Exercise 2 Electric Power System 2014 1

Exercise 2 Symmetrical short-circuit, Ssc, protection

2.1 Short-circuit capacity and interconnection

Interconnecting systems has effect on both frequency control and voltage control.
When a load center grows, for example because a city is expanding, it is necessary to
create a stronger connection to the generating area or areas.

1 p.u. impedances @ 100MVA

4 5
Line 1-2: j0.1 G1 X1: 0.15
2
Line 2-3: j0.2 G3 X1: 0.1
3 Line 4-5: j0.15G5 X1: 0.25

a) The system to the right is considered weak at bus 4 (connected only to bus 5)
high load often gives too low bus voltage there. Determine the short-circuit
capacity at bus 4 assuming nominal no-load voltage 1 p.u.
b) To improve the situation buses 2 and 4 are connected by a line with series
impedance j0.1 p.u. as indicated by the dashed line. Repeat a) for the
interconnected system.

2.2 Thvenin equivalent Ssc

The 400 V loads at a farm is fed from a 10 kV bus through an overhead line and a
three-phase transformer.
The data of the Y- transformer is 10/0.4 kV, 250 kVA, Xeq 10 % (=0.1 p.u.), while
the line has a series impedance of j20 per phase. The 10 kV bus can be modeled as
a voltage source with nominal voltage behind a per phase reactance of 1.
a) Use nominal voltages and 250 kVA as base values. Compute a per unit single-
phase Thvenin equivalent of the system feeding the 400 V bus.
b) Determine short-circuit power in kVA at the 400 V bus.

2.3 Three-phase short-circuit current in network

A three-phase bolted short-circuit occurs at bus two in the system of Example 7.5.
Prefault voltages at all buses are 1.05 p.u. and all prefault currents are zero since the
system is unloaded.
a) Determine the fault current. Use Thvenin impedance as short-circuit impedance.
Determine this by hand using reactances in Tables 7.3-7.5. The three lines that are
connected in a delta are best managed by replacing them with the equivalent wye.
This is described in the formula sheet and in Figure 2.33 on p 88 of the textbook.
b) Determine the fault current. Pick the short-circuit impedance from Zbus from Table
7.6 on p 397.
c) Compare the results with each other and with Table 7.7 on p 398.

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Exercise 2 Electric Power System 2014 2
2.4 Coordination of directional relays
Problem 10.17 of the textbook: For the system shown in Figure 10.44, directional
relays are used at breakers B12, B21, B23, B32, B34 and B43. Overcurrent relays
alone are used at B1 and B4.

Figure 10.44 Problem 10.17

a) For a fault at P1, which breakers should never operate? Which breakers should
be coordinated?
b) Repeat a) for a line fault at P2.
c) Repeat a) for a line fault at P3.
d) How is the system protected against a fault at bus 1, 2, 3 and 4?
2.5 Protective zones
Problem 10.18 of the textbook: Draw the protective zones for the system shown in
Figure 10.45.

Figure 10.45 Problem 10.18

a) Which circuit breakers should open for a fault at P1?

b) Like a) but P2?
c) Like a) but P3?

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Exercise 2 Electric Power System 2014 3(3)

Answers

2.1 a) 250 MVA b) 673 MVA

2.2 a) Vth=1 p.u., Zth=j0.1525 p.u., b) Ssc=1639 kVA

2.3 a) ISC=-j18.4 p.u. b) ISC=-j18.4 p.u. c) All agree.

2.4 a) B1, B12, B23, B34 should be coordinated. B43, B4 should be coordinated.
b) B1, B12, B23 should be coordinated. B32, B43, B4 should be coordinated.
c) B1, B12 should be coordinated. B21, B32, B43, B4 should be coordinated.
d) Relays at B1 and B21 protect Bus 1. Relays at B12 and B32 protect Bus 2.
Relays at B23 and B43 protect Bus 3. Relays at B34 and B4 protect Bus 4.

2.5 a) Breakers B12a and B21a should open.

b) Breakers B21a, B21b, B23, B24a and B24b should open.
c) Breakers B21a, B21b, B23, B24a, B24b and B32 should open.

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