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Boeing 747-8
Boeing 747-8
The Boeing 747-8F during the 747-8's maiden flight on February 8, 2010
Status [1]
Testing/early production
The Boeing 747-8 is a wide-body jet airliner being developed by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. Officially
announced in 2005, the 747-8 is the fourth-generation Boeing 747 version, with lengthened fuselage, redesigned
wings and improved efficiency. The 747-8 is the largest 747 version, the largest commercial aircraft built in the
United States, and the longest passenger aircraft in the world.[5]
The 747-8 is offered in two main variants: the 747-8 Intercontinental (747-8I) for passengers and the 747-8 Freighter
(747-8F) for cargo. The first 747-8F performed the model's maiden flight on February 8, 2010 with the 747-8
Intercontinental following on March 20, 2011. Delivery of the first freighter aircraft has been postponed multiple
times and is now expected in mid-2011; passenger model deliveries are to begin in late 2011 or early 2012. In
February 2011, confirmed orders for the 747-8 totaled 107, including 74 of the freighter version, and 33 of the
passenger version.[6]
Boeing 747-8 2
Development
Background
Boeing had considered larger-capacity versions of the 747 several
times during the 1990s and 2000s.[7] The 747-500X and -600X,
proposed at the 1996 Farnborough Airshow, would have stretched the
747 and used a 777-derived wing,[7] but did not attract enough interest
to enter development. In 2000, Boeing offered the 747X and 747X
Stretch derivatives as alternatives to the Airbus A3XX. This was a
more modest proposal than the previous -500X and -600X. The 747X
would increase the 747's wingspan to 229ft (69.8m) by adding a
segment at the root.[8] The 747X was to carry 430 passengers up to
Boeing's Everett Facility at Paine Field, originally
8700nmi (16100km). The 747X Stretch would be extended to 263ft
built for the 747 program, would also become the
(80.2m) long, allowing it to carry 500 passengers up to 7800nmi site of 747-8 assembly.
(14400km).[8] However, the 747X family was unable to attract enough
interest to enter production. Some of the ideas developed for the 747X were used on the 747-400ER.[9]
After the 747X program, Boeing continued to study improvements to the 747. The 747-400XQLR (Quiet Long
Range) was meant to have an increased range of 7980nmi (14780km), with better fuel efficiency and reduced
noise.[10] Changes studied included raked wingtips similar to those used on the 767-400ER and a sawtooth engine
nacelle for noise reduction.[11] Although the 747-400XQLR did not move to production, many of its features were
used for the 747 Advanced.
In early 2004, Boeing announced tentative plans for the 747 Advanced that were eventually adopted. Similar in
nature to the 747X, the stretched 747 Advanced used technology from the Boeing 787 Dreamliner to modernize the
design and its systems.[12] On November 14, 2005, Boeing announced that it was launching the 747 Advanced as the
"Boeing 747-8".[13]
Design effort
The 747-8 was designed to be the first lengthened 747 to go in to production. The 747-8 and 747SP are the only 747
variants with a fuselage of modified length. The 747-8 was intended to use the same engine and cockpit technology
as that of the 787, including the General Electric GEnx turbofan and partial fly-by-wire.[14] Boeing said that the new
design would be quieter, more economical, and more environmentally friendly than previous versions of the 747. As
a derivative of the already-common 747-400, the 747-8 has the economic benefit of similar training and
interchangeable parts. Boeing firmed the 747-8 Freighter's configuration in October 2006.[15]
The 747-8, as the current new development of Boeing's largest airliner,
is notably in direct competition on long-haul routes with the Airbus
A380, a full-length double-deck aircraft now in service. For airlines
seeking very large passenger airliners, the two have been pitched as
competitors on various occasions. Boeing claims that the 747-8 is more
Artist's rendering of an early version of the
than 10 percent lighter per seat and will consume 11 percent less fuel
passenger 747-8, then known as the 747
Advanced. This had a shorter stretch of 140in
per passenger than the A380, translating into a trip-cost reduction of 21
(360cm), rather than the final 220in (560cm). percent and a seat-mile cost reduction of over 6 percent.[16]
Production of the first 747-8 Freighter began in Everett in early August 2008.[1] [17] On November 14, 2008, Boeing
announced a delay to the 747-8 program, citing limited availability of engineering resources within Boeing, design
changes, and the recent strike by factory workers.[18] [19] [20] On July 21, 2009, Boeing released a photograph of the
Boeing 747-8 3
Flight testing
The 747-8's first engine runs were completed in December 2009.[34]
Boeing announced the new model had successfully completed
high-speed taxi tests on February 7, 2010.[35] On February 8, 2010,
after a 2.5-hour weather delay, the 747-8 Freighter made its maiden
flight, taking off from Paine Field, Washington at 12:39 PST,[36] and
landed at 4:18 pm PST.[37] Boeing estimates that more than 1,600
flight hours will be needed in order to certify the 747-8.[38] The second
test flight in late February, a ferry flight to Moses Lake, Washington,
tested new navigation equipment.[39] Further flight testing will take Cargolux's first Boeing 747-8F in flight over
place in Moses Lake, conducting initial airworthiness and flutter tests, Fresno, California
By March 11, 2010, the 747-8F had flown thirteen flights for a total of 33 hours of flying time.[41] On March 15,
2010, the second 747-8F first flew from Paine Field to Boeing Field, where it will be based for a short time before
moving to Palmdale to continue flight testing with the first -8F.[42] On March 17 the third -8F made its first flight
and joined the test program.[43] Boeing plans to display the 747-8F at the 2010 Farnborough Airshow, along with the
787, although appearances by both aircraft are contingent on flight testing remaining on schedule.[44]
During the flight tests, Boeing discovered a buffet problem with the
aircraft, involving turbulence coming off the landing gear doors
interfering with the inboard flaps. Boeing undertook an evaluation of
the issue, which included devoting the third test aircraft to
investigating the problem.[45] The issue was resolved by a design
change to the outboard main landing gear doors.[46] In early April
2010, Boeing identified a possible defect in a part at the top of the
fuselage called a longeron. According to Boeing, the parts,
The prototype Boeing 747-8F during flight manufactured by subcontractor Vought Aircraft Industries, are, under
testing.
