TEXTILE INDUSTRY

1. textile industry
- is primarily concerned with the design and production of yarn, cloth, clothing, and
their distribution.
2. Textile
- is a flexible material consisting of a network of natural or artificial fibres (yarn or
thread). Yarn is produced by spinning raw fibres of wool, flax, cotton, hemp, or other
material to produce long strands.
3. Yarn
- is a long continuous length of interlocked fibres, suitable for use in the production
of textiles, sewing, crocheting, knitting, weaving, embroidery, and rope making.
4. Cotton
- is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of
the cotton plants of the genus Gossypium in the family of Malvaceae.
5. Fibres

- a thin thread of natural or artificial material that can be used to make cloth, paper,
etc. : material (such as cloth) that is made from thin threads.
6. Textile Operatives
- produce natural and synthetic materials which are used for creating items made from
textiles, such as clothing and carpets
7. A knitting machine
- is a device used to create knitted fabrics in a semi or fully automated fashion.
8. Leather
- animal skin that is chemically treated to preserve it and that is used in making clothes,
shoes, furniture, etc.
9. Beamers
- a machine that load yarns onto the beams (or reels) of textile weaving machines. They
set up the machines according to production instructions, work out the correct
quantity of yarn needed for each job, check the yarns for defects or knots and record
the number of yarn breaks.
10. A Blender
- a machine that places cleaned wool and other fibres, such as nylon, into large
'hoppers', which mix the fibres into a blend.
11. Carding
- process separates, untangles and cleans fibres of different types of wool, known as a
blend.
 12. Carder
- A person that is responsible for the carding machine. They check if the machine is
running correctly, clear away waste fibres, check for blockages and clean the
machine.
13. Dyeing
- is the process of adding color to textile products like fibers, yarns, and fabrics.
14. Acrylic fibers
- are dyed with basic dyes, while nylon and protein fibers such as wool and silk are
dyed with acid dyes, and polyester yarn is dyed with disperse dyes.
15. Scutching
- refers to the process of cleaning cotton of its seeds and other impurities.
16. Spinning
- this is a technique where the staples are blown by air into a rotating drum, where they
attach themselves to the tail of formed yarn that is continually being drawn out of the
chamber.
17. Checking
- This is the process where each of the bobbins is rewound to give a tighter bobbin.
18. Plying
- is a process by pulling yarn from two or more bobbins and twisting it together, in the
opposite direction that in which it was spun.
19. Gassing
- is the process of passing yarn, as distinct from fabric very rapidly through a series of
Bunsen gas flames in a gassing frame, in order to burn off the projecting fibres and
make the thread round and smooth and also brighter.
20. Cotton Counts
- Refers to the thickness of the cotton yarn where 840 yards of yarns weighs 1 pound
(0.45 kg).
21. Denier
- an alternative method. It is defined as a number that is equivalent to the weight in grams
of 9000m of a single yarn.
22. Warping
- A process where Racks of bobbins are set up to hold the thread while it is rolled onto
the warp bar of a loom.
23. Shedding
- The operation of dividing the warp into two lines, so that the shuttle can pass between
these lines.
24. Picking
25. - The operation of projecting the shuttle from side to side of the loom through the
division in the warp threads. This is done by the overpick or underpick motions. The
overpick is suitable for quick-running looms, whereas the underpick is best for heavy or
slow looms.
26. Beating-up

- The third primary movement of the loom when making cloth, and is the action of
the reed as it drives each pick of weft to the fell of the cloth.
27. Weft knitting
- is similar in method to hand knitting with stitches all connected to each other
horizontally.
28. Scouring
- is a chemical washing process carried out on cotton fabric to remove natural wax and
non-fibrous impurities (e.g. the remains of seed fragments) from the fibres and any added
soiling or dirt.
29. Bleaching
- A process that improves whiteness by removing natural coloration and remaining trace
impurities from the cotton; the degree of bleaching necessary is determined by the
required whiteness and absorbency.
30. Mercerizing
- A process which the fabric is treated with caustic soda solution to cause swelling of the
fibres.
31. Singeing
- is designed to burn off the surface fibres from the fabric to produce smoothness.
32. Raising
- A method where the fabric surface is treated with sharp teeth to lift the surface fibres,
thereby imparting hairiness, softness and warmth, as in flannelette.
33. Calendering
- is the third important mechanical process, in which the fabric is passed between heated
rollers to generate smooth, polished or embossed effects depending on roller surface
properties and relative speeds.
34. Shrinking (sometimes referred to as sanforizing)
- A process whereby the fabric is forced to shrink width and/or lengthwise, creates a
fabric in which any residual tendency to shrink after subsequent laundering is minimal.
35. Printing
- is the application of colour in the form of a paste or ink to the surface of a fabric, in a
predetermined pattern.
36. Genetical modification
- is any biological process whose genetic material has been altered using genetic
engineering techniques.
37. Bast fibre (also called phloem fibre or skin fibre)
- is plant fibre collected from the phloem (the "inner bark", sometimes called "skin")
or bast surrounding the stem of certain dicotyledonous plants. They support the
conductive cells of the phloem and provide strength to the stem.

