T3-1 [202 marks]

The feather colour of a certain breed of chicken is controlled by codominant alleles. A cross between a [1 mark]
1.
homozygous black-feathered chicken and a homozygous white-feathered chicken produces all speckled chickens. What
phenotypic ratios would be expected from a cross between two speckled chickens?
A. All speckled
B. 1 black feathers : 1 white feathers
C. Speckled, black feathers and white feathers in equal numbers
D. 1 black feathers : 2 speckled feathers : 1 white feathers

2. The presence of freckles is a characteristic controlled by a dominant gene. Two parents who are heterozygous for [1 mark]
the characteristic have three children, all of whom have freckles. Which statement is true if they have a fourth child?
A. There is a 100 % chance that their next child will have freckles.
B. There is a 75 % chance that their next child will have freckles.
C. There is a 50 % chance that their next child will have freckles.
D. The next child will have no freckles as the ratio is 3 with freckles to 1 without freckles.

What maximum number of different genotypes and phenotypes are possible among the children of a mother with [1 mark]
3.
blood group A and a father with blood group B?

Which process can be used to amplify small fragments of DNA? [1 mark]

4.
A. Gel electrophoresis
B. Polymerase chain reaction
C. DNA profiling
D. Electron microscopy

5. If a man with blood group O and a woman with blood group AB have children, which blood group(s) could the [1 mark]
children have?
A. Group O only
B. Groups A and B only
C. Group AB only
D. Groups O, A, B and AB

Which individuals are colour blind in this Punnett grid? [1 mark]

6.

A. X B Y
B. X B X B
C. X b Y
D. X B X b
7. What is a possible source of the chromosomes used for pre-natal karyotype diagnosis? [1 mark]
A. The mothers lymphocytes
B. The mothers cheek cells
C. The cells from chorionic villi
D. The fetal hair root cells

8. What was an aim of genetic modification of organisms? [1 mark]

A. To provide stem cells from embryos for medical use
B. To make crop plants resistant to herbicides
C. To provide sperm cells for in vitro fertilization (IVF)
D. To produce genetically identical sheep

What causes the presence of three chromosomes 21 in Down syndrome? [1 mark]

9.
A. Crossing over
B. Allele change
C. Non-disjunction
D. Gene mutation

The image shows data collected in order to determine the paternity of a child.

10a. State the name of the process used to produce the pattern of bands seen in the image. [1 mark]
 Determine, with a reason, which male is the father of the child. [1 mark]
10b.
 Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by a unicellular organism, Plasmodium. Plasmodium is a parasite that
spends part of its life in a mosquito and part in a human. The mosquito transmits the Plasmodium to a human when it
feeds on human blood. Mosquitoes hatch in water and are flying insects as adults. In the country of Belize, where
malaria is a serious problem, studies have been made to determine what environmental factors affect the incidence of
the disease. 156 villages were studied over a ten-year period.

State the district where there is the highest number of villages with the highest incidence of malaria. [1 mark]
11a.
11b. Analyse the data in the map to find whether there is an association between rivers and the incidence of malaria. [2 marks]

Each of the six districts of Belize was studied from 1989 to 1999. The graph shows the mean number of people in each
district to be affected by malaria per year per 1000 people.

Compare the trends in incidence of malaria for Toledo and Corozal. [3 marks]
11c.
 Suggest a reason for the decreases in the incidence of malaria from 1995 to 1999. [1 mark]
11d.

Suggest a reason why the incidence of malaria is so low in the Belize District. [1 mark]
11e.
 The country of Belize has many different ecosystems. These ecosystems are shown in the bar chart. The white bars
indicate the total area within each ecosystem with the lowest incidence of malaria. The dark grey bars indicate the
total area within each ecosystem with the highest incidence of malaria. The total area with an intermediate incidence
of malaria is not shown.

Besides farmland, identify which two ecosystems have the greatest total area with a high incidence of malaria. [1 mark]
11f.

11g. Predict with a reason, using the data, which district has most farmland. [1 mark]
 Discuss whether malaria could be reduced by replacing farmland with natural ecosystems and replacing [4 marks]
11h.
broadleaf hill forest with mixed hill forest.

Meiosis in humans produces cells that participate in fertilization. Outline the processes involved in meiosis. [5 marks]
12a.

Following fertilization, cells in the developing embryo differentiate. Outline a technique for cloning using [5 marks]
12b.
differentiated animal cells.
 Discuss ethical issues of therapeutic cloning in humans. [8 marks]
12c.

Outline the cell theory. [2 marks]

13a.

Annotate the electron micrograph of the Escherichia coli cell with the function of the indicated structure. [1 mark]
13b.
 Calculate the magnification of the electron micrograph. [1 mark]
13c.

Explain the role of the following enzymes in DNA replication. [1 mark]

13d.
Helicase

Explain the role of the following enzymes in DNA replication. [1 mark]

13e.
DNA ligase
 Define linked genes. [1 mark]
14a.

