Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
1. Individual Report. One PRINTED report (double sided printing) for each student is
compulsory
2. The report should include the following outlines: (i) Title, (ii) Introduction, (iii)
Objective, (iv) Experimental Apparatus, Materials and Procedures, (v) Results and
Discussion, (vi) Conclusion, and (vii) References.
3. Report submissions must be computer typed and printed on white A4 size paper. Font size:
12; Font type: Time News Romans; Line spacing: 1.5 lines; Margin: Top, Bottom, Left&
Right: 1.5 cm. Maximum pages: 15 pages including Appendix.
4. Report must be submitted within TWO weeks after conducting the laboratories. Late
submission will not be accepted except for legitimate reason submitted prior to due date.
Objective
To investigate the effect of annealing time on the hardness of a carbon steel and an alloy steel
Introduction
With the annealing test, except for alloy composition, a disc specimen is austenitized at
different times in the furnace (10 and 20 minutes) and upon removal from the furnace, the
disc will be immediately dipped into the water at room temperature. The cooling rate is a
maximum. The softer pearlite transforming into austenite are freezed when the sample is
quenched. The hardness is increased with the amount of austenite structure in the steel.
A steel alloy that is highly hardenable will require longer time to transform from pearlite
into austenite. The presence of nickel, chromium, and molybdenum in the alloy steels delay
the pearlite-to-austenite reactions, thus less martensite is formed for a particular temperature.
*Item category
SP Sample or specimen
C Consumable
CH Chemical
W Labware, glassware, tool, and
components
E Equipment
S Software
DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS
Furnace
Operation Principles
The furnace chamber incorporates a heating element that is embedded into the side walls and
top and back of heating chamber. The ceramic fiber oval muffle with four heating surfaces
creates even heat distribution within the chamber. The temperature is controlled by a
microprocessor controller with a type K Chromel/Alumel thermocouple. A fan is provided in
the furnace to provide forced air cooling for the temperature controller. A door safety switch
removes power to the heating elements whenever the furnace door is opened.
The Microprocessor Controller
The single setpoint controller provides a single digital display to indicate the current chamber
temperature or setpoint temperature. When the controller is turned ON, it will perform a short
self-test and then display the furnace temperature. To view the setpoint temperature, press
and release the UP or DOWN button. Setpoint temperature can be changed by
continue pressing until the desired setpoint temperature is displayed and then release the
button. A few seconds after the button is released, the controller will accept the new
value and revert to display the furnace temperature.
Caution Statement
Be sure ambient temperature does not exceed 40C. Ambient above this level may result in
damage to the controller. Allow at least six inches of space between the furnace and any
combustible surface. This permits the heat from the surface case to escape so as not to create
a possible fire hazard.
To avoid burns, this furnace must not be touched on the exterior or interior furnace surfaces
during use or for a period of time after use.
The Rockwell Hardness Scale of HRC is used. For HRC, a diamond cone indenter and
a major load of 150 kg are used. A V-block is used for mounting of the specimens which are
of cylindrical shape.
Procedure
5. After 10 minutes, take out the 1 st sample for both composition and quench them
in the water.
6. Once the samples are cold. Grind and polish the sample until it is clean and flat.
8. The samples will then dip into the etchant solution (Ethanol 97ml + Nitric Acid 3ml)
for ~10-15 seconds before micrographic is taken.
Questions: