Tut 7

Tutorial 7.
Combined Radiation and

Natural Convection in a Square Box
Introduction: In this tutorial, combined radiation and natural convec-

tion are solved in a two-dimensional square box on a mesh consist-
ing of quadrilateral elements.
In this tutorial you will learn how to:
Use the radiation models in FLUENT (Rosseland, P-1, DTRM,
and discrete ordinates (DO)) and understand their ranges of
application
Use the Boussinesq model for density
Set the boundary conditions for a heat transfer problem in-
volving natural convection and radiation
Separate a single wall zone into multiple wall zones
Change the properties of an existing uid material
Calculate a solution using the segregated solver
Display velocity vectors and contours of stream function and
temperature for ow visualization
Prerequisites: This tutorial assumes that you are familiar with the
menu structure in FLUENT, and that you have solved Tutorial 1.
Some steps in the setup and solution procedure will not be shown
explicitly.
Problem Description: The problem to be considered is shown schemat-

ically in Figure 7.1. A square box of side L has a hot right wall at
T = 2000 K, a cold left wall at T = 1000 K, and adiabatic top and
bottom walls. Gravity points downwards. A buoyant ow devel-
ops because of thermally-induced density gradients. The medium
c Fluent Inc. August 7, 1998 7-1

Combined Radiation and Natural Convection in a Square Box
contained in the box is assumed to be absorbing and emitting, so

that the radiant exchange between the walls is attenuated by ab-
sorption and augmented by emission in the medium. All walls are
black. The objective is to compute the ow and temperature pat-
terns in the box, as well as the wall heat ux, using the radiation
models available in FLUENT, and to compare their performance
for dierent values of the optical thickness aL.
The working uid has a Prandtl number of approximately 0.71, and
the Rayleigh number based on L is 5 105 . This means the ow is
inherently laminar. The Boussinesq assumption is used to model
buoyancy. The Planck number k=(4T03 ) is 0.02, and measures the
relative importance of conduction to radiation; here T0 = (Th +
Tc )=2. Two values for the optical thickness are considered: aL =
0:2 and aL = 5.
Note that the values of physical properties and operating conditions
(e.g., gravitational acceleration) have been adjusted to yield the
desired Prandtl, Rayleigh, and Planck numbers.
Adiabatic
= 1000 kg/m3
4
cp= 1.1030x10 J/kgK
k = 15.309 W/mK
-3
= 10 kg/ms
Tc = 1000 K
T = 2000 K
-5
h
g = 10 1/K

-5
g = -6.96 x 10 m/s 2
a = 0.2, 5 1/m
y L=1m
5
x Ra = 5 x 10
Pr = 0.71
Pl = 0.02
L = 0.2, 5
Figure 7.1: Schematic of the Problem
7-2 c Fluent Inc. August 7, 1998

Preparation
1. Copy the le
/fluent_inc/fluent5/tut/rad/rad.msh
from the FLUENT tutorial CD to your working directory.

2. Start the 2D version of FLUENT.
Step 1: Grid
1. Read the mesh le rad.msh.
File ,! Read ,!Case...
As the mesh is read in, messages will appear in the console window
reporting the progress of the reading. The mesh size will be reported
as 841 cells.
2. Check the grid.
Grid ,!Check
FLUENT performs various checks on the mesh and reports the progress
in the console window. Pay particular attention to the minimum
volume. Make sure this is a positive number.

3. Display the grid (Figure 7.2).

Display ,! Grid...
Note: All the walls are currently contained in a single wall zone,
wall-4. You will need to separate them out into four dierent
walls so that you can specify dierent boundary conditions for
each wall.

Grid Feb 24, 1998

FLUENT 5.0 (2d, segregated, lam)
Figure 7.2: Graphics Display of Grid
4. Separate the single wall zone into four wall zones.

Grid ,! Separate ,!Faces...

