PART I

PRELIMINARY

1.1. Background

Due to various technical issues, electricity was only raised at a certain place. While
users of electric power or electric power customers scattered in different places, then the
delivery of electric power from a raised up to where customers require various technical
handling. Electricity generated in centers such as hydropower electricity, power plant, power
plant, geothermal power plants and diesel is then transported through the transmission line
after it first raised its voltage by a step-up voltage transformer (step-up transformer) in the
Power Center.

This is illustrated by Figure 1.1. High voltage transmission line in PLN mostly have
voltage 66 KV, 150 KV and 500 KV. Especially for a voltage of 500 KV in current practice is
referred to as extra high voltage to perform pengeceheckan hence made an equipment or a
system that can see in real field conditions and can be controlled via a separate control room
computer without having to go into the field .Komputer used for surgery electric power
system and placed in the Load control Center, has the main task of organizing supervision and
control over the operation of the power system.

To carry out the task of supervision and control of this operation, the computer
collects data and information from the system which is then processed according to specific
procedures and protocols. This procedure is governed by the computer software. Fungi
computer of some sort in English is called Supervisory Control And Data Aquisition
(SCADA). The computer in the Control Centre to hold dialogue with any contact Remote
Terminal Unit in rotation with a specific time period. This time period is approximately 10
seconds, this means that the data presented by the computer in the control center is updated
every 10 seconds. The dialogue process in turn is often referred to in English as the scanning
process and scanning time is approximately 10 seconds as mentioned above. At the time of an
RTU gets a turn to dialogue with the computer from the Control Centre, the RTU submit data
to the latest observations computer via telecommunications channels. Software and RTU
arranged for only the quantities reported are changes to the computer in the Control Centre,
thus data traffic.

In telecommunications channels can be reduced density. If there is interference in a GI

Electrical Center or the occurrence of these disorders recorded by RTU concerned in the list
of reports to the Control Centre computer, recorded the top, which means it will be the first
report at the time of RTU's turn to dialogue with the computer.

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1.2. Aim

a. Knowing Equipment scada at 500 KV switchyard ITB to 150 kv feeder.

b. Knowing scada system work at 500 KV switchyard ITB to 150 kv feeder.
c. Knowing Equipment scada at 500 KV switchyard ITB to 150 kv feeder.
d. Knowing the system work on the switchyard 500 kV switchyard ITB to 150 kv feeder.

1.3. The scope of discussion

SCADA system comprises:

a. National Control Center, abbreviated NCC.

b. Inter Regional Control Center, abbreviated IRCC.
c. Regional Control Center, abbreviated as RCC.
d. Inter Distribution Control Center, abbreviated IDCC.
e. Distribution Control Center, abbreviated as DCC.

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 CHAPTER II

BASIC THEORY

2.1. SCADA

SCADA stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. Meant with SCADA is a
system of monitoring, control and data processing in real time. Components include the
Master Station SCADA, telecommunications media and Remote Station / Remote Terminal
Unit. SCADA systems are applied in many companies, among others: Electric Company,
Water Supply Company, Cement Factory, Milk Factory, Transportation Company, Offshore
Oil Drilling, Building - modern building etc. In the Electricity Company, the use of SCADA
melingkup on many .Pengusahaan exploitation of electric power include operations in the
field:

a. Power System.
b. Generation Systems.
c. Distribution System.

In the operation in the system, it should not prevent termination of service for 24 hours
during a day and seven days a week. For the purpose of the SCADA and Telecommunication
become indispensable existence as a means of controlling real time. Operations of
transmission and distribution system network coordinated by the Load Control Center
(Distribution or Distribution) and the hierarchy below by Regional Contol Centre / RCC
system Regulatory Area Distribution and Distribution / APD for distribution systems. The
executive officer arrangement commonly referred to as a dispatcher and placed on the
building RCC controls or PPE. The job of the dispatcher is coordinating network operations
under his responsibility regarding the monitoring, control and recording as well as take
measures to maintain the reliability, quality and operational efficiency of the power system
listrik.Kegiatan include the state of the system during normal conditions, the face of
disruption and recovery of the a disturbance. To achieve the goal of the operation is intended
to fulfill the following factors:

a. Become familiar with the network of electric power system including the condition
manageable.
b. Develop guidelines for operations that include goals, rules, tasks, complementary rules
and image / table / form.
c. The implementing organizations.

