UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
MINNESOTA
ST. ANTHONY
ST. ANTHONY TALffi
FALLS HYDRAULIC
HYDRAUTICLABORATORY
LABORATORY
LORENZ
TORENZG.
G. STRAUB,
STRAUB,Director
Director

Technical
Technical Paper
Paper No.
No. 18,
18, Series
Series B

Closed Conduit Spillways

Hydraulics of Closed Spillways
PartsII through
Parts through VII
Results of Tests
Results Tests on Several Forms of the Spillway
Several Forms
by

Fred W. Blaisdell,
Fred Blcisdell, Hydraulic
Hydrculic Engineer
Engineer
USDA,
USDA, ARS
ANS

March 1958
1958

Study conducted
conducted by
by

UNITED STATES
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUTTURE
AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
AGRICT'ITURAL RESEARCH SERVICE
SERVICE
SOII CONSERVATION RESEARCH
SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION RESEARCH DIVISION
DMSION

in cooperction
cooperation with
with the

Minnesota Agriculturcl
Minnesotq Agricultural Experiment
Experiment Stqtion
Station
cnd
and the
St. Anthony
St. Anthony Fclls
Falls Hydrculic
Hydraulic Laborctory
Laboratory

Minneapolis, Minnesolcr
Minnecpolis, Minnesota
 UNNERSITY OF MINNESOTA
UNIVERSITY MINNESOTA
ST. ANTHONY
ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY
FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY
LORENZ G. STRAIE,
TORENZ STRAUB, Director
Director

Technical Pcper
Techniccrl Paper No. 18, Series B
18, Series

Hydraulics of Closed Conduit Spillways

Parts
Parts II through
through VII
Results
Results of Tests Forms of the Spillway
Several Forms
Tests on Several
by
by

Fred W. Blaisdell, Hydraulic Engineer

Hydrculic Engineer
USDA, ARS

...

March
Mcnch 1958
1958

Study conducted
conducted by

UNITED
UNITED STATES
STATES DEPARTMENT AGBICUIfl'NE
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL
AGRICI'ITURAL RESEARCH
RESEARCH SERVICE
SERVICE
SOIL
SOII AND WATER CONSERVATION RESEARCH
NESEANCH DNISION
DIVISION

in cooperation
coopercrtion with
with the

Minnesota
Minnesoto Agricultural
Agriculturcl Experiment Station
Stcrtion
qnd the
and
St.
St. Anthony Fclls Hydraulic
Anthony Falls Hydrcrulic Laboratory
tcborctory

Minneapolis,
Minnecpolis, Minnesota
Minnesotc
 ABSTRACT
A B S T R A q T

The
T h e ttheory
h e o r y ooff tthehe h hydraulics
ydraulics o off cclosed
l o s e d cconduit
o n d u i t sspillways
pillways h has
as b een p
been resented p
presented reviously
previously
ass P
a Part
artI I o off t hthis
i s rreport
e p o r t sseries.
eries. P Parts
a r t s IIII tto
o V VII ddescribe
e s c r i b e tthe h e llaboratory
a b o r a t o r y ttests, e c o r d tthe
e s t s , rrecord he o b-
ob-
served
s e r v e d flow flow p phenomena,
h e n o m e n a , and a n d give
g i v e the
t h e discharge
d i s c h a r g e and and p pressure
r e s s u r e coefficients
c o e f f i c l e n t s necessary
n e c e s s a r y for f o r the
the
application
a p p l i c a t i . o n oof f the
t h e theory.
t h e o r y . This
T h i s i ninformation
formation is
i s given
g i v e n for
f o r five
f i v e ddifferent
i f f e r e n t forms
f o r m s o of
f thet h e closed con-
c l o s e d con-
duit
d u i t spillway,
s p i l l w a y , f ofour
ur of
o f which
w h i c h are
arere recommended.
commended. The
T h e drop
d r o p inleti n l e t ddescribed
e s c r i b e d in i n Part
P a r t II i s not
I I is n o t rec-
rec-
0mmended
ommended b because
e c a u s e ofo f its p o o r hydraulic
i t s poor hvdraulic p erformance.
performance.

The
T h e large
l a r g e reduction
r e d u c t i o n in
i n discharge
d i s c h a r g e caused by
caused b y strong
s t r o n g vortices is p
v o r t i c e s is r e s e n t e d in
presented P a r t VII.
i n Part VII.

iii
11r
 CONTENTS
C O N T E N T S

Page
Page

Abstract.
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
iii
List of Figures
List Figures . . . . . . . . vi
vi
List of Tables.
List Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii
viii

FORWARD
FORWARD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1I

PPART
ART II. CIRCULAR
CIRCULARDROP DROP INLET
INLET WITH BELL BELL CREST AND ELBOW BARREL BARREL
ENTRANCE
ENTRANCE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

DESCRIPTION OF SPILLWAY
SPILLWAY . . . . . . . . . . . 1I

APPARATUS AND PROCEDURE.

APPARATUS PROCEDURE.
.
. . . . . .. .. 3

DESCRIPTION OF FLOW . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 4

DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS.
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6o
Weir Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Weir 66
Orifice Coefficient.
Orifice Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
10
Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Short Tube Coefficient 10
10
Coefficient . . . . . . . . .
Entrance Loss Coefficient. 10
10
P R E S S U R E COEFFICIENTS.
PRESSURE C O E F F I C I E N T S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
11

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.

CONCLUSIONS RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . 11
11

PART
PAR ENLARGED CIRCULAR
T III. ENLARGED CIRCULAR DROP INLET WITH PIPE ELBOW AT
DROP INLET AT BASE
VITRIFIED CLAY
AND VITRIFIED CLAY TILE BARREL ENTRANCE
TILE REDUCER BARREL ENTRANCE . . . . . . . . 12
l2

SPILLWAY
DESCRIPTION OF SPILLWAY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . t2
12

APPARATUS AND PROCEDURE.

APPARATUS PROCEDURE. . . . . . . . . . . . 13
13

DESCRIPTION OF FLOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
".
15
15

DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS.
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
16
Weir Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Weir 16
16
Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Entrance Loss Coefficient. 16
16
P R E S S U R E COEFFICIENTS.
PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
16

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.

CONCLUSIONS RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
I7

PART IV. SQUARE

PART SQUARE DROP
DROP INLET
INLET WITH SQUARE-EDGED
SQUARE.EDGED CREST AND BELL BELL
BARREL ENTRANCE.
BARREL ENTRANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
18

DESCRIPTION OF SPILLWAY.
SPILLWAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
18

APPA
APP RAT
ARA U S AND
TUS A N D PROCEDURE.
P R O C E D U R E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
20

FLOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DESCRIPTION OF FLOW 20
20

DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS.
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
20
Weir
Weir Coefficient
Coefficient ......... 22
22
Orifice
Orifice Coefficient
Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
23
Entrance
Entrance Loss
Loss Coefficient
Coefficient . . . . . . 23
23
PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS.
PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
23

CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS AND
AND RECOMMENDATIONS.
RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . 23
23

iv
1V
 Page
Page
PART V.
PART SQUARE DROP
V. SQUARE DROP INLET
INLET WITH
WITH SQUARE-EDGED
SQUARE.EDGED CREST CREST AND AND SQUARE-
SQUARE-
EEDGED BARREL ENTRANCE
DGED BARREL ENTRANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
24
DESCRIPTION OF
DESCRIPTION OF SPILLWAY
SPILLWAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
24
APPPARA
A P A R ATUS
T U S AND
A N D PROCEDURE.
P R O C E D U R E . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
27
DESCRIPTION OF
DESCRIPTION OF FLOW
FLOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
29
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS.
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
29
Weir Coefficient
Weir Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
29
Orifice Coefficient
Orifice Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 32
32
Entrance Loss
Entrance Loss Coefficient.
Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
32
P R E S S U R ECOEFFICIENTS.
PRESSURE C O E F F I C I E N T S . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
33
CIRCULATION AROUND
CIRCULATION AROUND ANTI-VORTEX
ANTI.VORTEX WALL.
WALL . . . . . . . . . . . 33
33
CONCLUSIONS AND
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.
RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
35

PART VI.CIRCULAR
PART VI.CIRCULAR DROP
DR,OPINLET
INLET WITH SQUARE-EDGED
SQUARE.EDGED AND ROUNDED
ROUNDED CRESTS CRESTS
AND CONCRETE-PIPE-GROOVE
AND CONCRETE.PIPE.GROOVE BARREL
BARREL ENTRANCE.
ENTRANCE . . . . . . . . . . 36
36
DESCRIPTION OF SPILLWAY.
DESCRIPTION SPILLWAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
JO

A P P A R A T U S AND
APPARATUS A N D PROCEDURE.
PROCEDURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
38
D E S C R I P T I O N OF
DESCRIPTION O F .FLOW
FLOW ............................... 38
38
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS.
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
at

Weir Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Weir 41
AI

E ntrance
Entrance L o s Coefficient.
Loss s C o e f f i c i e n t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :. ... . ... . . .. . . . 41l
4
P R E S S U R EC
PRESSURE OEFFICIENT.
COEFFICIENTS S.
. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ....? .-1 =41
t 1
a

CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS AND
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
A 1
a r

P
PA RT V
ART II. E
VII. FFECT O
EFFECT OFF VORTEX
VORTEX AT
AT INLET
INLET ON SPILLWAY
SPILLWAY DISCHARGE
DISCHARGE. . . . 4422
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4422
C LOSED C
CLOSED ONDUIT S
CONDUIT PILLWAY S
SPILLWAY E R I E S LL-7,
SERIES . ? , LL-8
-B A N D LL-9
AND .9 . . . . . . . . . . . 4433
CLOSED
CLOSED CONDUIT
CONDUIT SPILLWAY
SPILLWAY SERIES
SERIES L.26
L-26 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +43
J

EFFECT
EFFECT OF
OF VORTEX
VORTEX ON
ON ORIFICE
ORIFICE DiSCHARGE
DISCHARGE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4433
EFFECT
EFFECT OF
OF VORTEX
VORTEX ON
ON DISCHARGE
DISCHARGE OF
OF VERTICAL
VERTICAL PIPES
PIPES. . . . . . . . . 44
A A

Binnie
Binnie and
and Hookings
Hookings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
4
Rahm
Rahm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +46
o
SIMILITUDE
SIMILITUDE OF
OF VORTICES.
VORTICES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
1io
oo
HARSPRANGET
HARSPRANGET DIVERSION
DIVERSION TUNNEL
TUNNEL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
8
CONCLUSIONS
CONCL USIONS AND
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
RECOMMENDATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550
0
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550
0

v
 a

L I S T
LIST O F
OF F I G U R E S
FIGURES

Figure
Figure Page
Fage

II- 1
II-I Setupsand
Test Setups and Drop
Drop Inlet Spillways
Spillways . . . 2
tr-2
11-2 Surface
Surface of 6-in. 6-in. Vitrified
Vitrified Clay Tile Tile Pipe . 3
II-3
11-3 H e a d - D i s c h a r g e Curves
Head-Discharge C u r v e s for
f o r Series
S e r i e s L-3
L-3. . . 4
rr-4
11-4 Weir Flow
Weir Flow Conditions
Conditions . 5
11-5
II.5 Orifice
Orifice Flow Conditions . 5
II.6
11-6 Weir Flow Conditions
Weir 5
11-7
II.7 Short Tube
T\rbe Flow
Flow .
. ... 6
II.B
II-B Hydraulic Jump in Barrel
Hydraulic Piezometer 7.
Barrel Over Piezometer 7. . . . 6
11-9
II.9 Weir
Weir Flow Conditions 7
II-10
11-10 Pipe Flow Conditions.
Conditions 7
II-1 1
II-II Head-Discharge and
and Head-Coefficient
Head-Coefficient Curves for Weir
Weir Flow,Series
Flow, Series I 7
tr-12
11-12 Head-Discharge and and Head-Coefficient
Head-Coefficient Curves for for Weir
Weir Flow, Series
II, III,
II, UI, IV, VUI and IX
IV, VIII IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B
II.1 3
11-13 Head-Discharge and and Head-Coefficient Curves for
for Weir
Weir Flow,
FIow, Series
L - L , L-2
L-l, L - 2 and
a n d L-3
L-3 ............. I
B
III-1
111-1 Drop Inlet, Series V, VI and
and VII
VII
. .. . . . . t2
12
1II-2
III.2 Surface
Surface of B-in. Vitrified
Vitrified Clay Tile
Tile Pipe . t2
12
III.3
III-3 Head-Discharge Curve, Series VII
VII .
. .. . . 13
13
III.4
111-4 Weir Flow at Crest
Weir Crest of Drop Inlet, Barrel Partly Full,
Barrel Partly FuIl, HfHIDO = . 0.36. . 14
L4
111-5
III.5 Weir
Weir Flow at Crest Crestof of Drop Inlet, SlugsSlugs in Barrel,
Barrel, Circulation Around
CirculationAround
Headwall, I J . f o==0.94
H e a d w a l l ,HID 0 . 9 4.
. . . . . . .. .
. .
. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
L4
111-6
III.6 Conduit Completely
Completely Full, FuII, Circulation
Circulation Around Headwall, HID Hf D = - 1.40.
t.4O . 14
L4
111-7
III.? Head-Discharge and
and Head-Coefficient
Head-Coefficient Curves for Weir Weir Flow.
FIow, Series
V, VI
VI and VII
YII .
. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
15
IV-l
IV-1 Drop Inlet, Series X-A
X-A to XVII, Inclusive . . . . . . ". . . . . 18
IB
IV-2
IV-2 Drop Inlet
Drop Inlet and Barrel
Barrel Entrance
Entrance Except
Except for
for Series
Series XlV...-A .
XIVTFA 1 0
19
IV-3
IV.3 Drop Inlet and
and Barrel
Barrel Entrance for
for Series XIV -A .
XIV-A 1 0
19
IV-4
IV-4 Weir
Weir Flow at Crest
Crest of Drop Inlet .
. .......... . 21
2L
ry-5
IV-5 Weir
Weir Flow
Flow at Crest
Crest of Drop
Drop Inlet
Inlet .
. ......... zt
21
rv-6
IV-6 Either
Either the Weir
Weir or
or the Pipe Equation May be Used
Used to Compute the
FIow for
Flow for These Conditions
Conditions . . . . . . 2L
21
IV-7
IV-7 Pipe Equation Determines
Determines Discharge .
. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
22
IV-B
IV.8 Inlet is Completely
Completely Submerged
Submerged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
22
v-1
V-I Spillway Proportions
Proportions andand Piezometer
Piezometer Locations, Series L-4B
L-48 to L-19.
L-19,
Inclusive
Inclusive . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
24
v-2
V-2 Test Setup
Setup for
for Series L-4B
L-48. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
26
v-3
V-3 Test Setup
Setup for
for Series L-5A
L-5A to L-13.
L-l3, Inclusive
lnclusive . 27
27
v-4
V-4 Test
T e s t Setup
S e t u p for
f o r Series
S e r i e s L-IB
L - 1 8 and
a n d L-19
L-19 ..... 2B
28
v-5
V-5 Weir
Weir Flow at Crest
Crest of Drop Inlet. Clinging Nappe
Nappe Barrel
Barrel Partly
Partly Full.
Full.
No Air H/D =
Air Flow. HID = 0.33
0.33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
30
v-6
V-6 Weir
Weir Flow at Crest of Drop Inlet. Nappes
Crestof Napges Intersect
Intersect in Drop Inlet En- En-
training
training Air.
Air. Barrel
Barrel Partly
Partly Full. H/D =
FuIf . HID = 0.37
0.3? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
30
v-7
V-7 Weir
Weir Flow at Crest Crest of Drop Inlet. Clinging
Clinging Nappes
Nappes and Air Pocket in
and Air
Drop Inlet. BarrelBarrel Partly
Partly{'u11 Exce pt Air-
Full Except Water Mixture
Air-Water Mixture Fills
Fills Bar-
Bar-
r e l Near
rel N e a r Its
I t s Entrance. H / D = 0.60
E n t r a n c e . HID 0.60................... 30
30

vi
vi
Fi.gure
Figu re Page
Page
v --8
V 8 Flow at
Weir Flow at Drop Inlet Crest.
Crest. Free Nappes.
Nappes. Slugs
Slugs Form
Form and
and Break
in Upper End End of of Barrel.
Farrel. AirAir Carried
Carried Through Spillway When
When Slugs
Slugs
a r e Present.
are P r e s e n t . HI
H/DD =
= 0.66
0 . 6 6 . . 30
v-9
V ProbablyMomentaryOrifice
Probably at Crest of Drop Inlet. Free Nappes.
Momentary Orifice Flow at Nappes.
Barrel Partly
Barrel Partly Full.
FulI. No
No Air H/D == 0.72
Air Flow. HID 0.72 30
v - 1100
V at Crest of Drop Inlet. Clinging Nappes.
Weir Flow at Nappes. Barrel
Barrel Continu-
ously Full
Full of Water-Air
Water-Air Mixture.
Mixture. Continuous
Continuous Air H/D =
Air Flow. HID = 1.12
t,l2 30
30
v --ll
V l1 Orifice Flow at
Orifice at Barrel
Barrel Entrance. Barrel Barrel Partly
Partly Full.
FulI. No
No Air
Air Flow.
H/D =
HI = 0.66.
0 . 6 6 . . . . . . . . . . . 30
30
v-12
V-12 Effect
Effect of Barrel
Barrel Slope on Entrance
Entrance Loss
Loss Coefficient
Coefficient 33
33
v- 13
V-13 Head-Discharge
Head-Discharge Curves
Curves for
for Series
Series L-7,
L-?, L-8
L-8 and L-9
L-9 34
34
v-14
V-14 No Headwall
Headwall was
was Used for
for Series
Series L-7
L-7 ..
. . 35
35
v- 15
V-15 A Headwall
Headwall But
But No Dike
Dlke was Used
Used for
for Series
Series L-8
L-8 . . 35
35
v- 16
V-16 Use of
of Dike
Dike Plus
Plus aa Headwall
HeadwalL for
for Series
Series L-9
L-9 Eliminates
Eliminates Circulation.
Circulation . 35
35
vI-1
VI-1 Drop
Drop Inlet
Inlet Dimensions,
Dimensions, Anti-Vortex
Anti-Vortex Walls,
Walls, and Piezometer
Piezometer Locations
Locations 37
37
vl-2
VI-2 Effect
Effect of
of Vortex
Vortex on CapaCity
Capacity When No Anti - Vortex De
Aati-Vortex vice is
Device is Used.
Used. . 39
39
vI-3
VI-3 Effect
Effect of Height
Height of Splitter
Splitter on Vortex
Vortex Formation
Formation .. 40
40
v1-4
VI-4 Head-Coefficient
Head-Coefficient Curve
Curve for
for Circular
Circular Drop
Drop Inlets
Inlets . . . . . . 41
4L
VII-1
VII-1 Effect
Effect of
of Vortices
Vortices on Head-Discharge
Head-Discharge Curve
Curve for
for Series
Series L-26
L-26 . . . . . 42
42
vtr-2
VII-2 Effect
Effect of
of Vortex
Vortex on Orifice
Orifice Discharge
Discharge . . . . . . . . . 44
44
VII-3
VII-3 Vertical
Vertical Pipe
Pipe Entrances
Entrances Tested
Tested by Binnie
Bi.nnie and Hookings
Hookings 44
44
VII-4
VII-4 Head-Discharge
Head-Discharge Curves
Curves for
for Radial
RadiaL and Tangential
Tangential FlowFlow as Determined
Determined
by
by Binnie
Binnie and Hookings
Hookings . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
45
vII-5
VII-5 Comparison of
Comparison of Head-Discharge
Head-Discharge Relationships
Relationships with
with Vortex
Vortex asae Deter-
Deter-
mined by
mined by Camichel,
Camichel, Escande
Escande and Sabathe . . . . . . 47
47
VII.6
VII-6 Harspr~nget
Harspr8nget Diversion
Diversion Tunnel
Tunnel . . . . . . ... 48
48
VII-7
VII-7 View
View of
of the Flow
Flow at Harspra nget when
HarsprSnget when Water
Water wa
wass Discharged
Discharged Through
Through
Both the
Both the Tunnel
T\rnnel Inlet
Inlet and the
the Gate
Gate Shaft
Shaft .. . 49
49
VII-B
VII-8 View
Viewofof Tunnel Intake at Harspr~nget
Tunnel Intake Harsprlnget on August 15, 1949,as
onAugust 194Q,as Seen F'!'om
SeenFtom
the Dam
Dam . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 49
49

vii
 a

L I S T
LIST O F
OF T A B L E S
TABLES

TabIe
Table Page
Page
II.1
II-I Proportions of
Proportions of Spillways
Spillways . andand Discharge
Discharge Coefficients
Coefficients .. .. .. ... . . . . 11
TI.2
11-2 Piezometer Locations
Piezometer Locations and and Local
Local Pressure
Pressure Deviation
Deviation from
from Hydraulic
Hydraulic
Grade Line,
Grade Line, Series
Series I,I, II,
II, III,
III, IV,
IV, VIII,
VIII, IX,
IX, L-1,
L-t, L-2
L-Z and
and L-3 L-3 33
II.3
11-3 Maximum Observed
Maximum Observed Pressure
Pressure for for Part
Part Full
FulI Flow
Flow .. 11
II

uI-1
III-I Proportions of
Proportions of Spillways
Spillways and
and Discharge
Discharge Coefficients
Coefficients . . . 12
L2
TIT.2
1II-2 Piezometer Locations
Piezometer Locations and
and Local
Local Pressure
Pressure Deviation
Deviation from from Hydraulic
Hydraulic
Grade Line,
Grade Line, Series
Series V,
V, VI
VI and
and VII
VII . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
13
III.3
III-3 Maximum Observed
Maximum Pressure for
Observed Pressure for Part
Part Full
FulI Flow
Flow .. 16
16
ry-1
IV-l Proportions of
Proportions of Spillways
Spillways and
and Discharge
Discharge Coefficients.
Coefficients . . . 18
1B
IV-2
IV-2 Piezometer Locations
Piezometer Locations and
and Local Pressure
Pressure Deviation fr q m Hydraulic
frqm Hydrautic
Line, Series
Grade Line, Series XA
XA to XVII
XVII .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1 0

v-L
V-1 Proportions of Spillways
Proportions Spillways and and Discharge Coefficients . .. .
. ........ 25
25
v-2
V-2 Piezometer Locations and
Piezometer and Local Pressure
Pressure Deviation from
from Hydraulic
Hydraulic
G r a d eLine,
Grade L i n eSeries
, s e r i eL-4B
s L - 4 to
B t L-24
o L - 2..
4 ..:..... 25
25
v-3
V-3 Characteristics of Test Setups
Characteristics Setups . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
26
v-4
V-4 Indicated Minimum
Indicated Minimum Drop
Drop Inlet Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
32
vI-1
VI-1 Proportions of Spillways
Proportions Spillways and and Discharge
Discharge Coefficients.
Coefficients . . . . 36
36
vr-2
VI-2 Piezometer
Piezometer Locations and and Local
Local Pressure
Pressure Deviation from
from Hydraulic
Hvdraulic
Grade
G r a d e Line, S e r i e s L-25
L i n e , Series L - 2 5 to L-33 .
t o L-33 . .:. . .. . 38
38
vu-1
VII-1 Pipes Tested by Rahm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
46

viii
vl11
 HYDRAULICS OF CLOSED CONDUIT SPILLWAYS

Results
Results of
of Tests
Tests on Several
Several Forms
Forms of
of the Spillway*
Spillway*

FORWARD
FORWARD

The theory
The theory of of and the the symbols
symbols for for the
the hydraulics
hydraullcs of of closed
closed conduit
condult spillways
spillways have been
have been
givenn in Part
give Part I** 1** of of this
this report
report series. series. Parts
Parts II II to VI VI inclusive,
inclusive, which which are are included
included in in this
this
paper,
pape r, give give the results results of laboratory
laboratory tests tests on a number number of of different
different forms forms of of the closed
closed con- con-
duit spillway
duit spillway inlet; inlet; each each spillway
spillway is is described,
described, the experimental experimental setup setup and methods methods are are ex-
ex-
plarined,
pl;.lined, the characteristics
characteristics of flow
flow throughthrough the spillway spillway are are described,
described, data data that that may
may be used used
forr a determination
fo determination of of the flow flow throughthrough the spillway spillway are are presented,
presented, and coefficientscoefficients for
for the
determination
determi.nation of of critical
critical pressures
pressures within within the spillwayspi.Ilway are are summarized.
summarized. When usedused in iri con-
con-
junction with
junction principles given
with the principles given in in Part
Part I, the information
information contained contained in in thisthis paper
paper may may be
u ssed
e d to
t o design
d e s i g n cclosed
l o s e d conduit
c o n d u i t sspillways
p i . l l w a y s having
h a v i n g forms
f o r m s similar
s i m i l a r tot o those
t h o s e rreported
e p o r t e d here.
h e r e . PPart
a r t VII
VII
is d e v o t e d to
i s devoted t o a discussion
d i s c u s s i o n ofo f vortices
v o r t i c e s anda n d their
t h e i r effect
e f f e c t on
o n the
t h e discharge.
discharge.