(a) Select the Angle separation method (the default) under Op-
tions.
(b) Select wall-4 in the Zones list.
(c) Specify 89 as the signicant Angle.
(d) Click on the Separate button.
Note: Faces with normal vectors that dier by more than 89 will
be placed in separate zones. Since the four wall zones are
perpendicular (angle = 90 ), wall-4 will be separated into four
zones.
5. Display the grid again.
(a) Select all Surfaces and click on Display.
Notice that you now have four dierent wall zones instead of
only one.
Extra: You can use the right mouse button to check which
wall zone number corresponds to each wall boundary. If
you click the right mouse button on one of the boundaries
in the graphics window, its zone number, name, and type
will be printed in the FLUENT console window. This fea-
ture is especially useful when you have several zones of
the same type and you want to distinguish between them
quickly. In some cases, you may want to disable the dis-
play of the interior grid so as to more accurately select
the boundaries for identication.

Step 2: Models
As discussed earlier, in this tutorial you will enable each radiation model
in turn, obtain a solution, and postprocess the results. You will start with
the Rosseland model, then use the P-1 model, then the discrete transfer
radiation model (DTRM), and last of all, the discrete ordinates (DO)
model.
1. Keep the default solver settings.

Dene ,! Models ,!Solver...

2. Turn on the Rosseland radiation model.

Dene ,! Models ,!Radiation...
When you click OK in the Radiation Model panel, FLUENT will

present an Information dialog box telling you that new material
properties have been added for the radiation model. You will be
setting properties later, so you can simply click OK in the dialog
box to acknowledge this information.
Note: FLUENT will automatically enable the energy calculation
when you enable a radiation model, so you need not visit the
Energy panel.

3. Add the eect of gravity on the model.

Dene ,!Operating Conditions...
(a) Turn on Gravity.

The panel will expand to show additional inputs.
(b) Set the Gravitational Acceleration in the Y direction to -6.94e-5
m/s2 .
As mentioned earlier, the gravitational acceleration has been
adjusted to yield the correct dimensionless quantities (Prandtl,
Rayleigh, and Planck numbers). See Figure 7.1 and the asso-
ciated comments.
(c) Set the Operating Temperature to 1000 K.
The operating temperature will be used by the Boussinesq model,
which you will enable in the next step.

Step 3: Materials
The default uid material is air, which is the working uid in this prob-
lem. However, since you are working with a ctitious uid whose prop-
erties have been adjusted to give the desired values of the dimensionless
parameters, you must change the default properties for air. You will use
an optical thickness aL of 0:2 for this calculation. (Since L = 1, the ab-
sorption coecient a will be set to 0.2.) At the end of the tutorial, results
for an optically thick medium with aL = 5 are computed to show how the
dierent radiation models behave for dierent optical thicknesses.
Dene ,!Materials...

1. Select boussinesq in the drop-down list next to Density, and then

set the Density to 1000 kg/m3 .
For details about the Boussinesq model, see the User's Guide.
2. Set the specic heat, Cp, to 1.103e4 J/kg-K.
3. Set the Thermal Conductivity to 15.309 W/m-K.
4. Set the Viscosity to 0.001 kg/m-s.
5. Set the Absorption Coecient to 0.2 m,1 .
Hint: Use the scroll bar to access the properties that are not ini-
tially visible in the panel.
6. Keep the default settings for the Scattering Coecient and the Scat-
tering Phase Function, since there is no scattering in this problem.
7. Set the Thermal Expansion Coecient (used by the Boussinesq model)
to 1e-5 1/K.
8. Click on Change/Create and close the Materials panel.

Step 4: Boundary Conditions

Dene ,!Boundary Conditions...
1. Set the boundary conditions for the bottom wall (wall-4).

Note: The bottom wall should be called wall-4, but to be sure that
you have the correct wall, use your right mouse button to click
on the bottom wall in the graphics window. When you do this,
the corresponding zone will be selected automatically in the
Zone list in the Boundary Conditions panel. You can do this
when you set boundary conditions for the other walls as well,
to be sure that you are dening the correct conditions.
(a) Change the Zone Name to bottom.

(b) Retain the default thermal conditions (heat ux of 0) to spec-
ify an adiabatic wall.