These factors greatly helped with the facility SCADA (Supervisory, Control and Data
Acquisition). The operation pattern according to circumstances on the ground have been
anticipated with this faslitas. So the factors that cause an operation error can be minimized.
Operation pattern according to the configuration of distribution network is represented in the
form of Single Line Diagrams with equipment or switching maneuvers. To operate the
equipment must meet the criteria set out in the stages that must dipenuhi.Apabila one of the
stages is not met, the execution or menuver such networks can not be implemented. So errors
are caused by the human factor can be eliminated.

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 Although it has assisted with SCADA equipment, each Dispatcher must understand the
Standing Operation Procedure (SOP) network of electric power system which it is
responsible. Similarly, the operator of the substation and distribution substation operator must
keep to the procedure of setting operation and utilization of the network which it is
responsible, so that the function of SCADA equipment as a means of operational work will be
optimal.

Electric Power System Operation lasted continuously for 24 hours a day and commonly
known as the Real Time. Usually divided into three squads picket within 24 hours. Each team
picket which replaces the previous team had to hold preparations before doing its job of
carrying out the daily operations in Real Time.

Preparations that must be implemented are:

a. Learning Plan Daily Operations of Transmission System, both concerning plans

concerning the generation and distribution. Dispatcher must know the condition of the
distribution in a state of Normal, or Emergency Preparedness. It is necessary to carry
out the setting operation the load distribution system. For that we need to
communicate anatar dispatcher Generation, Distribution and distribution.
b. Studying the deviations that occur on Daily Operations Plan System mainly involving
disturbance in the Transmission System. The condition of the transmission system
needs to know at all times whether in a state of Normal, or Emergency Preparedness.
c. Studying the works of maintenance and repairs are carried out will require a network
outage that maneuver. If there is a change of network changes then this will require
special attention in order not to place difficulties in the operation.
d. Checking the readiness of facilities for operations such as communication devices,
telemetering and telecontrol SCADA so that a dispatcher who will carry out the task
of knowing the condition of the facility which is required for implementation of the
tasks.

The operation in real time is the implementation of the Plan of Daily Operations and in
case of deviations from normal conditions, the deviation must be controlled in Real Time
Operation by following the guidelines or the Standing Operation Procedure Operation
abbreviated SOP.

Procedure general network settings using SCADA facilities implemented by:

a. Maneuver or tissue manipulation through SCADA telecontrol facility which has been
adapted to the operation pattern configuration of the existing distribution network.
b. Receive information relating to the state of the network from the workstation and then
make a judgment or observations necessary to establish a follow-up.
c. Monitoring the magnitudes of measurement with SCADA telemetering facilities on
the network and then make a judgment or observations necessary to establish a follow-
up.
d. Coordinate the implementation by other parties related to the operation of networks:
Region P3B, Disorders Services Officer, Officer Substation Maintenance and
Operator, if any.

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 e. Monitor the network continuously and do not cut off by the operator / dispatcher
assisted by SCADA facility that serves as the supervision of the network to which in
case of abnormal conditions will provide input in the form of alarm.
f. Investigate and localize network interrupted with SCADA facilities through
telecontrol commands by taking into account the quantities telemeter that exist on the
workstation.
g. Detecting interference so the point of interruption can be discovered to be repaired.

The mode of operation of power system in real time conditions there are four (4) state that
the operating mode, normal state, interruption, emergency and recovery. The mode can be
described as below.

Figure 1: Four operating system state power.

As described above that the power system outages addressed to the extent possible, so
back to normal and the time required is also increasingly singkat.Peran SCADA and
Telecommunications equipment is very dominant to prevent widespread disruption, and to
ensure that disruption can be immediately datasi with soonest possible time.

