Eurovision Song Contest 2016

Eurovision 2016 redirects here. For the Junior Contest, act of the nal. A record-breaking 204 million viewers
see Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2016. worldwide watched the contest, beating the 2015 viewing
gures by over 5 million.
The Eurovision Song Contest 2016 was the 61st edi-
tion of the Eurovision Song Contest. It took place in
the Ericsson Globe in Stockholm, Sweden, following
Swedens victory at the 2015 contest in Vienna with the
song "Heroes", performed by Mns Zelmerlw. This was
the third time the contest had taken place in Stockholm,
after 1975 and 2000, the latter also being held at the 1 Location
Globe. The contest consisted of two semi-nals on 10
and 12 May and the nal on 14 May 2016, with all three
live shows hosted by Zelmerlw and Petra Mede.
For more details on the host country, see Sweden.
The winner of the contest was Ukraine with the song
"1944", performed by Jamala. This was Ukraines sec-
ond win and its rst since 2004. This was the rst time
since the introduction of professional jury voting in 2009
that the overall winner won neither the jury vote, which
was won by Australia, nor the televote, which was won by
Russia, with Ukraine placing second in both. It was also
the rst song with lyrics in Crimean Tatar to win or enter
the contest.
Forty-two countries participated in the contest. Bosnia
and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia and Ukraine returned
after absences from recent contests, while Australia
also returned after debuting as a special guest in
2015. Portugal withdrew, largely due to their national
broadcasters insucient promotion of their music-based
media, while Romania had originally planned to partici-
pate, but was forced to withdraw due to repeated non- The venue of the contest, Ericsson Globe in Stockholm, Sweden
payment of debts by their national broadcaster to the
European Broadcasting Union (EBU). The contest was
also the rst to implement a voting system change since
1975: each countrys professional jury points were an-
nounced largely as before, while the results of each na-
tional televote were combined and announced in reverse
order.
Twenty-six countries competed in the nal, which was the
rst to be broadcast on live television in the United States.
The Czech Republic managed to qualify for the nal for 1.1 Venue
the rst time in ve attempts since its debut in 2007, while
both Bosnia and Herzegovina and Greece failed to qual-
ify from the semi-nals for the rst time ever, the latter The contest took place in the Ericsson Globe in Stock-
being absent from the nal for the rst time since 2000. holm, following Swedens victory at the 2015 contest
In the nal, Australia nished second, improving on its in Vienna with the song Heroes, performed by Mns
debut in 2015, while Bulgaria nished fourth, its best re- Zelmerlw. The Ericsson Globe has a capacity of ap-
sult since its debut and rst participation in a nal since proximately 16,000 attendees, and this was the second
2007. Justin Timberlake performed during the interval time the contest has been staged at the venue, after the
Eurovision Song Contest 2000.[1]

1
2 2 FORMAT

1.2 Bidding phase 2 Format

The preliminary dates for the contest were announced on
16 March 2015 at a meeting of Heads of Delegation in
Vienna, with the semi-nals took place on 10 and 12 May
and the nal on 14 May 2016.[15] These were subject to
change depending on SVT,[16] but were later conrmed
when Stockholm was announced as the host city.[5]
Discussions were held in 2014 between the EBU and the
Asia-Pacic Broadcasting Union (ABU) regarding the in-
clusion of a guest performance from the ABU TV Song
Festival at the contest. The EBU conrmed on 16 July
2015 that they are looking into the possibility of the pro-
posal, which was discussed at the ABU General Assem-
bly in 2014.[17]
SVT proposed a change of start time of the contest from
21:00 CEST to 20:00 CEST on 9 September, arguing that
such a change would help to promote family viewing of
the contest, especially in eastern Europe when it would
run late into the night.[18] However, the EBU published
the public rules of the contest on 28 October, which stated
Stockholm that the start time would remain at 21:00 CEST.[19]
Gothenburg
Linkping The EBU announced on 23 September that rather than
Sandviken and Gvle using clips from their respective music videos, extended
rnskldsvik clips from the dress rehearsals of the six acts who qual-
Malm ied directly to the nal (the "Big Five" and Sweden)
Locations of the six candidate cities; with the chosen would be shown as previews during the semi-nal in
[20]
host city marked in blue, and the remaining cities in red. which they were allocated to vote.
The core team for the contest was announced by SVT and
Host broadcaster Sveriges Television (SVT) announced the EBU on 26 October. Johan Bernhagen and Martin
on 24 May, the day after winning the 2015 contest, that sterdahl were Executive Producers, while Tobias berg
the Tele2 Arena in Stockholm was their rst choice venue. was Head of Production. The three live shows were di-
However, other cities and arenas were invited to apply, rected by Sven Stojanovi and the contest was produced
[21]
and those making a bid had approximately three weeks by Christer Bjrkman.
to submit their oer to SVT.
SVT announced on 1 June the conditions under which
cities and venues could announce their interest in hosting 2.1 New voting system
the contest:[2]
The EBU announced on 18 February 2016 that a new vot-
ing system would be implemented at the contest for the
SVT had to have access to the venue at least 46
rst time since 1975. The new system, inspired by the
weeks before the contest to build the stage and rig
voting system of Melodifestivalen, involves each country
up lighting and technology.
now awarding two sets of points from 1-8, 10 and 12: one
A press centre with a specic size had to be made from their professional jury and the other from televot-
available at the venue. ing. Televoting votes from all countries are pooled. After
viewers have cast their votes, the results of each profes-
A specic number of hotels and hotel rooms had to sional jury are presented, with countries receiving 1-8 and
be made available in the vicinity of the venue. 10 points being displayed on-screen instead of 1-7, which
had been the case since 2006, and the national spokesper-
The host city had to be near a major airport. son announcing only the country to which they award 12
points. After the results of the professional juries are pre-
sented, the televoting points from all participating coun-
An announcement regarding the venue was expected
[3][4] tries are combined, providing one score for each song.
from SVT by midsummer, with the Ericsson Globe
[5] The results of countries nishing between 11th and 26th
announced as the venue on 8 July.
in the public vote are automatically added to the score-
Key Host venue board, with only the results of the top ten countries be-
2.4 Semi-nal allocation draw 3

ing announced by the hosts. The new voting system is

also used to determine the qualiers from each semi-nal,
but as before the qualiers are announced in a random
order.[22][23]
As the new voting system gives equal weight to jury and
televoting results, a national jury result cannot be used
as backup result for the televoting or vice versa. There-
fore, if a country cannot deliver a valid televoting/jury re-
sult, a substitute result is calculated by the jury/televoting
result of a pre-selected group of countries approved by
the contests Reference Group. The Director General of
Radiotelevisione della Repubblica di San Marino (SM-
RTV), Carlo Romeo, stated on 23 February that the use Mns Zelmerlw and Petra Mede, hosts of the Eurovision Song
of a substitute televoting result discriminated against mi- Contest 2016.
crostates like San Marino, which only used a professional
jury due to their use of the Italian phone system and
would therefore have its voting representation diminished
under the new system, and criticised the EBU for not con- The press conferences were presented by Jovan Radomir
tacting its members before making the decision.[24][25] and Catarina Rolfsdotter-Jansson, who also provided
commentary from the red carpet event in front of the
Stockholm Palace, before the ocial welcome party at
2.2 Other Eurovision events Stockholm City Hall on 8 May 2016.[35][36]