Note: The Rosseland model does not require you to set a wall
emissivity. Later in the tutorial, you will need to dene the
wall emissivity for the other radiation models.
2. Set the boundary conditions for the left wall, wall-4:005.
(a) Change the Zone Name to left.
(b) Select Temperature under Thermal Conditions and set the Tem-
perature to 1000 K.
3. Set the boundary conditions for the right wall, wall-4:006.
(a) Change the Zone Name to right.
(b) Select Temperature under Thermal Conditions and set the Tem-
perature to 2000 K.
4. Set the boundary conditions for the top wall, wall-4:002.
(a) Change the Zone Name to top.
(b) Retain the default thermal conditions (heat ux of 0) to spec-
ify an adiabatic wall.

Step 5: Solution for the Rosseland Model

1. Set the parameters that control the solution.
Solve ,! Controls ,!Solution...
(a) Retain the default selected Equations (all of them) and Under-
Relaxation Factors.
(b) Under Discretization, select PRESTO! for Pressure, and Second
Order Upwind for Momentum and Energy.

2. Initialize the ow eld.

Solve ,! Initialize ,!Initialize...
(a) Set the Temperature to 1000 K and click on Init.

3. Enable the plotting of residuals during the calculation.

Solve ,! Monitors ,!Residual...
Select Plot under Options and click on OK.
Note: There is no extra residual for the radiation heat transfer

because the Rosseland model does not solve extra transport
equations for radiation; instead, it augments the thermal con-
ductivity in the energy equation. When you use the P-1 and
DO radiation models, which both solve additional transport
equations, you will see additional residuals for radiation.
4. Save the case le (rad ross.cas).
File ,! Write ,!Case...
5. Start the calculation by requesting 100 iterations.
Solve ,!Iterate...
The solution will converge in about 70 iterations.

6. Save the data le (rad ross.dat).

File ,! Write ,!Data...
Step 6: Postprocessing for the Rosseland Model

1. Display velocity vectors (Figure 7.3).
Display ,!Velocity Vectors...

1.93e-04
1.74e-04
1.55e-04
1.35e-04
1.16e-04
9.67e-05
7.73e-05
5.80e-05
3.87e-05
1.93e-05
2.03e-08
Velocity Vectors Colored By Velocity Magnitude (m/s) Feb 24, 1998

Figure 7.3: Velocity Vectors for the Rosseland Model

2. Display contours of stream function (Figure 7.4).

Display ,!Contours...
The recirculatory patterns observed are due to the natural convec-

tion in the box. At a low optical thickness (0.2), radiation should
not have a large in uence on the ow. The ow pattern is ex-
pected to be similar to that obtained with no radiation (Figure 7.5).
However, the Rosseland model predicts a ow pattern that is very
symmetric (Figure 7.4), and quite dierent from the pure natu-
ral convection case. This discrepancy occurs because the Rosseland
model is not appropriate for small optical thickness.
Extra: If you want to compute the results without radiation your-
self, turn o all the radiation models in the Radiation Model
panel, set the under-relaxation factor for energy to 0.8, and
calculate until convergence. (Remember to reset the under-
relaxation factor to 1 before continuing with the tutorial).

6.11e-02
5.50e-02
4.89e-02
4.28e-02
3.67e-02
3.06e-02
2.44e-02
1.83e-02
1.22e-02
6.11e-03
0.00e+00
Contours of Stream Function (kg/s) Feb 24, 1998

Figure 7.4: Contours of Stream Function for the Rosseland Model
1.99e-02
1.79e-02
1.59e-02
1.39e-02
1.19e-02
9.93e-03
7.95e-03
5.96e-03
3.97e-03
1.99e-03
0.00e+00
Contours of Stream Function (kg/s) Feb 24, 1998

Figure 7.5: Contours of Stream Function with No Radiation

3. Display lled contours of temperature (Figure 7.6).

Display ,!Contours...
The Rosseland model predicts a temperature eld (Figure 7.6) very

dierent from that obtained without radiation (see Figure 7.7). For
the low optical thickness in this problem, the temperature eld pre-
dicted by the Rosseland model is not physical.

