaged
51
VI U.S. ARMY CORPS - GETTYSBURG - July 1
SEDGWICK
I I
~1NJ ~1pa
Wright Newton
x X XX X X
I I I I I I
~~~~~~
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1st DIVISION DIVISIONAL HEADQUARTERS 'iij
Brigadier-General Horatio Gouverneur 6 Staff and Field Officers :~
Q
Wright
1st Brigade 1,320 Provost Guard
2nd Brigade 1,325 4th New Jersey Volunteer Infantry
3rd Brigade 1,484 Regiment
Major Charles Ewing
80 troops present for duty equipped
Brigadier-General
Horatio Gouverneur CosoA, C and H.
Wright, 43, a stellar
West Point graduate,
was a career soldier, Campaign, the New Jersey Brigade fought unsupport-
served as an army ed at Bull Run Bridge where it lost 339 casualties.
engineer and taught at The Division charged up the mountain at Crampton's
his alma mater before Gap during the Antietam Campaign and lost 113 killed,
the war. 418 wounded, and only two missing.
The Division was lightly engaged at Fredericksburg.
FIRST BRIGADE
(The New Jersey Brigade)
Brigadier-General Alfred Thomas Archimedes Torbert
2 Staff and Field Officers
16 Band
1st New Jersey Volunteer Infantry 3rd New Jersey Volunteer Infantry
Regiment Regiment
Lieutenant-Colonel William Henry, Jr. Lieutenant-Colonel Edward L. Campbell
253 troops present for duty equipped 282 troops present for duty equipped
2nd New Jersey Volunteer Infantry 15th New Jersey Volunteer Infantry
Regiment Regiment
Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Wiebeeke Colonel William Henry Penrose
357 troops present for duty equipped 410 troops present for duty equipped
SECOND BRIGADE
Brigadier-General Joseph Jackson Bartlett
4 Staff and Field Officers
THIRD BRIGADE
Brigadier-General David Allen Russell
6 Staff and Field Officers
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SECOND BRIGADE 'jjj
(The Vermont Brigade) ';
Colonel Lewis Addison Grant is
"CI
THIRD BRIGADE
Brigadier-General Thomas Hewson Neill
4 Staff and Field Officers
12 Band
33rd Regiment New York State 77th Regiment New York State
Volunteers (Ontario Regiment) Volunteers (Saratoga Regiment)
Captain Henry Judson Gifford Lieutenant-Colonel Winsor Brown French
60 troops present for duty equipped 368 troops present for duty equipped
3rd DIVISION
army's IV Corps. Its introduction to serious Major-General John Newtonl
The Division
combat cameentered
at the service
Battle ofasSeven
part of the
Pines. Brigadier-General Frank Wheaton
Here it lost 1,149 men. During the remainder of the 6 Staff and Field Officers
campaign outside of Richmond, the Division generally
guarded the army's trains. 1st Brigade 1,770
However, it played a key role at the Battle of 2nd Brigade 1,595
Malvern Hill. It lost 676 men during the Seven Days' 3rd Brigade 1,369
Battles. The Division accompanied the Army of
FIRST BRIGADE
Brigadier-General Alexander Shaler
3 Staff and Field Officers
--
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SECOND BRIGADE '(jj
Colonel Henry Lawrence Eustis 'S;
1 Staff Officer is
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7th Regiment Massachusetts 37th Regiment Massachusetts
Volunteer Infantry Volunteer Infantry
Lieutenant-Colonel Franklin P. Harlow Colonel Oliver Edwards
320 troops present for duty equipped 565 troops present for duty equipped
the Potomac during the Antietam Campaign but was Campaign of December 1862, it transferred from IV
only lightly engaged. Before the Fredericksburg Corps to VI Corps. Under the command of Brigadier-
General John Newton, it was under fire at
Major-General John Fredericksburg but did not participate in the futile
Newton, 40, graduated charges that characterised that battle. It lost only 53
second in his class at men during the campaign.
West Point, served as During the Chancellorsville Campaign it participated
an army engineer, and in the assault that carried Marye's Heights. A veteran
returned to the recalled, "As they approached within three hundred
Academy to teach. yards of the wall, a murderous volley checked
the advance, and threw the head of the column into
disorder." The men rallied and charged again.
This time they drew closer before being repulsed.
One more attempt carried the heights. Later, the
Division fought at Salem Church where it manned the
THIRD BRIGADE
Brigadier-General Frank Wheaton!
Colonel David J. Nevin
1 Staff Officer
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THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC en
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XI u.s. ARMY CORPS ><
Major-General Oliver
Independent company
Otis Howard, at 32 the
youngest Union corps Escort
commander, attended
CosoI and K, 1st Regiment Indiana
and taught at West
Point and considered
Cavalry
Captain Abraham Sharra
becoming a minister.
50 troops present for duty equipped
The Maine native was
a scholarly and devout
Co. K, 17th Regiment Pennsylvania
gentleman whose
Cavalry (162nd Volunteers)
religious zealotry
Colonel Josiah H. Kellogg
offended many of his
36 troops present for duty equipped
German soldiers.
I I "
~8NY ~1lnd ~17pa
8 "
Osborne
60 I
Before the Chancellorsville Campaign in May 1863,
the various regiments assembled into the division and
2nd Brigade 1,337
-
Brigadier-General c
o
Francis Channing 'iij
Barlow was a boyish 'S:
Corps commander Howard appointed young During the Seven Days' Battles he demonstrated
3rigadier-General Francis Barlow to command the initiative. At Antietam he received accolades from his
Division after Chancellorsville. Known as a strict disci- brigade commander for his "distinguished bravery, the
plinarian, Barlow's mandate was to restore the Division utmost coolness and quickness of perception, the
10fighting form. Barlow had enlisted as a private after greatest promptitude and skill in handling troops under
Fort Sumter and risen to colonel of the 61 st New York. fire".
von Gilsa
Q~ ~~
61
Colonel Leopold von
Gilsa was a Prussian 41st Regiment New York State
officer who immigrated Volunteers (2nd Yager Regiment)
to New York and lived Lieutenant-Colonel Heinrich Detleo von Einsiedel
there as a musician 218 troops present for duty equipped
c and singer.
o Courageous and COSoA thru E and G thru K.