In cats, the allele for curled ears (C) is dominant over the allele for normal ears (c). The allele for black colour [3 marks]
14b.
(B) is dominant over the allele for grey colour (b). A cross occurs between two cats that are both heterozygous for these
unlinked traits.

Using a Punnett grid, predict the ratio of phenotypes of offspring in the next generation.

Explain chemiosmosis as it occurs in photophosphorylation. [8 marks]

15a.
 Draw an annotated graph of the effects of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis. [4 marks]
15b.

Using a named example of a genetically modified crop, discuss the specific ethical issues of its use. [6 marks]
15c.

Draw a labelled diagram of the human adult male reproductive system. [5 marks]
16a.

Describe the application of DNA profiling to determine paternity. [5 marks]

16b.
 Explain the inheritance of colour blindness. [8 marks]
16c.

17. What is a characteristic of the human Y chromosome? [1 mark]

A. It is made of DNA and histones covered by phospholipids.

B. It contains some genes that are not present on the X chromosome.
C. It is the largest chromosome in the human karyotype.
D. It has a condensed length of approximately 100 m.

18. What is a definition of a clone? [1 mark]

A. A group of cells derived from a single parent cell

B. Differentiated cells that retain the capacity to divide
C. A fetus developed specifically for medical use
D. A group of cells that have lost the ability to differentiate
 What was an aim of genetic modification of organisms? [1 mark]
19.
A. To provide stem cells from embryos for medical use
B. To make crop plants resistant to herbicides
C. To provide sperm cells for in vitro fertilization (IVF)
D. To produce genetically identical sheep

Outline the processes that occur during the first division of meiosis. [6 marks]
20a.

Prior to cell division, chromosomes replicate. Explain the process of DNA replication in prokaryotes. [8 marks]
20b.
 Outline outcomes of the human genome project. [4 marks]
20c.

Describe the process of blood clotting. [4 marks]

21a.

Factor IX is a blood clotting protein which some hemophiliacs lack. In the future hemophilia could be treated [6 marks]
21b.
using clotting factors synthesized by genetically modifiedbacteria.Outlinethebasictechniqueusedforthisgenetransfer.
 Explain how males inherit hemophilia and how females can become carriers for the condition. [8 marks]
21c.

In a strain of soybeans, high oil content (H) in seeds is dominant to low oil content (h) and four seeds in a pod (F) [1 mark]
22a.
is dominant to two seeds in a pod (f). A farmer crosses two soybean plants, both with high oil content and four seeds in a
pod. The offspring have a phenotypic ratio of 9 : 3 : 3 : 1.

Identify the genotypes of the soybean plants with high oil content and four seeds in a pod that were used in the cross.

In a strain of soybeans, high oil content (H) in seeds is dominant to low oil content (h) and four seeds in a pod (F)[2 marks]
22b.
is dominant to two seeds in a pod (f). A farmer crosses two soybean plants, both with high oil content and four seeds in a
pod. The offspring have a phenotypic ratio of 9 : 3 : 3 : 1.

Determine the genotypes of the gametes and offspring using a Punnett grid.
 In a strain of soybeans, high oil content (H) in seeds is dominant to low oil content (h) and four seeds in a pod (F) [2 marks]
22c.
is dominant to two seeds in a pod (f). A farmer crosses two soybean plants, both with high oil content and four seeds in a
pod. The offspring have a phenotypic ratio of 9 : 3 : 3 : 1.

Identify the phenotypes of each part of the phenotypic ratio.

The image shows the karyotype of a person who developed as a female.

Deduce the reason for the person developing as a female. [1 mark]

22d.
 Determine, with a reason, whether this karyotype shows that non-disjunction has occurred. [1 mark]
22e.

What term describes the failure of sister chromatids to separate during anaphase II? [1 mark]
23.
A. Sex linkage
B. Karyotyping
C. Non-disjunction
D. Semi-conservative replication
 What information can be concluded from the karyotype? [1 mark]
24.

A. The person is a normal male.

B. The person is a normal female.
C. The person is a male with Down syndrome.
D. The person is a female with Down syndrome.

In humans the ABO blood groups are an example of inheritance involving multiple alleles. In a family the parents [1 mark]
25.
have blood group A and blood group B respectively. Their first child has blood group O. What is the probability that their
next child will have blood group B?

A. 100 %
B. 75 %
C. 50 %
D. 25 %
 Alkaptonuria is an inherited condition in humans that affects phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism, resulting in [1 mark]
26.
the production of black-coloured urine. What deduction can be made about the allele for this condition from the pedigree
chart?

A. It is autosomal dominant.
B. It is autosomal recessive.
C. It is X-linked recessive.
D. It is Y-linked recessive.

One type of gene mutation involves a base substitution. [1 mark]

27.

What are the consequences of the base substitutions in the two new sequences of DNA?