2.00e+03
1.90e+03
1.80e+03
1.70e+03
1.60e+03
1.50e+03
1.40e+03
1.30e+03
1.20e+03
1.10e+03
1.00e+03
Contours of Static Temperature (k) Feb 24, 1998

Figure 7.6: Contours of Temperature for the Rosseland Model
2.00e+03
1.90e+03
1.80e+03
1.70e+03
1.60e+03
1.50e+03
1.40e+03
1.30e+03
1.20e+03
1.10e+03
1.00e+03
Contours of Static Temperature (k) Feb 24, 1998

Figure 7.7: Contours of Temperature with No Radiation

4. Plot the y velocity along the horizontal centerline of the box.

(a) Create an isosurface at y = 0:5, the horizontal line through
the center of the box.
Surface ,!Iso-Surface...
i. Select Grid... in the Surface of Constant drop-down list

and select Y-Coordinate from the list below.
ii. Click on Compute to see the extents of the domain.
iii. Set a value of 0.5 in the Iso-Values eld, and change the
New Surface Name to y=0.5.
iv. Click on Create to create a surface at y = 0:5.

(b) Create an XY plot of y velocity on the isosurface.

Plot ,!XY Plot...
i. Check that the Plot Direction for X is 1, and the Plot

Direction for Y is 0.
With a Plot Direction vector of (1,0), FLUENT will plot
the selected variable as a function of x. Since you are
plotting the velocity prole on a cross-section of constant
y, the x direction is the one in which the velocity varies.
ii. Select Velocity... and Y Velocity under Y Axis Function.
iii. Select y=0.5 in the Surfaces list.
iv. Click on Plot.

y=0.5
2.00e-04
1.50e-04
1.00e-04
5.00e-05
Y 0.00e+00
Velocity
(m/s) -5.00e-05
-1.00e-04
-1.50e-04
-2.00e-04
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Position (m)
Y Velocity Feb 24, 1998

Figure 7.8: XY Plot of Centerline y Velocity for the Rosseland Model

The velocity prole re ects the rising plume at the hot
right wall, and the falling plume at the cold left wall.
Compared to the case with no radiation, the prole pre-
dicted by the Rosseland model exhibits thicker wall layers.
As discussed before, the expected prole for aL = 0:2 is
similar to the case with no radiation.
(c) Save the plot data to a le.
i. Select the Write to File option, and click the Write... push
button.
ii. In the resulting Select File dialog box, specify rad ross.xy
in the XY File text entry box and click OK.

5. Compute the total wall heat ux on each lateral wall.

Report ,!Fluxes...
(a) Select Total Heat Transfer Rate under Options.

(b) Select right and left under Boundaries.
(c) Click the Compute button.
The total wall heat transfer rate is reported for the hot and
cold walls as approximately 7:43 105 W. The sum of the heat
uxes on the lateral walls is 0.04%, a negligible imbalance.
Thus far in this tutorial, you have learned how to set up a natural con-
vection problem using the Rosseland model to compute radiation. You
have also learned to postprocess the results. You will now turn on the
P-1 model and compare the results so computed with those of the Rosse-
land model.

Step 7: P-1 Model Denition, Solution, and

Postprocessing
You will now repeat the above calculation using the P-1 radiation model.
The main steps are identical to the procedure described above for the
Rosseland model.
1. Enable the P-1 model.

2. Conrm that the wall emissivity is 1 for all walls.
Dene ,!Boundary Conditions...
For each wall boundary, there will be a new entry, Internal Emissiv-
ity, in the Wall panel. Retain the default value of 1.
3. Modify the under-relaxation parameters.
(a) Under Under-Relaxation Factors, set the factor for P1 to 1.0,
and retain the default factors for Pressure, Momentum, and
Energy (0.3, 0.7, and 1.0)
Note that an additional equation, P1, appears because the P-1
model solves an additional radiation transport equation. This
problem is relatively easy to converge for the P-1 model since
there is not much coupling between the radiation and tempera-
ture equations at low optical thicknesses. Consequently a high
under-relaxation factor can be used for P-1.
4. Save the case le (rad p1.cas).
5. Continue the calculation by requesting another 100 iterations.
Solve ,!Iterate...
The P-1 model reaches convergence after about 70 additional iter-
ations.