The EBU announced on 14 March 2016 that the Tele2

Arena in Stockholm would host a live event running
alongside the nal of the contest on 14 May.[14] Euro-
vision The Party, hosted by Sanna Nielsen, allowed fans 2.4 Semi-nal allocation draw
to watch the nal on a big screen and featured back-
stage material from the Ericsson Globe such as Nielsen
conducting exclusive interviews and appearing with hosts The draw to determine the allocation of the participat-
Petra Mede and Mns Zelmerlw. The results of the ing countries into their respective semi-nals took place
Swedish jury vote was also announced live from the event at Stockholm City Hall on 25 January 2016, hosted by
by Gina Dirawi. A pre-party and after-party was also held Alexandra Pascalidou and Jovan Radomir.[37] The rst
and featured performances from former contest winners part of the draw determined in which semi-nal the Big
Carola and Loreen as well as Danny Saucedo, Panetoz Five and Sweden would have to vote. The second part
and DJ Tim Henri.[26][27] Executive Producer of the con- of the draw decided in which half of the respective semi-
test Johan Bernhagen has stated that the event comple- nals each country would perform, with the exact running
ments existing events being held at the Eurovision Vil- order determined by the producers of the show at a later
lage and the EuroClub, and it is hoped that Eurovision date. The EBU originally announced that the running or-
The Party would become an annual event in the host city der would be revealed on 5 April,[38] however for undis-
of the contest.[14] closed reasons this was later put back to 8 April.[39] Eigh-
teen countries participated in the rst semi-nal, while
nineteen countries were planned to participate in the sec-
2.3 Presenters ond semi-nal, but this was reduced to eighteen on 22
April due to the forced withdrawal of Romania. From
After his victory in the 2015 contest, Mns Zelmerlw each semi-nal, ten countries joined the Big 5 and Swe-
announced his interest in hosting the 2016 contest.[28] den in the nal, where a total of twenty-six countries par-
His experience as a television presenter includes ticipated.
Melodifestivalen 2010[29] and SVT sing-along show The thirty-seven semi-nalists were allocated into six
Allsng p Skansen.[30] Christer Bjrkman told Expressen pots, which were published by the EBU on 21 January,
on 25 May that Gina Dirawi, Petra Mede and Sanna based on historical voting patterns as calculated by the
Nielsen were also being considered as hosts,[31] but it was contests ocial televoting partner Digame. Drawing
reported on 1 June that SVT was considering Zelmer- from dierent pots helps in reducing the chance of so-
lw and Dolph Lundgren as co-hosts.[32] Expressen re- called neighbour voting and increasing suspense in the
ported on 19 August that Mede and Zelmerlw were semi-nals. Sweden and Germany were pre-allocated to
SVTs rst choice of hosts,[33] with SVT announcing at vote and perform in the rst and second semi-nal respec-
a press conference on 14 December that they would in- tively due to requests from their respective broadcaster,
deed co-host.[34] which were approved by the EBU.[40][41]
4 3 PARTICIPATING COUNTRIES

2009 respectively,[47] a sketch starring Lynda Woodru,

played by Sarah Dawn Finer, and a performance by "Fire
in the Rain" and Heroes by Zelmerlw, both from his
latest album Perfectly Damaged.[48]
During the live broadcast of the nal on Logo TV in the
United States, Timberlakes performance was replaced by
a reprise of The Grey People from the rst semi-nal.
In an interview with The Guardian, the contests Execu-
tive Supervisor, Jon Ola Sand, revealed that this was due
to rights restrictions.[49][50][51]

3 Participating countries

Justin Timberlake performed "Can't Stop the Feeling!" during the

interval of the nal.

2.5 Opening and interval acts

Participating countries in the rst semi-nal
Pre-qualied for the nal but also voting in the rst semi-nal
It was announced on 1 May 2016 that the opening act of Participating countries in the second semi-nal
the rst semi-nal would be a performance of Heroes Pre-qualied for the nal but also voting in the second semi-nal
by Mns Zelmerlw,[42] while the opening act of the sec-
ond semi-nal would be a musical theatre comedy song
entitled Thats Eurovision, composed by Matheson Participating countries had until 15 September 2015 to
Bayley and written by Bayley, Edward af Silln and submit their applications for participation in the contest,
Daniel Rhn, and performed by Zelmerlw and Mede.[43] and until 10 October to withdraw their applications with-
The opening act of the nal was a parade of ags simi- out facing nancial sanctions.[52] The EBU had initially
lar to nal opening ceremonies since 2013, themed as a announced on 26 November that 43 countries would par-
tribute to Swedish fashion design and dance music with ticipate in the contest, equalling the record number of
artists being welcomed on stage in a catwalk fashion show participants set in 2008 and 2011.[53] However, Romania
with ags being projected onto 26 dresses designed by were forcefully withdrawn from participation on 22 April
Bea Szenfeld.[44] 2016, subsequently reducing the number of participating
[54]
The interval acts of both semi-nals were sketches chore- countries to 42.
ographed by Fredrik Rydman: The Grey People in Four countries returned after absences from recent con-
the rst semi-nal and Man meets machine in the sec- tests: Bosnia and Herzegovina after a three-year absence,
ond semi-nal respectively. The EBU announced on 9 Bulgaria and Croatia after two-year absences and Ukraine
May that one of the interval acts of the nal would be a after a one-year absence. Australia also returned after
world premiere live performance of "Can't Stop the Feel- debuting as a special guest in 2015, but by invitation of
ing!" and "Rock Your Body" by Justin Timberlake.[45] He the EBU due to the associate membership status of the
was the rst global megastar in the contests 61-year- Special Broadcasting Service. However, instead of pre-
history to perform during the interval.[46] Other interval qualifying for the nal and voting in all three live shows,
acts in the nal included a sketch called Love Love Peace as was the case in 2015, Australia entered the second
Peace, a pastiche of past entries such as No Name's song semi-nal and voted only in that semi-nal and the nal.
"Zauvijek moja" featuring appearances from Lordi and Portugal withdrew, largely due to their national broad-
Alexander Rybak, winners of the contest in 2006 and casters insucient promotion of their music-based me-
3.4 Final 5

dia, as well as a poorly structured selection process,[55] 3.4 Final

while Romania were forcefully withdrawn from partici-
pation on 22 April 2016 due to repeated non-payment of 26 countries participated in the nal, with all 42 partic-
debts by their national broadcaster to the EBU.[54] ipating countries eligible to vote. The running order for
the nal was revealed after the second semi-nal quali-
ers press conference on 13 May.[71]