Part
Part II
II

Circular
Circular Drop
Drop Inlet
Inlet with
with Bell
BelI Crest
Crest and Elbow
Elbow Barrel
Barrel Entrance
Entrance

DESCRIPTION
D E S C R I P T I O N OF
O F SPILLWAY
SPILLWAY

The
The firstfirst dropdrop inletinlet spillways
spillways were were made made of 6-in. nominal diameter,
6-in.nominal diameter, vitrified vitrified clay clay tile,
tile,
bell
b e l l aand
n d spigot
s p i g o t pipe.
p i p e . BBoth
o t h the
t h e drop
d r o p inlet
i n l e t aand
n d the
t h e conduit
c o n d u i t wwere
e r e of o f the
t h e same
s a m e size
s i z e pipe.
p i p e . TThey
h e y wwere
ere
co nnected by
connected by a gO-degree
90-degree vitrifiedvitrified clay clay tile tile elbow.
elbow. The nominal nominal slope slope of of the conduit
conduit was was 30
per
p e r cent.
c e n t . Actual
A c t u a l slopes
s l o p e s are
a r e given
g l v e n in
i n Table
T a b l e II-l.
I I - 1 . The
T h e outlet
o u t l e t discharged
d i s c h a r g e d freely;
f r e e l y ; that
t h a t is,
i s , it
i t was
was
not submerged.
submerged. (See (See Part Part I for for: the listIist of symbols.)
symbols.)

T A B L E II-1
TABLE II-1
PROPORTIONS OF SPILLWAYS
PROPORTIONS DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS
SPILLWAYS AND DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS

Series
Seris D D/D
DjD orc'/ D
Dro/ o t/D S z/D
Z/D z{D
Z/D Inlet
Inlet Conduit
Conduit Anti-Vortex
llti-vortt c
C
0
N
0
C
s
N
s
K
e
N
e
? Device
(ft) Crest
Crest Entrance
Entrance Devic

I o0~4')6 1 , o o rd.
. l + 9 6 1.00 rd, 1.25 rd.
1 , 2 5 rd. 1 9 .84
19. 8 1 +0.308
o . 7 o B 14.20 8,f
1l+.20 8.56
Converging
ConverEinP
bellmouth
oerlmoutn
Elbow
!!oov Tangent
Talgent wan
Ell -- o,zL 99
0.24

II
II 1 . 0 o rd.
0 . L 9 6 1.00
0.4')6 rd. 1l j;40
l + o rd.
rd. 1 9 ,8841 10.308
19. 0 . 1 0 8 14.20 8.*
1 4 . 2 0 8.56 Sen
Bell Elbow Tangnt walJ
Tangent ml] -- 0.30
o . r 0 5,
II
l I II o.l+*
0.4')6 1 . o o rd.
1.00 !d. 1.1+ord.
1.40 rd, 39.
19.66 2 0 . 1 2 8.56
o,1o7 20.32
66 0.307 O,P Ben
Bel1 Elbow
E1btr Tangent
?angent wall
mll - 0.21 3

w
IV d.
I . o o rd.
o . ] i 9 6 1.00
0.1,')6 1.40 d.
1 . ] + ord. o.To
5 9 A o 0.310
59.40 26.52 8.fi
26.r2 8.56 Bell
Bll Elbow
E]bow Tangent
Tangnt "''all
mIl -- o,10
030 22

VIII
YIII 1.oo rd.
0.l+96 1.00
0.4')6 1.Io rd.
1.40 o.1I9
59,142 0.3
59.42 19 2 2 . O O 3.99
22.00 1.99 Ben
Bel1 Elbow
Elbov Tangent
?angent wall
mfl 8 , 1 2 66
8.42

tx
IX 00.1196 1.00 rd.
.4')6 1.00 1.lro rd.
1.40 60.l$
60.43 2 2 . 8 2 4.88
o,17O 22.82
0.310 l+.88 Bell
Bell Elbow Tangent
langent wall
ml1 -- o.,l+8 99
0.48

L-1
L-l o.ttt
0.333 I . o o rd.
1.00 l . . r B rd.
r d . , 1.38 rd. 34.01
tlr.oI 1 E 22
O . 2 9 t 15.
0.293 )' 5.70
5.70 Ben
Be1l Elbow
Elbw Tangent wall
mIl -
- 5 ,28
5. 2 8 77 o.t7
0.37 20
20

L-2 o.tlt
0.333 r . o o rd.
1.00 fi.. 1.38 rd.
1 . r B rd. 34.00 o,29i
3 1 4 . o o0.293 L4JiZ 4.97
14.47 Ben
Bell Elbow Tangent
Tangent wall
rel1 6.5 L 2 5.31
6 , 588 12 ' , t r 12
1 ) 0.43
^ L Z
17
1 a

L-t3
L- o.rv)
0.333 7 . o o rd.
1.00 r d , . 1.38
r . J B rd.
rd. 34.01
1\.or 0 . 2 9 1 113.50
0.294 1Z En 3.')6
t.w Bell
B11 Elbow
Elbtr Tangent
Tangert wall
re1.1 6 . r 5 16
6.55 16 531 L8 0.44
5,3r 18 2r
o.1A 21

A second
second set ofof tests
tests was
was conducted
conducted on a transparent
transparent drop
drop inlet
inlet spillway.
spillway. This
This was
was so
flow
flow conditions
conditions could
could be observed.
observed. The
The only
only differences between the tile
differences between tile and the transparent
transparent
spillways
spiilways were
were in
in the pipe
pipe diameter,
diameter, which
which was 4 in. in. for
for the transparent
transparent pipe,
pipe, and the elbow,
elbow,
which
which was
was constructed
constructed of segments
segments of
of straight
straight transparent
transparent pipe.
pipe.

The
The dropdrop inlets
inlets areare shown
shown in in Fig.
Fig. II-1
II- 1;; all
aI1 drop
drop inlet inlet crests
crests werewere the bell bell end of of vitrified
vitrified
cclay
lay tile
tile pipe,
pipe, except
except for for Series
Series 1. I. For
For Series
Series I, the bell beII was filledfilled with
with mortar
mortar to give give the
co
c o nverging
n v e r g i n g bellmouth
b e l l m o u t h entrance
e n t r a n c e shown
s h o w n by
b y King
K i n g [1-31,
I I - 3 1 , Fig.
F i g . 35].
3 5 ] , The
T h e crest
c r e s t of
o f the
t h e transparent
transparent
drop
drop inlet
inlet was was square-edged,
square-edged, whereas
whereas the crestcrest for for the vitrified
vitrified tile
tile drop
drop inlet
i.nlet was
was slightly
slightly
rounded.
rounded.

*Agricultural
*Agricultural Research
R e s e a r c h Service
S e r v i c e Report
R e p o r t No.
N o . 41-505-50.
41-505-50.

**Fred W. Blaisdell, Hydraulics of Closed Conduit Spillways--Part I. Theory and Its Ap-
plication, St. Anthony FalI
2

...
Wood
Wood box,
box, sheet metol lined-----=::'"
sheet metal

"<;;- Headwall_
Heodptygr,
Head
p~
Inlet--o 0
1 --+-
I

':1'"
C)J
-10
I-- 8'-4i"
-N
-1..
i

~?- I

Morter Filled
F i l l e d Bell
B e l l Inlet
lnlet
Slope;-l on 3
= Concrete
Concreie =o
i-
-i- tlo folse floor
false floor: -l B\
/~==~~~mm~~~~
~ y
6"

~A
V
Piezometer taps
O o e n Bell
Open B e l l Inlet
lnlet

(a) Clay Tile

Tile Pipe
Pipe

Platee 12")<
12"x12"x-t"
12"xL+"
- 5.49' Top t"
Top +" above
obove approach
opprooch
chonnelfloo
channel floo6,
t.
I
Js-
:lq Headwall
Heodwoll 8" x 16"
16"
-dl' -
l" dia.
I" piezometer
dio. piezometer

Water su channel

gage

/n~:!ES----F'iIf~=~---+ Bell
e l l 5"
5 " dia.
dio.
6"
1=il:==::::;;;;;:J"'1ri""'-./1 nlett
Drop lnlel
Elbow

.:2.
Cf)

Piezometer
Piezometer tops

(b)
(b) Transparent
Tronsporeni Pipe
Pipe

Fig. l l - l - Test
F i g . 11-1 T e s tSetups
S e t u p and D r o pInlet
o n d Drop S p iIIways
l n l e t Spi l l w o y.s .
 3

The 6-in.
6-in. pipe was very very rough
rough forfor vitrified
vitrified tile.
tiie. Instead
Instead of having
having aa smooth
smooth glazed
glazed sur-
sur-
face,therewere
face, there were burnt
burnt grains
grains scattered
scattered overover.thethe surface,
surface, as well as occasional
wellas occasional small
small surface
surface
swellings. photograph of this
swellings. A photograph this surface
surface is shown
shown in Fig.Fig. II-2.
II-2. In spite
spite of this
this rough
rough surface,
surface,
the average
average value
value ofof Manning's
Manningrs n was was found
found
to be about 0.0080 with wi.th aa maximum
maximumofof about
0.0092. The Darcy-Weisbach
0.0092. Darcy-Weisbach friction
friction factor
factor
was assumed
assumed to be constant
constant at 0.015 when
making
making the friction
friction head loss loss calculations.
calculations.
The transparent
transparent pipe was considered
considered to be
hydraulically
hydraulically smooth
smooth for for the friction
fricti.on head
head
loss
los s calculations,
calculations,thisthis assumption
assumption being being based
based
tests by others
on tests others and laterlater tests
tests on closed
closed
conduit
conduit spillways.
spillways.

A number
number of piezometers were
of piezometers were used
used to
determine
determinethe pressures within
the pressures within the spillway.
spillway.
piezometer locations
The piezometer locations are are shown
shown schema-
schema-
tically
tically inin Fig.
Fig. II-l.
I1-1. The piezometers
piezometers were
were
forme
formedd by by drilling
drilling the pipefrom
tile pipe
thetile from the out-
theout-
side.
side. This
This ordinarily
ordinarily chipped
chipped the wall wall of
of the
pipe. The chip
pipe. chip was overfilled
overfilled withwith paraffin
paraffin
and the paraffin
paraffin scraped
scraped even even with
with the pipe
pipe
surface .Piezometers
surface.Pi.ezomete rs for
for the transparent
transparent pipepipe
were
were easily
easily formed
formed by by drilling
drilling through
through the
pipe from
pipe from the outside.
outside. The locations
locations of of all
all
piezometers are
piezometers are given
given ini.n Table
Table II-2.
II-2. Unless
Unless
otherwise
otherwise designated,
designated, all piezometers were
all piezometers were
locate
locatedd on the conduit
onthe conduit invert.
invert. Pressures
Pressures werewere
measured
measured in in open manometer
manometer columns.
columns.
Fig. l l - 2 -- Surface
F i g . 11-2 S u r f o c eof 6 - i n . Vitrified
o f 6-in. V i r r i f i e dClay
C l o y Tile
T i l e Pipe.
Pipe
Variables
Variables included
included in
in the test program
testprogram
were
were length
lengthofof conduit,
conduit, which
which also
also caused
caused the
tot al drop
total drop Z through
through the spillway
spillway to vary,
vary, and the heighthelght of of the drop drop inletinlet Z1' Zr. The magni- magni-
ttudes
udes ofof these
these variables
variables are
are given
given in
in Table
Table II-I.
II-1

TABLE II-2
TABLE II.2
".
PIEZOMETER LOCATIONS AND LOCAL
PIEZOMETER LOCAL PRESSURE
PRESSURE DEVIATION
DE\'IATION
HYDRAULIC GRADE LINE
FROM HYDRAULIC SERIES I, II, III, IV, VIII, IX, L-l,
LINE SERIES L.L, L-2
L-2 AND L-3
L-3

Series I Series II Series III Series IV Series VIII Series iX Series L-l Series L- Serles L-3:
?1e
A . l ta.:ete
Gbr: r
'
t d
Location
rEzro!
Station hni'h"J' Station h,/h"J' Station hnlh"J' Station hn/hvp Station
sbtio! hjhvp
h/be Station
sbuoa hi^w
h,/h"J' Station
sbtiod hd/hE
h,/h"J' Station
sbtioE ,
hih"J' Station
statioE ha^w
hn/hvp

rft'
:..rt
ttuu
~r~e .
r!:rt'
. . +.oBD
-4
--L.@D
--4.o60
n,zt
.080 +0.23
+0,2I
4.090 +0.21
.0.r9
4.060 +0.19
-l+.08D
-4.080
-lr.o9D
-4.090
-lr.o6D
-4.060
fi,25
+0.25
+0.22
+0.21
+0,21
-1r.08D +0.19
-4.080
:t:~~
+0.19
-rr,09D +0.16
+0.16
-!.06D +0.18
+0,I8
-l+.08D +0.28
-4.080
-4.060
-lr.ort
- 4.040
+0,28
-4.6D +0.27
{,27
--
-1.95D
-3.950
-1. D
-3.97D
-1.95D
-) .95D
-)r.O1D +0
-4.070
-4.050
+o,57
. 57
-!.05D +0.51
+0.51
-L.o7D 4.9
-4.070
-1.60D
-1.600
-1.62D
-1.62D
-I.62D
-1.62D
+0.20
+0 ,20
+o,a/2
+0.32
+o.2I
+0 .21
-I.r9D
-1.590
-I.59,
-1.590
-1.62D
-1.62D
+o.2o
+0, 20
ro.iz
+0.32
+0.21
1.590
--1.59D
..-1.60D
1.600
-1.60D
-1.60D
+0.20
+0.20
+0.31
rc.rl
+0.20
-fr.hu +059 {.21 {,20
,""'am -- A4.040
.o{D +0.36
+0.16 -4.0!)
-4.040 +o.l8
+0.38 -t).UD +0.33
-4.040 +a.1t -\.do
-4.040 +0.35
a.15 -t.qlD
-3.97D -4.05D
-4.05 0 '0.61
+0 . 61 -1.6oD
-1.600 +0.01
+0.01 -1.60D
-1.600 +0.01
.01 -1.600
-t.6oD 4.oo
+0.00
-:-~ t.otD
1.03D 1,0rD
1.030 -0,12
-0 . 12 0.750 -o,29
o.75D - 0 .29 0.750 -O,r2
o.75D -0 . 32 0.750 -o.t5
o.79 -0.35
==n r-t I.I'D
1. 13D r.llD
1.130 +o.oe
+0.08 0.750 {.1I
0.75D -0.11 0.?tD -0.11
0.750 -0,11 0.750
0.75D -0.11
{.11
:,..,."
:E ,.570 &.o7
t.yD +0. 07 t3.570 +o,Ot
. n D +0.03 3.570 +0.04 357
).57D D +o.o7
+0.07 4.620
\.62D 4.620
lr.62D -o.oL
-0.04
::r.n
=!ft
lU~
+0.16
=.r..rt
:n*
t.\fl 4.1,
+0.13
11,?/rD {,06
+0.06
3. 450 +0.16
1r,r,lp +0.08
11.340 +0.08 3 .~ {.10
,.15D
rr.llp
+0.10 3.450
tA5D +o,19
+0.19
+o,o7
]r,5lrn
4.540 4lr.5lrD
540 +0 . 00
.0.m
-0.02
+0.@.
5.750 +0.02
5.75D 5. 750 +0.02
5.7rD 4,& 5 , 7 P +0.02
5.750 4.02
11. +0.04
{,04 rr.rtP
11.31$ +0.07 1l.36D
It,l)D 11.360
1r.r6D -0.02 1o.76D -0.0I
10.760 -0 . 01 -o,oo
10.760 +0.00
1o.Z6D 10.760 o,m
10,76D 0. 00
:rd
~ I9.4D
19.270 +O,Oz
+0 .02 19.4D +0.04
19.270 {.ol r9.4D
19.270 q.d!
>.04 r9.27D
19.270 +o.o?
+0.07 r9.t2D
19.~0 -a,&
r9.t2D -0.06
19.,20 15.760
15.?6D -o,oo
-0.00 15.760 -o.oo
15.26D -0.00 15.88D -0.00
15.880 -0. 00
:..or< 27,2OD
27 -O.@
. 200 -0.02 27.200
27.2OD 4.OO
+0.00 27.22D
27 .220 27.220 --o,6
27,nD 0.06 2o,77D
20 . 770 -o,o3
-0.03 -O.Ot
2o,77D -0.03
20.770 20.760 -O.Ot
2o.76D -0.03
=.:wrt 35. 140 +o.ao
tr.I\D +0.00 35.140
,5.1!D +o.oo
+0.00 35.120
t5,12D 35.120
t5,rm -0.08
A.oa 25.760
25,76D -o,oz
-0.02 -o.e.
25.76D -0.02 +0.02
25. 760 4.&
25.76D
~"' M: )1t.6D
", .060 "3.060
!r.dD +0.12
+0 .12 )!t.a2D
43.020 43.020 -O.A5
l!a,O2D -0.05 30.760
Jo.76D -0,01
-0.01 -o,a2
30.760 -0.02
to.76D 30.760
1A,76D -O.O2
-0.02
:.:...~ 50.990 +o.dr
+0.04 51.000 51.000 +0.01
{.01
==-rt 50.99D
58 .890
58.89D {.0}
+0.01
51,ooD
58.900
58.9oD
51,00D
58.9<)0 +0.07
5E,90D +0.07
l!C.
S!..!. ol
of dry inlet.
drop iulot.

APPARATUS AND
APPARATUS AND PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE

The channels
The channels inin which
which the
the spillways
spillways were
were tested
tested are
are shown
shown inin Fig.
Fig. II-1.
II-I. The
The channels
channels
we re wide
rere wide enough
enough so there
there were
were probably
probably no sidewall
sidewall effects,
effects, but
but greater
greater channel
channel sidewall
sidewall
beights would
beights would have
have permitted
permitted the
the use
use of
of higher
higher heads
heads over
over the
the drop
drop inlet
inlet crest.
crest. The
The approach
approach
too the
the drop
drop inlet
inlet was
was essentially
essentially level
level for
for each
each setup.
setup. The
The differences
differences between
between thethe two
two setups
setups
can
c an be
be seen
seen in
in Fig.
Fig. II-1.
II-I.

For the
For the tile
tile pipe
pipe setup
setup shown
shown inin Fig.
Fig. II-1
II-l the
the discharge
discharge was
was measured,
measured, depending
depending upon
upon
he rate
the rate of
of flow,
flow, by
by means
means ofof the
the differential
differential pressure
pressure atat two
two points
points in
in a 12-in. tee (used
12-in. tee (used as an
an
e bow ) or
elbow) or by
by a 3-L/2-in,
3-1/2-in. orifice
orifice in
in a 4-j.n.
4-in. line
line which
which by-passed
by-passed thethe 12-in.
12-in. regulating
regulating valve.
valve.
Both of
Both of the
the measuring
measuring devices
devices .had
had been
been previously
previously calibrated.
calibr ated.
..

For the
For transparent pipe
the transparent pipe setup in Fig.
shown in
setup shown Fig. II-1,the discharge was
11-1, the discharge measured by
was meas-ured by aa 5-
5-
in. orifice
in. orifice inin the
the 6-in.
6-in. supply
supply line.
line. This was calibrated
orifice was
This orifice calibrated before was placed
before itit was placed inuse.
in use.

The test
The test procedure
procedure consisted
consisted of flow, waiting
setting aa flow,
of setting until the
waiting until water level
the water level in the head-
in the head-
pool became
pool became constant,
constant, then
then determining
determining the the rate
rate of
of flow,
flow, the head on
the head the drop
on the inlet crest,
drop inlet crest, and
and
the pressures
ihe pressures within
within the
the spillway. For the
spillway. For transparent pipe
the transparent tests pressures
pipe tests were sometimes
pressures were sometimes
recorded photographically
recorded photographically when'they fluctuated. This
when they fluctuated. This was by placing
done by
was done placing dye. in the
dye in the mano-
mano-
meter columnsind-taking-double
meter exposure photographs
columns and taking double exposure photographs of of the manometer board
the manometer board at the maxi-
at the maxi-
mum and
mum minimum press-ures.
and minimum pressures. Noteson the flow
Notes on the were also
conditions were
flow conditions also recorded. This procedure
recorded. This procedure
was repeated
was repeated until
until lhe
the complete
complete range
range ofof heads and discharges
heads and had been
discharges had been covered.
covered.

Periodic fluctuations
Periodic fluctuations inin the headpool water
the headpool level due
water level alternating control
to alternating
due to sections in
control sections in
the spillway
the spillway were
were frequently
frequently observed, recorder was
water-level recorder
observed, so a water-level installed to
was installed to measure
measure
these fluctriations
these fluctuations during
during the transparent pipe
the transparent pipe tests. The rate
tests. The rate of change of
of change headpool level,
of headpool level,
determined from
determined from the
the water-level recorder chart,
water-level recorder chart, was multiplied by
was multiplied by the
the headpool
headpool area to give
area to
the flow
the flow rate
rate going
going into
into storage
storage oror being subtracted from
being subtracted storage. The
from storage. steady inflow
The steady inflow rate
rate
through the
through the suppli
supply line
line into
into the headpool corrected by
headpool was corrected quantity going
by the quantity into or
going into or being
being
subtracted from
subtricted from siorage
storage to determine the actual
to determine actual rate of flow
rate of flow through spillway. A
through the spillway: A -w!t_ter-
water-
level recorder
level recorder was also used for tile pipe tests
for the tile after Series IV
tests after IV had been completed. How- How-
ever, its
ever, its purpose was
was to
to insure water level
insure that the water level was approximately steady prior
was approximately prior to taking
taking
correct for
were not used to correct
records were
readings, and the records for storage.

OF FLOW
DESCRIPTION OF FLOW

tile pipe testswere

The tilepipe tests were the first laboratory tests
first laboratory with a steep pipe slope. There-
tests made with There-
spillway was not clearly
performance of the spillway
fore the perfoimance descriptions of the
and the descriptions
clearly understood and
may be deficient in some respects.
flow may control changed
indications are that the control
respects. However, indications changed
from
from the weir
weir at the drop inlet crest to the pipe without going through orifice
inlet crest or short tube
orifice or
controls. This
controls. This is true
true except for
for Series VIII, control apparently
VIII, where the control apparentlychanged from weir
changed from weir
to orifice.
orifice. The water-level recorder records
water-level recorder and the notes taken during the experiments
records and in-
experiments in-
dicate that pipe flow may have occurred for
have occurred for short periods one test. However, no
periods during one no data
were obtained
obtained for
for the full
full pipe condition. Apparently for Series VIII
riser height for
Apparently the riser VIII is too
short to insure that orifice
insurethat orifice flow will occur.The
will not occur. other riser
The other riser heights tested are apparently

r.oo
1.00
( d ) Short
(d) t u b e f low,
S h o r t tube i n l e t and
l o w ,inlet o n d rr iser f u l l ,I-+--+-~~H-,f---+-----I--+--+--__I
i s e r full,
0.90
barrel p o r t l y full,
b o r r e l partly f u l l , no o i r flaw!
n o air flow )
0.80
I. ( r ) Pipe
(f) f l o w ,inlet,
P l p e flaw, inlet,
0 .70 I-------+---+---+--+-----t---t--r-/-+-t---+-+---II---Y-t+_ rir iser
s e r and
o n d barre
b o r r eI lfull
f u lI -
( o ) Orif
(b) O r i fice f l o w , or'lfice
i c e flow, ol
o r i f i c e at I I
0 .60 r-- i n l e t ,r i s e r o n d b o r r e l
--t_-_+~-w-t__+--+___I~+++_-+_----_+_--+---+---~

~ - - No air flow
portly f ull, no oir f low ~/
0.50 r - -

-
0.40

0.30
~ t ~~t'I'~<v'1u.r--AirA i r s u c k e dthr~
t h r u ba~rel
suc ked borrei

II

r. . -:;/ '-,l ((e)

e ) Weir f l o w , inlet
W e i rflow,
r i s e r and
riser o n d barrel
p o r t l y full,
i n l e t partly
f u l l of
b o r r e l full of
f ull,
-

1
0. 20~----~----~--~-+~~~~~v:~~--~~--~~~-----+-1--~--~--~----I
1r.r:;..rZ'/ /

( c ) Weir
(c) r i s e r full
f l o w , riser
W e i r flow,
air-w~ter mi~ture
oir-woter mixture

f u l l of oir-wcter
o f air-water
~ o n d barrel
i n l e t and
m i x t u r e , inlet
i"---mixture, p o r t l y full
b o r r e l partly f ull
~ v I I
/~ (a)
(o) f l o w , inlet,
W e i r flow,
Weir riser
i n l e t , riser
';,~..- ~I-- and
o n d barrel p o r t l y full
b o r r e l partly full
o . r o ./>/_-'-_-'-_-'--_--'
0 .10 '--_...:;...""'-'-_ I I I
I_ _'----'-_.L--'--'--'-_ _ _...l..-_ _ _ '---_~__L _ _...J
0 .10 0o.20
.20 0.30
0.30 0.40 0.50
0.40 0.500.60
0.60 0.80 Loo
0.80 1.00 2.00 4.OO
3.OO 4.00
3.00
Q (c.f.s.)
Q (c.t.s .)
Fig. ll-3 -- Head-Discharge
Fig. 11-3 Heod-Dischorge Curvsfor
Curves forSeries
SeriesL-3.
L-3.
 5

great enough
great enough toto insure
insure that
that only
only the
the desirable
desirabLe weir
weir and
and pipe
pipe controls
controls exist.
exist. ItIt should
should be be remem-
remem-
bered, however,
bered, however, thatthat these
these early
early tests
tests were
were notnot as
as complete
complete as as later
later tests,
tests, andand itit is
is entirely
entirely
possible that
possible that the presence of
the presence of orifice
orifice and
and short
short tube
tube controls
controls could
could have
have been
been missed.
missed. Later Latei
ttests indicate the
ests indicate the desirability
desirability of of drop
drop inlets
inlets having
having an
an area
area greater
greater than
than that
that ofof the
the barrel.
barrel. ItIt
aPpears that
appears that the
the type
type ofof drop
drop inlet
inlet represented
represented by by the
the clay
ctay pipe
pipe tests
tests should
should be be used
used with with cau-
cau-
tion, especially
tion, especially in in view
view ofof the
the results
results ofof the
the transparent
transparent pipepipe tests
tests described
described below.
beLow.