certain loads, susceptible to cracking. Boeing said that the issue would
Boeing 747-8 4
not affect flight testing, but other sources stated that the problem could impact the operating envelope of the aircraft
until it is fully repaired.[47] Two other problems have been found, with oscillation in the inboard aileron, and a
structural flutter, and have not yet been resolved. Combined, these problems have slowed flight testing and used up
almost all the margin in Boeing's development schedule.[48]
On April 19, 2010, the second flight-test aircraft was moved from Moses Lake to Palmdale to conduct tests on the
aircraft's engines in preparation for obtaining a type certification for the aircraft. The remaining aircraft in the test
fleet are scheduled to be moved to Palmdale during May.[49] It was reported on June 3, 2010 that an engine on the
second 747-8F was struck by a tug during a ground move. The engine cowling was damaged, but there was no
damage to the engine itself. After repairs the aircraft is to perform fuel efficiency testing.[50] It was announced on
June 14, 2010 that the 747-8 had completed the initial phase of flight-worthiness testing and that the FAA had given
Boeing an expanded type inspection authorization for the aircraft.[51]
By the end of June 2010, the three 747-8Fs that composed the
flight-test program had flown a total of over 500 hours and had
completed hot-weather testing in Arizona.[52] In June 2010, Boeing
determined that a fourth -8F aircraft was needed to help complete flight
testing. It was decided to use the second production aircraft, RC503, to
conduct the non-instrumented or minimally-instrumented tests, such as
HIRF and Water Spray Certifications.[53] [54] The aircraft, painted in
Flight testing of the first Boeing 747-8
delivery customer Cargolux's new livery, first flew on July 23,
Intercontinental destined for launch customer
2010.[55] Lufthansa
The 747-8I passenger variant took to the skies over Everett, Washington for the first time on March 20, 2011.[59] The
second 747-8I flew on April 26, 2011.[3] Two 747-8I aircraft are to take part in the 747-8I flight test program.
Boeing 747-8 5
Design
The 747-8 is a development of the Boeing 747, which takes
advantage of improvements in technology and aerodynamics.
The two variants of the 747-8 were launched in 2005. Both
feature a fuselage stretch of 18.3ft (5.6m) over the 747-400,
bringing the total length to 250ft2in (76.25m). The 747-8 is
the world's longest passenger airliner, surpassing the Airbus
A340-600 by approximately 3ft (0.91m).[5] [60] With a
maximum take-off weight of 975000 lb ( kg),[61] the 747-8 is
the heaviest aircraft, commercial or military, manufactured in
the United States.[60]
Variants
747-8 Freighter
The 747 has proven to be a very popular freighter, carrying around half
of the world's air freight as of 2007.[67] In an effort to maintain this
dominant position, Boeing designed a freight variant of the 747-8,
named the 747-8 Freighter or 747-8F, which was launched on
November 14, 2005.[68] The 747-8F will be the initial model to see
entry into service (EIS). As on the 747-400F, the upper deck is shorter
than passenger models; the 18feet 312 inches (5.575m) stretch is just
before and just aft of the wing. With a 975000 lb ( kg) maximum The Boeing 747-8F during flight testing at
take-off weight, it will have a total payload capability of 308000 lb ( Everett, Washington
The 747-8F will have more payload capacity but less range than the
current 747-400ERF. When Boeing launched the -400ERF, all of the
35000lb (16000kg) increase in MTOW over the 747-400F
875000910000 lb ( kg) allowed airlines to take off with more fuel,
burn it during flight, and land at the same weight as the regular
747-400F. This increased the range of the 747-400ERF compared to
the 747-400F. Cargo carriers often move machinery or indivisible
loads that require a plane with a higher payload and landing capability.
The first 747-8 Freighter at the fuel dock of As is common with cargo planes, range is given with maximum
Boeing's Everett Plant payload, not fuel. The 747-8's 65000lb (29000 kg) MTOW increase
has been directed exclusively to its Zero-Fuel weight or payload
capacity. If taking off at maximum payload, the 747-8 takes off with its tanks not full. On trips where the payload is
not at maximum, the plane can take on more fuel and extend its range.