'iij
'> profane, he was
is popular with his men, 54th Regiment New York State
but never promoted
(/)
'If""
Volunteers (Barney Black Rifles)
beyond his original Major Steven Kovacs!
U.S. rank of colonel. Lieutenant Ernst Both
189 troops present for duty equipped
COSoA thru K.
Casualty-Clearing
General Hooker's medical director, Doctor 68th Regiment New York State
Jonathan Letterman, also instituted a system of Volunteers (2nd German Rifles)
battlefield casualty-clearing. Colonel Gotthilf von Bourry d'ivernois
Each regiment had an assistant surgeon who 230 troops present for duty equipped
attended to the wounded as they moved from
the field into ambulances. A captain, lieutenant, COSoA thru K.
and second-lieutenant commanded, respectively,
the corps, division, and brigade ambulances.
Each ambulance had a driver and two stretcher 153rd Regiment Pennsylvania
bearers. These two-horse ambulances had one Volunteer Infantry
stuffed, leather-covered seat along each side, Major John Frederick Frueauff
and a third, hinged seat that could be reclined to 497 troops present for duty equipped
carry a prostrate victim. Under the seats was a
water keg. Attached to each side of the ambu- COSoA thru K.
lance was a canvas-covered stretcher. The stiff-
sprung ambulance was "a carriage, which a
perfectly healthy man would find exceedingly
uncomfortable. " rear, and then, of course, my brave boys were obliged
The divisional ambulances remained together to fall back." He did not blame his men for the ensuing
behind the division. When the battle began, regi- rout. However, "I am also compelled to blame most of
mental stretcher bearers and a sergeant reported my line officers that they did not or could not rally their
to the regiment's assistant surgeon for instruc- companies half a mile or a mile more back ...and I hope
tions and the division's ambulances dispersed that in the next engagement every officer and
to the brigades. Bandsmen and cooks helped man ...will try to redeem this unsoldierlike conduct."
them collect the wounded. In theory, as soon as The Brigade lost 16 killed, 117 wounded and 131
a man was wounded, he was brought to the
missing. Before the Gettysburg Campaign it ex-
medical officer, loaded into the ambulance, and
changed the 45th New York with the 68th New York
driven to the field hospital.
Regiment.
SECOND BRIGADE
bat experience, but the army only remembered Brigadier-General Aldelbert Amesl
Likeits conduct
its sister at
brigade, 2nd BrigadeWhen
Chancellorsville. had prior com-
Stonewall Colonel Andrew Lintner Harris
Jackson's flank attack swamped the adjacent 1st 4 Staff and Field Officers
62 I Brigade, 2nd Brigade was left in a terrible position fac-
"ilg the wrong direction. "A change of front at this time assumed brigade command. Ames was a professional
:J'f the Second Brigade would have been impracticable military man and Howard expected him to improve the
Jilder so severe a fire" reported the divisional com- Brigade's discipline and fighting qualities.
mander.
Nonetheless, the veteran 25th Ohio attempted to
::enfront the enemy: "The enemy's balls were already 17th Regiment Connecticut
c
-eaching our regiment when we commenced forming Infantry Volunteers o
JUr line of battle ...Fleeing men dashed through our Lieutenant-Colonel Douglas Fowler! 'iij
iles, while the enemy's musketry and grape and can- Major Allen G. Brady :~
Q
:ster killed and disabled many of our men before the 386 troops present for duty equipped
(II
:ormation was completed." "I""
Coso A thru K.
Brigadier-General
Adelbert Ames, 28, 25th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment
was a Maine seaman, Lieutenant-Colone! Jeremiah Williams!
then a high-achieving Captain Nathaniel James Manning
West Point graduate 220 troops present for duty equipped
before joining the war
as an artilleryman. He Coso A thru K.
switched to the
infantry to obtain a 75th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment
regimental command. Lieutenant-Colonel Andrew Lintner Harris!
Captain George Benson Fox
269 troops present for duty equipped
The soldiers fired five or six rounds "when the enemy Coso A thru K.
had approached to within 30 paces of our left wing and
perhaps 50 on our right wing, and was rushing upon us 107th Ohio Volunteer Infantry
with redoubled speed and overwhelming numbers" and Regiment
the order to retreat came. The Brigade broke for the Colonel Seraphim Meyer!
rear losing 45 killed, 348 wounded and 299 missing. Captain John Michael Lutz
Chancellorsville badly shook the Brigade's confidence 458 troops present for duty equipped
in itself.
As part of the command changes Howard ordered to Coso A thru K.
restore 1st Division, Brigadier-General Adelbert Ames
Ames
~~
63
-------------------------------------------------------------------"'-
'; XI U.S. Army Corps - 2nd Division
,~ I
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he ascended to divisional command in Pope's army. At found the enemy pouring in against its right and rear.
Second Bull Run his Division remained in reserve. The The Brigade "was faced about, and, lying on the other
Division occupied defensive positions in northern side of the riflepit embankment, held on with praise-
Virginia during the Antietam Campaign and also worthy firmness." The Division lost 506 men at
missed the Battle of Fredericksburg. Chancellorsville, nearly half of whom were missing and
captured.
Even though von Steinwehr's battle experience to
date had featured defeat and rout, his fellow officers
thought highly of him. Corps commander Howard
referred to his "cool, collected and judicious" perfor-
mance at Chancellorsville.