3.1 Returning artists

4 Scoreboard
Seven artists returned after having previously partici-
pated in the contest. Deen returned after previously rep-
resenting Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2004, nishing ninth Countries in bold represent those awarded full 24 points
in the nal with the song "In The Disco".[56] (12 points apiece from professional jury and televoting)
to a specied entrant.
Kaliopi returned after previously representing Macedonia
in 2012, nishing 13th in the nal with the song "Crno
i belo". She was also selected to represent Macedonia
4.1 Semi-nal 1
in 1996 with Samo ti, but was eliminated in a non-
[57]
televised pre-qualifying round.
4.1.1 12 points
Poli Genova returned after previously representing
Bulgaria in 2011, nishing 12th in the second semi-nal Jury Below is a summary of the maximum 12 points
with the song "Na inat".[58] awarded by each countrys professional jury in the rst
Bojan Jovovi returned for Montenegro as part of semi-nal:
Highway after previously representing Serbia and Mon-
tenegro in 2005 as part of No Name, nishing seventh in
the nal with the song "Zauvijek moja".[59] Televoting Below is a summary of the maximum 12
points awarded by each countrys televote in the rst semi-
Ira Losco returned after previously representing Malta in nal:
2002, nishing in second place with the song "7th Won-
der".[60]
Donny Montell returned after previously representing 4.2 Semi-nal 2
Lithuania in 2012, nishing 14th in the nal with the song
"Love Is Blind".[61] 4.2.1 12 points
Greta Salme returned after previously representing
Iceland in 2012 with Jnsi, nishing 20th in the nal with Jury Below is a summary of the maximum 12 points
the song "Never Forget".[62] award by each countrys professional jury in the second
semi-nal:

3.2 Semi-nal 1 Televoting Below is a summary of the maximum 12

points awarded by each countrys televote in the second
semi-nal:
Eighteen countries participated in the rst semi-nal.
France, Spain, and Sweden voted in this semi-nal.[41][63]
The highlighted countries qualied for the nal.[64]
4.3 Final

3.3 Semi-nal 2
Eighteen countries participated in the second semi-nal.
Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom voted in this
semi-nal.[41][63] Romania were originally planned to
perform twelfth in this semi-nal, but were forced to
withdraw due to repeated non-payment of debts to the
EBU, resulting in countries originally planned to perform
thirteenth or later to do so one place earlier.[54] The high-
lighted countries qualied for the nal.[68]
4.3.1 12 points
Jury Below is a summary of the maximum 12 points
awarded by each countrys professional jury in the nal:
Televoting Below is a summary of the maximum 12
points awarded by each countrys televote in the nal:
While no country received nul points when the two sets of
points were combined, the Czech Republic received nul
points in televoting.
6 5 OTHER COUNTRIES
5 Other countries
Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision
Song Contest
Eligibility for potential participation in the Eurovision
Song Contest requires a national broadcaster with active
EBU membership that would be able to broadcast the
contest via the Eurovision network.[76] The EBU issued
an invitation of participation in the contest to all fty-
six active members and associate member Australia, with
forty-three countries conrming their participation.[53]
Morocco, Tunisia and ve other countries did not publish
their reasons for declining, however the following coun-
tries declined to participate, stating their reasons as shown
below.
5.1 Active EBU members
Andorra Rdio i Televisi d'Andorra (RTVA)
announced on 2 September 2015 that Andorra
would not participate in the contest.[77]
Lebanon Tl Liban (TL) had not ruled out
participation as of 15 October 2015, stating in an
email: We are not sure yet, however we are work-
ing on it and will keep you updated.[78] However,
Lebanon was not on the nal list of participating
countries announced by the EBU on 26 November.
Luxembourg RTL Tl Ltzebuerg (RTL)
announced on 4 September 2015 that Luxembourg
would not participate in the contest, due to the nan-
cial and organisational strain of a potential participa-
tion on the channel, especially with a small nancial
budget.[79]
Monaco Tl Monte Carlo (TMC) announced
on 21 July 2015 that Monaco would not participate
in the contest.[80]
Portugal Rdio e Televiso de Portugal (RTP)
had encouraged viewers to suggest changes to their
selection process, assuming they had chosen to par-
ticipate in the contest. Portugal has failed to qualify
for the nal since 2010, which the majority of the
Portuguese public believe is because of RTPs cur- 5.3 EBU non-members
rent selection format, Festival da Cano.[55] Ktia
Aveiro, sister of Cristiano Ronaldo, had launched a
campaign on Twitter asking fans to back her bid to
represent Portugal.[81] However, RTP announced on
7 October 2015 that Portugal would not participate
in the 2016 contest, adding that they were looking
forward to participating in the 2017 contest with
a restructured selection process.[82] RTPs viewer
provider, Jaime Fernandes, stated on 7 November
during the television show A Voz do Cidado that
the withdrawal was due not only to poor results in
previous contests, but also RTPs rather insucient
promotion of music-related content.[83]
Romania Romania had originally conrmed
their participation in the contest with the song
"Moment of Silence", performed by Ovidiu Anton.
However, the EBU announced on 22 April 2016 that
Televiziunea Romn (TVR) had repeatedly failed
to pay debts totalling CHF 16 million (14.56 mil-
lion) by 20 April, the deadline set by the EBU.
TVRs failure to repay their debts resulted in their
withdrawal from the EBU, and consequently Roma-
nias withdrawal from the contest.[84] This has led to
strong reactions against the decision.[85]
Slovakia Rozhlas a televzia Slovenska
(RTVS) returned to the Eurovision Young Dancers
in 2015, with RTVS explaining that the return of
Slovakia to EYD supported domestic production
and promoted national culture at a European level.
RTVS announced on 28 September 2015 that Slo-
vakia would not participate in the contest.[86] RTVS'
PR manager, Juraj Kad, explained on 12 April
2016 that Slovakias absence from the contest since
2012 was not due to poor results, but rather the cost
associated with participation.[87]
Turkey The EBU announced on 2 October
2015 that despite speculation surrounding their par-
ticipation, Trkiye Radyo ve Televizyon Kurumu
(TRT) had yet to make a nal decision.[88] However,
TRT announced on 3 November that Turkey would
not participate in the contest, adding their discon-
tent at the introduction of a mixed voting system to
the contest and the pre-qualication of the Big Five
for the nal.[89][90]
5.2 Associate EBU members
Kazakhstan The EBU announced on 18 De-
cember 2015 that Khabar Agency would have asso-
ciate EBU membership from 1 January 2016. How-
ever, Kazakhstan would be unable to debut at the
contest as eligibility for participation requires a na-
tional broadcaster with active EBU membership.[91]
China Hunan Television announced its inter-
est in participating in the contest on 22 May 2015,
with the EBU responding, saying that we are open
and are always looking for new elements in each Eu-
rovision Song Contest.[92] However, on 3 June, the
EBU denied that China would debut at the contest
as a guest or full participant.[93]
Faroe Islands Faroese publication Portal re-
ported on 9 June 2015 that Kringvarp Froya (KVF)
6.2 German artist replacement 7

had applied for active EBU membership, a requisite of the album.[54] The song had been written following the
for participation in the contest. However, it was re- Colectiv nightclub re in October 2015.[103]
jected due to the islands membership of the Danish
Realm. Faroese Education Minister Bjrn Kals
supported participation, saying the justication so 6.2 German artist replacement
far has been that the countries have to be acknowl-
edged by the United Nations as independent in order Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR) announced on 19
to participate. But there is no doubt that we could November 2015 that Xavier Naidoo would represent Ger-
easily overstep those barriers, if were absolutely de- many in the contest. However, his selection was criticised
termined to reach this goal it is completely up to due to his history of expressing far-right political views
Kringvarpi to renew the application regularly, in his actions and lyrics, including a speech made at a
and show the EBU that the Faroe Islands are an equal protest in 2014 supporting the assertion that the German
match to other countries when it comes to participa- Reich continues to exist within its pre-World War II bor-
tion in the Eurovision Song Contest.[94][95] ders, his propagation of conspiracy theories surrounding
the September 11 attacks and the 2008 nancial crisis,
Kosovo Kosovan Deputy Minister of Foreign and a song in which he referred to Baron Rothschild as
Aairs Petrit Selimi tweeted on 23 May 2015 that Baron Deadschild and a "schmuck", as well as a collab-
Kosovo, which is not recognised by 15 states in Eu- oration with Kool Savas titled Wo sind sie jetzt?", which
rope and does not have a national broadcaster with contained homophobic lyrics which were interpreted as
active EBU membership, would debut at the contest. associating homosexuality with paedophilia. Critics of
Selimi tweeted that he knew that Kosovo would par- his selection included Johannes Kahrs, who branded the
ticipate, but did not elaborate on how it would come decision unspeakable and embarrassing, the Amadeu
about.[96] However, on 3 June, the EBU denied that Antonio Foundation and Bild.[104][105][106][107]
Kosovo would debut at the contest, as Radio Tele- In light of the negative response and the need to quickly
vizioni i Kosovs (RTK) has neither active nor asso- decide a new selection process, NDR withdrew its pro-
ciate EBU membership.[93] posal to send Naidoo on 21 November. ARD co-
ordinator Thomas Schreiber stated that Xavier Naidoo
Liechtenstein 1 Frstentum Liechtenstein is a brilliant singer who is, according to my own opinion,
Television (1FLTV) announced on 16 September neither racist nor homophobe. It was clear that his nom-
2015 that Liechtenstein would be unable to debut ination would polarise opinions, but we were surprised
at the contest due to insucient funding for EBU about the negative response. The Eurovision Song Con-
membership.[97] test is a fun event, in which music and the understanding
between European people should be the focus. This char-
acteristic must be kept at all costs.[105][108]
6 Incidents
6.3 Russian jury votes
6.1 Forced Romanian withdrawal
The EBU announced on 10 May 2016 that they were in-
Romanias participation was reported to be in danger on vestigating reports of possible rule violations after Rus-
19 April 2016 due to repeated non-payment of debts sian jury member Anastasia Stotskaya streamed footage
by Televiziunea Romn (TVR) to the EBU, totalling of the Russian jury deliberation during the dress rehearsal
CHF 16 million (14.56 million) dating back to January of the rst semi-nal on 9 May on the live-streaming so-
2007.[98][99] The EBU had requested the Romanian gov- cial media site Periscope.[109] The video showed one jury
ernment to repay the debt before 20 April or face exclu-member not paying attention to the Dutch performance,
sion from the contest. The EBU announced on 22 April while another jury member was lmed during the Arme-
that after the Romanian government had failed to repay nian performance stating that she will support Armenia
the debt by the deadline, TVR were forced to withdraw because [her] husband is Armenian. The video also
from the EBU, consequently forcing the withdrawal of shows jury members on their phones during other perfor-
Romania from the contest.[100][101] The Director Generalmances, as well as a glimpse of Stotskayas voting result,
of the EBU, Ingrid Deltenre, said that while it is regret-
which also included notes evaluating performances. The
table that we are forced to take this action [] The con-
rules of the contest stipulate that all jury members are
tinued indebtedness of TVR jeopardizes the nancial sta-to evaluate performances individually, without discussing
bility of the EBU itself.[102] the results with other jury members, a stipulation that was
[110]
However, because the ocial album of the contest had clearly violated by the Russian jury.
been produced before the withdrawal, the planned Roma- The EBU released a statement later on 10 May, stating
nian entry, Moment of Silence, performed by Ovidiu that following talks with Russia-1, the broadcaster pro-
Anton, would remain on both digital and physical copies posed to withdraw Stotskaya, declaring her voting results
8 6 INCIDENTS
to be invalid, and provide a replacement judge for the -
nal on 14 May. The statement also claried that the other
four jury members submitted a valid jury vote. The EBU
also stated that while streaming a video online from the
jury deliberation is not considered to be a breach of the
rules of the contest, so long as individual rankings, com-
bined rankings or jury points are kept condential un-
til after the nal, it regards Stotskayas actions as not
in keeping with the spirit of the contest and potentially
prejudicial as it imposes a potential risk of accidentally
revealing results.[111]
6.4 Protests over ocial ag policy
In ensuring the apolitical nature of the contest and the
safety of attendees, the EBU released an ocial ag pol-
icy on 29 April 2016, which included a list of ags which
would be banned from the three live shows. The Presi-
dent of the Basque Country, Iigo Urkullu, and the Span-
ish Minister for Foreign Aairs and Cooperation, Jos
Manuel Garca-Margallo, protested at the specic inclu-
sion of the ag of the Basque Country alongside other
ags such as those of some unrecognised nations and the
Islamic State, and called on the organisers of the con-
test to rectify the issue.[112][113] Radiotelevisin Espaola
(RTVE) also expressed their concern to the EBU and re-
quested a rectication,[114] with the EBU responding, say-
ing that while the ag of the Basque Country is not specif-
ically forbidden, it is an example of a banned ag, adding
that only the ocial national ags of the 42 participating
countries, or from one of the countries that have recently
taken part, ocial national ags of any of the other
United Nations member states", the ag of the European
Union and the rainbow ag were permitted.[115][116]
The EBU issued a statement later on 29 April, clarify-
ing that it was not their intention to publish such a doc-
ument, while acknowledging that the decision to publish
a selection of ags of organisations and territories, each
of which were of a very dierent nature, was an in-
sensitive one, and apologised for any oence caused by
the publication of the original ag policy. The EBU also
called on both the Ericsson Globe and the contests o-
cial ticketing partner AXS to publish an updated ag pol-
icy which did not include examples of banned ags.[114]
The EBU released another statement on 6 May, stating
that after discussing the matter with several participating
delegations, the organisers of the contest had agreed to
relax the ag policy, and to allow national, regional and
local ags of the participants such as the Welsh ag (as
Joe Woolford, representing the United Kingdom as part
of Joe and Jake, is Welsh) and the Sami ag (as Agnete,
representing Norway, is of Sami heritage), as well as the
ags of all UN member states, the ag of the EU and the
rainbow ag, as stated in the original ag policy. The
EBU also proposed a more tolerant approach to other
ags as long as attendees respect the apolitical nature of
the contest and do not attempt to deliberately obstruct the
camera views. Such a proposal was approved by the con-
tests Reference Group.[117][118][119]
The Spanish Embassy in Stockholm led a formal com-
plaint to Swedish police on 15 May after a Spanish citizen
carrying the ag of the Basque Country had his ag con-
scated by security personnel and was asked along with
two of his compatriots to leave the venue. After an urgent
intervention by the Spanish Consul, who was present in
the arena, the ag was returned to the attendees and they
were permitted to return to the venue.[120]
6.4.1 Nagorno-Karabakh ag dispute
Further information: ArmeniaAzerbaijan relations in
the Eurovision Song Contest
Despite the ocial ag policy published by the EBU al-
lowing only national, regional and local ags of the par-
ticipants and banning the ag of the Nagorno-Karabakh
Republic,[121] during the rst voting recap of the rst
semi-nal on 10 May, Armenian artist Iveta Mukuchyan
was lmed in the green room holding the ag of the
Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, sparking condemnation
from the Azerbaijani press.[122][123] The situation fur-
ther escalated during the semi-nal qualiers press con-
ference afterwards, where a member of the Azerbaijani
press criticised the Armenian delegation and the EBU for
allowing the ag to be shown during the show.[124] Re-
sponding to a question on the incident from a journal-
ist from Aftonbladet, Mukuchyan stated: My thoughts
are with my Motherland. I want peace everywhere.[125]
Commenting on the situation, Azerbaijani artist Samra
Rahimli stated that Eurovision is a song contest and its
all about music.[126]
The EBU and the contests Reference Group released
a joint statement on 11 May, strongly condemning
Mukuchyans actions during the rst voting recap of the
rst semi-nal and considering it harmful to the overall
image of the contest. The Reference Group consequently
sanctioned Public Television of Armenia (AMPTV), cit-
ing a breach of the rule stating that no messages promot-
ing any organisation, institution, political cause or other
causes shall be allowed in the shows. Furthermore, the
Reference Group has pointed out that a further breach
of the rules of the contest could lead to disqualication
from the contest or future contests.[127] The spokesman
for the Azerbaijani Ministry of Foreign Aairs, Hikmet
Hajiyev, called Mukuchyans actions provocative and
unacceptable, claiming that the Armenian side delib-
erately resorts to such steps to encourage and promote
the illegal formation created in the occupied Azerbaijani
territories.[128]
 9