Fig. l l - 4 -- Wei
F i S .11-4 W e irrFlow
F l o wConditions.
C o n d i t i o n s .Inlet I riser and ba rrel
p o r r l yfull
partly f u l l.

Control sections
Control sections obtained
obtained during during the transparent
transparent pipe pipe tests
tests included
included weir, weir, orifice,
orifice, short short
ube and pipe.For
ttubeand pipe. For Series
Series L-1 orifice control was
L-1 orificecontrol was not observed for
notobserved for some unknown reason.
sorneunknown reason. The The
foLlowing descriptionof of flow
following description flow conditions
conditions is is taken
taken from
from the annualreport
annual report of of the Soil Soil Conserva-
Conserva-
tion Se_rvice project
tion Service project locatedlocated at the the St. Anthony
Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboralory
Falls Hydraulic Laborai>Ory for for the
the calendar
calendar
yyear
e a r 1943
1943 a nd a
and p p l i e s sspecifically
applies p e c i f i c a l l y t o to S
Series
eries L L-3,
-3,bubut i t iis
t it s ttypical
ypical ooff S
Series
e r i e s - LL-2
-2 a and
n d iis
s t typical
ypical

F
Fig. l - 5 -- O
i g. I11-5 r i f i c eF
Orifice lowConditions.
FlowConditions. F l-6 - W
i g . l11-6
Fig. WeireirFFlow Conditions.
l o wC onditions.
O rificeq
Orifice att iinlet.
n l e t . IInlet
n l e t ffull,
ull, lInlet
nlei oand
n d bbarrel
orrelp partly
o r t l yffull,
ull,
rriser
i s e rand
o n db o r r e plpartly
barrel o r t l yfull.
full.N Noo riserfullofair-watermixture.
riser ful I of oi r-wotermixture.
oairflow.
ir flow.

of
of Series
Series L-1
L-l except
except for
for the
the orifice control portion.
orifice control portion. At At low
low flows,
flows, the
the crest
crest of
of the
the drop
drop inlet
inlet
acts
acts as
as aa weir
weir in
in controllilg
controlling thethe f1ow,
flow, and the drop
and the drop inlet
inlet and
and barrel
barrel are
are partly
partly full.
full. See
See head-
head-
discharge-curve Section (a),
discharge curve Section (a), Fig.
Fig. II-3
II-3 and
and Fig. II-4. At
Fig. II-4. At aa slightlygreater
slightly greater fiow
flow tle
the inlet
inlet is
is flood-
flood-
ed
ed out
out and
and acts
acts as
as an
an orifice
orifice inin controlling
controlling ihethe flow,
flow, andand t[e
the arop
drop inlet
inlet and
and barrel
barrel are are partly
partly
full.
full. See Section (b),
See Section (b), Fig.
Fig. II-3
II-3 and
and Fig.
Fig. II-5.
II-5. At
At aa stili
still higher
higher ftow
flow the
the drop
drop inlet
inlet wilt
will fill
fill anit
and
air
air wiLl
will be
be sucked
sucked through.it,
through it, the
the barrel
barrel will be partly
will be partly full,
full, and
and the
the sucking
sucking ofof the
the water
water away
away
frorn "a
from the
the drop
drop inlet
inlet crest
crest due
due to
to the
the additional
additional head
head 6auseb
caused Uy by ttre
the drop
drop inTet
inlet flowing
flowing full
full ofof a
water-airmixture permits
water-air mixture permits the the drop
drop inlet
inlet crest
crest to
to again
again act
act ai
as aa weir
weir in
in controlling"the
controlling the flo*.flow.
.c

Section (c),
See Section
See (c), Fig.II-3
Fig. II-3 and and Fig. II-6 . As the
Fig.II-6.As the flow increases still
flow increases further the
still further drop inlet c_re-st
the dropinlet crest
will again
will again be
be drow"ned
drowned out, out, air air ilow through the
flow through the drop
drop illet inlet will will stop,stop, the barrel will
the barrel will stillstill be
be
partly full, and
f".ity-fntt, and the
the dropdrop inlet, actingas
inlet, acting as aa s-hort tube, will
short tube, will control
control the the flow. flow. See Section(d),
See Section (d), Fig.
Fig.
II-3 and
II-3 and Fig.Fig. II-?. II-7. The The next next thing that happens
thing that happens
as flow increases is
the flowincreases
as the is the formation of aa hy-
the formationof hy-
draulic jump
draulic jump at at the entranceto
the entrance to the barrel. The
the barrel. The
hydraulic jump
hydraulic jump traveletravels through through the the conduit
conduit
sucking an air-water mixture
sucking aniir-water mixture throughthrough the the drop
drop
inlet as
inlet as itit does
does so. so. See Fig. II-S. As
See Fig.II-8. As the the travel-
travel-
FFig. l - 7 - S h o r t T u bFel o w .IInlet
i-q . l11-7-ShortTubeFlow. nlet hydraulic jump
ing hydraulic
i.ng jump Passes passes out out of the barqel
of the barr..el atat
oand i s e rffull,
n d rriser o r r e lppartly
u l l , bbarrel ortly its lower end
its lower end the the flow conditions may
flow conditions may revert
revert to to
ffull.
ull. N No i r fflow.
o oair low. orifice or
either orifice
either short tube
or shobt flow, or
tube flow, or the the pipe
pipe
continue to
may continue
may to flow
flow fullof full of an air-water mix-
an air-water mix-
ture. In
tur-e. this latter
In this latter case, case, the additional head
the additional head
caused by
caused by the spillway flowing
the spillway flowing full full of of mixture
mixture
will
will sucksuck water water away away from from the drop inlet
the drop inlet and
and
permit the drop inlet crest to again control the
flow. See Section (e), Fig. II-3 and Fig. II-9.
As the flow still further increases the air flow
will gradually decrease until
will gradually until the spillway fLows
the spillway flows
completely full
completely full of water. See
of water. See Fig. II-10. For
Fig. II-10. For
this case, pipe
this pipe flow controls the
flow controls discharge. See
the discharge. See
e c t i o n ((f),
Section
S f ) , FFig. I - 3 . I tIt iis
i g . III-3. s aalso o s s i b l e ffor
l s o ppossible o r tthe
he
flow to
flow to alternate
alternate between
between weir, weir, orifice,
orifice, shortshort tube
tube and and pipe pipe whilewhile the the rate rate of flow to
of flow to thethe head-
head-
pool is
pool is steady
steady andand constant,
c o nstant, the the control
control section
section at any given
at any given time time beingbeing indeterminate.
indeterminate.

f f-8 -- Hydraulic
Fis . II-S
Fig. HydroulicJump
JumpInIn Barrel Over Piez.
BorrelOver 7.
?iez. 7.
Jumpwill
Jump throughbarrel
trovel through
wiil travel borrelsucking oir in
suckingair in
throughthe
through the inlet ond riser.
inlet and riser. Barrel
Borrelpartly full
portly full
beforeand
before ofter jump.
ond after Consideroble
iump. Considerable air flow.
oir flow.

DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS

The
The determination
determinationofof the
the flow
flow through
through anyanyclosed conduit spillway
closed conduit knowledge
requires aa knowledge
spillwayrequires
of the discharge coefficients
coefficients.. The
The determinations
determinations of
of these
these coefficients
coefficients for
for the
the drop
drop inlet crest
inlet crest
of the Jischarge
acting as a weir, the drop inlet crest acting
a-cting as
as an
an orifice,.thedrop
orifice, the drop inletacting
inlet acting as
as aa short
short tube,
tube,
acting." " *""i",ttt.i.opinfetcrest
and given in
are given
flow are in the
the following paragraphs.
following paragraphs.
and the
the entrance
entrance loss
toss coefficient
coefficient for
for full
full pipe
fiipe flow

Weir Coefficient
Weir Coefficient

The coefficient Cc in Eqs.I-1.

in Eqs and1-2
I-2 is given by
is given by the curves
solid curves
thesolid
The value
valueofof the
thedischarge
discharge coefficient . 1-1 and
of
ot Figs
figs.. II-11b, II-12b and
U-irUlf-fZl ""4 II-13b,
fi-f$U, for
for the
the three
three different drop inlet
diffeient drop crest types
inlet crest covered by
typescovered by this
this
report. It will be noticed
"upot-t.It will Le noticed thatthat the
the data
data points
points scatter
scatter somewhat--lines
somewhat--lines parallel
parallel to
to the
the rcorn-
recom-
mended
mendedcurvecurve for
for CC arearedrawn
drawn 55per per cent
cent above andbelow
aboveand curves to
the CC curves
below the indicate the
to indicate pre-
the pre-
cision
cision represented.
represented.Just Just why
why the
the coefficients
coefficients of of Series
Series VIII andIX
VIII and IX in Fig.II-12b
in Fig. II-12b areare so much
so much
higher
higher than
thanthose
those for
for the
the other
other series
series is not known.
is not known.
 7

F i g . l l - 9 - W e i rF l o w C o n d i t i o n s .
Fig.II-9-WeirFlowConditions. l l - 1 0 -- PPipe
F i g . 11-10
Fig. i p e Flow
F l o wConditions.
Conditions.
Inlet p o r t l y full,
I n l e t partly f u l l , riser
r i s e rand
ond lnlet, riser
Inlet, riserand
ond barrel
borrelfull
full of
of
borrelfull
barrel fullofof aioir-woter
r-water mix- mix- w o t e r. . No
water N o air
o i r flow.
f l o w . Dye
D y ein-
in-
ture.
ture. jected
iecled through throughPiezometer
Piezometer55
fo show
to showpath pothof of water.
wuter.

would
It wo have been
uld have beenverydifficult
ve ry difficult to todrawarepresentativecurve
draw a representative curve through these data pOints
thesedatapoints
i f ot
if o t he
h err m
meeans
a n s had
h a d not
n o t be
b eeenn u s e d ttoo define
used d e f i n e the
t h e curve.
c u r v e . TThe
h e recommended
r e c o m m e n d e d C curve
curvewwas
a s defined
defined
. q/t
bbyy pplotting ( q / DD"5' / 2- ))2/
l o t t i n g (Q/
"t /' 2" .
3 against
a g a i n s t H/
H/DD.. This
T h i . s method
m e t h o d hhas
a s ppreviously
r e v i o u s l - y bbeen
e e n aadopted
doptedw when
h e n analyz-
analyz-
ing datdata a on the box inlet drop spillwa spillways ys [1-10).
[I-10]. It can can be be seen
seen in Figs. II-lla, II-1 1a, II-12a
II-12a and
and II-13a
II-i3a
that
hat thethe data data aare weJ.lrepresented by two straight
re well straight lines. The The lower
lower line li.neis probably represen-
probablyrepresen-
tative
ative of ttrue weir flow over the
rue weir crest.. The
the crest The upper line still represents weir
still represents weir control, but iiss
4 .8
'
50/. !L
0
4 .7
~01 /
4 .6

4.5
4
/6 / 0-5% I

/ 1/ 1
8 4.4
10J / 0/

_LIkl /
4 .3
I
7 1 4 .2 0
I / I
o /
I
4.I
oj ) /
6 0 4 .0
II
J
I
/'
3? .9 V
5 3 .8
/

J
I
i 4
j
I C
3 .7

3.6
'1~
0 I
/
I
L
I
I
I
I

/ oj, /'
/'
3.5

3 3 .4
0/1 /
/ Series
I
Symbol
0
I

/
U

3.3
I / /
2 3.2
/7
I /
I

I
;
/ 3 I

30

z29
(a) (b)
0 28
o
0 .0o o.2
02 0.4
0.4 0.6
0 .6 0.8
0 .8 t.o
LO t.2
1.2 0.o
0 .0 o.r
0 .1 o.2
0 .2 0.3
0.3 0.4
04 0.5
0 5 0.6
0 6 0.7
0 7 o.8
0.8 0 .9 1.0
H
HI/ DD H/D,"
H/ Dre
F
Fig. l - l I -- H
i g . l11-11 e o d - D i s c h o r gC
Head-Discharge eu r v eo
Curve n d Heod-Coefficient
and Curve for
Head-Coefficient Curve for Welr
Weir Flow,
Flow, Serier
Series l.
I.
8

probably affected
probably a ffected by
by such
such itrings
t hings as int e rfe r~nc e ofof the
as int-erfergnce c onv erging nappe s or
the converging_lappes suction ofof air
o r suction air
through the drop
ihrough-the drop iniet.
inlet . The
T he equations
equations ofof these curve s are,
the se curves F i g. II-1la,
for Fig.
a r e , for II-lla,
aQ LL ; H H r
4 . 14-;-L - ; - - 0.038
- 133/ 21 2 J ((ll-la)
II-1a)
Dt" t Dt" r
ot.u/z rc rc

wwhen
h e n HH/D " << 00.619
/ D r rc . 6 1 9 aand
nd

aQ
= 66.98
LL
. 9 8-- ; - IL-H
H r
; - - o.2o
i l 32 2
e /
0 . 209
J ((II-lb)
rr-1b)
5/2 Dr" L D _l
D 512
.D rc rrc
c
rrc
c
when II/D".
when H/D > 0.619
rc > 0.619

4.8
0 +5 %
44 .7
0 00 I
44.6
o /
/
tl ~
o~
44. 5

44.
0
0
0 / W'a.
8
0 ' x 0 AA+ -5%
J
7 1
A/ A
4.3

4
--<l
0
0
0"
/
/ 1
~+
/
/

AA
0") ~
"1
. ~
0

-,,-0 1 /
0 A I
4. I
rl'
x I
/ .+I/ o /
6 4 .. \.

5 If ! 3

3? .8
/

:li ~/
lx/
A'p-i l j
// Series
Ser ies
t
II r
Symbol
Symbol
o0 ,r

0~1
C I t r +
3 .7
I. m +
A
( oil
Q \~ E ' A
~
/ I TIl:
g t
:iZIII
r xx
33 .6

,
4 D C o

ox) 11 3? .5 --'" 1 /
I IX: 0

3
Ox XX
3?
/ Ih.~A
,,/
/j /
3?.3

2 o~ 32
111
t
I
/ 3?. 1l

33. ~
I
I

2a.9
-
(0) (b)
o 2a.8
0.0 0o.2
.2 0.4
0.4 006
.6 08
0.8 l.o
10 t.2
12 o.o0.1
0.0 o.20.3
o.t 0.2 0.405
0.30.4 05 060.6 07 0.70.8 0.8 00.9 .9 1.0 l.o
o.o
H/D
HID H/D,"
H/Orc
Fig. 11-12 -- Head-Discharge Curve
Curve and
ond Head-Coeffic ient
Heod-Coefficient Curve
Curve for Weir
for Flow,
Weir Flow , Series l l l , IV,
ll, III,
SeriesII, l x."
v l l l , IX
l v , VIII,
Fig. ll-12 Heod-Dischorge

for
for Fig.
Fig. 1I-12a,
ll-L?a,

Qa L r
l L H H f l 3 /z2
. 0 7-_; - L|- ; - - 00. 0. 023
== 44.07 23I J ( I I--2a)
(II 2a)
512 Dr" L Dr" J
D rc rc
rc

when H/Dr" << 0.423

when H/Drc 0.423 and
and
 9

a L r[ H
o . o eJ3/2
Q $12
5.50_
= 5.50 DL
D H
| __- 0.096
- 6l (rr-2b)
(II-2b)
512 D L D
D rc
rc rc
rc
rc

- rrcc > 0.423

H/D
when HID 0.423

4.8
4.8

4.7
4.7

44.6
.6

8
4.5
4.5

4.4
4
. if
+5"10
//0

4.3 !'.t:, /
o /b !'. ~
7 4.
4.2
+z~+~,o
~o 0

6
I 4,I
4.

4.
4.0 /+/+ +/ -5%

--:;~ }/ 'bnl /
/
3.9
~' /
.~

/ 0
5 3.
3.8
!'. 1 C /~/: /
/ott ~I
3.
3.7
/
Wj .t /

I
/ Series Symbol
| 5l 3.
3.6
t n2/
I
leo
I /
/ L-I
L-2
.5
3.1
3.5
if I/ { f /
/
L-3
3 .4
3.4
~p
3.3
/+
2
JJ/ a .2
3.2
/1/
I~ 3.1 110'
, ".

!'.
.(,
3.0

2.9
.
2.9
(a) (b)
o 2)a
2.8
o.o
0.0 0o.2
.2 0.4
0.4 0.6
0.6 0.8
0.8 t.o
1.0 t.2
1.2 0.0 0.1
0.0 o.r 0.2
o.2 0.3
0.3 0.4
0.4 0.5
0.5 0.6
0.6 0.7
0.7 0.8
0.8 0.9 t.o
0.9 10
H/D
HID Hy'D,.
H/D,c
Fig. ll-13 -- Head-Discharge
Fig. 11-13 Heod-Dischorge Curve
Curveand
ond Head-Coefficient
Heod-Coefficient Curve forWeir
Curvefor Weir Flow,
Flow, Series
SeriesL-1,
L-l , L-2, L-3.

and
and for
for Fig. II-13a,

a
Q

s l zr
= D
L 1 H
4 . 2 Q- L I H
= 4.20 lD
Drcr L p rc
- 0.033
0-033 J3/
]3lz
J
|
2
(II-3a)
(II-3a)
D c c
rc

H/Dr" < 0.521

when HID
when 0 . 5 2 1 and
and
rc

l
a
Q

rc
512
J r
D
L
5 . L 2-DL
= 5.12
c rc r
[ HH
| - } :::- 0.094
[D
LD
rc
c
0 . 0 9 4I
I
r
: , /2
3 lz
(u-3b)
(II-3b)

when H / D " c > 0.521.

w h e n HID 0.521.
rc

The
T h e curves
c u r v e s of
o f Figs.
F i g s . II-lla,
I I - 1 1 a , II-l2a
I I - 1 2 a and
a n d II-l3a
I I - 1 3 a were
w e r e . transferred
t r a n s f e r r e d to F i g s . II-l1b,
t o Figs. II-12b
I I - 1 1 b , II-12b
and
and II-l3b
Il-l3b respectively,
respectively, after after correcting
correcting for for the changechange from from conduit diameter D to drop
condui.t diameter
l10
0

inlet crest
crest diameter
diameter Dr" D which is taken as
is taken as the diameter of
inside diameter
the inside of the
the bell for the
bell for the bell
bell en-
en-
inlet rc which
trance. This
trance. This was
was done
done soso as
as to the extrapolation to other ratios of Drc / D, since itit
facilitate the
to facilitate extrapolation to other ratios of D"",/D, since
is Dr"
D that determines
determines the the crest rather than
length rather
crest length than D. It should be
D. It remembered that
be remembered that the
the
is rc that
crest of
crest of Fig.
Fig. II-12
11-12 is
is representative
representative of of bell tile and is
ended tile
bell ended rounded, whereas
is somewhat rounded, whereas the the
crest of
crest of FiE.
Fig. U-11
11-11 is
is a iquare-edged
square-edged bellmouth crest of
the crest
inlet and the
bellmouth inlet Fig . II-13
of Fig. II-13 isis a square-
square-
edged pipe
edged pipe beII
bell entrance.
entrance.
Especially to
Especially to be
be noted
noted is
is the variation of discharge
variation of with relative
coefficient with
discharge coefficient relativ.e head.
head. The
method of
method analysis presented
of analysis presented here that this
suggests that
here suggests this variation is a result
variation is result of the fact
of the fact that
that the
the
curve does not pass through
head-discharge curve
head-discharge through the origin
origin of coordinates as one would expect.
of coordinates
The reason
The reason for
for this
this remains
remains for future explanation.
for future explanation.

Orifice Coefficient
Orifice Coefficient

Strangely, evidence
Strangely, evidence ofof orifice
orifice control
control at
at the
the drop
drop inlet crest was
inlet crest was not obtained for
not obtained for all
all
drop inlets
drop inlets included
included in
in the
the similar
similar series
series reported
reported here. The reason
here. The reason for this inconsistency
for this inconsistency
is not
is not known.
known. It It seems
seems likely
likely that
that thethe designer should plan
designer should plan as ifif orifice
orifice control
control would
would exist,
exist,
because, ifif the
because, the assumptionwere
assumption were in in error,
error, he would
would be on
on the
the safe
safe side in planning
side in for a lower
planning for lower
capac ity that
capacity that he would
would actually
actually have.
have.

Orifice control
Orifice control was was in
in evidence
evidence for for Series
Series VIII,VIII, and was was known
known to exist for
to exist Series L-2
for Series L-2
and
a L-3.
nd L - 3 . IItt sshould
h o u l d bbe
e rremembered
emembered tthat
h a t tthese
h e s e wwere
e r e tthe earliest
he e a r l i e s t ttests
e s t s econducted
onducted o onn cclosed
l o s e d ccon-
on-
duit spillways
duit spillways and and that
that the
the presence
presence ofof orifice
orifice flow flow could
could have
have been been easily
easily overlooked
overlooked for for other
other
series. Values
series. Values of of the
the orifice
orifice discharge
discharge coefficients
coefficients Co C in in Eq. Eq. 1-6
I-6 are are given
given in
in Table
Table 11-1 for
II-1 for
o
those series
those where orifice
series where orifice flow
flow was
was observed.
observed. The head was
The head was measured
measured from
from the
the water
water surface
surface
to the bottom
to bottom of
of the bell
bell entrance,
entrance, since
since the
the orifice
orifice control was observed
control was observed to be at that
that point.
point.

Orifice flow extended

Orifice flow extended to to a head of of 1.28
l,2B H Ho/D/ D for
for Series
Series L-2, to a head
L-2, to of. 1.41
head of l.4L HHo/D/D
o 0
for Series L-3,
for Series L-3, and to to a head of of. 2.5
2.555 H / D fo
tlo/O forr Se ries VIII.
Series VIII. The maximum head
The maximum which is
head which is ob-
ob-
o
tained
tained for
for orifice
orifice flow
flow iiss aapparently
pparently fortuitou
fortuitous,s , aand
nd he
heads greater than
ads greater than those
those observed are by
observed are by
no means
means out of of the range
range of possibilit y .
of possibility.

Short
Short Tube
Tube Coefficient
Coefficient

Short
Short tube
tube flow--when
flow--when the drop
drop inlet
inlet is
is full water and the barrel
full of water partly full--was
is partly
barrel is full--was
observed
observed only
only for
for Series
Series L-l,
L-1, L-2L-2 and L-3.
L-3. It could present for
could have been present for some
some ofof the tile
tile
pipe
pipe tests,
tests, but if
if so it could
couid not be observed
observed visually
visually and the head-discharge shows no
head-discharge data shows
evidence
Lvidence of the existence
existence of short
short tube flow.
flow. Values
Values of the short coefficient C
discharge coefficient
short tube discharge C"
in
in Eq. 1-7
I-? are
are given
given in Table
Table 11-1
II-1 for
for those
those instances
instances where
where it
it was
was observed.
observed. s

Short
S h o r t tube
t u b e flow
f l o w was
w a s observed
o b s e r v e d at
a t maximum
m a x i m u m heads
h e a d s of
o f 6.18
6.18H f o r Series
H" //OD for L - 1 , 5.10
S e r i e s L-l, 5.10
s
H //OD for
for Series
Series L-2,L-2, and and 4.27 H / D for
4,27lH^/D for Series
Series L-3 L-3. . AAss for
for orifice flow,the
orifice flow, maximum head
the maximum
ss sD
for
for short
short tube flow flow is apparently
apparently fortuit ous.
fortuitous.