Because of Chancellorsville, the army carried a deep
bias against all of the soldiers in XI Corps. Since the
Corps had numerous German regiments, the rest of
the army knew them by this distinction.
Francis Barlow, who commanded the Division's 2nc
Brigade at Chancellorsville, reflected the army's atti-
tude: "These Dutch won't fight. Their officers say so
and they say so themselves and they ruin all with
64 whom they come in contact."
-
XI Corps - 2nd Division - 1st Brigade
..
UI
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served in Blenker's Division in western Virginia. 134th Regiment New York State c
o
The AlongBrigade's two 154th
with the green Pennsylvania
New York,regiments
they had Volunteers 'iij
:Jitiallyperformed creditably amidst very trying circum- Lieutenant-Colonel Allen Hyre Jackson ':;
is
5:ances at Chancellorsville. Then they were caught up 400 troops present for duty equipped 'C
. the rout. C
N
On June 10, 1863, the 2nd Division was reorganised. COSoA thru K.
ne 134th New York, an inexperienced regiment, was
2ssigned to the 1st Brigade and its colonel, Charles 154th Regiment New York State
:Oster, as the senior officer assumed brigade com- Volunteers
-nand for the wounded Colonel Buschbeck. Coster's Lieutenant-Colonel Daniel B. Allen
:x1lycombat experience had come as a lieutenant. 239 troops present for duty equipped
Coster
~~ ~~
65
..I
XI Corps - 2nd Division - 2nd Brigade
c tested. The 55th Ohio served in western Virginia 33rd Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry
o
'iij
Thein the
Brigade's
spring two
of Ohio
1862.regiments
Active inwere
the combat
Valley Regiment
':;: Campaign, it was also at Second Bull Run where it lost Colonel Adin Ballou Underwood
Ci
14 killed, 60 wounded and 21 missing. At Chancel- 491 troops present for duty equipped
'C
C lorsville it served in the 1st Division and lost nine killed,
N COSoA thru K.
87 wounded, and five missing. Colonel Orland Smith
had led the 73rd Ohio during the Shenandoah Valley
Campaign and at Second Bull Run where it lost 148 136th Regiment New York State
men. Volunteers (Ironclads)
The Brigade's other two regiments first saw action at Colonel James Wood, Jr.
Chancellorsville. Under Francis Barlow's command, 482 troops present for duty equipped
the Brigade had escaped lightly at Chancellorsville. In
COSoA thru K.
Colonel Orland Smith,
a 38-year-old Maine 55th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment
native, had a success- Colonel Charles B. Gambee
ful railroad career in 327 troops present for duty equipped
Ohio before enlisting
in the Union army as a COSoA thru K.
Lieutenant-Colonel.
73rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment
Lieutenant-Colonel Richard Long
338 troops present for duty equipped
COSoA thru K.
SECOND BRIGADE
Colonel Orland Smith
1 Staff Officer the post-battle reorganisation, the 55th Ohio joined the
Brigade and Smith ascended to brigade command.
Smith
~ 55 Oh"
~33M'," I I ~"OhiO
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66
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XI U.S. Army Corps - 3rd Division 'Iii
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Major-General Carl
Fremont's campaign in western Virginia and the Schurz was a
Elements
Shenandoahof the Division
Valley. At Secondparticipated
Bull Run, thein revolutionary leader in
Division had somewhat the same organisational struc- Germany before flee-
ture it was to have at Gettysburg including the same ing to escape execu-
division and brigade commanders. tion and becoming a
The Division's commander, Major-General Carl Wisconsin farmer.
Schurz, was a prime example of President Lincoln's The 34-year-old was
proclivity to promote foreign-born political leaders to highly educated and a
important military positions. Although courageous, in talented orator who
his early battles Schurz made the mistakes of an inex- soon applied his skills
perienced military leader. to the anti-slavery
Along with the rest of the corps, 3rd Division manned cause.
the forward defences of the capital during the Antietam
Campaign. The Division then marched to Fredericks- flank attack. Here it lost 908 men, 43% of whom were
burg, Virginia but not in time to take part in Burnside's missing, mostly captured.
battle. It went into winter encampment at Stafford,
Virginia, across the Rappahannock River from Fred-
ericksburg. At Chancellorsville, the Division performed
poorly and joined the stampede following Jackson's
3rd DIVISION
Major-General Carl Schurz!
Brigadier-General Alexander von
Schimmelfennig!
Major-General Car! Schurz
6 Staff and Field Officers
Schimmelfennig
~~~~~
68
-
XI Corps - 3rd Division - 2nd Brigade
COSo A thru K.
Krzyzanowski
~~~~~
69
vania, served under Krzyzanowski's command. Here it Colonel Wladimir
lost 372 men. Krzyzanowski fled
Following rest and refit within the Washington Poland as a refugee
defences, the Brigade entered the Chancellorsville from their revolution in
Campaign with the same organisation it took to 1848 and worked as a
Gettysburg. With the collapse of XI Corps' flank, the civil engineer in New
Brigade confronted the devastating Confederate York. At the outbreak
charge. It proved impossible to change front to face of the war he raised a
this charge. According to General Schurz's report, "the regiment of Poles and
74th Pennsylvania and 61st Ohio Regiments, which I Germans.
had counted among the best I had ...could do nothing
but endeavour to rally behind the second line." The
Brigade lost 36 killed, 219 wounded and 153 missing.
XI ARMY CORPS ARTILLERY BRIGADE Battery I, 1st New York Light Artillery
Major Thomas W. Osborn Captain Michael Wiedrich
1 Staff and Field Officer (141 troops present for duty equipped)
6 3-inch rifled guns
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XI CORPS' BATTLES
en
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a Chancellorsville-like disaster to once again strike XI
a 1mile Corps.