6. Save the data le (rad p1.dat).

7. Examine the results of the P-1 model calculation.
Note: The steps below do not include detailed instructions because
the procedure is the same one that you followed for the Rosse-
land model postprocessing. See Step 6: Postprocessing for
the Rosseland Model if you need more detailed instruc-
tions.
(a) Display velocity vectors (Figure 7.9).
2.86e-04
2.57e-04
2.29e-04
2.00e-04
1.72e-04
1.43e-04
1.15e-04
8.62e-05
5.77e-05
2.92e-05
7.46e-07
Velocity Vectors Colored By Velocity Magnitude (m/s) Jul 31, 1998

Figure 7.9: Velocity Vectors for the P-1 Model

(b) Plot the y velocity along the horizontal centerline (Figure 7.10),
and save the plot data to a le called rad p1.xy.
Plot ,!XY Plot...
! You will need to reselect Y Velocity under Y Axis Func-
tion. Also, remember to turn o the Write to File option
so that you can access the Plot button to generate the plot.

y=0.5
2.50e-04
2.00e-04
1.50e-04
1.00e-04
5.00e-05
Y 0.00e+00
Velocity
-5.00e-05
(m/s)
-1.00e-04
-1.50e-04
-2.00e-04
-2.50e-04
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Position (m)
Y Velocity Jul 31, 1998

Figure 7.10: XY Plot of Centerline y Velocity for the P-1 Model
(c) Compute the total wall heat transfer rate.

Report ,!Fluxes ...
The total heat transfer rate reported on the right wall is 8:5
105 W. The heat imbalance at the lateral walls is negligibly
small. You will see later that the Rosseland and P-1 wall heat
transfer rates are substantially dierent from those obtained
by the DTRM and the DO model.
Notice how dierent the velocity vectors and y-velocity prole are from
those obtained using the Rosseland model. The P-1 velocity proles show
a clear momentum boundary layer along the hot and cold walls. These
proles are much closer to those obtained from the non-radiating case
(Figures 7.11 and 7.12). Though the P-1 model is not appropriate for
this optically thin limit, it yields the correct velocity proles since the
radiation source in the energy equation, which is proportional to the ab-
sorption coecient, is small. The Rosseland model uses an eective
conductivity to account for radiation, and yields the wrong temperature
eld, which in turn results in an erroneous velocity eld.

2.17e-04
1.95e-04
1.74e-04
1.52e-04
1.30e-04
1.09e-04
8.69e-05
6.51e-05
4.34e-05
2.17e-05
3.53e-09
Velocity Vectors Colored By Velocity Magnitude (m/s) Mar 09, 1998

Figure 7.11: Velocity Vectors with No Radiation

y=0.5
2.50e-04
2.00e-04
1.50e-04
1.00e-04
5.00e-05
Y 0.00e+00
Velocity
-5.00e-05
(m/s)
-1.00e-04
-1.50e-04
-2.00e-04
-2.50e-04
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Position (m)
Y Velocity Mar 09, 1998

Figure 7.12: XY Plot of Centerline y Velocity with No Radiation

Step 8: DTRM Denition, Solution, and Post-

processing
1. Turn on the discrete transfer radiation model (DTRM) and dene
the ray tracing.
(a) Select Discrete Transfer under Model.

The panel will expand to show additional inputs.
(b) Accept the defaults by clicking OK.
The Ray Tracing panel will open automatically.

(c) Accept the default settings for Clustering and Angular Dis-
cretization by clicking OK.
When you click OK, FLUENT will open a Select File dialog
box so you can specify a name for the ray le used by the
DTRM. A detailed description of the ray tracing procedure
can be found in the FLUENT User's Guide. In brief, the num-
ber of Cells Per Volume Cluster and Faces Per Surface Cluster
control the total number of radiating surfaces and absorbing
cells. For a small 2D problem, the default number of 1 is
acceptable. For a large problem, however, you will want to in-
crease these numbers to reduce the ray tracing expense. The
Theta Divisions and Phi Divisions control the number of rays
being created from each surface cluster. For most practical
problems, the default settings will suce.
(d) In the Ray File text entry box in the Select File dialog box,
enter rad dtrm.ray for the name of the ray le. Then click
OK.
FLUENT will print an informational message describing the
progress of the ray tracing procedure.
2. Retain the current under-relaxation factors for pressure, momen-
tum, and energy (0.3, 0.7, and 1.0).
3. Save the case le (rad dtrm.cas).
Solve ,!Iterate...
The solution will converge after about 70 additional iterations.
5. Save the data le (rad dtrm.dat).