Cargolux and Nippon Cargo Airlines were the first customers for the 747-8, placing orders for the freighter variant in
November 2005.[6] The firm configuration of the aircraft was finalized in October 2006.[71] Major assembly of the
aircraft began on August 8, 2008,[17] and the aircraft first left Boeing's Everett factory on November 12, 2009.[72]
747-8 Intercontinental
The passenger version, named 747-8 Intercontinental or 747-8I was
launched on November 14, 2005.[73] The aircraft will be capable of
carrying up to 467 passengers in a 3-class configuration over 8000nmi
(15000km) at Mach 0.855. The 747-8I will carry 51 more passengers
and two more freight pallets with 26% more cargo volume than the
747-400.[70] Despite initial plans for a shorter stretch than the freighter
model, the two variants will be the same length, increasing passenger
capacity and allowing easier modification of the 747-8I to freighter
use.[74] The upper deck will be lengthened on the -8I.[75] New engine The prototype Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental on a
test flight.
Boeing 747-8 7
technology and aerodynamic modifications will allow longer range. Boeing has stated that compared to the 747-400,
the -8I will be 30% quieter, 16% more fuel-efficient, and have 13% lower seat-mile costs with nearly the same cost
per trip.[76]
For the 747-8, Boeing has proposed some changes to the interior layout
of the aircraft. Most noticeable will be the curved stairway to the upper
deck and a more spacious main passenger entrance.[77] The 747-8's
main cabin uses an interior similar to that of the 787. Overhead bins
are curved, and the center row is designed to look as though it is
attached to the curved ceiling, rather than integrated into the ceiling's
curve like on the 777. The windows will also be of similar size to the
type used on the 777, which are 8% larger than those on the current
Main deck seating on the 747-8 Intercontinental 747-400s. The 747-8 will feature a new solid-state light-emitting diode
(LED) lighting system, which can create mood lighting.[75] LED
technology also offers improved reliability and lower maintenance costs.
Further down the aircraft, it has been proposed to place cabin-accessible facilities in the "crown" area, the space
above the passenger cabin, currently used for air-conditioning ducts and wiring. The wiring and ducts will be moved
to the side to create extra space; as a consequence, this area will not have windows. The added space can be used for
galleys and crew rest areas, freeing up main deck space for additional passenger seating.
During the initial 747-8 marketing phase, Boeing also proposed creating a
revenue-generating "SkyLoft" passenger facility in the crown space. This
facility would include "SkySuites", small individual compartments with sliding
doors or curtains, featuring beds, seating, and entertainment or business
equipment. A common lounge area could also be provided. Boeing also
proposed smaller, more modest "SkyBunks". Access to the crown area would
be via a separate stairway at the rear of the aircraft. Passengers using the
SkySuites, sold at a premium price, would sit in regular economy class seats
for take-off and landing, and move to the crown area during flight. However,
pricing feasibility studies found the SkyLoft concept difficult to justify. In
2007, Boeing dropped the SkyLoft concept in favor of upper-deck galley
storage options, which were favored by the airlines.[78] Outfitting the crown
space for sleeping remains an option on VIP aircraft.[79] Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental upper
deck staircase and skylight
The first order for the 747-8 Intercontinental was placed by an undisclosed VIP
customer in May 2006, widely believed to be a Middle Eastern head of state.[80] [81] Lufthansa became the first
airline to order the 747-8 Intercontinental on December 6, 2006.[82] In December 2009, Korean Air announced the
order of five 747-8Is.[29] [30] Boeing stated firm configuration for the -8I was reached in November 2007.[83]
Major assembly of the 747-8I began on May 8, 2010.[76] The final body join occurred on October 15, 2010, slightly
ahead of the projected schedule.[84] Assembly of first 747-8I was completed in February 2011, before being unveiled
at a rollout ceremony in Everett, Washington on February 13, 2011.[85] [86] Deliveries are to begin in late 2011.[87]
On March 7, 2011, it was announced that Air China had agreed to purchase five 747-8Is, subject to government
approval,[88] at a price of $1.54 billion.[89] Air China said it would use the aircraft to increase international
service.[88]
Gauntlet ground testing of the -8I, which tests systems by simulating flight conditions, took place on March 12 and
13, 2011.[87] The 747-8I's first flight occurred on March 20, 2011 from Paine Field in Everett, Washington.[90] The
second 747-8I first flew the following month.[3]
Boeing 747-8 8
Orders
Specifications
747-8I 747-8F
Sources: 747 specifications,[102] 747-8 Specifications,[61] 747-8 Airport Compatibility Brochure,[103] Flight
Global[104]
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External links
Boeing 747-8 on Boeing.com (http://www.boeing.com/commercial/747family/747-8_background.html)
Boeing 747-8, The Shape of the Future on NewAirplane.com (http://www.newairplane.com/747/)
Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental Airliner on Aerospace-Technology.com (http://www.aerospace-technology.com/
projects/boeing-747-8/)
Article Sources and Contributors 14
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