-=-=:J Schurz judged that he had no choice but to order
a 1kilometre
Schimmelfennig to advance his division to conform to
0800 hrs 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
1 pages 92-93 23-26 127-291 71
en
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Barlow's forward movement. Every step north the men Battery G, 4th U.S. Artillery in action on Blocher's
took lengthened the extent of the perimeter they would Knoll. The battery fired 1,400 rounds against the
have to defend. attacking infantry of Gordon's Brigade. Battery
Blocher's Knoll was slightly higher than the ridge at commander Lieutenant Wilkeson fell here.
the Almshouse. Its cleared top offered a fine position
except for the fact that about 100 feet to the north and its battle line was also virtually akin to a skirmish line.
east, a thick woods began. This meant that the enemy Dilger's guns and the 13th New York provided support
troops advancing on the knoll from the Harrisburg from positions adjacent to the Carlisle Road.
Road would have a covered approach. At first the situation appeared very favourable to XI
By 1400 hours XI Corps had occupied its new posi- Corps. Although the units on the Corps' left had to
tion. Von Gilsa's Brigade was on the Corps' right flank, manoeuvre amidst a punishing artillery fire from Oak
just as had been the case at Chancellorsville. Since Hill, the only infantry they confronted was Doles'
the 41 st New York was detached, the Brigade had only Brigade. Schimmelfennig made initial progress against
three regiments. They brushed aside some rebel skir- the outnumbered Georgians. Barlow even conceived
mishers belonging to Doles' Brigade and took station that he could wheel von Gilsa's Brigade to its left to
around Blocher's Knoll. Their line was stretched so thin take Doles in the flank.
that it resembled a skirmish line. Battery G, 4th U.S. Suddenly, about 1530 hours, a fierce bombardment
Artillery unlimbered atop the knoll. struck Barlow's soldiers. It came from the artillery
Supporting von Gilsa's left was Ames' Brigade. The attached to Early's Division. In spite of the fact that
25th and 107th Ohio were roughly at right angles to Devin's patrols had detected Early's soldiers the previ-
von Gilsa's main front while the 75th Ohio and 17th ous evening, his appearance surprised the bluecoats.
Connecticut stood in column as a reserve. From Blocher's Knoll, the regulars of Battery G
Schimmelfennig's 2nd Brigade occupied a position in returned the rebel fire. Although Battery G inflicted
an orchard near the Carlisle Road. It stood in double some loses with its well-aimed shots, the Confederate
column of companies, a dense formation that made bombardment savaged the battery. Its commander,
too good a target for the Confederate gunners on Oak 19-year-old Lieutenant Wilkeson, received a mortal
Hill. wound. Two other men were killed and 11 wounded
Farther to the west was von Amsberg's 1st Brigade. along with 31 horses killed. The battery fired 1,400
It stretched from near the Carlisle Road all the way to rounds but it could not stop the Confederate advance.
the Mummasburg Road. Its front was so extensive that Gordon's Brigade struck von Gilsa's men while two
0800 hrs 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
I
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Approx. 1530 hours - Gordon's Confederates Almshouse line. While trying to rally them, Barlow
working with Doles' Brigade launch a pincer received a bullet in his left side. He dismounted and
attack against Barlow's troops on Blocher's Knoll. tried to walk, only to be struck by a spent bullet in the
With the Federals completely routed there, Doles back. The rebels captured him. Their doctors pro-
then throws back Krzyzanowski's men while nounced that he had little chance to live, but in fact he
Hays' and Avery's Brigades swing in from the would recover to again command a division in battle.
east to try to close XI Corps' escape route. With Barlow's Division fleeing, the Confederates next
struck Colonel Krzyzanowski's Brigade. It was already
more Confederate brigades surged past the open unnerved by the deadly Confederate artillery fire. It
Union right flank. Von Gilsa tried to change front to deployed to fight Doles' men and a standup firefight
face the threat to his right flank but so quickly were his ensued. A Union officer recalled, "The combatants
men at grips with Gordon's rebels that they could not approached each other until they were scarcely more
execute this manoeuvre. The yankees gallantly traded than seventy-five yards apart, and the names of battles
close range volleys with Gordon's men. printed on the Confederate flags might have been
With their flank turned, von Gilsa's Brigade broke to read, had there been time to read them."
the rear. Von Gilsa tried to rally it. A soldier recalled Krzyzanowski's horse was shot down and the colonel
seeing him ride "up and down that line through a regu- fell heavily. He refused to leave the field. Soon his
lar storm of lead, meantime using the German epithets Brigade was enveloped on both flanks and it too broke
so common to him." to the rear.
Von Gilsa's collapse exposed the right flank of Ames' Meanwhile, Schimmelfennig's Brigade, commanded
Brigade. It too quickly began to unravel. The two by Colonel von Amsberg, was attacked by men of
reserve regiments attempted a counter-attack. The Rodes' Division from the direction of Oak Ridge. It too
colonel of the 75th Ohio related, "It was a fearful had little chance and had to retire toward Gettysburg.
advance and made at a dreadful cost of life." The The question remained whether the rebels would be
counter-attack could not restore the situation. able to rush into Gettysburg and trap the retreating
Barlow's entire Division began running back to the elements of I and XI Corps.
0800 hrs 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
I pages 92-93 I 23-26 I 27-291 73
XI CORPS' BATTLES
July 1 - 1600-1645 hrs
Flanked !
-
perfect order and that if the 154th New York had "been
on dress parade it could not have done better."