Ent r anc e Loss

Entrance Loss Coe ffi cient
Coefficient

Entrance
Entrance loss
loss coefficients
coefficients Ke
Ku for
for us
usee in E q. 1-5
Eq. I-5 are given in
are given in T a ble 11-1,
Table II-1, except for
except for
Series
Series VIII. The The spillway
spillway never
never ran ccompletely full for Series
ompletely full Series VIII andand it was
was therefore im-
therefore im-
possible to evaluate Ku. The
evaluate Ke' The tabulated values of
tabulated values of Ke
K" for the
the tile pipe series
tile pipe are the
series are the averages
averages
for
for aa very
very small
small number
number ofof tests,
tests, and
and they are of
they are of low precision. Also
low precision. Also the pipe friction
the pipe factor
friction factor
for
for the
the tile pipe was
tile pipe was of precision, and
Iow preCision,
of low and tthis enters
his ente directly into
rs directly into the determination of
the determination of Ke'
K".
Values
V a l u e sof
of KK e" for
f o r the
t h e transparent p i p e are
t r a n s p a r e n t pipe a r e based
b a s e d oonn more
m o r e tests,
tests,a o f much
r e of
are m u c h higher
h i g h e r precision,
precision,
and
and cancan bebe us.ed
used withwith some confidence. The
some confidence. loss ccaused
The loss aused by by the
the elbow
elbow isis also included in
also included in Ke
K"
and
and would
would undoubtedly
undoubtedly increaseincrease if if flatter
flatter slopes (greater angular
slopes (greater change at
angular change at the
the elbow)
elbow) werewere
used.
used. The The tests
tests reported
reported here here werewere made made using
using onlyonly one
one slope and no
slope and indication of
no indication of the effect
the effect
of
of pipe
pipe slope
slope onon K is forthcoming from from them
them'.
Kue is forthcoming
 11
1 1

PRESSURE
P R E S S U R E COEFFICIENTS
COEFFICIENTS

Average
Average values
values ofof the
the local pressure deviations
local pressure deviatior" hhrr/hrrp
/h computed
computed for for full
full flow
flow in
in aa hor-
hor-
n vp
izontal frictionless
izontal frictionless conduit
conduit are
are given
given in
in Table
Table II-2.
II-2. These
These pressures
pressures should
should be
be zero
zero along
along thethe
barel
barrel beyond the
beyond the influence
influence of of the
the drop
drop inlet
i.nlet and
and elbow.
elbow. TheThe differences
differences between
between the the observed
obselved
averages and
averages and zero
zero are
are small.
small. This
This could
could be be due to to small
small imperfections
imperfections in
in the
the piezometers,
piezometers,
errors in
to errors in determining
determining the the conduit
conduit friction
friction factor,
factor, or or because
because thethe hydraulic
hydrauli.c grade
grade line
line was
was
assumed to pass
assumed pass through
through thethe center
center of
of the conduit exit
theconduit exit which
which isis not necessarily
necessarily aacorect
correct as-as-
sumption. This
sumption. This assumption also means that
assumpiionalsomeans that the tabulated
tabulated values
values ofof hh.r/hrrp".are
/h -are not
not necessar-
necessar-
n vp
iily exactly correct.
ly exactly correct. In anyany case,
case, the differences
differences are are small
small and can can safely
safely be neglected.
neglected.

The tabulated
The tabutated values
values of hhrr/hrrp
/h for
for the drop
drop inlet
inlet are
are always
always positive.
positive. However,
However, the
n vp
friction grade
friction grade line
line is so low
low that pressures computed
that the pressures computed from
from Eq. 1-14
I-14 will
will be negative
negative and
the hydraulic
hydraulic grade
grade line
line will
will be below
below the conduit.
conduit. This
This is because
because the barrel
barrel is on aa slope
that is much
that much steeper
steeper than the friction
friction slope.
slope.

Maximum pressures for

Maximum pressures part full
for part full flow
flow h / D were
hO/D were observed
observed at the first
first invert
invert piezo-
piezo-
p
m e t e r in
meter i n tthe
h e barrel.
b a r r e l . The
T h e maximum
m a x i m u m p rpressures
essures observed
o b s e r v e d during
d u r i n g each
e a c h series
s e r i e s aare
r e g i given
ven in
i n Table
Table

TABLE II-3
TABLE II.3
MAXIMUM OBSERVED PRESSURE
MAXIMUM PRESSURE FOR PART
PART FULL
FULL FLOW

Sries
Series II
II III IV
IY VIII
VIII il
IX L-1
!-r L-2
L-1 L-3
L_5

Piez,
Piez. t.t$DD
3.45 j.Lfl
3450 3.450
t.l:jD z l , mD
3.45 I l z nD
1.13 1.13D
1 1zn o.7w
0.750 o.7p
0.750 o.75D
0. 750
n h
hiD o.BB
0.88 0.78
0.78 1.05
1.05 1.O5
1.05 1.11
1.11 L,n
1.47 o ,99
0. 99 .' 00.84
.81+
0 . 788
0.7
-------- ---
'"a
II-3 together with
1I -3 together with the
the location
location of the piezometer.
of the piezometer. In mostmost instances
instances this piezometer was
this piezometer was so
far downstream that
far downstream it probably
that it probably did
did not record
record the
the actual
actual maximum
maximum impact pressures caused
impact pressures caused
bywater
by water falling
falling down
down the
the drop inlet. It
drop inlet. is apparent
It is apparent from
from Table
Table II-3 that the
II-3 ihat the maximum recorded
maximum recorded
pressures are
Pressures are approximately
approximately equal
equal to the pipe
to the pipe diameter
diameter and areare so low
low as toto cause
cause the
the de-
de-
signer
s igner no concern.
concern.

CONCLUSIONS AND
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
RECOMMENDATIONS

The preceding
The preceding discussion
discussion hashas shown
shown that
that the
the flow
flow through
through closed
closed conduit
conduit spillways
spillways having
having
drop inlet
a drop inlet of
of the
the same
same diameter
diameter as as that
that of
of the
the barrel
barrel isis determined
determined by by wei.r,
weir, orifice,
orifice, short
short
tube, and pipe
tu be, and pipe controL
control sections.
sections. The
The only
only safe
safe way
way toto determine
determine the the maxi.mum
maximum assured
assured capa-
capa-
city is
city is to
to assume
assume weir
weir and
and orifice
orifice controls.
controls. This
This willgive
will give theminimum
the mInimum capacity
capacity atany
at any given
given
head. It
head. should be
It should be realized
realized that
that the
the possibility
possibility of of short
short tube
tube and
and pipe
pipe flow
flow is
is real
real and
and that
that the
the
spillway capacity
spillway capacity atat times
times may
may be be considerably
considerably greater
greater than
than the
the orifice
orifice flow
flow for
for which
which thethe
spillway should be
spillway should be designed.
designed.

All things
AII things considered,
considered, the proportions
proportions of
of the closed
closed conduit spillwoy
spillway described
described in this
this porf
part of
of the
the
rrport
report ore
are not recommended for
not recommended for use
use under
under field
field conditions.
conditions.

in spite
If, in
If, spite of
of the
the preceding,
preceding, this
this spillway
spillway design
design is
is adopted,
adopted, the
the proportions
proportions for
for the
the drop
drop
inlet maybe
inlet may be takenfrom
taken from Fig.
Fig. II-1
II-1 and
and TabieII-1;the
Table II-1; the weir
weir discharge
discharge coefficients
coefficients may
may bebe taken
taken
f rom Figs.
from Figs. II-11,
II-ll, II-12
II-12 and
and II-13;
II-13; the
the orifice,
orifice, short
short tube
tube and
and entrance
entrance coefficients
coefficients may
may bebe
taken
t aken from
from Table
Table II-1;
II-1; and
and the local pressure
the local pressure constants
constants may
may be
be taken
taken from
from Table
Table II-2.
II-2.
t 12
2

Part
Part III
III

Enlarged Circular
Enlarged Drop Inlet
Circular Drop Pipe Elbow
with Pipe
Inlet with at Base
Elbow at Base
and Vitrified
and Vitrified Clay Tile Reducer
Clay Tile Barrel Entrance
Reducer Barrel Entrance

DESCRIPTION OF SPILLWAY
DESCRIPTION OF SPILLWAY

The tests
The tests reported
reported here
here were conducted on
were conducted spill way rnade
on aa spillway made of
of vitrified tile pipe'
clay tile
vitrified clay pipe.
The drop
The drop inlet
inlet was
was ot (actually 0.666 ft) diameter pipe with the bell acting as the crest.
8-in. (actually 0.666
of a-in. ft) diameter pipe with the bell acting as the crest.
8-in. g0-degree
An B-in.
An 90-degree "lbo*
elbow "n"" used at the
was rrs"dat of the-riser.
bottom of
the bottom This was
the riser. This followed by
was followed by an
an 8-in'
8-in.

Headwall

Drop inlet

Elbo

Barrel

Fig.
F i g . 111-1
l l l - l - Drop
D r o P Inlet
I n l e t for
for
Series V ,I VI
S e r i e sV V l and
o n d VII.
Vll.

l l l - 2 -- Surface
F i g . 111-2
Fig. 8 - i n . Vitrified
o f 8-in.
S u r f o c eof Cloy
V i t r i f i e dClay
by
b y 6-in
6 - i n .. redu
r e d u cce
e rr tot o complete
c o m p l e t e thet h e inlet.
inlet. Pipe.
T i l ePipe.
Tile
The
T h e barrel
b a r r e l was w a s the
t h e same (actually
s a m e 66-- iinn.. (actually
0.496
0 . 4 9 6 ft)
f t ) diameter
d i a m e t e r pipe
p i p e used
u s e d for
f o r the
t h e tests
tests
reported in Fig. III-1. The
Fig. III-lo nominal conduit
The nominal conduit slope was 30
slope was 30
reported in in Part
Part II. II. TheThe drop
drop inlet inlet is is shown
shown in
per cent, actual
pei cent, actual slopes slopes being
being given
given in
in Table
Table III-f.
III-lo The
The outlet
outlet discharged
discharged freely;
freely; that
that is,
is, the
the
outlet
outlet was was not not submerged.
submerged.

III-1
TABLE III-I
TABLE
PROPORTIONS
PROPORTIONSOF
OF SPILLWAYS
SPILLWAYS AND COEFFICIENTS
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS
AND DISCHARGE

Series D
( ft)
olo
D,/D
f
D / D
Dr/D
rd
liD S z/D
Z/D Z/D
z,/D Tntet
Inlet Coldu it
Conduit
Entmnc
hti-Vortox
Anti-Vortex CCo NNo CC" NN"
0 0 s s
K
e
N
e
Crest
UreSt Entra.nce Device
Elbow ual
Vv o.l+96 1.34
0.496 1.r]+rd."d. 1.77 fi. 55
r,Tl rd. .~0 0.310
,r.Lo 26.11 9.9.BI+
oJro 26.51 8611 Elbow and Tangent
84 Sell nll11
langent .... -- o.25 9
0.25 9
reducr
reducer
Elbow and
Elbow and wall -' 0.06 ,
VI
vI 0.l+96 1.1.rlr
0.496 34 rd.rd. 1.77 ,, ).to 0.
,n . 55.40
L .77 rd. 311 24.42
o.t\l 4.\2 7.64 Bell
7 .611 Sell roducer
reducer
Tugent wall
Tang~nt 0.06 5
Elbow aDd
Elbor and -- o.1l+ 65
1. 34 )r.tz
.Lo o.T)1 21.39 ~ 52
2I.)9 Boll reI1
Tugent wall
VII
vrr 0.l+96 r.t+ rd. I.77 m. 55
0.496 rd. 1. 77 rd . ,r.l:o 0. 314 Sell reducer
reducer
Tangent 0.14

The
The 8-in.
B-in. tile
tile was
was much
much smoother
smoother than thanthe 6-in. tile.
the 6-in. This is
tile. This apparentupon
is apparent comparing
uponcomparing
Fig. of this report, the
this report, the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor
Darcy-weisbach friction was
factor was
Fig. III-2
III-2 with
with Fig.
Fig. II-2.
II-2. As
As in
in Part
Part IIII of
assumed
asEumed to
to be
be constant
constant at
at 0.015
0.015 when
when making
making the
the friction
friction head
head loss
loss calculations.
calculations.

pressures were
Pressures weredetermined
determined by meansof
by means piezometers and
of piezometers andopen manometer columns
openmanometer columns lo- lo-
cated
catedalongalongthe the spillway.
spillway. Those Thoseinin and an{near
near the inlet are
theinlet showninin Fig.
are shown Fig.III-I. Locations of
III-1. Locations of allall
piezometers
p i e z o m e t e F sare
. . e given
g i r r " nini n Table
T a b l eIII-2. p i e z o m e t e r swere
T h epiezometers
I I I - 2 . The w e r e installed d e s c r i b e dini n Part
a sdescribed
i n s t a l l e das II.
P a r t II.
 1133

. The only
The only controlled
controlled variable
variable in in this
this TABLE
TABLE III.2
III-2
group of
group of tests
tests was
was the
the height
height of of the
the drop
drop
PIEZOMETER LOCATIONS AND
PIEZOMETER LOCATIONS AND LOCAL
LOCAL
inlet. This aLso
inlet.This also causedthe
cause d the total
total drop
drop through
through
the spi.llway
the spill way to to vary.
vary. The
The drop
drop inlet
inlet heights
heights PRESSURE
PRESSURE DEVIATION
DEVIATION FROM
FROM HYDRAULIC
HYDRAULIC
included in
included in the
the test
test program
program are are given
given inin
GRADE LINE,
GRADE SERIES V,
LINE, SERIES VI AND
V, VI AND VII
VII
TTable
a b l e IIII-lo
II- 1.
Series V Series VI Series VII
Fiezonerer
Piezometer
55itr-7;-
Station E,iffi=?Z-
Station S*iiA=-E-E
Station
o @ t i oh/\p
LLocation n n r p hni'iivp
t r v p s h/h ! V ??
A PPARATUS AND
AND PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE
tLeft
APPARATUS
-6 .730 +0.85 -6.730 +0.74 -6.810 +0.69

with that
The general
The general test
that described
test setup
described in
setup was
was identical
Part IIII and
in Part
identical
and shown
shown in
in
uUpstream
pstreu-
Right
Right'
Dorostreu-
Downstre am
* . 4-6.730
,73o
-6.75D
-6.750
-6.75D
-6 .750
*+0.86
o.*
+o.U
+0.84
+o.8o
+0.80
4-6.73
. 7 1 D0
.'4,75o
-6.750
4.75n
-6.750
++0.7
o , 722
+9.7q
+0.70
*o.6
+0.66
4-6.73
, 7 r D0
.-6.81D
-6.830
4.81D
-6.830
++0.76
0,76
+0,711
+0 . 74
+0.6ll
+0. 64
with crom
Cro....:n -2.9+D
-2.540 +o.71+
+0.74 -2.9$
- 2.540 +o,6t
+0 .61 -2.9$
-2540 +o.66
+0.66
FFig.
i g . III-1a.
I- la. IInvert
lErb --2
2 ,.F500
D ++0.75
O,7, --2.500
2.jOD ++0.63
O.6J --2.500
2.5OD ++0.71
0.71
cCrr m
own . 5 2 D ++O.ll
00.520 O.rl . ? D0 ++0.01
o0.52 o.01 . f D0 ++0.06
o0.52 9.96
In spite
In spite of
of the
the greater
greater Iength
length ofof weir
weir IInvert
aErt O0.5 2 D ++0.13
, 520 O.rt O 5 2 D ++0o..02
0 .,520 OA O . 5 2 D ++0.06
0.520 o,O6
crest, the
crest, the channel
c hannel approachi.ng
approaching thethe drop
drop in-
in- lnwrr
Invert 7.3 20 +o.O8
7.12D +0.08 7.34D -O.O1
7.71D -0.03 7.34D +0.01
7.Jl+,D +0.01
rnwrr
Invert 15.270 +0.6
75,27D +0.06 15.320 -O.O5
r5.32D -0.05 15 .320 -O.O2
I5,t2D -0.02
let was
let was still
still wide
wide enough
enough for
for the
the sidewall
sidewall rnwrr
Invert 23.260 +o.oo
21.26D +0.00 23. 230 -O.O5
23.21D -0.05 21.2tD
2323D -0.03 -O.Ot
effects to
effects to be
be so small
small that
that thev
they could
could be
be 31.120 -0.01 31.130 -o.o5
Inrert
Invert 71.1.2D - 0.01 1r,IrD -0.05 31.130 -o.o5
1L.I1D -0.05
safely ignored.
safely ignored. Iurert
Invert 39.040 +O,O2
19,OltD +0.02 39.050 -O.O1
t9.05D - 0.03 39.050 -O.01
t9.O5D -0.01
Inrerb
Invert 47.020 -0.1o
.l+7,o2D -0.10 47.140 -0.o,
l+7.1D - 0.03 47.140 +0.05
l+7.rlp +0.05
lnwrt
Invert 54880 +o.o1
5&.88D +0.01 54.960 -0.01
5[.95D -o.or 54.96D -0.02
91.*D -o,o2
The test
The test procedure
procedure was
was the
the same
same asas
that described
that described inin Part
Part II
II for
for the
the tile
tile pipe
pipe Side of alrop
Side of drop inlot.
inlet.
ttests.
e ats.

2.2
2.2 o
0

2.0
2.O

(
1.8
t.8

1.6
r.6

1.4
1.4
*
f
L
' l

quiet
<- Very quiet
~Very S l u g s fill
SIU9S f i l l outlet
o u t l e i:,
most of time
-HH 1.2
t.z
D
D

r. o
1.0
every33 sec.
every
at
s e c . for

., ;''"9''.'
vr

every
f 9 1 3J sec.
irtegulor44 sec.
ot irregular
5S~
rrr rvsrsl

minut
every minute
~
~i
sss.J
intervols /
sec. intervals 1\ ~J
~ suc(ed in
Air sucked
Air in-
0o.
.88

~
V. ~ ) c c o S t c,nOlly
occaSionally

0o.6
.6
r--- Air in -
s rr c k e d in
A i r sucked -1
./
V /
o.4
0.4

o.2
0.2 g
QlI
/
./

V
.0 /
0o.or
oo 2 44 66 8 8t O10 t 212 t 14
4 1 16 6 118 8
1
20
20 22
22 24
24
Q/Di
e/o'z
Fig. l l l - 3 -- Head-Discharge
F i g . 111-3 S e r i eVII.
gCeu r v e ,Series
H e o d - D i s c h o rCurve, sV l l .
 1
133

The only
The only controlled
controlled variable
variable inin this
this TABLE
TABLE III.2
III-2
group
group of of tests
tests waswas the
the height
height of
of the
the drop
drop
inlet. This also
inlet.This a lso caused
caused the
the total
total drop
drop through
through PIEZOMETER
PIEZOMETER LOCATIONS AND LOCAL
LOCAL
the spillway
the spill way to to vary.
vary. The
The drop
drop inlet
inlet heights
heights PRESSURE
PRESSURE DEVIATION
DEVIATION FROM
FROM HYDRAULIC
HYDRAULIC
included in
included in the
the test
test program
program areare given
given inin
Table
T a b l e IIII-lo
II- 1.
GRADE LINE,
LINE, SERIES
SERIES V, VI
VI AND VII
VII
Series V Series VI Series VII
Piezometer
Piez@6t6r
Station hlhvp Station hni'hvp Station hlh~p
Loce.tion
LoqtLon
APPARATUS AND
APPARATUS AND PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE --6.730
6.71D
Left
Lsft + o.85
+0.85 -6.730
4.71D +o.TlJ
+0.74 -6.810
4 .81D + o.59
+0.69
UpstreBJJ\
Upstrem
* '-6.730
6,7P *+0.86
o.6 4 , T t D0
-6.73 + o,72
+0.72 4 ,71D
-6.73 0 + 0.76
+0.76
Right -6.75D
-6 .75 0 +o.81+
+0.84 4 .75D
-6.75 0 + o.7o
+0.70 4.81D
-6.830 +o.7b
+0.74
The general
The general test
test setup
setup was
was identical
identical
TA ENI
Downstream
Domstree -6.75D
-6 .750 +O.80
+0.80 4 .75D
-6.750 + 0.66
+0.66 -5.8rD
-6.830 +0,61+
+0.64
with that
with that described
described in
in Part
Part II shown in
II and shown in Cro"/n
Crom -2.5LD
-2 .540 +o.74
+0.74 --2.540
2.W + o.67
+0.61 -2.9+n
-2.540 +o.66
+0.66
Fig.
F i g . III-la.
I-la. Invert
I!rert --2500
2.rOD + O.75
+0.75 --2.500
z.rOD + 0.65
+0.63 --2.500
2.5OD + 0.71
+0.71
Crown
Crm 0 .52D +
0520 0.11
+0.11 0.52 0 "+O.01
0.52D '+0.01 O .9D +
0520 O,O6
+0.06
In spite
In spite of
of the
the greater
greater length
length of
of weir
weir Invert
In@rt O ,52D +
0.520 +0O.13
.!t O .?D
0.52 0 ++0.02
O.O2 O .)2D +
0520 s.06
+0.06
c rest, the
crest, the channel
channel approaching
approaching the
the drop
drop in-
in- Invert
I!@rt . t 220D +
77.3 o,o8
+0.08 7340
l.)4! --0.03
v.v) ? :l,n
7.340 -+0.01
n ^1
Invert
InErt 75,27D
15.270 +0.06 +0.6 r5.r2D
15.3 -0.o5
20 -0.05 L ) . ) .3u20
15. --0.02
v.uz
let was
let was still
still wide
wide enough
enough for
for the
the sidewall
sidewall Invert
Inrert 23.260 +o.oo
Z3.Z6a +0.00 21.21D
2 0 -o.o5
23. 3 -0.05 c23.230
t,e)D --0
v . v.03
t
effect s to
effects to be
b e so small
small that
that they
they could
could be -o.o5
Invert
Ilwrt 1 . r 2 D --0.01
,31.120 0.01 31.130 -0.05
3r.LtD 31.1 30
tL,r7D -o.o5
-0.05
safely ignored.
safely ignored. Invert
Inwrb 19,d$ +o.oa
39.040 +0.02 -o.ot
39.050 -0.03
t9.o'D 19.Ofl
39.050 -o.or
-0.01
Invert
Inrerb i-+7.02D
47.020 -0.10 -o.o,
47.rLt -0.03
47.140 47.140
l17,lljD +O.O5
+0.05
Invert
lnrerb 54.880 +o.ot
5l+.88D +0.01 54.960
54.96D -o.ol
-0.01 54.960
91.*D -o,o2
-0.02
The test
The test procedure
procedure was
was the
the same
same as
*Side
t hat described
that described in
in Part
Part II
II for
for the
the tile
tile pipe
pipe Side of
of alrop
drop inlot.
inlet.
t eest
6 t ss..

2.2
2.2
0o

2.0
2.O

1.8. 8
1 J
c

1.r .66
...
1.t .44

H 1.2
t.z
~Very
+ Very quiet
quiet Slu(1S
Slugsfill
most of
most
outlef:,
fi I outlet
o f time
time I
T
every33 sec.
every f o r 33 sec
s e c . for s e c. . '
0D
ir egulor44
ot ;".9,'or c. intervols
sec. ~
,. ~
at \
1.t .0o at irregular 5 sec. interval ~

every
every minute
minuf ~i
~ sucl( e d in
Air sucked
Air in-
0 .8
~
~ occostc nolly
occasionally

o.6
0.6 ~
r+ Air in -
s r c k e d in
A i r sucked
V 1
o.4
0.4 /g
o.2
0.2
V
q
~
,/

0o.o
.0 V
o
/
2 4 6 88 r 10o t 122 t 144 116 6 1
18 8 20
20
I
22 24
24
o/oJ
e/otz
Fig. l l l - 3 - Head-Discharge
F i s .111-3 Heqd-Dischorg Curve,
Ceu r v e ,Series
S e r i e sVII.
Vll.
L14
4

FFig. l l - 4 -- W
i g . l111-4 l o woott C
e i r FFlow
Weir r e s tooff D
Crest r o plIn
Drop n lleet,t ,
B orreP
Barrel o r t l ytFull,
lPartly ull , H HID/ D == 00 ..36
36.

Fig. l l l - 5 -- We
F i g . 111-5 W eiri r Flow
F l o w at ot C Crest
r e s iof D r o p Inlet,
o f Drop S l u g sin
I n l e t , Slugs in
Ba
B orre r r el,l, C i r c u l o t i o n A r o u n d He
CirculationAround o d w olll,l, HI/ D
H eadwa D == 0.94.
0 .94.

Fig. l l l - 6- - Conduit
F i g .111-6 iC lFy u l l ,Circulation
t o m p l e t eFull,
C o n d u Completely A
n round
C i r c u l o t i oAround
H e o d w o lHID
Headwall, lH, / D==1.40.
1.40-
 15

DESCRIPTION
DESCRIPTION OF
OF FLOW
FLOW

The head-discharge
head-discharge relationship relationshi.p for for the type of closed closed conduit
conduit spillway
spillway shown shown in Fig. Fig.
III
Itr-1-l exhibits
exhibits only only the desirable
desirable weir weir and pipe controls. controls. A typical
typical rating
rating curve
curve is shown in
Fig
Fig.. lII-3.
III-3. The same same ratingrating curve curve is obtained for
isobtained for both
both rising
risingand and falling
falling stages.
stages. The Theflowflow con- con-
dition
d i t i o n for
f o r many
m a n y tests
t e s t s is
i s aalso
l s o noted
n o t e d in
i n Fig.
F i g . I III-3.
I I - 3 . These
T h e s e notes
n o t e s were
w e r e taken
t a k e n during
d u r i n g t the
h e tests.
t e s t s . The
The
notes
notes on air air flow
flow indicate
indicate that air air was carriedcarried through through the spillway spillwayduringduring the time time traveling
traveling
hy draulic jumps
hydraulic jumps or or slugs
slugs filled filled the conduitconduit and traveled traveled throughthrough it. it. The slugs slugs increased
increased in
re quency with
frequency with increases
i.ncreases in the flow until the
flowuntil conduit flowed
theconduit flowed continuously
continuously full full of an air-water
air-water
mixture.
mixture. SubsequentSubsequent increases
increasesinin the water flow
thewater reduced the
flowreduced theair air flow
flow until
unti.I the spillway
spillway flowed flowed
ccompletely
ompletely full full of water
water alone, except except for for occasional
occasional gulps gulps of air air through
through aa vortex. vortex.