A. Both are mutations that would result in different polypeptides.

B. Sequence 2 would result in a changed polypeptide but sequence 1 would not.
C. All three DNA sequences would translate into the same polypeptide.
D. Only the original DNA and sequence 2 would translate into the same polypeptide.
 Which genetic condition can be diagnosed by karyotyping? [1 mark]
28.
A. Trisomy 21
B. Sickle-cell anemia
C. Hemophilia
D. Colour blindness

The diagram shows a pedigree. [1 mark]

29.

According to the pedigree shown, which pattern of inheritance is indicated?

A. Sex-linked recessive trait

B. Autosomal recessive trait
C. Autosomal dominant trait
D. Codominant alleles
 If a father with A-type blood and a mother with B-type blood have a child, what is the probability that the child will [1 mark]
30.
have O-type blood?

A. 50 % chance if both parents have the recessive allele.

B. 25 % chance if both parents have the recessive allele.
C. 0 % chance because neither parent has the allele.
D. 50 % chance if either parent has the recessive allele.

State three processes occurring in a cell during interphase of the cell cycle but not in mitosis. [3 marks]
31a.
1. ....................................................................

2. ....................................................................

3. ....................................................................

Explain how sexual reproduction can allow evolution to occur. [3 marks]

31b.
 Define codominant allele, recessive allele, locus and sex linkage. [4 marks]
32a.

ABO blood groups are inherited from parents, but it is possible for a child to have a different blood group from [6 marks]
32b.
either parent. Outline how this can happen using a Punnett grid.

Explain how males inherit hemophilia and how females can become carriers for the condition. [8 marks]
32c.
 Using the table, state whether recessive, dominant and codominant alleles are expressed in heterozygous and [2 marks]
33a.
homozygous genotypes by writing yes, no or both.

State two alleles in blood groups that are codominant. [1 mark]

33b.

Clouded leopards live in tropical rainforests of South-East Asia. The normal spots (brown with a black outline) [3 marks]
33c.
are dominant and black spots are recessive. The trait is sex-linked. A male with black spots was crossed with a female
with normal spots. She had four cubs, two males and two females. For each sex, one cub had normal spots and the other
cub had black spots.

Deduce the genotype of the mother. Show your work in a Punnett grid.
 State the source, substrate, products and optimal pH condition for lipase in the human digestive system. [4 marks]
34a.

Outline the use of named enzymes in gene transfer using plasmids. [6 marks]
34b.

Explain the effect of changes of pH, substrate concentration and temperature on enzyme activity. [8 marks]
34c.
35. A body cell of a goat has 60 chromosomes. What would be produced following meiosis in the testis of a male [1 mark]
goat?

A. 2 cells each with 60 chromosomes

B. 4 cells each with 60 chromosomes
C. 2 cells each with 30 chromosomes
D. 4 cells each with 30 chromosomes

36. Which of the following involves meiosis? [1 mark]

A. Tissue repair
B. Production of gametes
C. Asexual reproduction
D. Growth
37. In guinea pigs black coat colour is dominant to white. In a test cross between a black and a white guinea pig both [1 mark]
black and white offspring were produced. What percentage of the offspring would be expected to be white?

A. 75 %
B. 50 %
C. 33.3 %
D. 25 %

The image shows a human karyotype. [1 mark]

38.

According to the image, what conditions can be determined?

A. Non-disjunction has occurred and the individual is male.

B. Non-disjunction has occurred and the individual is female.
C. The individual is female and has Down syndrome.
D. The individual is male and has Down syndrome.
 The diagram shows results of electrophoresis of DNA from a crime scene. [1 mark]
39.

Which suspect could be implicated as the criminal, according to the gel of DNA shown?

A. Suspect 1
B. Suspect 2
C. Suspect 3
D. Suspect 4
40. What stage of meiosis is shown in the micrograph? [1 mark]

A. Prophase I
B. Metaphase II
C. Anaphase II
D. Telophase I

What commonly causes Down syndrome in humans? [1 mark]

41.
A. Non-disjunction
B. Base substitution
C. Amniocentesis
D. Gene mutation
 When genes are transferred between species, the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide translated from them [1 mark]
42.
is unchanged. Why is this so?

A. All organisms use ribosomes for protein synthesis.

B. DNA replication is semi-conservative.
C. The enzymes used are substrate specific.
D. The genetic code is universal.

43. What is the name given to a heritable factor which controls a specific characteristic? [1 mark]

A. Allele
B. Chromosome
C. Gene
D. Mutation

44. What would be the expected result if a woman carrier for colour blindness and a colour blind man had many [1 mark]
children?

A. All offspring will be colour blind.

B. All male offspring will be colour blind and all females normal.
C. All males will be normal and all females will be colour blind.
D. All females will be carriers of colour blindness or colour blind
 In peas, tall is dominant to dwarf. In a cross between a dwarf plant and a heterozygous tall plant what percentage [1 mark]
45.
of the offspring will be dwarf?

A. 0 %
B. 25 %
C. 50 %
D. 100 %

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