Coster stationed the 134th New York on his right in a
wheat field. The 154th New York manned the centre of
Oevilfs
Deo
Big
Little
Round
Round Top
Top - -
o
-=-=:J
o 1kilometre
1mile
23-26 1300
1200
I1000
pages 1100
1800
1700
1600
1500
1400 0900 I
92-93 127-29 I
74
--
/~
( Blocher's
"'cC~JII
r-,
Almshou,se1
~-----
>:._"-~------~ -- --...-.... ... ~~
1630 hours - In anticipation of the final collapse of Pennsylvania lost 34 killed and wounded and 77
XI Corps, Federal General Howard orders Coster's missing, the 154th New York, 22 killed and wounded
Brigade to form a hasty defence line near the and 178 missing. The 134th New York suffered the
Almshouse. This new position buys just enough heaviest loss, 193 killed and wounded and 59 missing.
time to allow Schimmelfennig's command to Coster's stand at the Almshouse line inflicted
escape back through Gettysburg before the town relatively few losses on the brigades of Hays and
is taken by the Confederates. Avery. But the 15 or so minutes his men purchased
allowed hundreds of men belonging to both I Corps
1st Ohio Light Artillery, tried to help. Its fire kept the and XI Corps to slip through Gettysburg to the safety of
Brigade's left flank clear. Over a 3D-minute span the Cemetery Hill.
battery fired 113 times, losing 15 men, 9 horses, and Even so, the retreat through Gettysburg was
two Napoleons. extremely difficult. Many soldiers became confused in
But no Federal leader had a tactical answer to the the maze of streets and alleys and found themselves
wave of rebels sweeping beyond Coster's right flank. trapped when the Confederates pursued closely, but it
After a fight that could not have lasted more than 15 was not a rout. Enough formed soldiers retired through
minutes, Coster's men began to retreat. An officer rode the town to help create an imposing presence on
among them shouting out, "Don't run men; none but Cemetery Hill.
cowards run!" Here also were the fresh soldiers of Colonel Orland
The rapidly approaching Confederates admired his Smith's Brigade along with six 3-inch rifles of Battery I,
courage and some called, "Don't shoot that man!" It 1st New York Light Artillery. Together they were
was too late. A musketry volley felled the gallant enough to persuade the Confederates not to try one
Federal officer. more assault.
Coster's withdrawal ended organised resistance The Army of the Potomac would blame XI Corps for
-
north of Gettysburg. General von Steinwehr simply having again failed. In fact, given the extraordinary
wrote "Colonel Coster had a severe engagement with position the army's leaders had imposed upon the
the advancing enemy, but was, of course, not strong Corps, it had done well. In about two hours of combat
enough to restore the battle." the Corps had lost 1,889 men killed and wounded
About half of Coster's men were casualties. The 27th along with 1,497 men missing.
23-26 1700
1600
1500
1400
1300
I1100
1800
1200
1000
0900I
pages 92-93 - I 27-29 I
75
(,)
~ I THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC
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XII U.S. ARMY CORPS - GETTYSBURG - July 1
I I
~lOM' ~m
Williams Geary
III
8 II
Muhlenberg
~26pa
received a mortal wound. In the ensuing charges, the second youngest man in all the Union armies to
Corps lost 1,746 men. achieve that rank.
Major-General Henry Slocum replaced Mansfield. Under Slocum's direction, XII Corps fought well at
Slocum was a combat veteran, having received a Chancellorsville, losing 2,814 men, about one in five
wound while leading the 27th New York at First Bull men. Having commanded the Corps for eight months,
Run. His leadership merited steady promotion. When Slocum was second only to Sedgwick in experience at
promoted to major-general on July 4, 1862, he was the this level.
1st DIVISION
Thetomand1stcontinuity.
Division
Gettysburg,
During the fifteen months prior
enjoyed
Alpheus uncharacteristic
Williams led com-
the Major-General Alpheus Starkey Williamsl
Division. The Division's initial service was in the Brigadier-General Thomas Howard Ruger
Shenandoah Valley. 5 Staff and Field Officers
It fought at Winchester on May 25, 1862, where it
helped cover Banks' retreat. The Division's losses 1st Brigade 1,835
reflect the nature of this action: 39 killed; 178 wound- 2nd Brigade 1,818
ed; and a colossal 1,242 missing, mostly captured. 3rd Brigade 1,598
77
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'iij FIRST BRIGADE
'S;
is
Colonel Archibald L. McDougall
.. 1 Staff Officer
en
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5th Regiment Connecticut Infantry 123rd Regiment New York State
Q.
.. Volunteers Volunteers (Washington County Regt)
o Colonel Warren Wightman Packer
CJ Lieutenant-Colonel James Clarence Rogers
>. 221 troops present for duty equipped 495 troops present for duty equipped
E
..
<I:
20th Regiment Connecticut Infantry 145th Regiment New York State
c4 Volunteers Volunteers (Stanton Legion)
-
::) Lieutenant-Colonel William Burr Wooster
321 troops present for duty equipped
Colonel Edward Livingston Price
>< 245 troops present for duty equipped
SECOND BRIGADE
Brigadier-General Henry Hayes Lockwood
3 Staff and Field Officers
150th Regiment New York State 1st Maryland Eastern Shore Regiment
Volunteers (Dutchess Legion) Colonel James Wallace
Colonel John Henry Ketcham 532 troops present for duty equipped
609 troops present for duty equipped
--
--
c
THIRD BRIGADE o
'iij
Brigadier-General Thomas Howard Ruger! '>
Colonel Silas Coegrove is
1 Staff Officer
16 Band
House. During the Chancellorsville Campaign in May lost 128 killed, 771 wounded and 666 missing.
1863, the Division advanced down the Plank Road on However it did not lose a single gun or colour.
May 1. After a skirmish, it erected a substantial log After Chancellorsville, the terms of enlistment of
breastwork around Fairview. When Jackson's flank many veteran regiments expired. Consequently the 1st
attack collapsed XI Corps, Williams saw the routing and 2nd Brigades consolidated into the 1st Brigade.
fugitives swarming through his position. With com- The 2nd Brigade that joined the Division composed
mendable coolness Williams took Ruger's and Knipe's three green regiments. Two had previously been
Brigades on a flank march south of the Plank Road and assigned to the defence of Baltimore and southern
pushed into the woods. The movement checked at Maryland. The 150th New York did not even report to
once all farther advance of the enemy. The Division the Division until arriving at Gettysburg on July 2.