38. Jute

- is a bast fibre, which comes from the inner bark of the plants of the Corchorus genus.
 PETROLEUM INDUSTRY

1. petroleum industry
Includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transporting (often
by oil tankers and pipelines), and marketing of petroleum products
2. Petroleum
is a naturally occurring, yellow-to-black liquid found in geological formations beneath
the Earths surface, which is commonly refined into various types of fuels .
3. Fractional distillation
is the separation of a mixture into its component parts, or fractions, separating chemica
compounds by their boiling point by heating them to a temperature at which one or more
fractions of the compound will vaporize.
4. Fuel
is any material that can be made to react with other substances so that it
releases chemical or nuclear energy as heat or to be used for work.
5. Sedimentary rocks
are types of rock that are formed by the deposition and subsequent cementation of that
material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water.
6. Sedimentation
is the collective name for processes that cause mineral and/or organic particles (detritus)
to settle in place.
7. Whale oil
is oil obtained from the blubber of whales. Whale oil was sometimes known as train oil,
which comes from the Dutch word traan and used for lighting in the 19th century.
8. Industrial Revolution
was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to
sometime between 1820 and 1840. This transition included going from hand production
methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes,
improved efficiency of water power, the increasing use of steam power, the development
of machine tools and the rise of the factory system.
9. Kerosene
Also known as paraffin, lamp oil that is a combustible hydrocarbon liquid which is
derived from petroleum, widely used as a fuel in industry as well as households.
10. Samuel Martin Kier
was an American inventor and business many who is credited with founding the
American petroleum refining industry.
11. petroleum reservoir
is a subsurface pool of hydrocarbons contained in porous or fractured rock formations.
12. American Petroleum Institute (API)
 is the largest U.S. trade association for the oil and natural gas industry. It claims to
represent about 650 corporations involved in production, refinement, distribution, and
many other aspects of the petroleum industry.
13. Upstream
One of the three major sectors of oil refinery that include searching for potential
underground or underwater crude oil and natural gas fields, drilling exploratory wells,
and subsequently drilling and operating the wells that recover and bring the crude oil
and/or raw natural gas to the surface.
14. Midsteam
One of the three major sectors of oil refinery that involves the transportation
(by pipeline, rail, barge, oil tanker or truck), storage, and wholesale marketing of crude or
refined petroleum products.
15. Downstream
The downstream sector commonly refers to the refining of petroleum crude oil and
the processing and purifying of raw natural gas, as well as the marketing and distribution
of products derived from crude oil and natural gas. The downstream sector reaches
consumers through products such as gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel
oil, heating oil, fuel oils, lubricants, waxes, asphalt, natural gas, and liquefied petroleum
gas (LPG) as well as hundreds of petrochemicals.
16. oil refining
process commonly includes hydrodesulphurization which converts most of
that sulphur into gaseous hydrogen sulphide.
17. Pipeline transport
is the transportation of goods or material through a pipe.
18. oil field
is a region with an abundance of oil wells extracting petroleum (crude oil) from below
ground.
19. Gathering
The gathering process employs narrow, low-pressure pipelines to connect oil- and gas-
producing wells to larger, long-haul pipelines or processing facilities.
20. non-renewable resource
also called a finite resource is a resource that does not renew itself at a sufficient rate for
sustainable economic extraction in meaningful human time-frames.
21. renewable resource
is a natural resource which replenishes to overcome resource depletion caused by usage
and consumption, either through biological reproduction or other naturally recurring
processes in a finite amount of time in a human time scale.
22. oil spill
is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment, especially marine
areas, due to human activity, and is a form of pollution.
23. oil tanker
also known as a petroleum tanker, is a merchant ship designed for the bulk
transport of oil.
24. Hubbert peak theory
says that for any given geographical area, from an individual oil-producing region to the
planet as a whole, the rate of petroleum production tends to follow a bell-shaped curve.
25. biofuel
is a fuel that is produced through contemporary biological processes, such as agriculture
and anaerobic digestion, rather than a fuel produced by geological processes such as
those involved in the formation of fossil fuels, such as coal and petroleum, from
prehistoric biological matter. Biofuels can be derived directly from plants, or indirectly
from agricultural, commercial, domestic, and/or industrial wastes.