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2.2 Network SCADA Systems Electric Power System

2.2.1 General About SCADA

Some of the main definitions are frequently encountered in the context of SCADA is
as follows:

a. Regulatory.
What is meant by the Governing is PLN Unit who carry out the setting operation of
electric power system network.
b. Control Room (Control-Space Control Room).
A place / space where operators carry out the task of supervision and regulation of
network operations and or distribution of electric energy. Control Room is also
referred to as the Master Station consists of the main computers that are reliable and
Communication Interface that enables the exchange of data between RTUs with
master Station.
c. Main Computer (Main Computer).
Is the parent processors that function to process all of the data received from the
Remote Terminal Unit, Man-Machine Interface, as well as from other processors.
d. Front End Computer.
A central processor is positioned between the input channel and other processor
functions to process the data before passing it to a larger processor.
e. Human Machine Interface.
An interface between Main Computer and man / operator.
f. Signs Viewer (Mimic Board).
Demonstration board is in the form of a panel or a wide screen that displays general
information real time network operating an electricity network ttenaga system.
g. Screen Display (Projection Screen)
Is a wide screen that is used to receive the spotlight image of the tool demonstration
video (Video Display Unit).
h. Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)
RTU is also mentioned as Remote Station is a device that is placed in the substation in
the form of a processor that serves as the receiving, processing and transmitting
information from equipment dimonitornya and send them to the master station or
receive instrtruksi - the instruction of master Station.

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The main functions of the SCADA is as follows:

a. Acquisition of data that is the process of acceptance of the data RTU in the network
and must be able to communicate with the RTU.
b. Conversion of data that the conversion process telemetry data received from RTU in
the network and change the data in the form of a standard format for further
processing.
c. data processing is to analyze the received data to be reported to the operator /
dispatcher.
d. Supervisory control that allows the operator / dispatcher implement controls on the
equipment in the network.
e. Tagging, the operator / dispatcher to put certain information on specified equipment
and as a means of exchanging information among operators / dispatchers.
f. alarm and event processing, informing the operator / dispatcher if there is a change in
network system.
g. Post Mortem Review, to help determine the effect on the network system if there is a
major disruption to the network.

SCADA capability is dependent upon the application program that is used in the SCADA
system. for distribution systems, among others:

a. Fault Detection, which provides information on the disturbance through the operation
of protective equipment, so that the interference detection can be quickly identified
and dot interference can be immediately known.
b. Isolation: the ability to localize uninterrupted network by utilizing the telecontrol for
maneuvering or manipulation of tissue.
c. Restoration, which is the ability to restore the network in its normal position before
interrupted after interruption remedied by telecontrol facilities to mengendalika
dijaringan equipment such as a cubicle, LBS, Recloser or sectionalizer.

For Transmission System:

a. Enegy Management System (EMS).

b. Power System Analysis.
c. Load Flow.
d. Load Frequency Control.

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SCADA System hardware configuration as shown below.

Picture. 2 SCADA System Configuration.

2.2.2 Function Telecontrol Control, Tele Signal, Telemetering

For functional distribution function RTU mounted location is determined as follows:

a. substation.

Telecontrol : load breakers, separators, rearranging the transformer tap changer.

Telemeasurement : voltage. current, kwh, power factor, kVArh for each incoming and `
outgoing feeders, busbar and transformer.

Telesignalling : equipment breakers, tap changer position, and safety (ground fault,
over current, DC source fault, Buchholz, transformer temperature trip /
alarm or other safety equipment).

b. Distribution Transformer Substation (Key Point).

Telecontrol : load breakers, separators

Telemeasurement : voltage. current, kwh, power factor, KVARH for transformer feeders.

Telesignalling : breaker equipment, safety (ground fault, over current, DC fault or

other equipment).

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c. Pole Mounted swithes (Recloser, loadbreak switches etc.)

Telecontrol : load breakers, separators Telesignalling: breakers and safety

equipment (ground fault, over current, DC fault, or other equipment).

d. Pole Mounted Capacitor Bank

Telemetering : capacitive current, power factor, reactive power, voltage.

Telesignalling : open-close status. As for the distribution of functional RTU functions

are as follows:

Telecontrol : load breakers, transformers tap changer

Telemeasurement : KV, A, MW, MVAR, Cos Phi ,.

