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Power Power
Density Density
F
(3)Meeting noise during (4) Signal and noise after spectrum
F
signal transmission dispreading
Signal Noise
UMTS adopts such advanced technologies as soft handover, diversity and power control to enlarge
system capacity and increase communication quality greatly.
handover, so calls may easily be dropped, affecting the service quality. Therefore, TDMA is not
the best technology for modern cellular mobile communication. On the other hand, CDMA fully
meets the requirements of modern mobile communication networks for large capacity, high quality,
and integrated services, so it is well received by increasingly more operators and users.
CDMA emerges from the needs for wireless communications of higher quality. In the CDMA
communication system, the signals used by different users for information transmission are
distinguished not by frequencies or timeslots, but by different code sequences. CDMA allocates
one pseudo random binary sequence for each signal for frequency spreading, and different signals
are allocated with different pseudo random binary sequences. In the receiver, correlators are used
to separate the signals. The correlator of each user only receives the specified binary sequences
and compresses their frequency spectrums, while ignoring all the other signals.
The code division multiple access concept of CDMA can be illustrated with a party of many
persons. At the party, many users talk at the same time in a room, and every conversation in the
room is in a language you do not understand. From your perspective, all these conversations sound
like noise. If you know these codes, that is, relevant languages, you can ignore the conversations
you do not want to hear, and focus on only these you are interested in. The CDMA system filters
the traffic in a similar way. However, even if you understand all the languages used, you do not
necessarily hear clearly all the conversations you are interested in. In this case, you can tell the
speakers to speak louder, and/or ask others to lower their voices. This is similar to the power
control in the CDMA system. In the frequency domain or time domain, multiple CDMA signals
overlap. The receiver can sort out the signals that use the preset code pattern from multiple CDMA
signals by using correlators. Other signals using different code patterns are not demodulated, since
their code patterns are different from those generated locally at the receiver.
One of the basic technologies of CDMA is spectrum spreading. CDMA is a multiple access
technology featuring high confidentiality. It was first developed in the Second World War to
prevent interference from the enemies. CDMA found wide application in anti-interference military
communications during the war. After 1960s, it had been used in military satellite communication.
Later, it was developed by Qualcomm into a commercial mobile communication technology.
After the first CDMA system was put into operation for commercial purpose in 1995, the technical
advantages of the CDMA in theory were tested in practice, so it has seen rapid application in
North America, South America and Asia. In many countries and regions in the world, including
China, Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan, and USA, CDMA is the major mobile communication
technology used. CDMA is superior to TDMA in system capacity, anti-interference,
communication quality, and confidentiality, so IMT-2000 (3G) launched by ITU and subsequent
standards all employ CDMA.
difficult to solve. With the correlation between spread spectrum codes, the most powerful
useful signals can be extracted from multipath signals at the receiving end with a related
technology. Also, the same code sequence waveform from multiple paths can be added for
reinforcement, to achieve effective anti multipath interference.
4. Spread spectrum communication is a form of digital communication, particularly suitable
for synchronous transmission of digital voice and data. Spread spectrum communication
offers the encryption function for good confidentiality, making it easy to launch various
communication services.
Using multiple new technologies including code division multiple access, and voice
compression, spread spectrum communication is more suitable for transmission of
computer network and digitized voices and images.
5. Spread spectrum communication involves mostly digital circuitry. Its equipment is highly
integrated, easy to install and maintain, compact, and reliable and easy to mount/expand,
and has a long MTBF.
the total number of glasses. Similarly, over a channel with fixed bandwidth, the total transmission
code rate is fixed. As channel coding increases data amount, the useful information code rate is
reduced. This is the cost. The number of useful bits divided by the total number of bits derives the
coding efficiency, which varies slightly from one coding mode to another.
The coding/decoding technology and interleaving technology can work together to increase the bit
error performance. Compared with the case without coding, the traditional convolution code can
increase the bit error rate by two orders of magnitude, to 10-3 ~ 10-4, and the Turbo code can
further increase the bit error rate to 10-6. Because the Turbo code has a coding performance close
to the limit of Shannon theorem, it is adopted as the data coding/decoding technology for 3G. The
convolution code is mainly used for voice and signaling of low data rates.
1
Subscriber data
= -1+1-1-1+1-1 1
Spectrum spreading
1
Spread spectrum =
+1-1-1+1-1+1+1-1 1
Spreading signal = 1
Subscriber data * Spectrum dispreading
Spread spectrum 1
Dispreading data
1
= Subscriber data
* Spread 1
spectrum
Distributing different spread spectrum to different subscriber can distinguish different subscriber,
as shown in above sector.
Supposing that there are three subscribers and that signals they send are b1, b2 and b3, spread
their signals with spreading code of c1, c2 and c3 and final sending signal is y=b1c1 + b2c2 +
b3c3. Supposing that there is no interference in signal transmission, the receiving end:
Modulating rate of UMTS uplinks/downlinks are both 3.84 Mcps and modulate complex-valued
code chip sequence generated by spread spectrum in QPSK mode.
Figure 3 shows uplink modulation and Figure 4 shows downlink modulation.
cos(t)
Re{S} Pulse-
Complex-valued Split shaping
chip sequence S real &
from spreading imag.
parts Im{S} Pulse-
operations
shaping
-sin(t)
cos(t)
Re{T} Pulse-
Complex-valued Split shaping
chip sequence T real &
from summing imag.
parts Im{T} Pulse-
operations
shaping
-sin(t)