A typical
typical view
view of weir
weir flow
flow at aa low
low head is shown
shown in Fig. III-4. The w~ir
Fig. IlI-4. weir also
also controls
controls
he head-discharge
the head-discharge relationship
relationship for
for the flow
flow shown
shown in Fig.
Fig. III-5,
III-5, as can be seen
sben by referring
referring
to Fig. 1II-3.
o Fig. III-3. There
There the conduit
conduit is
is flowing
flowing completely
completely full
full most
most of the time,
time, but airai.r is being
being
sucked
sucked in in at the inlet.
inlet. The conduit
conduit is flowing
flowing completely
completeLy full
fuIl of water
water for
for the inlet
inlet condition
condition
shown
shown in in Fig.
Fig. lII-6
III-6 and the control
control is
is the pipe.
pipe. However,
However, an occasional
occasional gulp
gulp of air
air is carried
carried
down
dow n through
through the disturbance
disturbance at the leftleft end of the headwall
headwall and through
through the spillway.
spillway.

9 4.6
4.6
0o

8
;: 4.5
4.5

4.4
4.4
,/

r5"/,
/' +5"10
0)( 44.3
.3 /
/

~.
of'L'~

i/x :
/o
7 & 4.22
4
o

q.l-
o //
0
0o 1
xf'l::&
pX 4..11
r
~
4 /"
/ x
)(c,. x / -5%
-qol
6 4.O
4.0
,IT A6
6/I
T: /r
/
/'

5
;;" C
3.9
3.9

3.8
3.8
nrl x
/0
Jx
/
/
_ Series
S e r i e s Symbol
Symbol

I
y o0
Ilxl
It /
-
J[
U3lI . x ,
3.7
3.7
~1I / . v
3ZIl n af::,
4 3.6
3.6
f
to 3.5
0:1#V 4

3
rI
Ot.
3.4
3.4
oeJ
6,{
/
~ 3.3
3.3
1/
I
I I

2 I 3.2
3 .2
'1q
x,1
I

oV
,
3..11
3
? n
3 .0
I
'al
"
I

2.9
2.9
(a) (b)
(b)
o 2.4
2 .8
oo
00 o.2
0 .2 0.4
0.4 0.6
0.6 0.8
0.8 t.o
1.0 t.2
1.2 o.o
0.0 o.r
0 .1 o.2
0 .2 0.3
0 .3 0.4
0.4 0.5 0.6
0.5 0 .6 0.7
0.7 0.8 0 .9 LO
0 .8 0.9 1.0
H,/D
HID H/D
H / D rrcc
Fig.
F l l - 7 -- H
i g . l111-7 Head-Discharge
e o d - D i s c h o r g eC urve q
Curve nd H
and Head-Coefficient Curve
e o d - C o e f f i c i e n tC u r v e ffor Weir
or W Flow,
eir F Series
low, S V,, V
e r i e sV VI, VII.
l, V ll.

The
The circulation
circulation around
around in
in back
back of
of the
the headwall
headwall shown
shown inin Figs.
Figs. III-5
1II-5 and
and III-6
1II-6 was
was found
found
in
i n later
later tests to cause
tests to cause a considerable
considerable reduction
reduction in
in the
the capacity
capacity of
of the
the spillway.
spillway. Mention
Mention is
is made
made
of itit here
of since it
here since is an undesirable
it is undesira ble condition
condition and
and means
means should
should be taken
taken to
to eliminate
eliminate circu-
circu-
l ation around
lation around the
the headwall.
headwall.

After
After the the conclusion
conclusion of of Series
Series V, V, itit was
was discovered
discovered that that a string
string of of oakum
oakum used used to to calkcalk
e jjoint
tthhe o i n t i nin
the
the ddrop
r o p iinlet
n l e t wwasa s hhanging
a n g i n g aacross
c r o s s tthe
he ddrop
r o p iinlet.
n l e t . IItt iis
s nnot
o t kknown
n o w n j ujust
st wwhen
h e n t hthis
is o oc-
c-
c uurred'
r u e d , ss::>c s oome
me o h e pprior
off tthe r i o r o bobservations
s e r v a t i o n s m amay
y bbe
e iin
n eerror.
rror. h e jjoint
The
T o i n t wwas
a s ttight
ight w when
h e n i installe
n s t a l l e d d,
,
but
but apparently
apparently opened opened by by aboutabout 5/8 5/ 8 in. in. some
some timetime during
during the the experiment.
experiment.
116
6

DISCHARGECOEFFICIENTS
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS

Sinceonly
Since onlyweir
weirand
andpipe
pipecontrols
controlsexisted forthis
existedfor spillway,only
this spillway, the weir
onlythe coefficient and
weircoefficient and
the entrance loss coefficient
the entrance lois coefficient were
were determined.
determined'

Weir Coefficient
WglL-Coefficlent
The value
The valueofofthe
the weir-flow coefficient inin Eq.I-1,is
weir-flowcoefficient givenbv
Eq. 1-1 is given the solid
bythe Fig.III-?b'
line i1in Fig'
solid lile 1II-7b.
Dash lines have been
Dash lines have been drawn b drawn 5 per
per cent
cent above
"uo\ru and
and below-the
below the soiid
:solid line
line to
to indicate
indicate the spread
the spread
of the
of the data.
data.

The coefficient curve

Thecoefficient curve waswas computed from the curve
computed fromthe shown inFig'III-?a
curve shown with the
which, with
in Fig. III-7a which' the
coordinates used, is a straight line. A better fit
fit at
at the
the low
low heads
heads could
could have
have been
been obtained
obtained byby
coordinates used,is-a si""lgtt line. A Ueiter
using two straight lines as in Fig. II-12a.
rr-t2..- Since
sl""u only
only a,few
a few points
points at
at the
the low
low and
and ordinarily
ordinarily
using two straight il;;-;;; rig.
most unimportant
most unimportant h;;d;
heads areare afieEted,
affected, thethe single curve isis us-ed'
single crrrve This curve
used. This the equation
has the
curve has equation

aQ Lp H 1J3/2
312
L [- H - 0 . 0 3 ? (uI-1)
55/2
12
6 6- i
= 44 .. 66 D D -
or" L or"
0.037
l
(III-1)
D
D rc rc
rc
rc

TThe
h e c coefficient
o e f f i c i e n t c ucurve
r v e o f of
F i gFig.
. I l l . ?1II-7b
biscomisp computed
u t e d f r o m t hfrom
e e q uthe
a t i oequation
n

r _0 .03?1
0_._03_7_ J33/ 1
22 (III-
C == 44.66
. 6 1[6 1-
1 - - l 2)
(III-2)
,_ HlD".
HiD rc r

Many of
Many of the
the comments
comments made
made in
in Part
Part II
II concerning the weircoefficient
concerning the apply here'
also apply
weir coefficient also here.

Entrance
Entrance Loss Coefficient
Loss Coefficient

Entranc.; in Eq.
Eq. 1-5 given in
are given
I-5 are in Table III-1'
Table III-I. is aa
There is
Entrance loss
loss coefficients
coefficients Ke
K" for use in
for use There
considerable Ku and this conducive to
not conducive
this is not confidence
to confidence
considerable variation
variation in the tabulated
tabulated values
values of K
e
storage -corrections caused this
have caused
may have this
in them. It
in them. It is
is possible
possible that the omission
omission of small
small storage corrections may
source of error
error
variation. Vortices caused by
iy circulation
circutation around
around the headivalt
headwall j.re
*re an
an additional
additional source of
variation. Vortices ;;*d
in
in all
all these
these early
earlY experiments.
exPeriments.

PRESSURE
P R E S S U R E COEFFICIENTS
COEFFICIENTS

frictionless pipe
horizontal frictionless
for aa horizontal pipe are given
are given
The
The average
average pressure
pressure coefficients
coefficients hhrr/hrrp
/h for
n vp
in determ.ine the
to determine the actual pres6ure' The
actual pressure. tab-
The tab-
in Table
Table III-2.
uI-2. These
These may may be be inserted
inserted in in Eq. 1-14 to
rq.t-ta
for the
except for
zero except the
ulated pressure coefficients
"."iri"i?""i" along
J;;;;;; the barrel
U."tir are
are close to
close to the theoretical zero
the theoretical
ulated pressure from
piezometers located close to the contraction;
contraction; the
the small
small deviation
deviation from
from zero
zero downstream
downstream from
piezometers located close to the
the prac-
all prac-
ihe influence
influence of of the
the inlet
inlet may
may be be neglected
neglected for for all
tical purposes. Possible reasons
reasons for
for this
this deviation
deviation are
are
iic"t ptt.poses. Possible TABLE III-3 III-3
given
given in in Part
Part II.
II. InIn the
the inlet
inlet thethe pressure coefficients
pressure coefficients TABLE
are above
ire above zero,
zero, as
as one
one would
would expect.
expect. The
The pressure
pressure co-
co- MAXIMUMOBSERVEDPRESSURE
MAXIMUM OBSERVED PRESSURE
efficients heao
efficients in in the
the inlet
inlet are
are referenced
referenced to to the
the velocity
velocity head
FOR PART FLow
FULL FLOW
in
in the
the barrel
barrel andand notnot toto the
the lower velocity head which
lower,retocity tr""a"*rti"tt FOR PART FULL
exists in the
exists in the drop
drop inlet.
inlet. Values or
Va lues of ho,/D

Pressures
Pressures should should alwaysalways be becomputed
computed to todetermine
determlne vrr
whether pres-
Se rie s s
Serie v VIY] VII
whether or or not
not theythey areare close
close to tooror below
below the thevapor
vapor pre s-
s u r e . IfI f theyare
sure. t h e y a r e ini n the
t h evicinity
v i c i n i t y of o f the
t h evapor
v a p o r pressure or
p r e s s u r e or PiP ezomete
i o z o r e t rr:
!
belo
b e l ow,
w , steps
s t e p i should
s h o u l d be
b etaken
t a k e n to t osecure
s e c u r e higher pressures
h i g h e r pressures -2. 5OD
-2.70 D 2.6A
2.68 7.61
1.63 1.03
within
within the the spillway.
spillwaY. $ . r2D
2D 0.60 0,66 o.6
+O.5 0.60 0.66 0.66
Maximum
Maximum pressures pressures for for thethe co ndition ofof part
condition part fullfull
flow - 2 . 5 0 D ' This p i e z o m e t e r isi s located
T h i s piezometer located
f l o w ini nthe
t h e barrel
b a r r e l were
w e r e observed
o b s e r v e d ata tinvert
i n v e r t Piezometer
P i e z o m e t e r -2.50D.
just
j u s t downstream
d o w n s t r e a m ffrom
r o m the t h eelbow
e l b o w and j u s tprecede
a n djust p r e c e d e s - tthe M a x i m u m ppressures
r e d u c e r . Maximum
h e reducer. r e s s u r e s o bobserved
served
atatthis piezometer
first pie downstream ofofthe reducer,
thereducer,
this piezometer
piezometer and andatatPiezometer
Piezometei O.52D, 0.S2O, the the first zometer downstream
are
are given
given inin Table
Table III-3. III-3.
 17
L7

CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS AND
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
RECOMMENDATIONS

From
F r o m aa hydraulic p o i n t of
h y d r a u l i c point o f view,
v i e w , tthe
h e spillway
s p i l l w a y shown
s h o w n in i n Fig.
F i g . III-l
I I I - 1 is i s entirely
e n t i r e l y satisfactory
satisfactory
and is
and is recommended
recommended for for use
use under under field field conditions.
conditions. The
The spillway
spillway proportions
proportions may may be be taken
taken
f r o m Fig.
from F i g . IIII-I
I I - 1 and
a n d Table
T a b J . eIII-I;
I I I - 1 ; weir
w e i r ddischarge
i s c h a r g e coefficients
c o e f f i c i e n t s may
m a y beb e taken
t a k e n from
f r o m Fig. F i g . III-7;
I I I - ? ; the
the
entrance coefficient
entrance coefficient may may be be takentaken from from Table Table III-I; III-1; and and the the local
Local pressure
pressure constants constants may may be be
taken from
taken from Table Table III-2.
III-2.

It is
It is recommended
recommended thatthat some
some means
means be
be employed
employed toto eliminate
eliminate circulation
circulation around
around the
the
headwall. This
headwall. This circulation
circulation reduces
reduces the
the capacity
capacity of
of the
tnL spillway.
spillway.
 18
18

Part IV
Part

Square
Square Drop Inlet
lnlet with Square-Edged
Square-Edged Crest and Bell
Crest and Barrel Entrance
Bell Barrel

DESCRIPTION
D E S C R I P T I O N OF
O F SPILLWAY
SPILLWAY

The drop inlets

inlets for
for these spillways 24, 18,
spillways were 24, 18, 12
12 and and 48
and 8I in. square in plan and 48 in.
deep.
deep. Their
Their dimensions are given in Fig. IV-1
IV-l and IV-1. The
and Table IV-I. The crests inlets
crests of the drop inlets
were square edged.
edged. The headwall inlets extended
on the downstream side of the drop inlets
headwallon extendedcomplete-
complete-
ly
Iy across the test channel;
channel; there was
wag no
no opportunity
opportunity for circulation in back of iL
for circulation it.

TABLE
TABLE
Series
Series B ond W
Band
Yr!il-A 2.002
X-A to xnl-A fl.
2.OO2ft.

We
r
W
~ . 1
Y\7
:Dr
x:m
nrT
wwi r
:DZII
1.500 f f.
1.500ft.
ff.
t.ooo ft.
1.000
tt.
0.672 ft.
L
L B-

Fig. l V - l -- Drop
F i g . IV-l D r o pInlet f o r Series
I n l e tfor Series
X-A
X - A tot o XVII l n c l u s i v e.
X V II Inclusive.
Drop
Drop
inlet
inlet

TABLE
T A B L E IV-l
IV-l
PROPORTIONS DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS
PROPORTIONS OF SPILLWAYS AND DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS

Series
Sorlos o
D orb
DjD o tb lID
tt'o s
S z/D Z/D
Z/D zth Inlet
I n l e t C oConduit
D d u l t hAnti-Vortex
t l - V o r t C x C N C C
N N K
K N
N
( fr)
(ftl
Dro/D
Crest
C F s t hEntranee
t r o c G Device
D e r i c e o
0 0
o s s ee e

x.l
XA 0.496
0.4* 4.04 sq. 4.04
l+.ol+sq. sq. 59.37
!.o,ia sq. ,9,17 o.W8
0.098 rt.t2
13.3 2 8.03
8.0, Square
SquaF edge
edgo Be ll
8oI1 Tangent
Tutort .....
EII 11 0.13
o,I, 9
xI
XI o.J+S6 4.04
0.496 cq. 4.04
l+.01+sq. la.ol+sq. 59.17 0.203
sq. 59.37 r9.r1 7.99
o.zot 1953 7.99 Square
SquaF edge
edge Be ll
8611 Tangent
Tangerb wall
nll 0.12 11
0 . 1 2 11

III
XII o.l+g6 4.04
0.496 sq. 4.04
l+.ot+sq. l+.o4 sq. D.77 0.301
sq. 59.37 2r.U2 8.01
o.tol 25.42 8.0I Square
squar edge
odge Bell
Be1l Tangent
Tugent wall
ml1 o . 1 7 10
0.17 10

xIlI
XIII o.l+* 4.04
0.496 sq. 4.04
l+.ol+sq. ,[.0! sq. 59.* 0.301
eq. 39.56 8)+5 8.02
o.tor 19.45 Square
Square edge
cdge Bell
B11 Tangent
Tugcnt wall
n11 0.17
o,L7 8I
ilv
XIV 0.l+96 4.04
0.496 sq. 4.04
l+.01+
sq. lr.olr sq. Lg.a2 0.301
sq. 19.82 rt,5t 8.04
o,TL 13.53 I,Ol+ Square
SquaF edge Bell
B11 Tangent
lugft wall
nu 0.16 11
0 . 1 5 11
xM
XIVA 0.1+96 4.04
0.496 sq. 4.04
1+.01+
sq. L1.ol.rsq. 19.82 0.302
sq. 19.82 lr.r88 8.08
O.roz 13.5 8.o8 Square
Square edge
cdge Bell
Bellr Tangent
?egent wall
mll 0.20
0,20 16
16
xY
XV O . L + * 3.02
0.496 E q . 302
t , O 2 sq. , . 0 2 sq. 9.55 0.302
s q . 5953 25.97 8.21 Square
o.to2 2597 Square edge
edge Bell
Bsll Tangent
Tugoat wall
nll o . 4 16
0.22 L6

xVI
XVI O.l+rS 2.02
0.496 sq. 2.02
2.e sq. 2.o2 sq. w,5t 0.300
sq. 59.53 25.62
o.roo 25. 62 8.23
8,2, Square
Square edge
edge Bell
Eelt Tangent
TaEgent wall
nl1 0.23
A D Z 12
1 D

xrfir
XVII 0.496 r , t , sq.
o . l + * 1.35 1 . r 5 sq.
s q . 1.35 59.51 0.300
s q . 59.53 25.11
o.loo 25.5 1 8.15 Square
Squaro edge
edge Bell
BolI Tangent
tugent wall
nll o.l+r 9
0.41

Downstream
Dmstree faoe
face of
of drop
ilrop inlet
inlet filled
flu6at in flush with
i! flush rlth end
ead of
of bell.
bel1. Bell
Bel1 projects
prcJoots into
irto drop inlet
inl6t for
for other
otlEr series.
E6riea.
 19
lv

T h e barrel
The b a r r e l left
l e f t the
thed r o p i ninlet
drop l e t a tat the t h e base
baseo off the
t h e drop
d r o p iinlet.
n l e t . TheT h e barrel
b a r r e l wwas
a s thet h e same
s a m e 6-in.
6-in.
(actuaily 0.496
(actually 0.496 ft) ft) diameter
diameter bell bell and and spigot spigot vitrified
vitrified clay clay tile tile pipepipe used
used in in thethe tests
tests described
described
in Parts
in Parts II and III
II and III ofof this
thispaper.
paper . The The bell bell waswas used
used as as the
the barrel
bariel entrance
entrance. . The The inside
inside bottom bottom
of the
of the bell
beLl was was flush flush with with the
the floor
floor of of the
the drop
drop inlet
inlet and and the the top top of of the
the bell
bell was was in in the the plane
plane of of
the downstream
the downstream face face of of the
the drop
drop inlet. inlet. The The sides
sides of of the
the bell
bell therefore
therefore projectedprojected into into the
the dropdrop
inlet. The
inlet. The conduit
conduit entranceentrance shown shown in in Fig.
Fig. IV -2 was
IV-2 was used used except except for for Series
SleriLs XIV XIVA A where
where the the
d o w n e t r e a m sside
downstream i d e o fof thet h e rriser
iserwa wass filled
f i l l e d ini n to
tommake
a k e iti t flush
flushw with
i t h the
t h e face
f a c e oof
f thet h e bell,
b e l l , as
a s is
i s sshown
hown
i n Fig.
in F i g . IVI V - 33.

Fig. lV-2 -- Drop

Fig . IV-2 DropInlet ond Barrel
Inletand Borrel Fig. l V - 3 -- Drop
F i g . IV-3 D r o p Inlet
I n l e t and
o n d Barrel
Borrel
EntronceExcept
Entrance Exceptforfor Series
Series Ent
E n trance
r o n c efor
f o r Series
S e r i e s XIV-A.
XIV-A.
XIV.A.
XIV-A

R e f e r e n c e is
Reference i s made
m a d e to t o Part
P a r t III I of
o f this p a p e r for
t h i s paper f o r aad discussion
i s c u s s i o n o f of the
t h e surface
s u r f a c e oof
f thet h e t iile
L e ppipe
ipe
a n d its
and i t s friction
f r i c t i o n f afactor.
ctor. It
I t is
i s pper
e r t iti
ne nent
n t to t o nnot
o t ee here h a t jjust
h e r e t that u s t before
b e f o r e the
t h e te
t e ssts
t s ooff Ser
S e r iie
e ss XXIV
I V werewere
begun it
begun it was
w-as noticed
noticed that that each each pipe h a d settled
had settled in in tthehe bell
beII of the followi foLIowing ng pipe,
pipe , so that that itsits in-in-
vert w a s aabout
v e r t was b o u t 1/ 1 , /16
1 6 in.
i n . low.
I o w . Jus
J u s t what
w h a t effect
e f f e c t this
t h i s mmi.salignment
isalignment had
h a d ono n the
t h e i res
e i u iults
t s o r or jjust
u s t wwhen
hen
it occurred
it occurred is is not known. known. Apparently
Apparently the pipe pipe wa wass relaid
relaid before before beginning
beginning Serie Seriess XV. XV.

Piezometers
Piezometers were installed
were instaLled near
near the
the base of
of the drop
drop inlet
inlet in
in the
the upstream
upstream wallwall and
and in
in
the two
the two sidewalls.
sidewalls. In addition, piezometers
In addition, piezometers were
were located
located at intervals
intervals along
along the invert
invert ofof the
the
barrel. Their locations
barrel. Their locations are indicated in
are indicated in Table
Table IV -2. The
IV-2. w ~ re installed
piezometers w.re
The piezometers installed asas des-
des-

TABLE
TABLE IV.z
IV-2
PIEZOMETER
PIEZOMETER LOCATIONS AND LOCAL
LOCAL PRESSURE
PRESSURE DEVIATION
DEVIATION
FROM
FROM HYDRAULIC
HYDRAULIC GRADE LINE,
LINE, SERIES
SERIES X-A
X-A TO XVII
XVII

Series XA Se ries XI Series XII Seri es XIII Series XIV sSe

dries
o s IXIVA--
ryA Series
S XV
ed6s W Seri es XVI Seriea XVII
Piel'.ometer
Laeation
Sbtion
Station h,/hvp Station hn/hvp Stati on h,/hvp Station hn/hvp Station hn,ihvp Statio:!.
S tatioi hhn/hvp
,4l
r w
Station
S tation hhn/hvp
,4
d Q
Station hn/ hvp Station h,/hvp
Left ' _2. ,,0 +1.12 -2.29
-2.250 ++1.11
t.U - 2.17 '+1.17
\,f7 --22.150
.15D + 1.16 -2,I7D -2.r7D
;;;;,"--
Up stree.m
0
+1.12
-2.,,0 +1.12 -2.2W
-2.250 ++1.11
1.11 -2.17D ++1.17
1.1? --22.150
.15D
+1.16
+"'1.16
).15
- 2 . 170 +I.r5
--22 .. I17D
+1.15
7 D +-1-1.15
r.r5
- 2 .17D +1.I9
--22.170
+1.19
. 1 7 D ++1.19
1.19
-1.68D
- 1.680 +I.20
-1.68D
+1.20
- 1.680 +1.20
+1.20
-1.!7D
-1 . 170 +1.17
--1.17
+1. 17
r . 1 7 D ++1.17
1.17 -O. eI,D d.19
-0.81r! +1.1 9
uRight-
$! -2.3)ll +1.12 -2.25D
- 2 .250 ++11.11
.U - 2 . 17D ++1.17
1.U --22.150
.15D +. 1.16
1.16 -2.r7D .1 .15
- 2 .1 70 +t.t5 -2.UD
- 2. 170 +1.19
+1.19 -1.68D
- 1.680 +1.20
+1 .20 -1.UD
- 1.170 +1.17+1.17
Inve rt 4.480 +0.08
lr,l8D +0.08 JrSD
!L.11 8D +0.05
+0.05 4 .480 +o,@
!.!D +009 lr./r2D +o.ro
+0 .1 0
1: . 1.20 4.470 4.10
4.lr7D ...0 . 10 4.1.70
L,)!7D +o.I2
...0.12 ,.~ +0.13 3.450 +0 .1 3 3.450 00. 17
Invert 111.
1 . 310
r1D+0.01
+0.01 1111., 310
JlD -o,m
..0.00 11, 310 +a.az
11 . rlD +0 . 02 11,2fD
11 . 23D +0.(6
00.06 111.310
l . r I D {+0. 1. 010 t11.310
1.r}D {+0
. 1. 5
15 8.
8.trt +0. 1 3
+o,13 854D +0.11
8.'lrD +0.13 8.541> +0. 18
19.26D -0.01 -o.o2 8.9+D +o.18
Invert 19 .26D - 0 . 01 19,?AD
19. 260 -0 . 02 19,26D
19 . 26D {.o1
+0 . 01 19.2ID
19. 210 +a.O2
+0.02 19.,10 +0.01
19,11D +0.01 19 310
t9.l1D +0.10
+0.10 1 5.010 {.09
15.01D +0.09 115.010
5 . 0 1 D {+0.10
,r0 15.010 +O . ~
+0.14
22.18D -o,o1 15.01D
Invert 2'/.180 {,02
-0 . 02 27.tAD
27 .180 -0.0, 27.taD 0.00
'77 .180 0.00 ?'l.l?D
71 . 120 4.al
+0.01 23,20 +o.Ot
23.12D +0,03 23.320 +0.6
zt.JzD 00 . 06 2,.,20
2t.t2D 00.0<)
+o.tE
55.oP -0.6
-0.06 -0. 06
-0.06 ,5.050 -o.d+
-0.04 35 . OOD -o.ot
tt~~
Invert ~.050 15.ofr J5,aoD - 0 . 03 27 . 280 +0.a5
27.28D +0. 05 27 . 280 +a.o7
27.23D +0 . 07 27,28D
27,24D +0, 10
+O.rO
E.9ltD -o,02 112.91]D
42.941> 4.O2
I nvert -0,02 12.9\D
.940 -0 . 03 -0, 02
l5. 21O
,5'2\D 00.04
fi.o14 5 . 210 fi,O7
,5,?LD +0 .07 35.210
15.2ID +0.10
+O.7O
Invert 50 .910 +0.
N'9ID +0.04 o! 5O.~no
50,9rD +0,04
+0. 04 50. 910 +0.05
50.9rD +0 . 05 3. 120 {.OO
!r.12D -0 . 00 3 . 120 +o.o,
Lt.tzD +0.05 43.120
4r.l?D +0.08
+0.08
InVl!lrt 58 .871> {.08
,8,8m 00 . 08 58.R70
58.87D +0.09
+0.09 58 .870 {+0.07
,8.87D .07 51.0,0 +o.at
+0.03 51.0,0 ,05 +-D,05 51. 0)ll 00.08
51.o1D 51,orD 51.orD {.08
Invert 59,00D +0.02
59 000 +0.02 59.000 10.02
59.00D +0.02 59.00D 1'0.02
+0.02
59.ooD
'Sid6
f ddrop
Side oof r o p i inl
n ] . t et
, .

cribed
cribed in in Part
Part II,
II, and
and openopen manometer
manometer columns, columns, read read visually,
visually, were were used
used to to determine
determine the the
magniturt-e^o{
magnitude of the the pressure.
pressure. Eefore Before beginning
beginning SeriesSeries XIV XIV itit was
was notednoted thatthat the
the paraffin
paraffin in in Pie-
Pie-
zzometer
o m e t e r l 919.3Dwas
.3Dwas m i s s i n g . IIt
missing. was
t w a s r ereplaced.
p l a c e d . AAlso
l s o aatt PPiezometer
i e z o m e t e r l l . 11.3D
3D tthe
h e pparaffin
a r a f f i n hhad
a d llifted
ifted
slightly,
slightly, but but apparently
apparently it--was it was notnot replaced
replaced becausebecause of of itsits inaccessibility.
inaccessibility. The The piezometric
piezometric
data
data seemed
seemed to to be
be little
little affected
affected by by these
these things.
things.