Telesignalling : status breaker equipment, safety equipment (ground fault, over

current, DC fault or other equipment).

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 CHAPTER III

DISCUSSION

3.1 Equipment SCADA System At 150 kv feeder

SCADA system equipment has been set at PLN PATTERN SCADA, which is standard
equipment standardization .Kompleksitas SCADA equipment is determined by the level of
organization of the operation of power system which will be operated, so that would be
obtained uniformity pattern SCADA equipment in PLN. With the Philosophy is the next stage
of preparation of the Functional Requirement will be more focused and more defined, refers
to the operational needs of the system to be operated, among others:

Completing the operational tools of medium voltage networks and improving the
operation of the power system manjemen.

a. Improving the reliability of the power system.

b. Improving the quality of the electricity network.
c. Provide accurate data / appropriate for advanced processes, such as: optimization of
network operations, planning and maintenance of the network; as well as for customer
service, operations management and performance improvement of power system ..

Having regard to the goals and objectives of the SCADA equipment-include:

a. Remote Terminal Units (RTUs).

b. Communication Systems.
c. Master Station (Control Room).
d. Hardware Interfacing with network equipment.

3.1.1 Master Station

Master Station is a collection of hardware and software in the control center, the general
configuration of a master station not same, adjusted to the needs outlined scadanya.Namun
system configuration of sbuah master station consists of:

a. Computer Front End.

b. Computer Server.
c. Computer Human Machine Interface.
d. Computer Database server.
e. Computer Engineering.
f. Swicth or HUB LAN.
g. Radio Master.
h. Recorder.
i. Global Position System to a reference time.
j. DTS (Dipatcher Training Simulator).
k. UPS.

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 l. Projector.
m. Wall Display.
n. Peripheral support such as printer, logger.
o. Software's Application Server and SCADA HMI.

3.1.2 Front End

Front End is the computer equipment that serves as the communications equipment /
connecting between the Master Terminal Unit with Remote Terminal unit, where the function
of the front end is a communications processor and store temporary data such as:

Data retrieval from the RTU, which is taking status and measurements can be taken in a poll,
to speed up data retrieval only the data that changes that are being taken.

a. Storage of data, data status and measurements that have been processed, stored on a
file server, or sent to the HMI.
b. Delivery of data, namely as a means to send data from the server to the RTU or vice
versa.
c. Sending data to the HMI that is, when the data request is received RTU status Front
End of HMI, all data is sent to the RTU HMI and data is retrieved from the file server.
d. Adjustment time of each RTU that has the function that each RTU has the same time
as the Master Terminal Unit, then it periodically sends time data received from MTU
to each RTU manages.
e. Diagnosis RTU is to check if each RTU is working or not, then periodically sent
specific data to each RTU. If the RTU does not give an answer after a few repetitions,
the Front End will send the news to the Master that RTU is not working.

3.1.3 HMI (Human Machine Interface)

Human Machine Interface or Man Machine Interface is a means or device which is very
important in the Load Control Center as a communication medium between the Operator /
Dispatcher with the computer, which the operator can directly monitor and commanding the
elements that were in the substation Parent k included in the SCADA system. Moreover, it
can also store data of data and information systems in real time to be used as further analysis.
The number of operators working in the room central regulator determines the number of
workstations / terminals are needed.

HMI system includes all equipment used to convey information to the operator /
dispatcher and can be worn by the operator / dispatcher to operate the system.

Broadly speaking HMI functions are as follows:

a. Viewing / monitor the condition of the distribution system.

b. Entering or changing data.
c. Navigating between SCADA functions.
d. Monitoring and control equipment Distribution Network System.
e. Monitoring and Controlling the distribution network system configuration.

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3.1.4 Media Communication

Communication media needs to be considered by the configuration between the master

computer central controller with RTU. Configuration required between RTU Master
Computer with star-shaped or a combined form of tree stars.

With the specification of communication media as follows:

a. Low Speed Data (300 s / d 9600 bps)

b. Mode of transmission in synchronous or asynchronous
c. Master-Slave Transmission Procedures
d. For reliability required duplication of the communication link.