6.5 Danish jury result 7 Other awards

BT revealed on 15 May 2016 that Danish professional
jury member Hilda Heick had submitted her ranking for
the nal and the seminal 2 the wrong way round,[129]
ranking her favourite entry 26th while ranking her least-
favourite entry rst, in direct opposition to what she had
intended to do.[130] As a result of Heicks mistake, the
points of the Danish jury would have been dierent:[131]
The Marcel Bezenon Awards, the OGAE voting poll and
the Barbara Dex Awards are awards that were contested
by the entries competing at the Eurovision Song Contest
2016, in addition to the main winners trophy.
7.1 Marcel Bezenon Awards

Instead of 10 points, Australia would have received Further information: Marcel Bezenon Awards
12.
The Marcel Bezenon Awards were rst handed out dur-
Instead of 7 points, the Netherlands would have re-
ing the Eurovision Song Contest 2002 in Tallinn, Estonia,
ceived 10.
honouring the best competing songs in the nal. Founded
Instead of 5 points, Lithuania would have received by Christer Bjrkman (Sweden's representative in the
1. 1992 Eurovision Song Contest and the current Head of
Delegation for Sweden) and Richard Herrey (a member
Instead of 4 points, Sweden would have received 7. of the Herreys and the Eurovision Song Contest 1984
winner from Sweden), the awards are named after the
Instead of 2 points, Israel would have received 4. creator of the annual competition, Marcel Bezenon.[137]
The awards were divided into three categories: Press
Instead of 1 point, Spain would have received 5. Award, Artistic Award, and Composer Award. The win-
ners were revealed shortly before the nal on 14 May.[138]
Instead of not receiving points at all, France and
Russia would have received 2 and 3 points respec-
tively.
7.2 OGAE
The United Kingdom and Ukraine both would have failed Further information: OGAE
to receive any points from the Danish jury. While
the overall result was not aected, the margin between
Organisation Gnrale des Amateurs de l'Eurovision
second-placed Australia and rst-placed Ukraine would
(more commonly known as OGAE) is an international
have been reduced from 23 points to nine.[132]
organisation that was founded in 1984 in Savonlinna,
Finland by Jari-Pekka Koikkalainen.[139] The organisa-
6.6 Petition for cancellation of tender re- tion consists of a network of over 40 Eurovision Song
Contest fan clubs across Europe and beyond, and is a non-
sults governmental, non-political, and non-prot company.[140]
In what has become an annual tradition for the OGAE
A petition was started on Change.org on 15 May 2016 fan clubs, a voting poll runs prior to the main Eurovision
calling on the EBU and the contests organisers to void Song Contest allowing members from over 40 clubs to
the nal results in view of the fact that the overall win- vote for their favourite songs of the 2016 contest. The
ner only placed second in both the jury and televote.[134] 2016 OGAE Poll began on 4 April 2016 and nished on
The EBU later responded to the petition by stating that 2 May 2016. The table below shows the top 5 results.[141]
Jamalas win was decided upon by juries made up of pro-
fessionals of the music industry and by the viewing pub- *Table reects the nal voting result from the 45 OGAE
lic. The EBU went on to say that Ukraine will remain the member clubs, with two clubs (OGAE Bulgaria and OGAE
winner, regardless of the petitions view.[133] Moldova) abstaining from voting in this 2016 poll.

6.7 Controversy over winning song release 7.3 Barbara Dex Award
date
Further information: Barbara Dex Award
A video surfaced depicting Ukrainian Eurovision winner
Jamala performing 1944 four months before the eligibil- The Barbara Dex Award was annually awarded by the fan
ity date for prior commercial releases.[135] However, the website House of Eurovision since 1997, and is a humor-
European Broadcasting Union concluded that...the song ous award given to the worst dressed artist each year in
was eligible to compete, citing past relaxations of the the contest. It is named after the Belgian artist, Barbara
rule.[136] Dex, who came last in the 1993 contest, in which she
10 8 INTERNATIONAL BROADCASTS AND VOTING

wore her own self designed dress. After twenty editions, 19. Netherlands Trijntje Oosterhuis (Dutch repre-
2016 ended up being the nal edition that the Barbara sentative in the 2015 contest)
Dex Award was organised by House of Eurovision,[143]
as they handed the reigns to another website, songfesti- 20. Latvia Toms Grvi
val.be not long after the contest.
21. Israel Ofer Nachshon

8 International broadcasts and 22. Belarus Uzari (Belarusian representative in the

2015 contest)
voting
23. Germany Barbara Schneberger
It was reported by the EBU that the contest was viewed
by a worldwide television audience of over 200 mil- 24. Russia Nyusha
lion viewers,[145][146] beating the 2015 record which was
viewed by 197 million.[147] 25. Norway Elisabeth Andreassen (Norwegian rep-
resentative in the 1985, 1994 and 1996 contest; winner of
the 1985 contest as part of Bobbysocks!; Swedish repre-
8.1 Voting and spokespersons sentative in the 1982 contest as part of Chips)