6. Examine the results of the DTRM calculation.

tions.
2.89e-04
2.61e-04
2.32e-04
2.03e-04
1.74e-04
1.45e-04
1.16e-04
8.77e-05
5.89e-05
3.01e-05
1.26e-06
Velocity Vectors Colored By Velocity Magnitude (m/s) Jul 31, 1998

Figure 7.13: Velocity Vectors for the DTRM

and save the plot data to a le called rad dtrm.xy.
Plot ,!XY Plot...
y=0.5
2.50e-04
2.00e-04
1.50e-04
1.00e-04
5.00e-05
0.00e+00
Y
Velocity -5.00e-05
(m/s) -1.00e-04
-1.50e-04
-2.00e-04
-2.50e-04
-3.00e-04
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Position (m)

Figure 7.14: XY Plot of Centerline y Velocity for the DTRM

Report ,!Fluxes ...
105 W. Note that this is substantially lower than the values
predicted by the Rosseland and P-1 models.

Step 9: DO Model Denition, Solution, and

Postprocessing
1. Turn on the discrete ordinates (DO) radiation model and dene
the angular discretization.
(a) Select Discrete Ordinates under Model.

The panel will expand to show additional inputs for the DO
model.
(b) Set the number of Flow Iterations Per Radiation Iteration to 1.
This is a relatively simple ow problem, and will converge
easily. Consequently it is useful to do the DO calculation every
iteration of the ow solution. For problems that are dicult to

converge, it is sometimes useful to allow the ow solution to

establish itself between radiation calculations. In such cases,
it may be useful to set Flow Iterations Per Radiation Iteration
to a higher value, such as 10.
(c) Retain the default settings for Angular Discretization and Non-
Gray Model.
For details about the angular discretization used by the DO
model, see the User's Guide. The Number of Bands for the
Non-Gray Model is zero because only gray radiation is being
modeled in this tutorial.
Note: When you click OK in the Radiation Model panel, FLU-
ENT will present an Information dialog box telling you that
new material properties have been added for the radiation
model. The property that is new for the DO model is the
refractive index, which is only relevant when you are mod-
eling semi-transparent media. Since you are not modeling
semi-transparent media here, you can simply click OK in
the dialog box to acknowledge this information.
2. Retain the current under-relaxation factors for pressure, momen-
tum, and energy (0.3, 0.7, and 1.0), as well as the default under-
relaxation of 1 for the discrete ordinates transport equation.
3. Save the case le (rad do.cas).
Solve ,!Iterate...
The solution will converge after about 40 additional iterations.
5. Save the data le (rad do.dat).

6. Examine the results of the DO calculation.

tions.
2.91e-04
2.62e-04
2.33e-04
2.04e-04
1.75e-04
1.46e-04
1.17e-04
8.82e-05
5.92e-05
3.02e-05
1.17e-06
Velocity Vectors Colored By Velocity Magnitude (m/s) Feb 24, 1998

Figure 7.15: Velocity Vectors for the DO Model

and save the plot data to a le called rad do.xy.
Plot ,!XY Plot...
y=0.5
2.50e-04
2.00e-04
1.50e-04
1.00e-04
5.00e-05
0.00e+00
Y
Velocity -5.00e-05
(m/s) -1.00e-04
-1.50e-04
-2.00e-04
-2.50e-04
-3.00e-04
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Position (m)

Figure 7.16: XY Plot of Centerline y Velocity for the DO Model

Report ,!Fluxes ...
105 W. Note that this is about 1.5% higher than that predicted
by the DTRM. The DO and DTRM values are comparable
to each other, while the Rosseland and P-1 values are both
substantially dierent. The DTRM and DO models are valid
across the range of optical thickness, and the heat transfer
rates computed using them are expected to be closer to the
correct heat transfer rate.

