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Coffee Project
Heat Transfer
What are the 3 types of heat transfer?
- Conduction,Convection, Radiation
- Conduction
- Conduction is the movement of heat from a hotter side to the coolest and this happens
when two objects of different temperatures touch each other
- Convection
- Convection occurs when warmer areas of a liquid or gas rise to cooler areas in the liquid
or gas, this cycle results in a continuous circulation pattern and heat is transferred to
cooler areas.
- Radiations
- Radiation is a form of energy transport consisting of electromagnetic waves traveling at
the speed of light. No mass is exchanged and no medium is required.
How are they different? What medium does each need to travel?
- Conduction needs to be touching another object with different temperature for it to travel
- Convection can only be from a liquid or gas
- Radiation doesn't need medium
At least one example of each.
- Conduction: When you are cooking and you touch the pan and burn yourself.
- Convection: When you boil water it can transfer to the food and cook them without burning the
food
- Radiation: We can feel the heat from the sun which is radiation transferring that heat to you.
Fermentation
What is fermentation? What reactants are there (what goes in) and what products
are there (what goes out).
- Fermentation is the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other
microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat. We put in bacteria,
yeasts or other microorganism and most of the time we use fermentation for beer, wine, liquor
which the microorganisms turn the sugars into ethyl alcohol.
How is fermentation different than cellular respiration?
- Fermentation doesnt need oxygen while cellular respiration require oxygen
How does fermentation affect food (i.e. the lactic acid produced makes things taste
more sour)?
- Fermentation mame food preservation longer, and it makes the taste more sour.
Maillard Reaction
What is the Maillard Reaction?
- The Maillard Reaction is a chemical reaction between amino acids and reducing sugars
that gives browned food its distinctive flavor.
What is a synapse?
- a junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses
pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter.
What is the relationship between adenosine and caffeine?
- The relationship between adenosine and caffeine is that coffee blocks the adenosine receptor
which slows down the cell process
Energy Debates
Average Atomic Mass/Atomic Weight
Isotope - definition
- each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons
but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei
- Percent Abundance - definition
- The Percent Abundance is the percentage amount of all the natural occurring isotopes of
the element. It is used to find the average atomic mass of the element.
Why is the average atomic mass a decimal?
- So the atomic mass on a periodic table can be a decimal because it is the weighted
average mass of the isotopes
Know how to calculate the average atomic mass for an element.
- The chlorine isotope with 18 neutrons has an abundance of 0.7577 and a mass number
of 35 amu. To calculate the average atomic mass, multiply the fraction by the mass
number for each isotope, then add them together.
Radiation
Is all radiation dangerous? Be able to name a few safe radiation types and
unsafe radiation types.
- Not all of them are dangerous.
Safe: microwave, light bulbs, computers, cell phones. Unsafe:Nuclear waste, Sun, UV lights,
x-rays, gamma rays.
What is the strong force?
- The strong force binds quarks together in clusters to make more-familiar subatomic
particles, such as protons and neutrons. It also holds together the atomic nucleus and
underlies interactions between all particles containing quarks. The strong force originates
in a property known as colour
What is the electromagnetic force?
- Electromagnetic force is a type of physical interaction that occurs between electrically charged
particles.
What happens to the two above forces as the atom gets larger?
-
Why does alpha and beta radiation occur?
- Radioactive decay occurs in unstable atomic nuclei that is, ones that don't have enough
binding energy to hold the nucleus together due to an excess of either protons or
neutrons.
What are alpha, beta and gamma radiation? Be able to generally describe what
they actually are, their size (if applicable), how they can be blocked. For beta
radiation, be able to describe beta-minus equations.
- Alpha - these are fast moving helium atoms. They have high energy, typically in the MeV
range, but due to their large mass, they are stopped by just a few inches of air, or a piece
of paper.
- Beta - these are fast moving electrons. They typically have energies in the range of a few
hundred keV to several MeV. Since electrons are might lighter than helium atoms, they
are able to penetrate further, through several feet of air, or several millimeters of plastic
or less of very light metals.
- Beta Minus Equation:
- 1) A neutron inside the nucleus of an atom breaks down, changing into a proton.
- 2)It emits an electron and an antineutrino (more on this later) which go zooming off into
space.
- 3) The atomic number goes UP by one and mass number remains unchanged.
- Gamma - these are photons, just like light, except of much higher energy, typically from
several keV to several MeV. X-Rays and gamma rays are really the same thing, the
difference is how they were produced. Depending on their energy, they can be stopped
by a thin piece of aluminum foil, or they can penetrate several inches of lead.
-
Be able to fill out radiation equations such as the one below:
Half-Life & Calculations
What is half-life?
- The half life of a radioactive isotope is the time it takes for half of the radioactive isotope to decay
(from unstable to stable). Half lives can range from seconds to millions of years.