Variables
Variables included
included in in the test program
the test program were were thethe drop
drop inlet
inlet dimensions
dimensions mentioned mentioned pre- pre-
viously,
viously' the
the slope
slope of the barrel
of the barrel and and the
the length
length of of the
the barrel.
barrel. Nominal
Nominal slopes slopes of of 10,
10, 20 20 and
and 30 30
pper
e r ccent
ent w e r e u used.
were sed. N o m i n a l bbarrel
Nominal a r r e l llengths
e n g t h s wwere
e r e 220,0 , 440
0 aand
n d 660
0 ppipe
i p e ddiam,;ters.
i a m e t e r s " AAct
c t uuaal
l vvalue
a l u e ss
are
are given
given in
in Table
Table IV-1.
IV-1.
2200

APP ARATUS AND PROCEDURE

APPARATUS

The
T h e ssame
a m e eequipment,
q u i p m e n t , cchannels and
hannels a n d ttest
est mmethods
e t h o d s wwere
e r e uused
s e d ffor
o r tthese
h e s e ttests
ests aas
s wwere
e r e u sused
ed
for the
for the tile
tile pipe
pipe tests
tests described
described in in Parts
Parts II II and
and III.
III. The
The test
test setup
setup is is shown
shown in in Fig.
Fig. II-1a.
II-1a.

The test
The test channel
channel was was sonarrow
so narrow that that thethe si.dewall
sidewall effectsare undoubtedly significant for
effects are undoubtedlysignificant for
the two
the two oror three
three largest
largest drop drop inlets.
inlets. This
This has has been
been shown
shown inin connection
connection with study of
with a study of box
box
inlet drop
inlet drop spillways
spillways II-11].
[1-11]. The The effect
effect of
of the
the relati.vely
relatively narrow
narrow approach
approach channel will be
channel wiil be dis-
dis-
"wei.r"Coefficieni.t'
ccussed
u s s e d ffurther
u r t h e r iin
n i the
h o ssubsection
u b s e c t i o n bbelow
elow e entitled
n t i t l e d "Weir Coefficient."

DESCRIPTION OF
DESCRIPTION OF FLOW
FLOW

The nappe cl.ings

The clings to to thethe sides
sides of of the
the riser
rise r at at the
the veryvery lowest lowest heads. heads. For For thisthis condition
condition
data point
a data point cannotcannot be expected expected to to fallfall on on the
the normal
normal weir weir curve.curve. As As the the flow increases the
flow increases the
nappe
n a p p e ssprings
p r i n g s cclearl e a r oof
f t h the
e ccrest
rest a ass ccan a n bbe
e sseen e e n iinn F Fig.
ig.IV IV- 4-4.
. There
T h e r e tthe he n a p p e iis
nappe s sstill
t i l l cclinging
iinging
near the
near the upstream
upstr e am end. end. This This is is because
because the the water
water depth depth on on the the crest
crest is is shallow
shallow at that that point
pOint
result of the
as a resultof the highapproach
high approach velocity. velocity and relatively relatively narrow narrow approach approach channel. channel. At At the the very
very
lowest flows
Iowest flows the the inletinlet to to the
the barrel
barrel is is only
only partly
partly fu1l, full, and the the barrel
barrel entranceentrance acts acts as a weir weir
and
a nd e exercises
x e r c i s e s a ssec econ ndar
d a r yy ccontrol
o n t r o l tthat,
hat, o off ccours
o u r s ee, , hhasas n noo e effect
ffect o on n tthe
he h headpool
eadpool e elevation.
levation.
However, even
However, even at as low low a flow flow as in in Fig.
Fig. IV-4IV -4 the the barrel
barrel entranceentrance is is submerged
submerged and air air is
is
sucked
s u c k e d iinto
n t o t the
he b barrel.
arrel. W Withi t h ffurther
u r t h e r i nincre
c r e a sases
e s i n in tthe h e fflow,
l . o w , sslugs
l u g s fform
o r m i nin tthe he b barrel
arrel a andn d ttravel
ravel
either
either a1l all or part of
or part of the way through it.
way through it. There
There is considerable and very
is a considerable very audible audible suction suction of of
air under these
air under these cconditions.
onditions. Also, Also, the the nappes
nappes alternately
alternately fall fall and rise rise as the the airair flowflow starts starts
and stops
stops as a result result of the slugs
of the siugs forming,
forming, traveling traveling through through the barrel, barrel, and leaving leaving the the bar-
bar-
rel.
rel. P Pressures
ressures u under
n d e r tthehe n nappe
appew were
e r e observed
o b s e r v e d tto o ffluctuate
l u c t u a t e ffromr o m zeroz e r o to - 0 . 0 1 fftt of
t o -0.01 o f water for
w a t e r for
Series
Seri.es X XV,V , while
w h i l e for
for S Series
e r i e s XVI
X V I tthe he p pressure
r e s s u r e was was o observed
b s e r v e d tto o fluctuate
f l u c t u a t e from + 0 . 1 1 to
f r o m +0.11 -0.04
t o -0.04
ft
f t of
o f water.
w a t e r . These
These m measurements
easurementswe were
r e v e rvery
y crude
c r u d e aand
n d do do n noto t necessarily
n e c e s s a r i l y r erepresent
p r e s e n t m amaximum
ximum
or
or minimum
minimumpressures pressures under under the nappe. The
the nappe. The effect
effect of of these
these variations
variations in in pressure
pressure under under the the
nappe was was apparently
apparently not sufficient sufficient to be notic noticed e d on the the head-discharge
head-discharge curve. curve.

The
T h e frequency
f r e q u e n c y oof
f formation
f o r m a t i o n o fof the
t h e tra
t r a vveling
e l i n g hyd r a u l i c jjumps
draulic u m p s or o r slugs
s l u g s increases
increases w with
i t h the
the
flow until the
flowuntil the barrel
barrel flows continuously full
flows continuously futl of an ai r-water mixture.
air-water mixture. The The air air flow
flow then
then grad- grad-
ually decreases
ually decreases with with further
further increases
increases in in wat water e r flow,
f1ow, the barrel barrel flowing
flowing full full all all the time
time and
the
the depth
depth in in the
the drop
drop inletinlet gradually
gradually inc reasing . In Fig.
increasing. Fig. IV-5IV-5 h ttle if
iittle if any air air is being carried
is being carried
through
through the the spillway
spillway in in spite
spite of of the whitewhite wat water e r in
in the
the dropdrop inlet.inlet. The barrel barrel is is flowing
flowing full full
and the
the head between between the water water surfacsurfacee in in the drop drop inletinlet and the centerline centerline of of the barrel
barrel exit exit
is
i s consumed
c o n s u m e d in in ppipe
i p e flow
f l o w l o ssses.
s e s , Ho How weve
e v e rr,, the
t h e control
c o n t r o l at
a t the
t h e drop
d r o p inlet
i n l e t crest
c r e s t is
i s obviously
o b v i o u s l y of
of
the
the weir
weir typetype and the headpool headpool level level is is therefore
therefore governed governed by by the weirweir flow flow formula.
formula.

According
A c c o r d i n g to t o the
t h e head-discharge
h e a d - d i s c h a r g e curve,
c u r v e , the
t h e flow
f l o w shown
s h o w n in i n Fig.
F i g . IV
I V --6
6 can
can b bee computed
c o m p u t e d by
by
either
either the weir weir or or the pipe pipe equations
equations since since it it is at the intersection
intersection of the weir weir and pipe pipe curves.
curves.
Increasing
I n c r e a s i n g thet h e flow
f l o w byb y only 0 . 0 8 cfs
o n l y O.OS c f s results
r e s u l t s in
i n the
t h e condition
c o n d i t i o n shown
s h o w n in i n Fig.
F i g . IV
I V --7
7 which
w h i c h is i s ob-
ob-
viously
viously pipe flow. flow. Increasing
lncreasing the flow flow by another 0.22 cfs
byanother cf.s completely
completely submerges submerges the drop drop in- in-
let
l e t crest
c r e s t as
a s shown
s h o w n iin n Fig
F i g .. IV
I V --S.
8 . The
T h e movement
m o v e m e n t of o f the
t h e water
w a t e r surface
s u r f a c e canc a n beb e seen
s e e n from
f r o m thet h e con-
con-
fetti
f e t t i streaks.
streaks.

The p r e s eenncce
T h e pres e of
of vo
v o r ttice
i c e ss waw a s noted
n o t e d forf o r SeS err ie
i e ss XIV
X I V and a n d XIV
X I V AA. . No
N o mention
m e n t i o n ofo f vortices
vortices
w a s made
was m a d e in i n t h e notes notes for
f o r other
o t h e r ses e r iies
e s , . Careful
C a r e f u l examin
e x a m i n aatiot i o nn o f t h hee water
w a t e r surface
s u r f a c e shown
s h o w n in
in
Fig.
F i g . IV
I V --S
B show
s h o w s ss mall mall depre
d e p r e ss ssions
i o n s sugge
s u g g e ss tive
t i v e o f incipie
i n c i p i e nnt
t vo v o r ttic
i c ees.
s . Vortex
V o r t e x effects
e f f e c t s were
w e r e ap-
ap-
p a r e n t l y n e g ligib
parently l i g i b l le
e for
for the
t h e ses e r iies
e s discussed
d i s c u s s e d in i n Part
P a r t IV I V ofo f thi
t h i ss pdpe
p a p e r.
r.

Onl
Onlyy the de s i r able weir
desirable weir and pipe controls
controls iinfluenced
nfluence d the head-discharge
head-discharge relationship
relationship
for
for this
this sspillway.
pill way .

DISC
D I S C HARGE
H A R G E COE
COEFFFFI C
ICI E
IENTS
NTS

T h e wei
The w e i rr and p i p e discha
a n d pipe d i s c h a rrgge
e coefficient
c o e f f i c i e n t ss will
w i l l be
b e di
d i sscussed
c u s s e d in
i n the
t h e following
f o l L o w i n g subsections.
subsections.
Mention
Mention will
wiII aaLsolso be m a de of the orifice
made orifice at the ba base s e ooff the dropdrop inlet
inlet even though though it had no
effect
effect on the headpool
headpool elevation
elevation. .
 2t
21

Fig. l V - 4 -- W
F i g . IV-4 e i r Flow
Weir F l o wat
ot
Crestof Drop
Crest Drop Inlet.
lnlet.
Nappe c l i n g l n gonly
N o p p eclinging only
ot upstream
at upctreomcorner. corner.
Borrel entrance
Barrel enfronce is is
submerged.Ai
submerged. A,irr is
is
corriedthrough
carried throughbar- bor-
H / D == 00.34.
r e l . HID
rel. .34.
'.

Fig. l V - 5 -- W
F i g . IV-5 e i r Flow
Weir ot
F l o wat
Crest
C r e s tof D r o pInlet.
o f Drop Inlet.
Barrel fl u l l . No
B o r r efull. N o aio ir
f l o w . HID
flow. H/D= = 0.57.
0 . 5 7.

Fig. l V - 6 -- Either
F i g . IV-6 E i t h e rthe
t h e Weir
Weir
or
or thethe Pipe Equoiion
Pipe Equation
Moy be
May be Used
Usedto fo Compute
Compute
the
the Flow for these
Flow for theseCon-
Con-
ditions. HID
ditions H/D = = 0.61
0.51 .
22
22

Fig l V - 7 -- Pipe
F i g.. IV-7 P i p eEquation
Equotion
Determines
Determines Dischorge.
Discharge.
F l o w is
Flow i s only
o n l y 0.08 cfs
0 . 0 8 cfs
greoter than
greater thon_that
thot for
for
H/D = 0 .70.
Fig. lV-6. H/D=0.70.
Fig.IV-6.

! ilri: !:

F i g . IV-8
Fig. - l n l e t isCom-
l V - 8 -Inlet isCom-
p l e t e l y Submerged.
pletely Submerged.
Confetti
Confettishows showslittle
movementof water
movement wqier
surfoce
surface. H / D = 2 . 114.
. H/D 4,

Weir
Weir Coeffi cient
Coefficienl

The
The dropdrop inletsinlets discussed
discussed here here are are ssimilar
i milar to those those discuss
discussed ed in Part Part V of of this
thi.s report.
report^.
"narrowtt
However,
H o w e v e r , the
t h e approach
a p p r o a c h channels
c h a n n e l s were
w e r e t t "w
w i dide"
e t ' f o for
r the
t h e tests
t e s t s repo
r e p o rrted
t e d in i n Part
P a r t V and
a n d "narrow"
"Hydrau-
for
for the teststests reported
reported in in this
this part
part except
except for for Series
Series XVII. XVII. According
According tto o the reportreport on "Hydrau-
lic
l i c Design
D e s i g n of
o f the
t h e Box
B o x Inlet
I n l e t Drop
D r o p Spillwa
S p i l l w a yy"
" [1-11].
1I-111, a channel
c h a n n e l width
w i d t h c orrection
o r r e c t i o n must
m u s t be
b e applied
applied
when
when the channelchannel is narrow . This
isnarrow. This int r oduc ed aacompli.cation
introduced complication into into the analysis.
analysis, especially
especiallysince since
there
there were
were no drop drop inletinlet data data available
available fo forr use in in making
making the approac approachh cchannel hannel width
width correc-
coruec-
tions.
tions. Therefore
Therefore the following following methods methods were were adoptedadopted..

The
The equations
equations developed
developed for for the ttwo wo sections
sections of the head-discha
head-discharge rge curve
curve (see Fig. Fig. II-12
II-12
for
for a typical
typical plot plot of of the data) report
reported ed ii.nn Part
Part V were were assumed
assumed to be co rrect. The
correct. The discharge
discharge
given
given by by these
these equations
equations was was compute
computed, d. corrected
corrected for
for the effect
effect o off approach
approach channel channel width
width
shown
s h o w n in
i n Table
T a b l e III
I I I or
o r Fig
F i g .. IV
I V of
o f Refe
R e f e r eennce
c e 1-11.
I - 1 1 , and
a n d compared
c o m p a r e d w iitt hh t h
hee observed
o b s e r v e d discharge.
discharge.
The
The discharge
discharge was was also also computed
computed ac cording to Reference
according Reference 1-11 I-11 assuming
assuming the control control to be at
beat
the box (drop)(drop) inlet
inlet crest.
crest. Thi
Thiss discha
discharge rge was also also compared
compared wit wlthh tthe he observed
observed discharge.
discharge.

For
For the lower portion of the he
lowerportionof ad-discharge curve
head-discharge curve it j.t was fou found nd that
that the discharges
discharges com- com-
puted
p u t e d according
a c c o r d i n g to
t o Reference
R e f e r e n c e 1-I - 1111 a greed
greed b better
e t t e r with
w i t h the
t h e observe
o b s e r v e dd discharges
d i s c h a r g e s than
t h a n did
d i d the
the
discharges
discharges computed computed from from the equatioequationn developed
developed from from the data rreported eported in in Part
Part V. For For the
upper portionofof the head-di
upper portion head-dischargeschar ge curve,curve, the equationequation given given in in Part
Part V gave closer clo6er agreement
agreement
with
w i t h the
t h e observed
o b s e r v e d discharges
d i s e h a r g e s than
t h a n di d i d the
t h e discharges
d i s c h a r g e s computed
c o m p u t e d from
f r o m Reference
R e f e r e n c e 1-11.
I-11.
5 2 =
The
T h e two
t w o rating
r a t i n g curves
c u r v e s shown
s h o w n ini n Fig.
F i g . 99 ofo f Blaisdell's
B l a i s d e I I r s thesis
t h e s i s [1-
I I - B8]] intersect
i n t e r s e c t at Q / D 1 //2 =
a t Q/D
5.25.. At
5.25 At about that discharge a vac
that-discharge u um developed
vacuum*developed under
under the n appe which
nappe #trlctt increased increased the ef-
ef-
fective head on the crest
fective crest. . ThereTherefore fore it it could
could hardl hardlyy be expected expected that that the discharge discharge as com- com-
p u t e d from
puted f r o m Reference
R e f e r e n c e 1-11
I - 1 1 would
w c u l d agree
a g r e e closely
c l o s e l y witw i t hh the
t h e observed
o b s e r v e d disc d i s c hharges
a r g e s at a t the
t h e higher
higher
flows while
flows while good agreeme agreementnt ccould ould reasonably
reasonably be expected expected at the lower lower discharges.
disiharges. This
This is is
what
what the comparisons
comparisons have sho wn.
shown.
..
23
23

B e s t results
Best r e s u l t s will
w i l l be
b e obtained
o b t a i n e d if
i f the d i s c h a r g e s are
t h e discharges a r e ccomputed
o m p u t e d as
a s in
i n Reference
R e f e r e n c e 1-11
I - 1 1 wwhen
hen
. 5
a /.,2
Q/ D
Q/D"'' / is
is less
less than
than 4, and from
from the equation
equation

a
Q L r[ HH
L Jf 3/2
i12
4 . r - l -; - -- 0.060
-D / == 4.1;- 0 . 0 6 0I ( v -2b)
(V -2b)
D55 l22 D LD -l
,
5E a / t 2" g r e a t e r than
when
when Q
Q // DD" / / is
i s greater t h a n 4.
4.

Orifice
O r i f i c e Coefficient
Coefficient

The orifice
orifice is located
located at the bottom
bottom of the drop
drop inlet
inlet and is the entrance
entrance to the barrel.
barrel.
Actually
Actually no orifice
orifice coefficient
coeffi.cient was obtained,
obtained, but some
some discussion
discussion of the barrel
barrel entrance
entrance act-
act-
ing
ing as an orifice
orifice isis in
in order.
order.

During
D u r i n g the
t h e 1930's
1 9 3 0 t s and
a n d into
i n t o the
t h e 1940's
1 9 4 0 r s aa drop
d r o p inlet
i n l e t closed
c l o s e d conduit
c o n d u i t spillway
s p i l l w a y wasw a s aassumed
ssumed
never
never to flow flow full
full if if the barrel
barrel slope slope was steeper steeper than the friction friction slope.
slope. For For thisthis condition
condition
the
t h e ccontrol
o n t r o l sections
s e c t i o n s wwere
e r e taken
t a k e n aass the
t h e ddrop
r o p inlet
i n l e t crest
c r e s t acting
a c t i n g as
a s aa weir
w e i r oor
r thet h e barrel
b a r r e l entrance
entrance
acting as an orifice--whichever
acting orifice--whichever gave the least least flow flow beingbeing the control. control.
I
The
The tests
tests reported
reported here here show that that the barrelbarrel becomes
becomes sealed sealed off off intermittently
intermittently soon
after
after the water level
thewater level submerges
submerges the barrel barrel entrance.
entrance. The resulting slugs
Theresulting suck air through
slugssuckair through the
barrel
barrel entrance.
entrance. It appears appears that
that the barrel barrel entrance
entrance acting acting as an orifice orifice exercises
exercises control
control
overthe
o v e r t h e discharge
d i s c h a r g e oonly
n l y momentarily
m o m e n t a r i l y between
b e t w e e n the
t h e time
t i m e oone
n e slug
s l u g leaves
l e a v e s the
t h e barrel
barreianand
d thet h e suc-
suc-
ceeding
ceedingslug slug forms.
forms. The turbulence
turbulencecaused caused by by the weir nappes
theweir plunging into
nappesplunging into the drop
drop inlet
inlet un-
un-
doubtedly
doubtedly contributes
contributes to the sealing sealing off off of the barrelbarrel and the eliminationelimination of the orifice orifice as a
control
control section
section for for this
this drop
drop inle
inlett clo sed conduit
closed conduit spillway
spillway. .

Entrance
Entrance Loss
Loss C oeffi c ient
Coefficient

Entrance
E n t r a n c e loss l o s s ccoefficients
oefficients K " for
f o r use u s e ini n Eq. - 5 are
E q . I 1-5 a r e given
g i v e n in i n Table
TableIV IV- 1-1.
. TheT h e tabulated
tabulated
e
values represent the average
values represent average of of from
from 8B to 16 16 determinations.
determinations. They
They are, are, therefore,
therefore, probably probably
more
m o r e reliable
r e l i a b l e than
t h a n the
t h e values
v a l u e s of
o f K e listed
l i s t e d ini n Tables
T a b l e s II-I
I I - 1 and l [ - l w hwhere
a n d l1II-1 ere the
t h e average
a v e r a g e wwas
a s ob-
ob-
e
tained
tained fromfrom only only 2 to 9 observations
observations on the vitrified vitrified clay
clay tile pipe. Also
tile pipe. Also more more attention
attention was was
given to insuring
given insuringreasonablyconstant
reasonably constant headpool headpool elevations elevations during during these these later
later series.
series. Even Even so,
the headpool
the headpool fluctuatedfluctuated somewhatsomewhat during during the observations
observations in in spite
spite of of all .oe fforts to insure
alkfforts insure con-con-
6tant pool
stant levels. The
pool levels. The headpool
headpool fluctuation
fluctuationduring during a typical typical 10-minute
10-minuteobservation observation period period waswas
c o m m o n l y 0.01
commonly 0 . 0 1 ft.
ft.

PRESSURE
P R E S S U R E COEFFICIENTS
COEFFICIENTS

The
The average
average pressure
pressure coefficients
coefficients h /h
hn/huo reduced
reduced to a horizontal frictionless pipe
horizontal frietionless pipe are
are
n vp
given in
given in Table
Table IV IV-2.
-2. In In general,
general, the the pressure
pressure coefficients
coefficients along
along the barrel are
the barrel reasonably
are reasonably
close
close to the theoretical zero,
the theoretical zero, except except close close to the drop drop inlet,
inlet, and for for all practical purposel
all practical purposes
may be assumed
may assumed to be zero. zero. (There (There is is aadiscussion
discussion in in Part
Part II of possi.ble
II of possible reasons
reasons wfrywhy nh /nrr'
/h
n vp
is n
is o t zzero.)
not ero.) P r e s s u r e coefficients
Pressure c o e f f i c i e n t s i nin
t h ethe d
drop
r o p inlet
i n l e t are
a r e above
a b o v e zzero
ero aass oone
n e wwould
o u l d expect. How-
expect. H ow-
ever, actual pressures
ever,actual pressures almost almost anywherewithin
anywhere within the the spillway
spillway may may be below
below atmospheric
atmospheric pres-pres-
sure
Slire and they
they should
should be checked.
checked.