Brigadier-General
tion to combat came in the Shenandoah Valley. John White Geary, 44,
Like its sister
At the Marchdivision, the 2nd
23, 1862 BattleDivision's introduc-it
of Kernstown, had been a surveyor,
had the distinction of inflicting a rare defeat on land speculator, civil
Stonewall Jackson's veterans. Under the command of engineer, and militia-
Brigadier-General Christopher Augur, it again met man. He led a regiment
Jackson's men at the Battle of Cedar Mountain on in the Mexican War,
August 9. Here the officer who would lead the Division served as mayor of
at Gettysburg, Brigadier-General John Geary, was San Francisco, and
among the 943 casualties the Division suffered. governed Kansas
Brigadier-General George Greene, who was to com- Territory before the
mand the Division's 3rd Brigade at Gettysburg, led the war. 79
c
o
'iij FIRST BRIGADE
'!>
Colonel Charles Candy
is 2 Staff and Field Officers
'C
C
N
5th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment 66th Ohio Volunteer Infantry
en
a. Colonel John Halliday Patrick Regiment
..
o 302 troops present for duty equipped Lieutenant-Colonel Eugene Powell
CJ
>- 303 troops present for duty equipped
E
..
7th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment 28th Regiment Pennsylvania
c4 Colonel William R. Creighton Volunteer Infantry
-
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><
282 troops present for duty equipped Captain John Hornbuckle Flynn
303 troops present for duty equipped
2nd DIVISION The Division lost 123 killed, 623 wounded, and 444
Brigadier-General John White Geary missing at this battle. Except for the 2nd Brigade,
which lost two veteran regiments whose terms of
1st Brigade 1,798 enlistment had expired, the Division marched to
2nd Brigade 700 Gettysburg with the same organisation and the same
3rd Brigade 1,424 brigade and division leaders that it had fought with at
Chancellorsville. This continuity was exceptional in the
army at this time.
Division at Antietam. Here it lost 651 men, of whom
only 30 were missing. DIVISIONAL HEADQUARTERS
Geary recovered to command the Division at Chan- 5 Staff and Field Officers
cellorsville. Geary was a combat-tested leader who
was completely fearless on the battlefield. He had Provost Guard
raised the 28th Pennsylvania, which fought in the Co. B, 28th Regiment Pennsylvania
Division's 3rd Brigade, and received two wounds. At Volunteer Infantry
Chancellorsville, Geary had another near miss when a 27 troops present for duty equipped
passing cannonball knocked him unconscious.
SECOND BRIGADE
Colonel George A. Cobham, Jr.
3 Staff and Field Officers
--
-------
THIRD BRIGADE
Brigadier-General Thomas Howard Ruger!
1 Staff Officer
16 Band
60th Regiment New York State 137th Regiment New York State
Volunteers (Ogden burgs Regiment) Volunteers
Colonel Abel Godard Colonel David Ireland
273 troops present for duty equipped 423 troops present for duty equipped
Battery M, 1st New York Light Battery F, 4th United States Artillery
Artillery Lieutenant Sylvanus Tunning Rugg
Lieutenant Charles E. Winegar (89 troops present for duty equipped)
(90 troops present for duty equipped) 6 pieces
4 pieces
Corps Badges
The Army of the Potomac adopted simple and 4th division had green badges, and any 5th
easily recognisable insignia as corps badges, division, orange badges.
so that commanders could readily identify their I Corps' badge was a circle, II Corps' a trefoil,
men on the march and in the field. The badges and III Corps' a lozenge, or diamond shape. V
helped build esprit de corps and preventedinac- Corps wore a Maltese cross, VI Corps a Greek
curate reports caused by mistaken identity. cross, XI Corps a crescent, and XII Corps a five-
The idea originated with General Philip Kearny pointed star.
in 1862 and was continued in his honour after The soldiers wore their badges on the tops of
his death. General Joseph Hooker issued the their caps. The original badges were of cloth.
order designating the badges on March 21, Later, officers had more elaborate badges
1863. specially made for them out of such materials as
Each corps badge was a unique design, and bone, coin metal, and gold. The badges also
within each corps, each division's badge had a appeared on flags from corps down to brigade
specific colour. All 1st, 2nd, and 3rd divisions level, as well as on wagons, ambulances, and
had red, white, or blue badges respectively. Any artillery pieces.
81
THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC
en
a.
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U
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(II
u
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I-
THE CAVALRY CORPS
CORPS HEADQUARTERS
Thewhose
1863.
power had been hidden until the spring of
Cavalry
UnionCorps was suffered
troopers a formidable
from striking force
an inferiority 27 Staff and Field Officers
complex dating from the beginning of the war. Escort
Whereas the stereotypical southern cavalier was a Co. I, 1st Maine Cavalry Regiment
plantation owner's son and a superb horseman born in Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Henry Smith
the saddle, the northern trooper was a presumed 30 troops present for duty equipped
industrial worker or city dweller who could barely ride.
Major-General Alfred A cavalry was distributed in penny packets with far too
Pleasonton, at 39, a many troopers performing headquarters escort duties
typical cavalier, or serving as couriers. Individual regiments were
dressed elegantly and assigned to corps headquarters. For example, the 8th
had expensive tastes. Illinois, one of the first regiments to engage the
A West Point graduate, Confederate advance on July 1 at Gettysburg, was
he was a shameless assigned to V Corps directly under the command of the
self-promoter who Corps' leader. It could not but be overlooked by an
fooled his superiors, officer with more pressing demands.
but most of his men Indeed, during the formative Peninsula Campaign in
detested him. the spring and summer of 1862, the brigade was the
largest tactical cavalry organisation, and within the
The total dominance of Jeb Stuart's cavalry in Virginia
during the first two years of the war reinforced these Guidon for the Cavalry
stereotypes. Corps Headquarters,
In fact, outside of the industrialised cities, northern Army of the Potomac.
people were nearly as accustomed to and familiar with
horses as the rural people of the South. Their woeful
performance early in the war was mostly due to poor
organisation and weak leadership. brigade, units were subdivided. The Federal cavalry
In 1861 and 1862, the Army of the Potomac's organisation prevented the possibility of massed
cavalry action.