26. Oil depletion

is the decline in oil production of a well, oil field, or geographic area.
27. Propane
is a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG or LP-gas),a type of combustible hydrocarbon fuel
that is produced as a by-product of natural gas processing and crude oil refining.
28. Offshore drilling
is the drilling of an oil well can water requiring setting up a semisubmersible rig.
29. Cable drilling
A method of drilling where involves using a large pointed bit that is raised and then
dropped into a hole to break up the rock into small pieces.
30. Rotary drilling
Another method of oil drilling where a drilling contractor usually drills the surface hole a
few feet and then lowers a pipe into the hole that follows the drill bit as it works its way
further down into the ground.
31. Cracking
is used to break down larger molecules of heavier fractions to produce gasoline, either by
subjecting fractions to a high temperature and pressure or by using a chemical catalyst.
32. blowout preventer
is high-pressure valves located under a drilling rig and used on the wellhead of an oil well
to prevent the loss of pressure from a blowout, either in the annular space between
the drill string and casing, or in the open hole during drilling completion hours.
33. circulation system
is a major system of rotary equipment used in the rotary drilling of oil wells. The
circulation systems is used for pumping drilling mud under pressure through the kelly,
rotary table, drill string, and drill collar.
34. drill collar
is a large-diameter, heavy pipe used in oil drilling that fits around the drill string and puts
weight on the drill bit.
35. drilling barge
is a drilling rig used in the petroleum industry for drilling oil wells in shallow water such
as lakes, swamps, rivers, and canals. It consists of a floating platform that is transported
to the drilling site by a tug boat or other means of transport.
floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) vessel is a self-propelled oil tanker
used in offshore drilling, designed to support the production, storage and offloading
of oil produced from subsea oil wells. The vessel comes equipped with production
facilties mounted on raised supports above the ship's deck. The oil, pumped up from a
subsea well, passes through various flowlines and risers up to a turret and then into the
ship's production facilities.
36. extraction of petroleum
is the process by which usable petroleum is drawn out from beneath the earth's surface.
37. Catalytic reforming
is a chemical process used to convert petroleum refinery naphthas distilled from crude
oil (typically having low octane ratings) into high-octane liquid products called reformates,
which are premium blending stocks for high-octane gasoline. The process converts low-
octane linear hydrocarbons (paraffins) into branched alkanes (isoparaffins) and
cyclic naphthenes, which are then partially dehydrogenated to produce high-octane aromati
hydrocarbons
38. Jet fuel
is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in aircraft powered by gas-turbine engines. It is
colorless to straw-colored in appearance.
39. Gasoline
is a transparent, petroleum-derived liquid that is used primarily as a fuel in internal
combustion engines. It consists mostly of organic compounds obtained by the fractional
distillation of petroleum, enhanced with a variety of additives.
40. A greenhouse gas
is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range.
This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect.
41. petroleum geologist
is an earth scientist who works in the field of petroleum geology, which involves all aspects
of oil discovery and production. Petroleum geologists are usually linked to the actual
discovery of oil and the identification of possible oil deposits or leads.
42. Migration
The movement of the (less dense) oil or gas from the source rock into a reservoir rock and
then into a trap.
43. Passive seismic
Is the detection of natural low frequency earth movements, usually with the purpose of
discerning geological structure and locate underground oil, gas, or other resources.
 Pottery Industry
1. Pottery
is the craft of making ceramic material into pots or potterywares using mud.
2. Earthenware
is glazed or unglazed nonvitreous pottery which has normally been fired below 1200C.
3. Clay
is a fine-grained natural rock or soil material that combines one or more clay
minerals with traces of metal oxides and organic matter.
4. Feldspars (KAlSi3O8 NaAlSi3O8 CaAl2Si2O8)
are a group of rock-forming tectosilicate minerals that make up about 40% of
the Earth's continental crust.
5. Ceramic glaze
is an impervious layer or coating of a vitreous substance which has been fused to
a ceramic body through firing. Glaze can serve to color, decorate or waterproof an item.
6. Kaolinite
is a clay mineral, part of the group of industrial minerals, with the chemical
composition Al2Si2O5(OH)4. It is a layered silicate mineral, with one tetrahedral sheet of
silica (SiO4) linked through oxygen atoms to one octahedral sheet of alumina (AlO6)
octahedral. Rocks that are rich in kaolinite are known as kaolin.
7. Terracotta
is the term normally used for sculpture made in earthenware, and also for various
utilitarian uses including vessels (notably flower pots), water and waste water
pipes, roofing tiles, bricks, and surface embellishment in building construction.
8.