Maximum pressures
Maximum pressures forfor part'full
part-full flow
flow were
were observed
observed to to occur somt~ distance
occur somtr distance down-
down-
stream from
stream from the
the barrel
barrel entrance.
entrance. They
They were
were quite
quite likely
likely the
the result
result of
of imperfections
imperfections in
in the
the
piezometer.
piezometer. No values
values of
of ho/D are given
hp/ D are given here
here since
since itit is
is felt
felt that
that a better
better indication
indication of
of the
the
pressures
pressures can
can be obtained
obtained through
through computation
computation of
of the
the depth
depth of
of flow.
flow.

CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS AND
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
RECOMMENDATIONS

- AII
All thethe drop
drop inlets
inlets shown.in
shown in Fig.
Fig. IV-1
IV -1 areare entirely
entirely satisfactory
satisfactory and and geometrically
geometrically simi- si m i -
Iar
lar struetures
structures are are recommended
recommended foi for use
use under
under field-conditions.
field conditions. tfre The slpitt*ay
spillway proportions
proportions
m a y bbe
may e t ataken
k e n f r ofrom
m F i gFig.
. IIV-l
V-1 a n d TTable
and a b l e I VIV-I;
- 1 ; tthe
h e ccapacity
a p a c i t y o of
f tthe
h e " crest
r " s t . i i acting
i " g ; " ; w as a awe
eirm y i r may
bbe
e ccomputed
o m p u t e d uusing
sing R e f e r e n c e l -1-11
Reference 1 1 uup o q
p tto 5 /52/ 2 =
Q/ /9 D = 44,, wwhile
h i l e ffor
o r ggreater
r e a t e r fflows
Lows E Eq
q ..VV- 2-2b
b sshould
hould
be
be used;
used; thethe entrance-coefficient
entrance coefficient mqy may be taken
taken from from Table
Table IV-I IV-I; and and the the local
local pressur
pressure con- con-
stants
stants for
for use use in
in Eq.
Eq. I-14
1-14 may may be talientaken from
from Table Table IV-Z.
IV-2.
24
24

Part V
Part

Square Inl~t With Square-Edged

Square Drop Inlgt Square-Edged Crest and Square-Edged
Crest and Barrel Entrance
Square-Edged Barrel

DESCRIPTION OF SPILLWAY
SPILLWAY

The drop inlets inlets for all all. of these tests were constructed of Lucite Lucite or Plexiglas and
or Plexiglas and were
s q u a r e in
square p l a n . Their
i n plan. d i m e n s i o n s are
T h e i r dimensions a r e ddefined
e f i n e d in i n Fig.
F i g . VV--1
l and
a n d are
a r e tabulated i . nTable
t a b u l a t e d in T a b l eV -1.
- l . Most
Most
of the drop inlets inlets were 1.25D 1.25D square in plan and and 5D 5D deep
deep although
although these dimensions were
varied in Series L-20
varied L-20 through Series L-24. L-24. The crest crest was square square edged.edged. An anti-vortex
anti-vortex wall
Iocated on the downstream crest
located crest of the drop inlet was used for all tests except except thosethose of Series Seriee
L'7, where the wall
L-7, rvall waswas omitted.
omitted. A dike from from the the anti-vortex
anti-vortex wall wafl to the downstream end end of
t h e test
the t e s t channel
c h a n n e l was
w a s used o p
u s e d tto r e v e n t circulation
prevent c i r c u l a t i o n iin
n b back
a c k of o f tthe
h e wwali
a l l except
e x c e p t for
f o r Series
S e r i e s L-7
L - 7 and
and
L-8.
L-8.

barrel left the

The barrel thedrop
drop inlet at its its base.
base. The barrelbarrel invert was tangent to the bottom
invertwastangent bottomof of
the drop inlet and
dropinlet and the barrel barrel crown
crownwaa was tangent
tangent to the the downstream face face of the the drop inlet. The
downstream face faceof of the drop inlet at its base
thedrop was filled
base was filled in into makeitit flush with the barrel
to make barel en-
trance as in Fig. Fig. IV IV-3.
-3. The barrelbarrel was circular
circuLar Lucite
Lucite pipe for for all tests. The inside diameters diameters
w e r e 1-1/8
were 1 - 1 / 8 in.,
i n . , 2-1/4 i n . and
2 - L / 4 in. a n d 4-1/2
4 - l / 2 in.
i n . The
T h e 2-1/4-in. p i p e was
2 - L / 4 - i n . pipe w a s used
u s e d for
f o r most
m o s t of
o f the
t h e tests.
tests.
Conduit
Conduit lengths
lenglhs were either either 20D,20D, 40D or or 100D,
100D, the the latter
latter length being adopted adopted for for the later
later
tests. The conduit outlet discharged diseharged freely;
freely; it was not not submerged.

Note: Dimensions
Note: Dimensions and piezometer
ond piezometer numbers
numbers
Dike (excepl#* 1,2,3)
(except 1,2.3)are
ore multiples
rnultiplesof
of barrel diomeler
borrel diameter.

3
Approach Channel
chonnel

lS

rr

V-l -- Spillway
Fig. V-l Spillwoy Proportions
Proportionsandond Piezometer
Piezometer Locations,
Locotions,
Series L - 4 8 to
S e r i e sL-4B i o L-19
L - 1 9 Inclusive.
lnclusive.

The polished Lucite Lucite pipe used for for thesethese tests was was assumed
assumed to be be hydraulically
hydraulicallysmooth. smooth.
The t ' s m o o i h " curve
T h e "smooth" c u r v e for presented b
f o r f presented byy Rouse
R o u s e [1-44, p . 4405,
0 5 , Fig.ll]
l I - 4 4 , p. F i g . l 1 1 was
w a i used
u s e d in
i n computing
computing
friction losses through the spillway.
friction spillway. The average friction factor for the
average friction the 20
20 series L-14 through
series L-14
L-33
L - 3 3 wwasa s 1.7 p e r cent
1 . ? per c e n t less
l e s s than
t h a n the
t h e friction
f r i c t i o n factor
f a c t o r for mooth p
f o r ssmooth i p e , tthe
pipe, h e range
rangeo off deviation
d e v i a t i o n be-
be-
from +9
ing from +9 per cent cent to -9 per cent as can be seen bby
be seen referring to Tables V
y referring -1 and
V-l and VI-1.
VI-l.

Piezometers were installed

Piezometers installed in the drop inlet and and conduit to determine
determine the pressures at
thepressures
t h e points
the p o i n t s indicated
i n d i c a t e d in
i n Fig.
F i g . VV-l
- 1 and
a n d Table
TableVV-2. P r e s s u r e s were
- 2 . Pressures w e r e indicated
i n d i c a t e d in
i n open manorneter
o p e n manometer
columns and recorded photographically.
and recorded photographically.

Variables included in the test program

Variables program were the
the drop inlet area and
and drop inlet depth to
these dimensions affected the
determine how these the performance
performance of the spillway; the conduit size to
 25
25

TABLE
T A B L E V-l
V.l
PROPORTIONS DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS
PROPORTIONS OF SPILLWAYS AND DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS

Series
S6r,l.ar D D,/D
Dlh Drf -/"
l/b e
S z/D
ple
Z/b '1,"
Zrh Inlet
I!16t Conduit
Conduit Anti-Vortex
Anti-Vorlor Devia tion of
DYlatiob of f cC-o N
l{
o
C

N
N

(
K
e
N
e
(ft)
(rt)
, l. - .-" Crest
cFst Entranoe
htroca Wall
n.rl-- From
4 "Smooth". %
Tangent 0.84 16
L-4B
L-tir 0.376
0.176 tq. 1.25
I.25 sq.
1.25 .q,
L25 sq. 20 0.2<)8
20 10.4, 5.00
0.298 10.43 squaft edge
5.oo Square squaF edge
edg Square sds ffl"ttdike
and
Tangent
L-lL
L-5A 0.0924
o.W4 ]2, sq.
1.25 !q. !q.
1.25 sq.
1.25 29 0.293
20 Lo'66 5.00
o'zgt 10.66 squareedge
5'oo Square squaFedge
.dge Square cdgc fft"i;dike
and
0.74 10
Tangent 0.62 6
L4
1-6 r.25.q.
o.o*)+ 1.25
0.0924 sq. 1.25sq.
1.25 !q. l+0 0.301
40 o.tol !6,87 5.00
16.87 squaroedge
5.oo Square squarcedge
odte Square eds ]trTftl
and dike

L-7
1-7 1,25 sq.
0,:-8751.25
0.1875 !q. !q.
1.29 sq.
1.25 20 0.299
20 o,29 10.58 5.00
10.58 squareedge
5.00 Square squaFedge
edgo Square dge lloEe
None

L-8
1-8 0.1875 !q.
1.25 sq.
O.I875 1.25 1,25 sq.
1.25 !q. 20 0.299
20 O.ry 10'58 5.00
10.58 SquaFedge
5'00 Square Squateedge
odge Square edge Tagest
Tangent 1.24 6

gquareedge Tangent
L-g
L-9 I,2, sq.
o,r87, 1.25
0.1875 rq. 1.25sq.
1.25 sq. 20 00,296
20 1o'r, 5.00
.296 10.35 Squareedge
5.oO Square edge Square dge 0.77 17
ffTitdike
and
Tangent 0.94
L-lo
1-10 t,25 sq.
o,L87, 1.25
0.1875 !q. 1.25sq.
1.25 rq, 29 0.025
20 0.025 4.99
L,gg 5.00 squarcedge
5.oo Square squaFedge
edsc Square cdgo ltr-a"ill
and dike
11
Tangent
L-11
1-11 1,25 sq.
o,LB7, 1.25
0.1875 !q. 1.25 sq.
1.25 !q. 20 0.050
20 o.o5o 5.49
5.1$ 5.00 squareedge
,.oo Square odss Square
squarcedge
edse lfTi*dike
end
0.93 12
Tangent
L-Lz 0.1875
1-12 1,2, sq.
0.L875 1.25 !q, 1.25 sq.
1.25 Bq. 20 0.100
20 o.loo 6,1195.00
6.49 squaFedge
,.Oo Square sgwre edge
cdgr Square edgc HTi*t
and dike
0.88 8
Tangent
L-lt
L-13 L,zr.q.
9,1875 1.25
0.1875 "'1. 1.251'1.
1.25 !q. 20 0.204
20 8.1+95.00
O.2ol+ 8.49 sguBFedge
5.00 Square .ds. Square cds
SErEFedge tr'at*
and dike 079 7
Tangent
r-r[
1-llI 1.25 .q,
0.18?5 1.251'1.
0.1875 !q.
),,25sq.
1.25 lOO 0.025
100 0,025 7.12
7.X2 5.00 Squar edge
5,OOSquare squE edge
ed8c Squa"" odsc ffTiat
and dike
r!.0
+4.0 1.09 22
Tangent
l-15
1-15 0.1875 cq, 1.25
1,25 "'1.
o.LI?, 1.25 f,Zj sq. 1oo 0.049
sq. 100 g,1l+ 5.00
o.o,l+9 9.44 sqsr edge
5,oo Square sqEr edge
6dg. Square edgo 3il"ttt
and dike
+0.1+
+0.4 0.96 19
Tangent 6
L-r6
L-16 t,25 sq.
0.187, 1.25
0.1875 !q. I.25 sq.
1.25 loo 0.102
sq. 100 rl+.59 5.00
o.loA 14.65 sqsF edge
5.oo Square cdgc Square .dgc
sqEs edge trtatfl
end dike
+0,0
+0.0 0.80
Tangent
L-Ll
1-17 I,2, sq.
0,1875 1.25
0.1875 sq. 1.25
r.25 sq. 1oo 0.200
.q. 100 0.200 24.70
4,?o 5.00 squaFedge
5,oo Square sqEr. edge
6d8c Square od8 and
IITTA
dike
-2. L 0.80 13
Tangent +o,7
r-18
L-18 0.1875 r7. 1.25
r,25 sq.
0,7875 1.25 t.29 sq. 1oo 0.199
rq. 100 d:,rg 5.00
0.199 24.39 squrF edge
5,oo Square sqEF edge
cdgc Square cdgr and
fftatt1:
dike
0.87 19
Tangent -t.l
L-19
1-19 r,2, sq.
0.1875 1.25
0.1875 !q. 1.25 !q.
1.251'1. 1oo 0.303
100 o.ro, 34.77
,),77 5.00 squre edge
,,oo Square squr edge
.dto Square sdsc JrTt"iJ"
and dike
-1.1 0.84 19
Tangent +9,'
L-20
1-20 1,25 sq.
0.1S751.25
0.1875 Bq. 1.25
1.25sq.
!q. 1oo 0.299
100 0.29 31.44
,r./rl+ 2.00 sqar edge
2,oo Square squF edge
edse Square cdga trX"tt
end dike 4.44 34 0.92 19
Tangent
L-et
L-21 l.zt sq.
0,L875 1.25
0.1875 1.251'1.
sq' 1.25 rq' 1oo 0.298
100 0.298 33.30
lt,ro squatoedge
\.oo Square
4.00 squaredge
dgc Square odge +,1.8
+4.8 3.97 4 0.87 10
fft;*"dike
and
Tangent
L-Q
L-22 0.1875 2,OOsq.
0.1875 2.00 !q. 2.OOsq.
2.00 sq, 100
100 0.302
O.rO2 33.25
,r.2, 3.50 Squareed
1.rO Square edg. Squaredge
ge Square sdgc +1.8
+1.8 4.70 22 0.61
]trT#"
I!lnd dike
Tangent
L-e,
L-23 0.1875 1,50 0'1.
0.1875 1.,0 !q. 1.50 sq.
1.50 !q. 1oo 0.302
100 o.roA 33.23
1r,2, 3.50
t,m squaF edge
Square cds6 Square
sqsF edge
odgr fft1";
and dike
+2.0
+2.0 4.83 0.74 11
Tangent
t-24
L-24 0.1875 1.00 sq.
0.1875 1.00 sq. 1.00
1.oo 0'1.
rq, 1oo 0.302
100 o.ro2 33.22
,r.22 3.50
,,n squaFedge
Square .d!i Square
squF edge
.dgr ffTff.
and dike
-0.!
-0.4 4.09 7 1.31 10

the scale effect, if

determine the if any;
any; and
and the barrel
barrel slope
slope to determine itEio effect on the
it*effect perfor-
theperfor-
mance and
mance and entrance loss coefficient.
coefficient. Conduit
Conduit length was not aa fundamental
was not fundamental variable
variable after
after the
data had
method of analyzing the data been established;
had been established; the length was determined by space apace con-
siderations and by the length necessary to establish uniform
siderations and uniform flow downstream from from the drop
j.nlet and
inlet and provide sufficient length for
for the determination of the
the determination the friction
friction factor.

T A B L E V-2
TABLE V.2
PIEZOMETER
PIEZOMETER LOCATIONS AND LOCAL
LOCAL PRESSURE
PRESSURE DEVIATION
DEVIATION
GRADE LINE, SERIES
FROM HYDRAULIC GRADE SERIES L-4B
L_48 to L-24
L_24

Piezometer
Series L4 L-SA LOO6 L-8 L-9 L-10 L-11 L-12 L- 13 L -14 L-15 L-16 L-17 L-18 L-19 L-20 L-21 L-22 L-23 L-24
Location
Locatio!

Upstr~am
Upstrgm
. stetion
Station
r". 1
No. t \ +1.22 +1.23
J**rzt -
+1.15 +1.52 +1.23 +1.36 +1.36 +1.32
holhop

+1.24 +1.58 +1.37 +1.21 +1.20 +1.30 +1.27 +1.29 +1.51 +1.43 +1.04
Risht'
Right
Upstrou-
Upstream
.
~~:
ilo. ~~b
2t" :i:tt
No.2r; +1,1+l++1.41
+1.4I
+1,lrlr +1.43
c -!,29
+Ll+1
+1,r0
+1 .30
+r,r2
+1.32
+r.7t +1.47
+1.73 +I)t
+1.82 +1.49
+1.82
+I.n
+1.57
+1.58
+1.119 +1.
+r.60 +1.55
+1.60 +L55
+1.60 +1.55
58 +1.60 +r,55
+\,1$ +1.71
+1.45 +1,71 +1.61
+1.)!6 +1.70
+1.46
+L61
+I.7o +1.64
-:
+r.6la +1.44
+1.lrl+ +1.47
+1.44 +1,117 +1.44
+1.!6 +1.52
+1.1r! +1.46
+t)A
+r,52 +1.50
+1.39
+1.5o +1.42
+1.50 +1.54
+!,19 +1.50
+1.12 +1.48
+1,5!
+1,48 +1.53
+1.5t
+r.55
+1.55
+I.52
+1.52
+I,r2
+1.42
+r,t9
+1.39
Crown
crm No, 3
No. -0.95
ra -1.29 -0.95 -0.9s
-0.98 -1.30
4.,to -r,29
-1.29 -1.!6
-1.46 -1.r8
-1.38 -r,F
-1.38 -LI7
-1.17 -r3,+
-1.34 -L.ry
-1.15 -1.21 -1.21
-1.2r. -1.or
-1.01 -1,06
-1.06 -r,to
-1.30 -o.95
-0.95 -o.78
-0.78 -o.88
-0.88 -r,lr!
-1.1.,4
Invert
rDrrt D/2
0/2 -o,ro
-0.30 -o.ol+
-0.04 -0.r5
-0.16 -0.17
-0.17 -o.1r
"0.31 -o.27
-0.27 -o.2
-0.22 -0.26
-0.26 -o,21
-0.23 -0.28
4.2a -o.n
-0.22 -a.rt
-0.13 -0.r7
-0.17 -o.18
-0.18 -o.21
-0.21 -o.4
-0.27 -0.05
-0.05 -0.26
-0.26 -o.lo
-0.10 +o.o9
+0.09
Invert
In@rt 20
2D -0.20
4.20 {.ol+
+0.04 -o.05
-0 .05 -0.06
4.06 -o.15
-0.16 -0.}7
-0.17 -o,llr
-0.14 -o,15
-0.15 -0.I2
-0.12 -o,U
-0.14 -0.76
-0.16 -a,07 -0.28
-0.07 -0,28 -0.05
-0.05 -0.05
-0.06 -0.12
{.r2 -o.m
-o.ol -0,o2
-0.02 0.00
o,m -0.05
-0 . 05
Invert
InErt 60
6D -0,00 +0.07
-0.00 +0.07 +0.02
+0.02 +0,01
~.01 --o.0,
0.03 -0,0I
~.01 ~.OO
+0.00 ~.01
.ol ~.02
+0.o2 +o.o7
+0.07 ~.05
{.05 +0.01+ +o.~
+0.04 +0.07 ~.02
-0.02 +0.00
+0.00 +O,01
+0.01 -o.o1
+o.02 -0.01
+0.02 +0.01
{.01 +0.o2
+0.02
Invert
Inwrt 100
lOD +0.0O +0.05
+0.00 +O.05 -0.02 +0.o,
+0.03 -0.o2
~.~ -o,ol
-0 .01 -o,oo
~.OO ~.01
+0,o1 -0,01
-0.00 ~.07
+O.07 +0.05
+0.05 +o.02
+O,ol+ +0.02
+0.04 +o.05
+0.05 +0.05
+0.05 +O,ol+
+D.Q4 -o,oL
+0.05 -0.04
+0.05 +o,o/r
+0.04 +0.05
+0.05
Invert
I!v6.t l4D
ilp 0.00
o.oo +0.00 -0.0, -0.01
+o,oo -0.03 -0.o1 -o.ol
-0.03 -0,02
-0.02 --o,02
0.02 -0,o1
-0 .01 -o.oo
-0.00 +0.06 +0.05
+0.06 +o,ot +o.olr
+0.04 ~.02
+o,02 +o.ol+
+0.04 +o.ct
+0.04
Invert
In@rt HID
r8D -o,01
-0.01 -o.ot -0.03
+o,o1 -0.03
+0.01 -o,ot -0.0,
-0.03 -o.01
-0.01 -o.02
-0.02 -o.oo
-0.00 -0.o2
-0.02 +0.04
{.oi+ +0.0,
+0.03 +O.~
+0.o2 +0.00
{,oo +0.00
{.oo +0.o2
+0.02
Invert
Inre* 22D
22-D -o.Ol+
-0.04 +0.09
{.09 +0.o7
+0.07 +0.06
+0.06 +0.o5
+0.05 +0,1I
+O.ll +0.08
{.o8
Invert
InGft 30D
tAD -O,O.lr
-0.04 +O.Ol+ +0.03
+0.04 +0.0, +0.02
{.OA -o.oo
-0.00 +O,0,
+0.03 +0.o, +0.03
+0.03 +0.0, +0.02
{.o2 +0.o2 +0.03
+0.02 {.ol +0.02
+0.02
Invert
In@* 80
3,8D -0.o1
-0.03 +0.02 +0.01
+0.02 +o.01 +0.01
+0.01 -0.oo
-0.00 +0.o1
+0.01 +0.01
+0.01
rnveft
Invert 46D
4ou +o.0.lr
+0.04 +0.00
{.00 +0.00
+0.00 -o.02
-0.02 ~.03
{.0, +O.~
+0.02
In@t
Invert 54D
,JD +o.0I
+0 . 01 -0.o1
-0.01 -o.o1
-0.01 -o,o2
-0.02 +0.00
{.oo -o.ol
-0.00 -0.01 0.00
0.o0 0.00
0,oo 0.00
0.00 -0.01
Invert 62D ~.05
+0,05 +0.0I
+0.01 +O.01
+0.01 +0.01
+0.01 +0,0,
+0.03 +0.02
+0.02
Invert
In!'t 700
1OD -o.0,
-0.03 -0,o1
-0.01 -o,o2
-0.02 -o.o1
-0.03 -o.or
-0.01 -0.o, -0.04
-0.03 -o,ol+ -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -o.02
-0.02
Invert
lnwrt 780
78D -0.00
-0.00 -0,o2
-0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0,01
-0.00 -0,01
-0.01
Invert
lnreft 860
86D -o.o5
-0.05 -0.01
-0.03 -o.ol.
-~04 -0.0,
-0.03 -0.02
{,02 -0.o,
-o.~
Ilmrt
Invert 94D
91rt -o,oo
-0.00 -0,o1
-0.03 -a.ot
-0.03 -a,oz
-0.02 -o.e
-o.~ -o.ot
-0.03
In@rt
Invert 9BO
98D --o.0J
0.03 -0.02
-0.02 -o.o2
-0.02 -0.o2
-0.02 -0.02 -o,02
-0.02 -0.07
-o.~ -0.0,
-0.03 -0.02
-o.~ -o.o2
-0.02 -0.02
- O .~
1nv6rt
Invert 990
99D -o.09
-0.09 -0,06
-0.06 -o.@
-0.02 -o.ot
-0.03
Invert
I!@ft 99-3fi,D
99-tAt -0,10
-0.10 -0.07
{.07
In@rt
Invert 99.90
99.9 -0.03
-0 .08 -0,o5
-0.05

Side of drop inlet. a At -4D. bAt -0/2. OAt 0/2.

26
26

T A B L E V-3
TABLE V-3
CHARACTERISTICS T E S T SETUPS
O F TEST
C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S OF SETUPS

Setup for
for Sarie
Soriess
Characteristic
Characteri stlc
L-4Jl
L-Ur L-5A to L-13 inc.
to L-l3 inc. L-1,1+to L-17 inc.
L-14 i!s. l,-18 and
L-18 and L-19
L-19

Water supply
Water supply Supply
Supply channel
chaool Supply
Supply channel
chamel Supply ch annel
chanel Reci
Recl reule. ted
roulated

Head
Head available
a@ilabfe 1 1 . 0'
11.0' r r Rt
11.8' R cl
8.5' 11.9'

Flow measurements
measuronenta
Instrument
InstMent sit
crl orifioe
^#fi^a in
ir 1.0'
1 . 0 r HS
H S flume
flme 1.0'
1.Or HS
iIS flume
f1@e 1.0"
l . O r r oorifice
rifice in
in
6"
5" line
line 2"
c - line
l l n e and
a t c 2.1"
z.r-
orifice
orlrlcg 1 ! 4"
in 4 - line
r1n9
'l[ater
Head
I{ead. measurement
me6surment Water
water manometer
mnoneter Point gage Point ga ge Water manometer
nanonter and
and
mercury
nercury manometer
unometer
Approach
Approaoh channel
chenel
lYidth, length,
Width, lergth, depth 5.0'
5 . o t xx 55.5'
. 5 r xx l1.1'
.1r 2.0'"
2 . 0 , x 56.
. J3'' r xl
1 ' ' 2.
Z . 0'
O t x 66, j. t3' x l 1.0'
.Ol 3.0'
, . 0 r r xl 5 15.0'
. 0 r x 2 X, O2.0'
r
Photograph
Ph-+^dEhh Fig.
Fig. V-2a
T-2a Fig
Fig. . V- 3a
iI-Ja Fig
Fi6. . V- 3a
V-Ja Fig.
! rg, V-4a
Y-4a

Model
Modl installation
installation
Photograph
Ph^+^ rrrnh Fig
Flg. . V-2h
V-2b v-rb
Fig. V- 3b Fig
! rg .. V-4b
vq.lD

ii'' :

(a)
(a) Approach
Approach to
to drop
drop inlet
ialet

(b)
(b) Model.
Model, showing
ehowlag connectio
connec
to
to manometers
rnanorneterg and
aad pressu
recorders
reoord6r

Fi
Figg.. V-2 -' Test
TestSetup
Setupfor SeriesL-4B.
for Series L-48.
 27
27

APPARATUS AND
APPARATUS AND PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE

Four
F o u r ddifferent
i f f e r e n t test t e s t setups
setupsw were
e r e used
u s e d to
t o make
m a k e these
t h e s e test
t e s t s .. The
T h e iimportant
m p o r t a n t features
f e a t u r e s of
o f the
the
ssetups
e t u p s and
a n d the
t h e serie
s e r i e ss tet e sted
s t e d on
o n each
e a c h are
a r e given
g i v e n in
i n Tab
T a ble V V -3.
-3.