The spokespersons announced the 12-point score from 26. Australia Lee Lin Chin
their respective countrys national jury in the following
order:[148] 27. Belgium Umesh Vangaver

1. Austria Kati Bellowitsch 28. United Kingdom Richard Osman

2. Iceland Unnsteinn Manel Stefnsson 29. Croatia Nevena Rendeli

3. Azerbaijan Tural Asadov 30. Greece Constantinos Christoforou (Cypriot

representative in the 1996 contest, the 2002 contest as part
4. San Marino Irol MC of One and the 2005 contest)

5. Czech Republic Daniela Psaovicov 31. Lithuania Ugn Galadauskait

6. Ireland Sinad Kennedy
32. Serbia Dragana Kosjerina
7. Georgia Nina Sublatti (Georgian representative
in the 2015 contest) 33. Macedonia Dijana Gogova

8. Bosnia and Herzegovina Ivana Crnogorac 34. Albania Andri Xhahu

9. Malta Ben Camille (Presenter of the Junior Eu- 35. Estonia Daniel Levi Viinalass
rovision Song Contest 2016)
36. Ukraine Verka Serduchka (Ukrainian represen-
10. Spain Jota Abril tative in the 2007 contest)

11. Finland Jussi-Pekka Rantanen 37. Italy Claudia Andreatti

12. Switzerland Sebalter (Swiss representative in the 38. Poland Anna Popek
2014 contest)
39. Slovenia Marjetka Vovk (Slovenian representa-
13. Denmark Ulla Essendrop tive in the 2015 contest as part of Maraaya)

14. France lodie Gossuin 40. Hungary Csilla Tatr

15. Moldova Olivia Furtun
41. Montenegro Danijel Alibabi (Serbian and
16. Armenia Arman Margaryan Montenegrin representative in the 2005 contest as part of
No Name)
17. Cyprus Loukas Hamatsos
42. Sweden Gina Dirawi from Eurovision The
18. Bulgaria Anna Angelova Party in Tele2 Arena
8.2 Commentators
8.2 Commentators
Albania Andri Xhahu (TVSH, RTSH HD,
RTSH Muzik and Radio Tirana, all shows)[149][150]
Armenia Avet Barseghyan (Armenia 1 and
Public Radio of Armenia, all shows)[151][152]
Australia Julia Zemiro and Sam Pang (SBS
and SBS Radio 4, all shows)[153][154]
Austria Andi Knoll (ORF eins, all shows)[155]
Azerbaijan Azer Suleymanli (TV, all
shows)[156][157]
Belarus Evgeny Perlin (Belarus-1 and Belarus
24, all shows)[158][159]
Belgium Dutch: Peter Van de Veire (n,
all shows);[160] French: Jean-Louis Lahaye and
Maureen Louys (La Une, all shows)[161][162]
Bosnia and Herzegovina Dejan Kukri (BHT
1, BHT HD and BH Radio 1, all shows)[163]
Bulgaria Elena Rosberg and Georgi Kushva-
liev (BNT 1 and BNT HD, all shows)[164][165]
Croatia Duko urli (HRT 1, all shows);
Zlatko Turkalj Turki (HR 2, all shows)[166]
Cyprus Melina Karageorgiou (RIK 1, RIK
SAT, RIK HD and Trito Programma, all shows)[167]
Czech Republic Libor Bouek (T2, semi-
nals; T1, nal)[168]
Denmark Ole Tpholm (DR1, all shows)[169]
Estonia Estonian: Marko Reikop (ETV, all
shows);[170] Mart Juur and Andrus Kivirhk (Raadio
2, rst semi-nal and nal);[171] Russian: Aleksandr
Hobotov (ETV+, all shows)[172]
Finland Finnish: Mikko Silvennoinen (Yle
TV2 and TV Finland, all shows);[173][174] Sanna
Pirkkalainen and Jorma Hietamki (Yle Radio
Suomi, all shows);[175] Swedish: Eva Frantz and Jo-
han Lindroos (Yle TV2, TV Finland, Yle Radio
Vega, all shows)[176]
France Marianne James and Jarry (France
4, semi-nals); Marianne James and Stphane Bern
(France 2, nal)[177]
Georgia Tuta Chkheidze and Nika Katsia
(GPB First Channel, all shows)[178][179]
Germany Peter Urban (EinsFestival and
Phoenix, semi-nals; Das Erste, nal)[180][181]
11
Greece Maria Kozakou and Giorgos
Kapoutzidis (ERT1, ERT HD, ERT World, ERA 2
and Voice of Greece, all shows)[182]
Hungary Gbor Gundel Takcs (Duna, all
shows)[183]
Iceland Gsli Marteinn Baldursson (RV and
Rs 2, all shows)[184]
Ireland Marty Whelan (RT2, semi-nals;
RT One, nal); Neil Doherty and Zbyszek Zalinski
(RT Radio 1, second semi-nal and nal)[185]
Israel Hebrew: Subtitles (Channel 1, second
semi-nal and nal (live), rst semi-nal (delayed));
Kobi Menora, Or Vaxman and Nancy Brandes (88
FM, second semi-nal and nal); Arabic: Subtitles
(Channel 33, second semi-nal and nal)[186][187]
Italy Filippo Solibello and Marco Arde-
magni (Rai 4, semi-nals; Rai Radio 2, all
shows);[188] Flavio Insinna and Federico Russo (Rai
1, nal)[189][190]
Latvia Valters Frdenbergs (LTV1, all
shows); Toms Grvi (LTV1, nal)[191][192]
Lithuania Darius Ukuraitis (LRT, LRT HD
and LRT Radijas, all shows)[193]
Macedonia Karolina Petkovska (MRT 1, all
shows)[194]
Malta Arthur Caruana (TVM, all
shows)[195][196]
Moldova Gloria Gorceag (Moldova 1,
Radio Moldova, Radio Moldova Muzical and Radio
Moldova Tineret, all shows)[197][198]
Montenegro Draen Baukovi and Ti-
jana Mikovi (TVCG 1 and TVCG SAT, all
shows)[199][200]
Netherlands - Jan Smit and Cornald Maas
(NPO 1 and BVN, all shows);[201][202] Douwe Bob
(NPO 1 and BVN, second semi-nal)[203]
Norway Olav Viksmo Slettan (NRK1,
all shows);[204] Ronny Brede Aase, Silje Re-
iten Nordnes and Markus Ekrem Neby (NRK3,
nal);[205] Ole Christian en (NRK P1, second
semi-nal and nal)[206]
Poland Artur Orzech (TVP 1 and TVP Polo-
nia (live); TVP Rozrywka and TVP HD (one-day
delay), all shows)[207]
Russia Dmitry Guberniev and Ernest Mack-
eviius (Russia-1 and Russia HD, all shows)[208]
12 9 OFFICIAL ALBUM