The communication media used can include a variety of Radio Data, Pilot Calbe, Fiber Optic,
PLC (Power Line Carrier), Microwave or Helpline (Leased Line).

3.1.5 RTU

RTU is an apparatus installed in substations in which there are processors that function to
retrieve the data, status and measurement data are scanning (polling), as well as other function
is to carry out the commands of HMI is like Open lid CB, reported the realization of what was
ordered HMI complete with state of the RTU at the time (real time).

All series of processes in the site or substations both metering and status cb processed by
RTU, hereinafter the data is stored in a data memory (RAM) before being asked by the Front
End to the control center, but it also RTU serves to implement commands (Open Close CB)
with the request of the HMI.

3.1.6 Adaptation Work / Interfacing

Interfacing is a panel that contains rele rele-aids / AUX terminal and terminal between
the RTU with the equipment to be controlled by the SCADA system.

3.1.7 Tele Data information

The size of the SCADA system is determined by the number teleinformasi planned. The
SCADA system needs analysis also refers to the size of teleinformasi, because it determines
the capacity of the existing master computer.

Various teleinformasi terms of shape are:

a. Digital Output, the digital signal is sent from the master computer and the form of
command signals such as telecontrol.
b. Digital Input, a digital signal is sent from remote equipment to master the computer
after a RTU form of signal indications. This signal is divided into two (2) types of
signaling single and double signaling that distinguishes them is their use eg for
position accuracy is required PMT double signaling.

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 c. Analog Input, an analog signal that is sent from the meter-meter analog mangalami
Analog to Digital Converter process at RTU before being sent to the master computer
for further processing.
d. Tele tele data information contained in the information plan to be able to compile the
data basenya. Tele informaton plan to differentiate between information Tele plan for
SCADA and information tele plan for maintenance.

3.2 SCADA System Software

SCADA System software according to the needs can be divided into two groups:

a. Data Base

All information used SCADA functions, the application program distribution system and
distribution network diagram view should be stored in a database management system. Can be
used for special purposes such as storage tables and flat-file in an application program. Data
should be duplicated on two file servers in the Master Station to achieve a high degree of
system availability. Teleinformasi database should be defined and modified in a way that
inter-active but quite simple. The system should be able to verify the consistency of RTU
database to prevent operating errors or false alarms.

b. Graphic User Interface.

The interface with the user must graphical bit-map, the interaction is done through a
pointing device. This interface must be WIMP (Windows, Icons, Mouse and Pointer System).
The software user interface should be run in a stand-alone workstation or part of a client-
server network. The user interface must provide functions to users and application
development as follows:

a. Facilities for dynamically design diagrams.

b. Facility to link graphic objects with database items.
c. Facility to take dynamically diagrams and charts to divert to another screen or to other
workstations in the network.
d. Facilities for connecting graphic objects with the command system.

Views should be in the form of a schematic diagram or geographical layout diagram

consisting of static and dynamic objects. The diagram should be designed based on the
primitive (arcs, circles, ellipses, lines, markers, polygon, polyline, rectangle, square, box text,
and text), color, and attributes (line type, line weight, visibility, font, blockfill) , There should
be facilities for diagram decluterring namely the reduction of excessive detail for different
layers.

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3.3 SCADA Applications

Facilities are basic SCADA functions have software that is capable of integrating to perform
the function:

a. Control and Acquisition.

Acquisition of data acquisition subsystem implemented by berinter-action with the

SCADA server. Data acquisition functions include: analog measurements (voltage, current,
MVAR, MW and transformer tap), input / digital status, and the pulse of the RTU and
eksternal.Pengendalian computer system must include a security mechanism control
sequences include the initial state, between, and the final state.

b. Event and Alarm Management.

Software process all data changes to detect the alarm, then give the signal to the operator
when the limits exceeded alarm. The software must be equipped with a priority list of regular
alarm and alarm acknowledge facility interactively. Alarm handling software must be
integrated with a relational database allowing the retrieval alarm and event history flexible

c. Calculation.