Step 10: Comparison of y-Velocity Plots

In this step, you will read the plot les you saved for all the solutions
and compare them in a single plot.
Plot ,!File...
1. Read in all the XY plot les.

(a) Click on the Add... button.
(b) In the resulting Select File dialog box, select rad do.xy,
rad dtrm.xy, rad p1.xy, and rad ross.xy in the Files list.
They will be added to the XY File(s) list. If you accidentally
add an incorrect le, you can select it in this list and click
Remove.
(c) Click OK to load the 4 les.
2. Click on Plot.

3. Resize and move the legend box so that you can read the informa-
tion inside it.
(a) To resize the box, press any mouse button on a corner and
drag the mouse to the desired position.
(b) To move the legend box, press any mouse button anywhere
else on the box and drag it to the desired location.
Y Velocity
2.50e-04 Y Velocity (rad_dtrm.xy)
Y Velocity (rad_p1.xy)
2.00e-04 Y Velocity (rad_ross.xy)
1.50e-04
1.00e-04
5.00e-05
0.00e+00
-5.00e-05
-1.00e-04
-1.50e-04
-2.00e-04
-2.50e-04
-3.00e-04
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Figure 7.17: Comparison of Computed y Velocities for aL = 0:2

Notice in Figure 7.17 that the velocity proles for the P-1 model, DTRM,
and DO model are nearly identical even though the reported wall heat
transfer rates are dierent. This is because in an optically thin problem,
the velocity eld is essentially independent of the radiation eld, and all
three models give a ow solution very close to the non-radiating case. The
Rosseland model gives substantially erroneous solutions for an optically
thin case.

Step 11: Comparison of Radiation Models for

an Optically Thick Medium
In the previous steps, you compared the results of four radiation models
for an optically thin (aL = 0:2) medium. It was found that, as a result of
the low optical thickness, the velocity elds predicted by the P-1, DTRM,
and DO models were very similar and close to that obtained in the non-
radiating case. The wall heat transfer rates for DO and DTRM were
very close to each other, and substantially dierent from those obtained
with the Rosseland and P-1 models. In this step, you will recalculate
a solution (using each radiation model) for an optically thick (aL = 5)
medium. This is accomplished by increasing the value of the absorption
coecient from 0.2 to 5. You will repeat the process outlined below for
each set of case and data les that you saved earlier in the tutorial.
1. For each radiation model, calculate a new solution for aL = 5.

(a) Read in the case and data le saved earlier (e.g., rad ross.cas
and rad ross.dat).
File ,! Read ,!Case & Data...
(b) Set the absorption coecient to 5.
This will result in an optical thickness aL of 5, since L = 1.
Dene ,!Materials...
(c) Calculate until the new solution converges.
Solve ,!Iterate...
(d) Save the new case and data les.
File ,! Write ,!Case & Data...
(e) Compute the total wall heat transfer rate.
Report ,!Fluxes...
(f) Plot the y velocity along the horizontal centerline, and save
the plot data to a le.
Plot ,!XY Plot...

2. Compare the computed heat transfer rates for the four models.
The wall heat transfer rates predicted by the four radiation models
range from 3:49 105 to 3:94 105 W. The values are quite close
to each other, with the DTRM and the DO model giving identical
results.
3. Compare the y-velocity proles in a single plot (Figure 7.18).
Plot ,!File...
Note: You will need to use the Delete button in the File XY Plot
panel to remove the old XY plot data les.
5.00e-04 Y Velocity
Y Velocity (rad_dtrm5.xy)
4.00e-04 Y Velocity (rad_p15.xy)
Y Velocity (rad_ross5.xy)
3.00e-04
2.00e-04
1.00e-04
0.00e+00
-1.00e-04
-2.00e-04
-3.00e-04
-4.00e-04
-5.00e-04
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Figure 7.18: Comparison of Computed y Velocities for aL = 5

