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Due to the very high gain of op amp, the linear region of the output voltage
is very very narrow, e.g., if VCC=15 and A=105, vd 0.15mV in order to
operate in linear region
Due to the above reason, the concept of negative feedback is very important
in op amp circuit
Example: Assume A=2105 , Ri =2M, Ro =50 and the op amp is
connected as shown in Fig. a). Find vo/vs. Also, determine i when vs=2V.
Using the simplified input-output model of op amp shown
in previous slide, we obtain the equivalent circuit of Fig. b)
We use nodal analysis to find vo
At node 1, KCL gives
vs v1 v1 v v
1 o
10 103 2000 103 20 103
Simplifying the equation gives
200vs 301v1 100vo (1)
At node O,
v1 vo v Avd
o
20 103 50
2
But vd=-v1, and A=200,000, put these into the above equation gives
401
v1 vo (2)
80, 000, 000
Put (2) into (1) gives
401 v
200vs 301 vo 100vo => o 1.999969825
80, 000, 000 vs
This is so called the closed loop gain
When vs=2V, vo=-3.99993965V. Also, v1=20.0496975V. Thus
v v
i 1 o 0.19999799 A
20 103
It is evident that working with a non-ideal op amp is tedious, as we are dealing
with very large number
Ideal op amp
To facilitate the understanding of op amp circuit, ideal op amp is used
An ideal op amp has the following characteristics:
Infinite open-loop gain, A=
Infinite input resistance, Ri=
Zero output resistance, Ro=0
Although the analysis using an ideal op amp is only an approximation, the
result is accurate enough for design purpose
The ideal op amp model is shown in the right
Two additional important characteristics of the
ideal op amp are:
i1=0, i2=0 (due to the infinite input resistance)
v1=v2 (due to the infinite open-loop gain and assuming the op amp is not
saturated)
4
Inverting amplifier
With the ideal op amp model, we rework the previous example
Here, we consider a more general case as shown in the figure below
This configuration has a special name: inverting amplifier
Apply KCL at node 1, we have i1=i2 or equivalently
vi v1 v1 vo
R1 Rf
v
i o v
But v1=v2=0 for ideal op amp, we have
R1 Rf
or the closed loop gain is vo Rf
vi R1
For the previous example, R1=10k, Rf=20k. This gives vo/vi =-2
Obviously, the use of ideal op amp greatly simply the analysis
The gain of the amplifier depends on the external resistors
An inverting amplifier reverses the polarity of the input signal while
amplifying it
The equivalent model is shown at the right 5
6
Noniverting amplifier
Noninverting amplifier is another important configuration of op amp and is
shown below
The input voltage vi is applied directly at the
noninverting input
Applying KCL at the inverting terminal gives
0 - v1 v1 vo
i1 i2 =>
R1 Rf
vo Rf
1
But v1=v2= vi , put this into the above equation, we obtain vi R1
Again we notice that the gain depends only on external resistors
Special case: if Rf=0 or R1= or both, the gain become 1.
The resulting configuration is called voltage follower
It is used as buffer amplifier to isolate one circuit from another as shown
below
8
Summing amplifier
Op amp can also perform summation
Consider the circuit shown below
Careful examination reveals that this is a
variation of the inverting amplifier
Apply KCL at node a gives
va vo v1 va v2 va v3 va
i i1 i2 i3 =>
Rf R1 R2 R3
10
Differential amplifier
Consider the op amp circuit shown at the right
Apply KCL to node a,
v1 va va vo R R
=> vo 2 1 va 2 v1 (1)
R1 R2 1
R R1
Example: Design an op amp circuit with input v1 and v2 such that vo=-5v1
+3v2
Approach 1. If we desire to use only one op amp, we have to use the
expression R2 (1 R1 / R2 ) R2
vo v2 v1
R1 (1 R3 / R4 ) R1
-- Comparing the expression with vo =3v2 -5v1 , we have
R2
R 5 R2 5 R1
1
=>
R2 (1 R1 / R2 ) 3 R3 R4
R1 (1 R3 / R4 )
13
Op amp circuits have the advantage that they can be cascaded without
changing their input-output relationships
This is due to the fact that each (ideal) op amp circuit has infinite input
resistance and zero output resistance
For the three-stage cascade circuit shown above, A=A1A2A3
Example: Find vo and io in the circuit shown at the right
Recognize that this is a cascade of two noninverting
amplifiers
12 10
va 1 (20) 100mV, vo 1 va 350mV
3 4
v v v v 250 103
io o b o a 25 A
10000 10000 10000
14
Example: If v1=1V and v2=2V, find vo
Notice that A and B are inverting amp,
so 6
va v1 3v1
2
8
vb v2 2v2
4
C part is a summation circuit, so
10 10 2
vo va vb 2(3v1 ) (2v2 ) 6v1 (4 / 3)v2
5 15 3
Put v1=1V and v2=2V, we get vo=8.667V
15