The calculation is performed on the data obtained from the data acquisition function.
Calculation functions include arithmetic and logic to get the 'derived data'.

d. Distribution Operator Work Area.

The division of the working area of geographic or topological operator should be done
flexibly via the 'operator workstations. Territory and authority operator shall be determined
dynamically when changes in demanding operating conditions of change.

e. Trend and Peng-arsipan.

Archiving software should be possible to select the measurement is taken and stored in a
specific time interval that can be changed as needed. Archived data via a relational database
must be taken and processed to generate reports using the tools / software standard. There
should also be a facility to plot the archive data to determine trend changes disample data
graphically.

f. Interface Client (the "Client-Server 'SCADA).

SCADA software to be implemented using the technique of 'object oriented program'.

SCADA functions and the data element is the object. This object with the attributes of the
client interface function provides Application Program Interface (API) SCADA. Interface
'client' will allow the integration of applications distributed SCADA basic functions.

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3.3.1 Application Program

Application program for distribution system which is implemented for the management
of distribution networks is a Distribution Management System (DMS). As for the Distribution
System network management application program electric power system with SCADA is an
Energy Management System (EMS). Application program in order to function properly, the
discipline in keeping the completeness of SCADA equipment, especially when there extra
equipment in the field (feeders, transformers, capacitors, etc.) must be consistent. Similarly,
adjusting the data base in the Master Station .

3.4 Media Communication

In the operation of power system required communication media which serves also as a
communication medium that is used in SCADA systems include:

a. Radio Data: Ardio equipment used is a radio modem with the system MARS
(Multiple Access Radio System)
b. Pilot Calbe
c. Fiber Optic
d. PLC (Power Line Carrier)
e. Microwave
f. Telephone Line (Leased Line)

Configuring communications media as data transmission medium between the master

station in the control center with RTU as shown below:

Figure 3: Configuration Media Communication

Data telecommunications system chosen should ensure the safety and have low distortion
so that the received data can be processed further. Data communication between RTU and
Master Station can be done direct communication (slave) or through the process of collecting
data on specific RTU (RTU the data concentrator) which later, after going through the
selection of critical data are transmitted to the master station. Thus, the use of a data
communication channel can be in Optimize the.
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3.4.1 Cable Pilot

Pilot a telephone cable can be used for data and voice communications. Usually these
cables running ntenna with medium or high voltage cables, the cable construction is
specifically designed not as a regular telephone cable. Cables pilot experience mechanical
forces generated by a relatively styles electromechanical strong along the cable, especially
when high voltage cables adjacent impaired short circuit to ground or short circuit between
phases. While the strength of the insulation designed to withstand overvoltage which may
spread along the wire then in practice rarely both ends of the cable is connected directly to a
communication device but prior notice posted equipped with safety isolation transformer.

Other things to consider in choosing a wire pair is capacitive excessive imbalance that
causes cross talk that can disrupt communications ntenn. Paaraemter other parameters the
same as ordinary telephone wires. Speed data communication in duplex ntenn can reach 600
bps, while for ntenn siplek or semi simplex can be improved samapai 9,600 bps.

3.4.2 Radio

The use of radio as a medium for data communication has several advantages that can be
used as consideration in using radio for SCADA ntenn purposes are as follows:

a. Do not depend on a network of existing electric power systems, communication

systems remain available even if the network conditions in a state disconnected or
maintenance.
b. Do not depend on public networks so freely carry out maintenance.
c. The cost of investment required lower than wired communication systems.

Radio configuration in accordance with needs can use point to point (master to master) or
point to multi-point (master to slave). Radio frequency of this data can use VHF or UHF. In
general, the amount of power transmitter and the type of reinforcement ntenna required
depends on the following parameters:

a. Losses transmission
b. The amount of Noise
c. The amount of interference calculation results
d. Reliability expected.