San Marino Lia Fiorio and Gigi Restivo (SMtv 8.3 International sign language broadcast
San Marino and Radio San Marino, all shows)[209]
SVT announced on 22 April 2016 that they would of-
Serbia Dragan Ili (RTS 1, RTS HD and fer international sign language broadcasts of all three live
RTS Sat, rst semi-nal); Duka Vuini (RTS shows for the hearing impaired. All three broadcasts were
[235]
1, RTS HD and RTS Sat, second semi-nal and produced by Julia Kankkonen. The performances of
nal)[210][211][212] competing entries were interpreted by ten sign language
performers and the dialogue of hosts were interpreted by
[236][237][238]
Slovenia Andrej Hofer (RTV SLO2, semi- three sign language performers:
nals; RTV SLO1, nal; Radio Val 202, second
semi-nal and nal; Radio Maribor, all shows)[213] Markus Aro (Finland)

Spain Jos Mara igo and Julia Varela (La Ebru Bilen Basaran (Denmark)
2, semi-nals; La 1, nal)[214] Vivien Batory (Denmark)

Sweden Lotta Brom (SVT1, all shows);[215] Laith Fathulla (Sweden)

Carolina Norn and Bjrn Kjellman (SR P4, all
shows)[216] Rafael-Evitan Grombelka (Germany)
Amadeus Lantz (Sweden)
Switzerland German: Sven Epiney (SRF
zwei, semi-nals; SRF 1, nal); Peter Schnei- Georg Marsh (Austria)
der and Gabriel Vetter (SRF 1 and Radio SRF 3,
Amina Ouahid (Sweden)
nal)[217] French: Jean-Marc Richard and Nico-
las Tanner (RTS Deux, second semi-nal and Tommy Rangsj (Sweden)
nal);[218] Italian: Clarissa Tami (RSI La 2, second
semi-nal);[219] Clarissa Tami and Michele Cerno Pavel Rodionov (Russia)
Carobbio (RSI La 1, nal)[220] Laura Levita Valyt (Lithuania)

Ukraine Timur Miroshnychenko and Tetiana Kolbrn Vlkudttir (Iceland)

Terekhova (UA:Pershyi, all shows);[221] Olena
Zelinchenko (Radio Ukraine, all shows)[222] Xuejia Rennie Zacsko (Sweden)

United Kingdom Scott Mills and Mel The international sign language broadcasts was streamed
Giedroyc (BBC Four, semi-nals); Graham Nor- online alongside the three live shows,[236] with the follow-
ton (BBC One, nal); Ken Bruce (BBC Radio 2, ing countries also televising the broadcasts:
nal)[223][224]
Austria ORF 2 (nal)[239]
8.2.1 Non-participating countries Denmark DR Ramasjang (all shows)[240]

China Kubert Leung and Wu Zhoutong
(Hunan TV, all shows)[225]
Kazakhstan Diana Snegina and Kaldybek
Zhaysanbay (Khabar, all shows)[226]
Lithuania LRT Kultra (all shows)[241]
Norway NRK1 Tegnsprk (all shows)[242]
Sweden SVT24 (all shows)[236]

Kosovo TBA (RTK, all shows)[227]

9 Ocial album
New Zealand Graham Norton (BBC UKTV,
nal)[228] Eurovision Song Contest: Stockholm 2016 is the ocial
compilation album of the contest, put together by the Eu-
Portugal Hlder Reis (RTP, all ropean Broadcasting Union and was released by Universal
shows)[229][230][231] Music Group digitally on 15 April and physically on 22
April 2016.[243] The album features all 42 participating
Romania - Ovidiu Anton (ProTV,nal) [232] entries, including the semi-nalists that fail to qualify for
the nal.[244] The album also features the Romanian entry
United States Carson Kressley and Michelle which was withdrawn from the contest by the EBU due
Collins (Logo TV, nal)[233][234] to non-payment of debts.[54]
11.2 References
9.1 Charts
10 See also
ABU Radio Song Festival 2016
Eurovision Young Musicians 2016
Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2016
Trkvizyon Song Contest 2016
11 Notes and references
11.1 Notes
1. ^ Israel, who had been allocated to pot six, were pre- [16] Brey, Marco (16 March 2015). Heads of Delegations
allocated to compete in the second semi-nal as the
rst semi-nal coincided with Yom Hazikaron.
2. ^ Romania, who had been originally allocated to
perform in the second semi-nal, were forcefully
withdrawn due to repeated non-payment of debts to
the EBU.
3. ^ The song contains some words in Pontic Greek, a
dialect of Greek spoken in Northern Greece.[253]
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14
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 21