CAVALRY CORPS Even when not under the command of infantry
Major-General Alfred A. Pleasanton officers, early in the war too many cavalry leaders were
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XX XX
KILPATRICK
~ BUFORO I I
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XX X X
GREGG
Robertson Tidball
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X X X
Gregg
I
~HUey
I I
I III
III
83paHA ~
volunteer officers belonging to the upper urban class out by constant and ineffectual picket duties.
who were well versed in the romance of the mounted Hooker made the wise decision to merge the cavalry
arm but knew little of practical value. Many others were into a mounted corps. Commanding the corps was
foreign adventurers. Major-General Alfred Pleasanton, a dandified cavalry
When Major-General Joseph Hooker assumed army officer in the classic tradition. His swagger may have
command in the winter of 1863, he found the mounted instilled confidence, which was something badly need-
arm hopelessly over-extended along a vast perimeter ed by the troopers in the Army of the Potomac.
around the army in a futile effort to defend against cav- Hooker's reform brought about the renaissance of the
alry raids and guerrillas. Men and horses were worn Federal cavalry. I 83
,~
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I Cavalry Corps - 1st Division
is
en
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en
a. Brigadier-General
..
o tion, Brigadier-General John Buford's 1st John Buford, 37, was a
U Following
Division on from operated
initially Hooker's as
cavalry reorganisa-
a cohesive unit brilliant cavalryman
~
i> during the Chancellorsville Campaign. Here it had
taken part in Brigadier-General George Stoneman's ill-
who led from the front.
One of a long line of
1\'1
xx
BUFORD
~1Me
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I Mcintosh
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nies of the 3rd Indiana were present, Colonel George 8th Cavalry Regiment Illinois '>
is
Chapman assumed command of both units. Volunteers ...
III
The Brigade fought with distinction during a series of Major John Lourie Beveridge 'I""
cavalry combats along the Blue Ridge Mountain pass- 470 troops present for duty equipped III
es. On June 21, outside Upperville, Virginia, the D.
..
o
Brigade encountered Confederate cavalry. Gamble COSo A thru M.
(.)
reported that the Brigade "came on rapidly at a gallop;
~
formed in line; charged up to the enemy's five guns 12th Cavalry Regiment Illinois ca
amid a shower of shells, shrapnel, and case shot" and Volunteers >
ca
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Q 85
Cavalry Corps - 1st Division - 2nd Brigade
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IIII IIII II
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Cavalry Corps - 1st Division - Reserve Brigade
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Merritt
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t/) in February 1863, Brigadier-General David DIVISIONAL HEADQUARTERS
a.
.. Following Hooker's reorganisation
o Gregg ascended to command ofof the
the cavalry,
Cavalry 3 Staff and Field Officers
to) Corps' 2nd Division. Gregg had impressed his superi-
~ ors the previous year as a colonel of the 8th Escort
iij Pennsylvania Cavalry. He impressed his Division with Co. A, 1st Regiment Ohio Volunteer
>
co
to)
his combination of ability and self-control. Cavalry
Qj The Division took part in Brigadier-General Captain Noah Jones
.c
Stoneman's cavalry raid during the Chancellorsville 37 troops present for duty equipped
Campaign. It fought at the June 9, 1863 Battle of
Brandy Station. Here it engaged in repeated charges
for over 90 minutes. Brigadier-General
However, Gregg committed his units piecemeal and David McMurtrie
they were eventually repulsed. The Division lost four Gregg, 30, avoided the
officers and 21 men killed, 14 officers and 88 men spotlight, unusual
behaviour for a
2nd DIVISION cavalier. The West
Brigadier-General David McMurtrie Gregg Point-educated career
soldier was admired
1st Brigade 1,603 by all for his courage
2nd Brigade 1,436 and skill.
3rd Brigade 1,263
FIRST BRIGADE
Colonel John B. McIntosh
7 Staff and Field Officers
12 Band
THIRD BRIGADE
Colonel J. Irvin Gregg
8 Staff and Field Officers
is
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DIVISIONAL HEADQUARTERS
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On alry Corps was reinforced by the 3rd Cavalry
Division.
June 28,
To 1863,
command
General
the Division
Pleasonton's
Pleasonton
Cav- 3 Staff and Field Officers
selected Brigadier-General Judson Kilpatrick.
~ Kilpatrick was a renowned fighter who possessed Escort
iij
> questionable tactical acumen. An ardent believer in the Co. C, 1st Regiment Ohio Volunteer
Cavalry
CIS
FIRST BRIGADE
Brigadier-General Elon John Farnsworth
1 Staff Officer
SECOND BRIGADE
(The Michigan Brigade)
Brigadier-General George Armstrong Custer
1 Staff Officer
~ I Delaying Action
a
- -
- - I
1 kilometre
1mile
patrols joined, it swelled to about 2,000. Their skir-
mishers moved downslope toward Willoughby Run.