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Master-slave configuration can be drawn as shown below:

Figure 4

3.4.3 Power Line Carrier

Power Line carrier is a communication system that is most commonly found in electric
power system. The use of PLC is widely used for SCADA, voice communications,
teleproteksi and readings meter-meter remotely. Width fields commonly used frequency range
from 30 kHz to 500 kHz. Restrictions depends on the width of the field:

a. Construction of high and low frequency filter.

b. The impact on radio broadcasting.
c. The effect on radi air navigation services system.
d. Avoid interference amongst the adjacent transmission lines need to make insulation in
such a way to avoid using the same frequencies do not interfere with each other.
Telecommunications signal which is distributed should be no special equipment that
serves insert (mix) and pull out (separating) telecommunication signals at the ends
SUTT of a frequency of 50 Hz or waterwheel frequency electricity supplied through
SUTT. In the configuration of the PLC system can be drawn as below.

Figure 5: System Configuration PLC

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3.4.4 Fiber Optic

Currently the optical fiber is a means of communication ranging from communications

networks simple to complex. In electric power systems use fiber optics as a means of
communication also developed. The new transmissions are designed to use fiber optic placed
in the ground wire.

Various kinds of optical fiber used in electric power dalamsistem divided into several kinds:

a. OPGW (Optical Fibre Ground Wire)

Type Fiber Optic planted in the midst of the ground wire.
b. ADSS (All Dielectric Self Supporting)
Type Fiber Optic installed and is drawn between the transmission or distribution poles.
Installation of fiber optic installed on the lowest field strength to avoid the effects of
stress on the surface of the gap that can damage the optic fiber cable.
c. GWWOP (Optical Fibre Ground Wire Wrap)
This type of fiber optic wire wrapped around the ground and fitted to existing
transmission line.

Some of the advantages and benefits of its use are as follows:

a. having a wide field of very high frequency of up to 2.5 GBps. Thus the fiber optic can
be used to accommodate hundreds of channels of communication, much larger than
the pilot cable or microwave radio.
b. Relatively smaller and lighter than the pilot wires, so the installation is much easier.
c. Free from electromagnetic wave interference.
d. In terms of security is very safe.
e. Have the transmission loss is small.
f. good mechanical ability so that they can self-supporting.
g. The cost per bit of information is cheaper.
h. High reliability and low maintenance.
i. Life time up to 30 years.
j. Lifetime up to 30 years.

3.4.5 Wifi (Wireless Fidelity)

Wireless Fidelity is the radio using microwaves at a frequency of 2.4 GHz and 5.5 GHz.
Microwave radio works by directly face to face relationship between a parabolic antenna at a
distance of line of sight.

Wifi is basically based Wireless LAN equipment, which complies with IEEE 802.11b or
802.11a standard and runs at speeds of 11 Mbps, which is much higher when compared with
other connections such as telephone line. This equipment disuport by many vendors. This
communication system based on Internet Protocol (IP Based) and commonly used as an
internet infrastructure for:

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 a. Can reduce the cost the cost line telepone.
b. Easy installation and long-term lower cost than a phone line.
c. Bitrate reach 1-11 Mbps when referring to IEEE 802.11b standard.
d. An open standards equipment widely available in the market.

There are several parameters that must be calculated correctly in order for the system to work
in accordance with the specifications are:

a. System Operating Margin (SOM), which relates to transmission power, antenna type,
the length of coaxial cable. So it can be determined according to the distance power
margin range.
b. Free Space Loss (FSL), loss of power after a specified distance.
c. Fresnel Zone Clearance (FZC), to see the height of the antenna needed to get through
obstacles.
d. Antenna bearing, down tilt antenna, and antenna down tilt coverage radius is required
for proper menmgetahui point or corner area of the radio.

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 CHAPTER IV

COVER

4.1 CONCLUSION

Basically scada at 500 kv transmission system leading to the 150 kv feeder as

measurement and signal indication. then scada capable of monitoring and executing a
coupling system in pengoprasian in HMI.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

https://prihastomo.files.wordpress.com/2008/01/makalahscada.pdf

ebook PT. PLN persero PUSAT PENDIDIKAN DAN PELATIHAN Peralatan SCADA
Sistem Tenaga Listrik 1

ebook PT. PLN persero PUSAT PENDIDIKAN DAN PELATIHAN Peralatan SCADA
Sistem Tenaga Listrik 2

Papers instrument AST | 21

Papers instrument AST | 22