The XY plots of y velocity are nearly identical for the P-1 model,
DO model, and DTRM. The Rosseland model gives somewhat dif-
ferent velocities, but is still within 10% of the other results. The
Rosseland and P-1 models are suitable for the optically thick limit;
the DTRM and DO models are valid across the range of optical
thicknesses. Consequently, it is not surprising that they yield sim-
ilar answers at aL = 5. For many applications with large optical

thicknesses, the Rosseland and P-1 models provide a simple low-

cost alternative.
Summary: In this tutorial, you studied combined natural convection

and radiation in a square box and compared the performance of the
four radiation models in FLUENT for optically thin and optically
thick cases. For the optically thin case, the Rosseland and P-1
models are not appropriate; the DTRM and the DO model are
applicable, and yield similar results. In the optically thick limit,
all four radiation models are appropriate and yield similar results.
In this limit, the less computationally-expensive Rosseland and P-1
models may be adequate for many engineering applications.
For more information about the applicability of the dierent radi-
ation models, see the User's Guide.


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Tutorial 7.

Combined Radiation and

Introduction: In this tutorial, combined radiation and natural convec-

Problem Description: The problem to be considered is shown schemat-

c Fluent Inc. August 7, 1998 7-1

contained in the box is assumed to be absorbing and emitting, so

Figure 7.1: Schematic of the Problem

7-2 c Fluent Inc. August 7, 1998

from the FLUENT tutorial CD to your working directory.

c Fluent Inc. August 7, 1998 7-3

3. Display the grid (Figure 7.2).

7-4 c Fluent Inc. August 7, 1998

Grid Feb 24, 1998

Figure 7.2: Graphics Display of Grid

4. Separate the single wall zone into four wall zones.

c Fluent Inc. August 7, 1998 7-5

7-6 c Fluent Inc. August 7, 1998

1. Keep the default solver settings.

c Fluent Inc. August 7, 1998 7-7

2. Turn on the Rosseland radiation model.

When you click OK in the Radiation Model panel, FLUENT will

7-8 c Fluent Inc. August 7, 1998

3. Add the e ect of gravity on the model.

(a) Turn on Gravity.

c Fluent Inc. August 7, 1998 7-9

7-10 c Fluent Inc. August 7, 1998

1. Select boussinesq in the drop-down list next to Density, and then

c Fluent Inc. August 7, 1998 7-11

Step 4: Boundary Conditions

1. Set the boundary conditions for the bottom wall (wall-4).

(a) Change the Zone Name to bottom.

7-12 c Fluent Inc. August 7, 1998

c Fluent Inc. August 7, 1998 7-13

Step 5: Solution for the Rosseland Model

7-14 c Fluent Inc. August 7, 1998

2. Initialize the ow eld.

(a) Set the Temperature to 1000 K and click on Init.

c Fluent Inc. August 7, 1998 7-15

3. Enable the plotting of residuals during the calculation.

Note: There is no extra residual for the radiation heat transfer

7-16 c Fluent Inc. August 7, 1998

6. Save the data le (rad ross.dat).

Step 6: Postprocessing for the Rosseland Model

c Fluent Inc. August 7, 1998 7-17

Velocity Vectors Colored By Velocity Magnitude (m/s) Feb 24, 1998

Figure 7.3: Velocity Vectors for the Rosseland Model

7-18 c Fluent Inc. August 7, 1998

2. Display contours of stream function (Figure 7.4).

The recirculatory patterns observed are due to the natural convec-

c Fluent Inc. August 7, 1998 7-19

Contours of Stream Function (kg/s) Feb 24, 1998

Figure 7.4: Contours of Stream Function for the Rosseland Model

Contours of Stream Function (kg/s) Feb 24, 1998

Figure 7.5: Contours of Stream Function with No Radiation

7-20 c Fluent Inc. August 7, 1998

3. Display lled contours of temperature (Figure 7.6).

The Rosseland model predicts a temperature eld (Figure 7.6) very

c Fluent Inc. August 7, 1998 7-21

Contours of Static Temperature (k) Feb 24, 1998

Figure 7.6: Contours of Temperature for the Rosseland Model

Contours of Static Temperature (k) Feb 24, 1998

Figure 7.7: Contours of Temperature with No Radiation

7-22 c Fluent Inc. August 7, 1998

3. Add the eect of gravity on the model.

Step 7: P-1 Model Denition, Solution, and

Step 8: DTRM Denition, Solution, and Post-

Step 9: DO Model Denition, Solution, and