Supporting this line were six 3-inch rifles belonging to
Battery A, 2nd U.S. Artillery. In order to exaggerate his
0800 hrs 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
. 92 I pages 23-26 127-29 & 71-751
force, Buford ordered the guns dispersed by section. 0800 hours - Gamble's and Devin's Brigades of
Two sections deployed on either side of the Buford's Division form a dismounted battleline
Chambersburg Pike and the third section took station between the Chambersburg Pike and the
near the fringe of Herbst's Woods. By 0800 hours they Mummasburg Road to oppose the Confederate
were under bombardment from twelve Confederate advance. The Federal cavalry troopers hold this
guns. line until relieved by Wadsworth's Division at
The two brigades Heth committed to the fight out- about 1030 hours.
numbered Buford's men by three to two. The
Confederates had an artillery advantage of two to one. aggressive tactics occupied the attention of an entire
As Buford described in his after-action report, 'The two Confederate brigade. Gamble was justifiably proud of
lines soon became hotly engaged, we having the his troopers. He reported, "This brigade had the hon-
advantage of position, he of numbers." our to commence the fight in the morning and close it
For about two hours, the Federal troopers skilfully in the evening." Meanwhile Devin's 2nd Brigade
resisted the advance of Archer on the south side of the moved to support its pickets who had detected Early's
Chambersburg Pike and Davis on the north side. advance from Heidlersburg. Later, it helped fend off
Buford did not become so involved in the fighting as to Confederate patrols which were scouting the high
forget that the light cavalryman's primary duty was to ground south of Gettysburg. To complete its busy day,
provide intelligence to his superior. Even before being the Brigade then moved to the army's extreme left.
relieved by Reynolds' infantry, Buford had informed The Federal troopers had conducted a classic delay-
Meade that rebels were advancing from Heidlersburg ing action. It had taken Archer and Davis two and one-
and Chambersburg and "I am positive that the whole of half hours to advance two miles from Marsh Creek to
A.P. Hill's force is advancing." Willoughby Run. Buford's Division had lost about 100
Upon being relieved by the infantry, Gamble's 1st men while Battery A, 2nd U.S. Artillery suffered ten
Brigade secured the left flank of I Corps. Here their casualties.
0800 hrs 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
pages 23-26 I 27-29 & 71-751 93
G.I
~
G.I
The Artillery Reserve
II)
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McClellan first organised the army in spring of THE ARTILLERY RESERVE
G.I
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The1862.Artillery Reserve
The idea camethisinto
was that existence
force wouldwhen
serve Brigadier-General Robert O. Tyler
as a central reserve for the entire army. 46 Staff and Field Officers
After the Battle of Antietam in September 1862, 11 Ordnance Detachment
blame casters identified the Artillery Reserve as the
culprit in the failure to support the infantry with ade-
quate artillery. The Battle of Chancellorsville had seen Flag of the 9th
an inept utilisation of the Federal artillery. Tied to the Massachusetts Light
coattails of infantry generals, numerous batteries had Artillery .
sat idle while the battle raged. To try to improve effi-
ciency, on May 12, 1863, the army adopted the artillery
brigade organisation. The Artillery Reserve was dou-
bled to five brigades composing 118 guns.
Unlike the typical organisation that tried to unite a
Regular U.S. battery with a group of volunteer batter-
ies, in the Artillery Reserve all of the Regular batteries Here he saw his first real field action when he super-
were in the 1st Regular Brigade. The other four vised the Union gun line atop the Stafford Heights.
brigades were exclusively volunteer outfits. The tactical concept underlying the Artillery Reserve
For the Gettysburg Campaign, the Artillery Reserve was that by retaining it under central control, Tyler and
received a new leader, Brigadier-General Robert Tyler. Hunt could rush a formidable firepower to critical
Tyler was a professional artilleryman who had begun points. Attached to the Artillery Reserve was a large
the war aboard a relief ship outside of Charleston ammunition train. This served as a mobile ammunition
harbor. From its decks he had seen the shelling of Fort depot for all of the army's guns. Seven companies of
Sumter. the 4th New Jersey guarded the train. At a pinch, they
Thereafter, Tyler spent most of the war commanding
siege guns in the Washington defences. He had FIRST REGULAR BRIGADE
entered the field to command McClellan's siege train Captain Dunbar R. Ransom
during the Peninsula Campaign. After another stint in 2 Staff and Field Officers
Washington and a promotion to Brigadier-General, he
returned to the field for the Fredericksburg Campaign. Battery H, 1st United States Artillery
Lieutenant Chandler Price Eakin
Provost Guard (129 troops present for duty equipped)
Co.C 6 pieces
32nd Regiment Massachusetts Batteries F and K
Volunteer Infantry 3rd United States Artillery
Captain Josiah C. Fuller Lieutenant John Graham Turnbull
45 troops present for duty equipped (115 troops present for duty equipped)
6 pieces
Ammunition Train Guard Battery C, 4th United States Artillery
4th New Jersey Volunteer Infantry Lieutenant Evan Thomas
Regiment (95 troops present for duty equipped)
Major Charles Ewing 6 pieces
273 troops present for duty equipped Battery C, 5th United States Artillery
Lieutenant Gulian Verplanck Weir
Coso B, D thru G, I and K. (104 troops present for duty equipped)
94 6 pieces
FIRST VOLUNTEER BRIGADE THIRD VOLUNTEER BRIGADE
Lieutenant-Colonel Freeman McGilvery Captain James F. Huntington
2 Staff and Field Officers 2 Staff and Field Officers
PICTURE CREDITS
Carl Smith, Manassas, VA - pp 4,7,9,12, 14, 18, 19, 20, 22, 39, 44, 59, 64, 65, 67, 68, 69, 76, 84 & 89. Military Archive & Research
Services, UK - pp 13, 29, 30, 34, 36, 38, 41,11,13,15,16,17,28,30,41,48,51,53,55,57,61,72,77,82 & 88, U.S. Army Military History
Institute, Carlisle, PA - pp 11, 15, 17, 21, 62, 63, 65 & 66. CWTI, VA - p79.
-
GETTYSBURG JULY 1 1863
UNION:THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC