Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 46

Communication Cycle

for Computing / OSI


Reference Model
MR. SOHAIL IRFAN (ENGR.SOHAIL.IRFAN@NDU.EDU.PK)
NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY
ISLAMABAD
2
Objectives

Data communication among


heterogeneous systems difficulties
and solutions
The need for layered architecture
Design issues for the layers
The OSI model
Network complexities 3

Different types of hardware and software


Different operating systems
Different types of data to be transferred
text, images, music, video, etc
Data must be transferred without errors
Many different paths may have to be taken
Yet computers must communicate with
each other in a network
Network complexities 4

Data formats and data exchange


conventions vary between manufacturers
E.g.,
ASCII developed by IANA,
EBCDIC developed by IBM, etc.
This can be resolved only if computers follow
certain common set of rules or protocols
What is a protocol? 5

It is a formal description of message


formats and the rules that two
computers must follow in order to
exchange messages.

This set of rules describes how data


is transmitted over a network.
Why protocols needed? 6

Protocols
are needed for
communication between any
two devices.
Inwhat format will the messages
be transmitted?
At what speed should messages
be transmitted?
What to do if errors take place?
What to do if parts of a message
are lost?
Protocols in daily life 7

How does conversation take place


between human beings
Hello
Goodbye
Handshake

Letters
Dear Sir
Yours faithfully
Open Systems Interconnect 8
(OSI) Model
Who made:
International Standards Organization (ISO)
A Model of How Protocols and Networking
Components Could be Made
Open means the concepts are non-proprietary;
can be used by anyone.
OSI is not a protocol. It is a model for understanding
and designing a network architecture that is flexible
and robust.
Open Systems Interconnect 9
(OSI) Model
The OSI model describes how data flows from one
computer, through a network
The OSI model divides the tasks involved with
moving information between networked computers
into 7 smaller, more manageable sub-task .
A task is then assigned to each of the seven OSI
layers.
Each layer is reasonably self-contained so that the
tasks assigned to each layer can be implemented
independently.
OSI Model: Layered Approach 10
With and Without OSI 11

Model
7-layer OSI model 12

Why so many layers?


To reduce complexity, networks are organized as
a stack of layers, one after the other

Each layer performs a specific task. It provides


services to an adjacent layer
Layered Approach 13

Peers
Layered Approach 14

Each layer is separated/ encapsulated, from


other layer. This means that each layer can
function on its own.

Each layer thinks that it is talking directly to


the same layer on the remote computer
through a virtual link
Layered Approach 15

Furthermore, each layer


can only communicate
with the layers above and
below it.

In fact, the layer doesnt


know that any other layers
even exist.
Layered Approach 16

The flow of data starts at the Application layer of the


sending computer, flows down the layers, across the wire to
the receiving computer,
and then back up the layers to the Application layer
The Layers of the OSI Model 17

Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
The Layers of the OSI Model 18
Some Mnemonics

All Application Please


People Presentation Do
Seem Not
Session
To Tell
Transport
Need Secret
Network
Data Passwords
Processing
Data Link Anytime
Physical
Physical layer 19
The Physical layer does only Application
two Functions
Presentation
DTE- Data Terminal Equipment
Session
DCE- Data Circulatary Equipment
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Physical layer 20
Specifies the physical Application
components of the network.
Functions of Physical Layer:
Presentation
Bit representation encode bits into
electrical or optical signals
Transmission rate The number of bits Session
sent each second
Physical characteristics of transmission Transport
media
Synchronizing the sender and receiver Network
clocks
Physical Topology how devices are
Data Link
connected ring, star, mesh, bus
topology Physical
Physical Layer 21
Protocol used at physical 22

Layer
The commonly used protocols at the physical
layer are

HSSI (High-Speed Serial Interface):


A point-to-point connection overcopper wires.

V.35:
A synchronous communication method
developed by the International
Telecommunication Union
Data Link Layer 23

It is responsible for taking the data from the


upper layers and converting it to the bits Application
needed to send across the physical wire,
and vice versa.
The data link layer divided into two parts Presentation
LLC
MAC Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Data Link Layer 24

Media Access Control (MAC):


A MAC address is a 6-byte (48-bits) value Application
that is usually created by the network
interface manufacturer.
The first three bytes: are assigned by the Presentation
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers) and are specific to each Session
vendor.
The vendor generates the last three bytes. Transport
Examples shown here where X can be any
hex value from 0 to F. Network
00-00-0C-XX-XX-XX Cisco
00-E0-98-XX-XX-XX LinkSys Data Link
00-10-5A-XX-XX-XX 3Com
Physical
Data Link Layer 25

Logical Link Control(LCC):


Application
It is responsible for taking the data
from the Network layer and sending Presentation
it to the MAC layer.
Session
When the LLC receives data from
the MAC layer, it must determine Transport
which software protocol in the
Network layer to send it to.
Network
Data Link
Physical
Data Link Layer 26

Responsible for delivery of data


between two systems on the same
network Application
Main functions of this layer are:
Framing divides the stream of bits Presentation
received from physical layer into
manageable data units called frames.
Physical Addressing Add a header to
Session
the frame
Flow control Impose a flow control
Transport
control rate at which data is transmitted
so as not to flood the receiver Network
Error Control Adds mechanisms to
detect and retransmit damaged or lost Data Link
frames. This is achieved by adding a
trailer to the end of a frame Physical
Data Link Layer 27
Protocol used at Data Link 28

Layer
HDLC (High-Level Data ISDN (Integrated
Link Control). A serial Services Digital
communication that is Network). A digital
usually vendor specific. communication
PPP (Point-to-Point method used over
Protocol). A low-speed copper wire.
serial protocol. Frame Relay
802.3 and 802.2
Network Layer 29

The above two layers allow the


communication partners to
Application
communicate only if they are on
the same segment/Network Presentation

Session
A segment is defined as all network
devices, that are on the same Transport
building / area Network
Data Link
Physical
Network Layer 30

The Network layer enables us to send data


to any computer in the world, as long as
there is a physical network connection in Application
between them.

Main functions of this layer are: Presentation


Responsible for delivery of packets across
multiple networks
Session
Routing Provide mechanisms to transmit Transport
data over the networks that are linked
together.
Network
Network layer is responsible only for
delivery of individual packets and it does Data Link
not recognize any relationship between
those packets
Physical
Network Layer 31
Network Layer 32

A network address consists of two parts,


the network portion: 32bits
the host portion: 48bits

As a simple example, suppose the


number 1.2 was assigned to your specific
machine. The 1 would identify the
network segment and the 2 would
identify you as a specific host on that
network
Protocol used at Network 33

Layer
IP (Internet Protocol). A routed protocol used in
the TCP/IP suite, made famous by the Internet.
IPX (Internet Packet eXchange). A routed
protocol used in the IPX/SPX protocol suite usually
used in Novell environments.
RIP (Routing Information Protocol). One of the
many routing protocols implemented on Cisco
routers.
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First). Another routing
protocol used by routers.
Transport Layer
34

Main functions of this layer are: Application


Responsible for source-to-
destination delivery of the entire
message Presentation
Segmentation and reassembly Session
divide message into smaller
segments, number them and Transport
transmit. Reassemble these
messages at the receiving end. Network
Error control make sure that Data Link
the entire message arrives
without errors Physical
Transport Layer 35
Session Layer 36

This layer decides the method of communication:


half-duplex or full-duplex.

A Half-duplex Example:
The initial Hello establishes the protocol and the method of
communication, half-duplex.
After we discuss the new products that Cisco is introducing
and how they will make our lives better (the data transfer),
We then conclude our conversation by saying Good-bye.
Session Layer 37

Main functions of this layer are:


Application
Dialog control allows two
systems to enter into a dialog,
Presentation
keep a track of whose turn it
is to transmit Session
Synchronization adds check Transport
points (synchronization points)
Network
into stream of data.
Data Link
Physical
Session Layer 38

From Presentation Layer To Presentation Layer

Session Layer Session Layer

H5 H5
syn syn syn syn syn syn

To Transport Layer From Transport Layer


Presentation Layer 39

Responsibilities of this layer are: Application


Translation
Different computers use different Presentation
encoding systems e.g. EBCDIC vs.
ASCII Session
Convert data into a common
format before transmitting. Transport
Compression reduce number Network
of bits to be transmitted
Data Link
Physical
Presentation Layer 40

Application
Encryption transform data into
an unintelligible format at the Presentation
sending end for data security
Decryption at the receiving Session
end Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Application Layer 41

Contains protocols that allow the


Application
users to access the network (FTP,
HTTP, SMTP, etc)
Presentation
Does not include application
programs such as email, browsers, Session
word processing applications, etc.
Transport
Protocols contain utilities and
network-based services that support Network
email via SMTP, Internet access via
HTTP, file transfer via FTP, etc Data Link
Physical
Application Layer 42

To Presentation Layer From Presentation Layer


Summary of Functions of Layers
43

To allow access to
Application network resources
To translate, encrypt
and compress data Presentation
To establish, manage
Session & terminate sessions
Ensure data is
delivered in order Transport
To move packets from
Network source to destination
Data is encapsulated (Shortest path)
into frames Data Link
To transmit bits over a
Physical medium & provide
electrical specs.
Data Encapsulation Using the 44

OSI Model
QUESTION???

Since there may be more than one application using


more than one communication partner using more
than one protocol, how does the data get to its
destination correctly?
Encapsulation Hello
45

7 Application AH Hello

6 Presentation PH AH Hello

5 Session SH PH AH Hello

4 Transport TH SH PH AH Hello

3 Network NH TH SH PH AH Hello

2 Data Link DH NH TH SH PH AH Hello DT

1 Physical Bits
Encapsulation & 46
Decapsulation
Layer PDU Name
7.) Application Data
6.) Presentation Data
5.) Session Data
4.) Transport Segment
3.) Network Packet
2.) Data Link Frame
1.) Physical Bits

Вам также может понравиться