13 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

13.1 Text
Eurovision Song Contest 2016 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2016?oldid=769840363 Contributors:
Deb, Schneelocke, Janko, Thue, Kaldur, Parishan, Dinsdagskind, PatrikR, Grutness, Gothick, Daniel Case, BD2412, Sjakkalle, Nihiltres,
DVdm, Bgwhite, The Rambling Man, Spleodrach, NP Chilla, Hogne, Amakuha, Melly42, Gianluca91, PanchoS, Boivie, Lacunae, Smur-
rayinchester, Diogo sfreitas, ViperSnake151, Mardus, A bit iy, Grandmaster, Kokoo, Wittylama, Alucard 16, Smooth O, Valenciano, J
1982, Aspirex, Slasher-fun, AxG, ARIC2006, Heitordp, Skinsmoke, Taran Wanderer, Wfructose, Jeoun, Coolguy22468, Ss112, Dumb-
BOT, JamesAM, Mayochup, AnemoneProjectors, Erfa, Chronisgr, Yellowdesk, DavidOPerson, Arcanis, Flags-Chaser, Whats new?, Lil-
du90, Keith D, Doomsday28, Zighlveit, Davidships, Hugo999, Martinevans123, Malteseldn, Jalwikip, Jobu0101, Lukanw, Wrightyboy,
CT Cooper, Lejman, Yonideworst, Whiteghost.ink, Rhysy54, Eugen Simion 14, Werldwayd, Jonipoon, Trachoni, JoeenNc, De Boni 2007,
Hst, Rjd0060, Xertoz, Niceguyedc, Faezdel, Interfase, Mandtplatt, Edwin Okli, IJA, Greenock125, A.h. king, Thomani9, Mr. Gerbear,
Stickee, Robotico2, Kostas93, Sims2aholic8, Alexandrujuncu, Nameless2you, Bearnard O'Riain., Iune, KlokkoVanDenBerg, DILIN, Ple-
clown, Nicolas Love, Yobot, Tamasys, Andreyyshore, Dimitrissss, AnomieBOT, NickK, Jane doe10, Tom8521, J4lambert, Starskyinn,
Wilimorus, Abbedabb, PokerFace3, Trijnstel, Jonesey95, Aca Srbin, Jeppiz, Arbero, Emreculha, , On 15, Vattuman, Hshook, On-
WikiNo, Neklat, Coolman54321, Matheo137, Lopifalko, Nick Moyes, Merynancy, Jim Michael, ProjectSavior, Mrluke485, KolynByrne,
Number10a, Josve05a, August-54, SporkBot, Paucazorla, Brandmeister, JesseexD, Karlwhen, BernardaAlba, HandsomeFella, BabbaQ,
Spa-Franks, Kapitan110295, Davey2010, Mimimatz, ClueBot NG, Neptune777, Somedierentstu, Msb73505, Ice-72, Airlinesguy, Mat-
tie156, RR6, Widr, Ethan1994, Marosvari.gergo, Mattias321, Alexandru M., MirkoS18, Mopje18, Ranma25783, Lukas876, Lowyby, Low-
ercase sigmabot, BG19bot, EuroAgurbash, Ymblanter, Funkydom1, EliG.Weinmann, Tastilazo, Moldova96, D97v, Cristdan223, Nick-
bykov, Wesley Mouse, Bruzaholm, Reyniraron, Not A Superhero, FakirNL, 3singooo, JoseDLG, Robyn2000, Stelith61, Dzzles, GarethT-
Jennings, Baskesc, Xyzspaniel, So Hood, HamiUbsant, MadGuy7023, Eurofan2005, JovanMonster, Dem1997, PootisHeavy, Fort esc,
Keanu Ariel, Ovidarch, Ma75k, Neverrainy, BetteDavis4ever, Nikola62, Lucky102, Zsaron, Ludde93, Roie3600, Crown555, Talcorta91,
Elenka Vicianova, SuperPower, TheFrog001, DangerouslyPersuasiveWriter, Jesper2306, Jjj1238, Pickette, ZyMarionete, Snowstormer,
LincolnAlosio, Progrockdude, Qcumber95, Superwords23, Lasks, Odnailro, Piotus, mer Berkay, HahaLolXD, MrSilesian, Dimsar01,
Ravkar02, yrafa, TheEuroVisionary, Eurofan88, Jarash, TeamGale, Haris Mustabai, Mikeagell98, Tiggeh, Averruncus, Mevagiss,
Theeditorwhoeditsthings, W.carter, Lordtobi, Bluesky987, Appetizer8088, StevenRulez, Yoyo360, Holapaco77, Samraerty14, Lach22,
Tomaure, EuroFan98, Sadiemydog1, Irin161, Melcous, Eemil1234, , 97079, Avis28, New815, AntonBLopez, Galaad1k,
ArsBeograd01, Certus+, Sandereo2001, TronFactor, DaveIey, Christieloftus, TheEnd431, Chew your guts, Wikays, ThatJosh, Prilla Bua,
Greece 2005, Peris lagos, Victorac920611, Phoenix9630, Gtagammer777, ChallengeLover, AndersJNS1, Roreo.G, Somchamp, Adni,
Harut111, RfnlH, ConnorGeorge, Rodger42, Domas699, Roya Shirali, Judor92, Culoarul4, Thedanielcampbell, Campbellfairs, Obsuser,
Hollth, 009988aaabbbccc, A25051995, TheNashNetwork, TaniaFan1978, Rovingrobert, DNTAJPB, Felix Pavlovic editor, Shumkichi,
Rubbish computer, NAXAlc, Cornerstonepicker, KingDriverFC, Skbddbddbdda, Alex Dicksee, Realityshowslover99, JPS2020, Sar2de,
Cartoon network freak, BloomDoom24, Vosao, Eurovisionfandk, Grangermouse, Kenan Hucetzade, Edvis3692, SGrin94, CycloneYoris,
Erenhillerd, ESCSamuel, MoskFPS, AntonyGreece2015, Bbt400, Feliaraujo2014, Canon2015a, MusikBot, Continentaleurope, AusLon-
donder, Willy2000, George Vavatsis, Fire Meet Gasoline, IrakliGuna, My Chemistry romantic, Mortadella42, BoleynSRB, Yatogamii,
Nex1m, Lol99999990, Paulo2016, Infeby, Cjr15, Scottoc, Hatchmight, MutatedMan, Szonline1988, IvanScrooge98, Eurovisionman2015,
TheAmessz, Marianna Costa, AlexisG63, SergiuNik, HipsterKatz, Ragnarok4143, Esc 2410, Radoslav Tsanev, Sometimes the sky is
blue, Lass222b, Nicko The Hero, DragTails, ThePhantomKid012, Scx4sco, MusicMuskrat, Dardn2015, Tarkattack, InternetArchiveBot,
Doug.jackson2019, Espaol34, Mlcoching, Carsten11, Peris Lagios, Plaegely, Gigar44, Sabiondo1989, Roie21, Giannispsy, Blue Adven-
ture, Marvixo, Fragglevision, OscarTipper, Gilmourattard, Mihitza78, Bender the Bot, AnyaTheDerp, Jyripoot, Hegehegelol, Pavle 123,
Chansey113, Esc potato, Mrangjunboons2017, 15003844SM and Anonymous: 85

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utors: Own work Original artist: RexxS
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22 13 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

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Wikipedia
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at English Wikipedia
13.2 Images 23

File:ESCSlovenia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/ESCSlovenia.svg License: Public domain Contrib-

utors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Andreyyshore using CommonsHelper. Original artist: Ysangkok at English Wikipedia
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main Contributors:
Flags of the World Hungary Original artist: SKopp
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Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Israel.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/IsraelAt50/Pages/The%20Flag%20and%20the%20Emblem.aspx Original artist: The Pro-
visional Council of State Proclamation of the Flag of the State of Israel of 25 Tishrei 5709 (28 October 1948) provides the ocial
specication for the design of the Israeli ag.
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artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: own code, construction sheet Original artist: -x-
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File:Flag_of_Latvia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg License: Public domain
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File:Flag_of_Lebanon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: ? Original artist: Traced based on the CIA World Factbook with some modication done to the colours based on
information at Vexilla mundi.
File:Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg License:
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File:Flag_of_Lithuania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg License: Public do-
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lic domain Contributors: Own work http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1972/0051/a051.pdf#page=2, colors from http://www.
legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1993/0731609/0731609.pdf Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp
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? Original artist: ?
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and many others
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File:Flag_of_Poland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg License: Public domain Contrib-
utors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: http://jorgesampaio.arquivo.presidencia.pt/pt/republica/simbolos/bandeiras/index.html#imgs Original artist: Colum-
bano Bordalo Pinheiro (1910; generic design); Vtor Lus Rodrigues; Antnio Martins-Tuvlkin (2004; this specic vector set: see sources)
File:Flag_of_Romania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Own work Original artist: AdiJapan
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nal artist: ?
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lic domain Contributors: Own work: [/Users/bicio/Desktop/Cailungo logo 40.jpg] Original artist: Zscout370
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File:Flag_of_Spain.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
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Original artist: ?
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domain Contributors: PDF Colors Construction sheet Original artist: User:Marc Mongenet

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Contributors: Turkish Flag Law (Trk Bayra Kanunu), Law nr. 2893 of 22 September 1983. Text (in Turkish) at the website of the
Turkish Historical Society (Trk Tarih Kurumu) Original artist: David Benbennick (original author)
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File:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.
svg License: Public domain Contributors:
-x-'s le
-x-'s code
Zirlands codes of colors
Original artist:
(of code): SVG version by cs:-x-.
File:Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
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cense: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
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Original artist: ?
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artist: ?
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jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:
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