The
The water
water supplysupply for for the the first
first threethree setups setups wa wass obtained
obtained from from the the Mississippi
Mississippi River
River
through
th r ou gh the the main main Laboratory
Laboratory supply supply channel.channel. The The fourth
fourth setupsetup was was assembled
assembled to to eliminate
eliminate
operational
ope rational difficu ltie s which
difficulties whi.ch were were traced traced to to this
this soursource ce of of supply.
supply. The The principal
principal difficulty
difficulty
experienced was
experienced was thatthat the the tra nsparent plastic
transparent plastic used used in in the
the mo dels has aa fairly
models fairly high
high coefficient
coefficient
o f therma
of t h e r m a l l expansion.
e x p a n s i o n . When
W h e n the
t h e model
m o d e l was w a s iinstalled
n s t a l l e d ata t room
r o o m t teemperature
mperature and
a n d ooperated
p e r a t e d dduring
uring
the winter
the winter monthsmonths using using waterwater at at temperatures
temperatures close close to to fr e e z i ng, the
freezing, the pipes
pipes shrank,
shrank, openingopening
joints and
joints permitting leakage
and permitting Ieakage of of airair intointo and and water
water out out ofof the
the model.
model. These These difficulties
difficulties were were
o v e r c o m ee in
overcom i . n the f o u r t h setup
t h e fourth s e t u p byb y rrecirculating
e c i r c u l a t i n g w awater
t e r a t at room
r o o m tt emperature
e m p e r a t u r e and
a n d by
b y using
u s i n g aa con-
con-
stant levellevel tank tank to insure steady
to insure steady flow. flow.

devices for
The devices for measuring
measuring flow
flow rates
rates were
were calibrated
calibrated tto
o iinsure
nsure ttheir
he ir accuracy.
accuracy.

special effort
A special effort was made made in all all of ttheh e installations
installations to insure insure that the velocity
velocity distribu-
distribu-
tion i n the
t i o n in t h e approach
a p p r o a c h channel
c h a n n e l was
w a s symmetrical.
symmetrical. Only
O n I y partial
p a r t i a l suc
s u c c ess
e s s wa
w a s obtained
o b t a i n e d as
a s is
i s evi-
evi-
d e n c e d by
b y the
t h e discussion
d i s c u s s i o n in "Circulation
denced i n the
t h e section
s e c t i o n entitled
e n t i t l e d "Circul atio n Around A r o u n d Headwall."
Headwall.tr

AII of the models

All models werewere installed
installed in in much
much the same same manner
manner. . This This is ap parent from
apparent from Figs.
Figs.
V --22,, VV --3
3 and
a n d V --4.
4 . Each p i p e was
E a c h pipe w a s attached
a t t a c h e d to
t o aa b a se
s e o r girder
g i r d e r which
w h i c h could
c o u l d be
b e adjusted
adjusted as to
aJto
posi.ti.on, elevation,
longi.tudinal position,
longitudinal elevation, and slope. slope. The waste waste rece iver wa
receiver wass arranged
arranged so that flow flow from
from
the pipepipe would
would be unimpeded
unimpeded (free). (free).

(a)
(a) Approach
Approaoh to
to drop
clrop inlet
inlet

(b) uoaet
(U) Model aad
and manometsr
manometer board
f or Series
for Series L-lJ
L- 13

FFig.
ig. V - 3 -- TTest
V-3 e s tS e t u offor
Setup or S e r i e sLL-5A
Series - 5 A tto
o LL-13
- ' l 3 IInc
n cIlusive
u s i v e. .
228
B

Heads on
Heads on the
the dropdrop inlet
inlet crest
crest werewere measured
measured by by aa point
point gage located over
gage located stilling well
over aa stilling well
wwhich
h i c h wwasa s cconnected
o n n e c t e d tto
o tthe
h e hheadpool.
e a d p o o l . FFoorr ttwow o ssetups e c o r d e r wwas
e t u p s aa rrecorder s e d tto
a s uused e t e r r n i n e wwhen
o ddetermine hen
tthe
h e l level
e v e l i in
n tthe
h e hheadpool
e a d p o o l bbecame
e c a m e cconstant;
o n s t a n t ; aa SStevens ype M
t e v e n s ttype M wwater
a t e r l level e c o r d e r wwas
e v e l rrecorder a s uused
sed
on the
on the first
first setup
setup and and an an Esterline-Angus
Esterline-Angus bellows-type bellows-type pressure recorde r on
pressure recorder the fourth
on the fourth setup. setup.

The Stevens
The Stevens typetype M M water
water level
level recorder
recorder was substituted for
was substituted for the Esterline-Angus re-
the Esterline-Angus re-
ccorder
o r d e r ffor
o r ttests
e s t s ssubsequent
u b i e q u e n t tto
o SSeries
e r i e s LL-19
' 1 9 sso
o tthat t s ggreater
h a t iits c c u r a c y ccould
r e a t e r aaccuracy o u l d bbe t i l i z e d tto
e uutilized o
make storage
make storage corrections
corrections in in the
the headpool.
headpool.

PPress
r e s s u ur eres
s f r ofrom
m tthe
h e ppiezometers
i e z o m e t e r s llocated
o c a t e d aalong h e cconduits
l o n g tthe e r e ccarrie
o n d u i t s wwere o rrna
a r r i e d d tto r r a nometer
nometer
boards where
boards where the the manometers
manometers lvere were grouped
grouped for convenience to
for convenience permit photographic
to permit photographic record- record-
ing of the
ingof the instantaneous
instantaneous pressures pressures upon upon aa single negative. The
single negative-. manometers were
The manometers were glass-tub-e8
glass tubes
about 33 mm
ab"out mm i.n in 1nside
inside diimeter.
diameter. The The tubes
tubes were
were so small that
so small that the readings were
the readings were undoubtedly
undoubtedly

(a)
(a) Approach
Approach to drop inlet
to ilrop inlet

(b)) General
(b Genoral vi~ of test
wlslr of test
aPProach
setup showing approach
setup
channel,
channel, model and
arodel and
manorneter board
manometer for
boarcl for
Serioss L-19.
Serie L-19.

Fig V - 4 -- Test
F i g.. V-4 T e s tSetup f o r Series
S e t u pfor S e r i e sL-18 L-19'
o n d L-19.
L - 1 8 and

influenced response to
rapid response pressures
fluctuating pressures
to fluctuating
influenced by by capillary
capillary effects.
effects. However
However,, the the more
more. rapid
for any effects
through to more t han comp en~~te fo: any . effects
more than compensate
through the the use
use of"i small manometer tubes
"*iri*ii.*"i"" i"ues is
is believed
believed to
rurst
inertia IIUl
of capillarity. Since the p r es sures
p."".rr."" fluctuated
fluctualed rapidly under
rapidlyunder ssome
o me flow
flow conditions' mertla
condltlons, 8t
of capillarity. Since ihe
also
a l s o affect
a f f e c t some
s o m e of
o f the
t h e readings.
readings.

A.ll j,norder simultaneously record

org:r-l:to simultaneou.sly record the pres-
the pres-
AII readings
readings were were obtained
obtained photographically
photographically in
pressures
sure to obtain the readings when
srrre in in each
eacrr of of thetTretube
t;;;". s . Thlsflii; method*uirrod*"s was necessary
nece-ssary to obtam the readmgs when pressures
fluctuated p e r m a n e n t record. P r e s s u r e s were
r e c o r d ' Pressures read
w e r e read
f l u c t u a t e d and a n d was
w a s used
u s e d for
f o r the
t h e other
o t h e r runs
r u n s to t o insure
i n s u r e aa permanent
from the negatives or prints to 0.01
i" o.ot ft
t t with
w i t h the
t h e aid
a i d o
of i aa m a g n
magnifying i f y i n g g l
glass a s s .
. ' T
Thish i s p r o c e
procedure d u r e w ass
wa
from the negatrves ;;;;1;; to
most w e r e also u s e d with
a l s o used w i t h some s e t u p s to
s o m e setups
m o s t satisfactory
s a t i s f a c t o r y . . Esterline-Angus
E s t e r l i n e - A n g u s pressure
p r e s s u r e recorders
r e c o r d e r s were
provide a
p"o,ria" ".""o"d"of record of the
t h e fluctuating
f l u c t u a t i n g pressures
p r e s s u r e s ata t some
s o m e o
of f t
the h e p i e z o
piezometer m e t e r l o c a
locations.t i o n S '

Photog r aphs of for most runs to

most runs provide aa record
to provide of
record of
Photographs of the
the inlet
inlet and
and pipe
pipe were
were obtained
obtained for
flow conditions at these locations.
flow conditions at these locations.
 229
9

DESCRIPTION OF
DESCRIPTION OF FLOW
FLOW

The first
The first description
description ofof flow
flow applies
applies only
only to
to Series
Series L-48
L-4B to L-19 inclusive,
to L-19 Series L-?
inclusive, Series L-7
excepted.
excepted. For
For these
these series
series the
the drop
drop inlet
inlet was
was 5D
5D deep
deep and
and only
only the
the desirable
desirable weir
weir and pipe
and pipe
controls governed
controls governed thethe head-discharge
head-discharge relationship.
relationship.

The nappes
The nappes could could be be made
made to to cling
cling toto the
the sides
sides of of the drop inlet
the drop inlet at values of
at values of g/DHI D up up toto
0.85, although
0.85, although rnnsweremadethroughoirt
runs were made throughout this this range
range of of head with the
head wi.th nappes free.
the nappes free. When When H/D HI D
was greater than about
was'greate.-th.r, about 0.85, 0.85, thethe nlppes
nappes clungto
clung to the-sides
the sides of of thethe drop
drop inlet inlet in spite of
in spite of all
all
efforts tofree
efforis to free them.them. ViewsViews oi of the
the clinglngnappes
clinging nappes are are shown
shown in Fig. V -5 and
in Fig.V-5 and viewsviews of the free
of the free
nnappes
a p p e s i in
n FFig.
i g . VV
- 6-6.
. IIt t wwill
i l l bbe
e nnoted
o t e d iin
n F iFig.
g.V-0VU-6b tthat
l a i tthe
h e ffree
r : e e nnappes n t e r s e c t i in
a p p e s iintersect r o p iin-
h e ddrop
n - t the n-
let. This
tei.- thls condition
condition is
is conducive
conducive to
to entrainment
entrainment of
of air,
air, and
and some
some air
air was
was carried
carried through
through the
the
pipe under
pipe under these
these conditiong.
conditions. Under Under the the condition
condition of of Fig.
Fig. V-5b,
V -5b, the the air movement was
air movement was notnot suf-
suf-
ficient to
ficient to cause
cause its its presence
presence to to bebe noted.
noted.

,No noticeable fluctuation in

.Nonoticeablefluctuation in headover
head over the the crest
crest was observed when
was observed when H/D HI D was was lessless thanthan
0.55.
0,bb. However,
However, considerable
considerable fluctuation
fluctuation in
in head
head was
was observed
observed when
whenthe the nappes
nappes were
were free
free and and
HI D was
H/D was between
between approximately
approximately 0.55 0.55 and and 0.85.0.85. When When the clung to
nap pes clung
the nappes to the side of
the side of thethe
ddrop
r o p iinlet,
nlet,no no hhead
e a d ffluctuation
l u t t u a t i o n ttook
o o k pplace.
lace. A A vvIew
i e w ooff t hthe
e eclinging a p p e s iis
l i n g i n g nnappes h o w n iin
s - sshown n FFig.
i q . VV
- 7-7.
.
Close observation
Cloie observation of of Fig.
Fig. V -7b
V-?b shows
shows that
that there
there is
is an
an air
air pocket
pocket in
in the
the drop
drop inlet.
inlet. The
The air
air
pocket expands
pocket expands as as thethe fi-owflow accelerates
accelerates down down the the drop
drop inlet.
inlet. The upper end
The upper end of of the barrel is
the barrel is
also
also full
full of
o1 a
a water-air
water-air mixture.
mixture. Views
Views of
of the
the free
free nappes
nappes are
are shown
shown in
in Figs.
Figs. v-a
V-B and
and V-9. V-9.
IIn
n F Fig.
i g . VV
- 8-8b
b sslugsl u g s aare
r e fforming
o r m i n g a nand
d bbreaking
r e a k i n g i nin tthe
h e uupper
p p e r eendn d oof f tthe arrel. T
h e bbarrel. h e s e sslugs
These l u g s ccreate
reate
suction that
suction that draws
draws air air noisil/
noisily in in through
through the the dropdrop inlet
inlet and
and the the partial vacuum in
partial vacuum in effect
effect in- in-
creases the
"r"."u" the headover
head over the the weirand
weir and drawsdown
draws down the the headpool.
headpool. These slugs form only
These slugsform only intermit-
intermi.t-
tently and
tently and between
between times times the the suction
suction and and capacity
capacity of the inlet are
of the-.inlet reduced. This
are reduced. causes the
This causes the
headpool
headpool to to rise.
rise. Fig.
Fig. V-9a
V-9a shows
shows that
that under
under these
these conditions
conditions the
the space
space above,the
above the nappes is
nappes is
full of
fuU of water,
water, while
while it-canit can be seen seen in in Fig.
Fig. V-9bV -9b that that no slugsslugs are forming in
are forming in the barrel and
the barrel and no no
suction is
suction is being
being appliedapplied to to thethe drop
drop inle1.
inlet. Theair bubbles shown in the
The air bubblesshownin drop inlet
the drop inlet in in Fig.V-9b
Fig. V -9b
represent the
represent thealr slo*.,inair shown in Fig.
Fig.V-8bV -8b which
which is now
isnow being
being mixed
mixed with
wi.th the
the water
water and carried out
carried out
into
into thethe barrel.
barrel.

The when HI
nappes when greater
was greater
H/DD was
The head
head was
was steady
steady and it was
and it was not possible
possible to free
free the nappes
than structure, the air flow
air flow
than 0.85.
0.8b. Considerable amounts of
Considerable-amounts of air
air were
were sucked
sucked noisily
noisily into
into the structure, the
decreasing as the water flow increased.
increased. The barrel
barrel and drop inlet
dropinlet werecontinuously-full
were continuously full of aa
of
decreasing as the water flow
water-air mixture.
mixture. Fig.
Fig. X-10
X-10 shows
shows the flow
flow conditions.
conditions. It should be emphasized
It should that even
emphasized that even
water-air
though are in
in evidence, dis-
evidence, and the dis-
though the
the barrel
barrel isis full
fuli of
of aa mixture
mixture of water
water and air,
air, nappes are
charge
cnafge varies
varies as
as the
the 3/3f22 power
power of the head over
over the drop
drop inlet crest.'
lnlet crest.

As
A s the
t h e water
w a t e r flow
f l o w increases,
i n c r e a s e s , t hthe
e air
a i r flow
f l o w eeventually
v e n t u a l l y stops
s t o p s aand t h e cconduit
n d the o n d u - i t bbecomes
e c o m e s c com-
om-
pletely computed as as ifif it were aa pipe.
it were pipe.
pletely full
full ofof water.
water. The The flow
flow through
through the the structure
structure is then then computed

For
For Series
Series L-20
L-20 toto L-24
L-24 inclusive
inclusive thethe drop
drop inlet
inlet was
was less than 5D
less than 5D deep with the
deep with result
the result
that
that the
the orifice
orifice atat the
the base
base ofof the
the drop
drop inlet
inlet controlled
contiolled the the head-discharge relationship.inadd-
head-discharge relationship in add-
ition it can
Th9r.9 it be seen
can tie seen
iiion toto weir
weir and
and pipe
pipe controls.
controls. Orifice
Orifice flow
flow isis illustrated
illustrated in in Fig . V -11. There
Fig..V-11.
that and the conduit is
the conduit partly full.
is partly full'
that thethe drop
drop inlet
inlei is
is completely
completely full,
full, there
there is is no
no flo w of
flow of air,
air, and

DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS

Weir
Weir Coefficient
Coefficient

The is in
here is in two
two parts (see
parts (see
The weir
weir head-discharge
head-discharge curve
curve for
for the
the drop
drop inlets
inlets discussed
discussed here
Fig. 11-12 for aa typical plot
plot of the
of"the data).
data). The
The reasons
reasons for
for the
the two
two curves
curves are
are explained
explained in Part
in Part
Fig. II-12 for typical
-Equafions
IV curve_we.re determined by by the
the
tVtfof this
tnis report.
report. Equations for for the
the two
two parts
parts ofof the
the weir
weir rating
rating curve were determined
aid L-4B toto L-2l inclusive.
L-21 inclusive.
aid of
of the
the least
least squares
squlres method
method using
using data
bata obtained
obtained during
during Series
Series L-4B
These
These equations
equations are are

Qo LL t H
H
- - = 0.42..j2g-L- - 0 .004
3$ / 12 2 r J (v-1)
(V-l)
D5/2 DD L D )
D5l2
up to Q/
up to D5 / 2 =. 4.
Q/D5/2 4. At
At higher
higher discharges
discharges the
the equation becomes
equationbecom es

Qa

DD5 5/ 2l 2
== 0.51.f2g
0 . 5 1 { 2-D
LiH
DLD
l
-H - - 0.060
9L - l-D
f3 t 22
0 . 0 6 I0/
-r
J ( V - 2 a))
(V-2a
 30
30

Cling

v-l(a)--Ialet

Fr""
rv"o;

t'i.g. V-8(a)--Ialet

Ffg. V-P(a)--rn1et .-
r_,ri4ce
F/or

V-10(e)--Ialet
v-I1(a)--Iarot
 31
31

;*; r *=&a=-

nt
ff;*:-*,.
'v'n"''"*"7)'*fit
ff*&t ' - *-"-
Drop
hlet
Ent
c D fr q
,. ,ning
Ai
Nooou,
""oo,ffsl o #*"",
.. roc&ef * *
in Drop oaz

-::'"""%d
t,

tr*^"*,"ffi
r"*.;ffiP*.,fu,'r'qter lvlixh,re;,
l ry fnfrqnce.
Flow
Flo".
llllllllffi\...*_'_u'A''corrred%
or C
ry Ot n
rest f
o Dr,
oro, lwoy
when"'{ry
,n,ur.-'
op Inlet -rugs
.
. .ruu
Noppur. Are

tu,
* r**, Noai,
rbl,
lJ^

nuousAir""",.,ffi
Borrel P.
Ortly Full
fVD _I./~.
nO"O-j
32
32

or

LrH
---
_Q-
a
= 44..11 - l ~[~
- -- 0.060J3/
0 . 0 6 0|
f i 12 2
( v -2b)
(V -2b)
D5/2 D L DD J
D5l2

The observed discharges for Series L-4B

The L-48 to L-24 L-24 inclusive
incluslve were compared with the discharges
withthe
computed using
computed usi.ng Eqs. V -1 and
V-1 and V -2, and
V-2, and also with the dischar~es
discharg^escompute d using
computed ueing the method
explained in "Hydraulic"Hydraulic Design of the Box Inlet Drop Spill way I [1-11]. For the lower portion
Deeign Boxfnlet Spillway" [I-11]. For lower portion
q/O5/2 5 2
of
ofthethe head-discharge curve where Q / D / < 4, 4, the discharge computed
computed according
accordingto to Ref-
erence 1-11 I-11 gave
gave closer
closer agreement with the the observed discharges than did Eq. V -1. When
V-1. When
q //oD' /52/, 2 > 4,
Q 4 , Eq.
E q . V --2 g a v e the
2 gave t h e closest
c l o s e s t agreement.
agreement.

results will
Best results will be
be obtained ifif the discharges are computed
thedischarges computed after
after Refe r ence 1-11 when
Referencel-11 when
. 5 q,/q
2 5 2
Q/ D / <
q / D - ' ' I 4,
4 , and
a n d from
f r o m Eq.
E q . V --2
2 when
wnen Qe //DD5 //2 >, 4+ .,

Orifice
Orifice Coefficient
Coefficient

barrel entrance at the base

The barrel acted as
base of the drop inlet acted as an
an orifice
orifiee to ccontrol
ont r ol the
the head-
relationship when
discharge relationship when the height of the
the drop inlet Z1
Z, was less
lese than 5D,5D, that is for
for
L-20 to L-24
Series L-20 L-24 inclusive.
inclusive. No orifice control
No orifice control was obtained
obtained when
when Z1
Zro 5D,
5D, that is for
for
S e r i e s L-4B
Series L - 4 8 to
t o L-19
L - 1 9 inclusive.
i n c l u s i v e . Therefore,
T h e r e f o r e , tthe
h e ddrop
r o p inlet
i n l e t should
s h o u l d be
beaatt least
l e a s t 5D
5 D deep
d e e p to
t o eelimi-
limi-
nate possibilityofof the
nate the possibility the square
square-edged-edged barrelbarrel entrance affecting the elevation elevationof of the headpool.
headpool.

. The presence of orifice

orifice control permits the determination
control permits determination of the magnitude of the coef-
ficient C
ficient Cu in Eq. 1-7.
I-?. The
The coefficient
coefficient has
has been
been computed
computed for Series L-20
L-ZQ to L-24
L-24 inclusive
inclusi.ve
o
and is
and given in
isgiven Table V
inTable -1. The listed
V-1. listed values of C Co represent
represent the average
average of from
from 5 to 34
34 in-
in-
o
dividual determinations.
determinations. There are insufficient
insufficient data
data to draw any general conclusions as aa to
how Co varies
varies with
with drop inlet
inlet size or
or depth,
depth, but the data do give aa general
general idea of the mag-
mag-
nitude
nitude of C for the square-edged conduit entrance.
C^ for
o
The maximum
maximum head
head observed when
when orifice
orifice control
control existed
exieted is given in Table V -4. It is
V-4. ie
possible that higher
higher heads
heads could have
have been
been obtained;
obtained; the liste r,;! figures
listeC figuree are those actually
actually ob-

TABLE
T A B L E V-4
V-4
INDICATED MINIMUM
INDICATED MINIMUM DROP INLET
INLET DEPTH
DEPTH

IIndieted
ndicated
Series
36 ri s hID
h/D Ac tual
,{ctual f,iri@
Yi nimUIn
Z
"lt/D- z,rk
l /D

L- 20 3. 12 . 2.oo
2. 00 5. 12
L- 21
L-2! 0.98
0.98 1t.
!.oo00 1t1 . 9
988
L- 22
L-?? 2. 15 1 .50
3. 50 5. 65
L- 23 r . 8 55
1. 3. 50 5 .35t
5.

.L- 2It
Maximum
)traxl@
control
contrcl
vElu
was
ns
2.
2 .20
20

alu e qbove
abo@ crest
observed.
obsorEd.
crest
3.
1.50
at
50
at which
riich
5.
, , 770
oorifi
r i fice
0

served.
served. These
These heads have been added ttoo tthe
havebeenadded he actu al drop
actual drop iinlet
nlet depth
depth to g ive an indicated
give indicated mini-
mini-
mum
mum drop
drop inlet
inlet depth
depth that
that would
would eliminat
eliminate e the possibility
poss ibility of
of the eexistence
xistence of
of orifice
orifice control.
control.
Presumably
Presumably these
these depths
deplhs could
could be reduced
reduced by by some
some depth
depth of flow
flow over
over the drop
drop inlet
inlet crest.
crest.
However,
However, the
the data
data do indicate
indicate that
that the
the drop
drop inlet
inlet depth
depth should
should be 5D or or more
more to
to insure
insure against
against
orifice
orifice control.
control.

Entrance Loss Coefficient

coefficients K
Entrance loss coefficients for use
for use in Eq. 1-5
I-5 are given in Table V -1. The values
V-1.
ee
Iisted represent
listed represent the average of from
from 6 to 22
22 determinations.
determinations.
 33
33

Fig.
Fig. V-12
V-12 shows
shows the effect
effect of
of barrel
bamel slope
slope on the entrance
entrance loss
Ioss coefficient.
coefficient. It is
It is well
well
known that the loss
knownthat loss coefficient
coefficient at aabend
bend increases
increases with
with the angle
angle of the bend.
bend. The
The angle through
through
which
which the flow
flow turns
turns at the base
base of
of the drop
drop inlet
inlet increases
increases as the barrel
barrel slope
slope decreases.
decreasee.
Therefore,
Therefore, the highest
highest loss
loss coefficients
coefficients are
are to be expected
expected at the lowest
lowest slopes--and
Elopes--and this this is
is
what
what is
ie shown
shown inin Fig.
Fig. V-12.
V-L2. Although
Although there
there is
is some
some scatter
scatter to the data, the maximum
maximum error error
in
in the discharge
diecharge should
should not exceed
exceed 15 per
per cent ifif the curve
curve shown
shown is used for
isused for design purposes.
designpurposes.

1.3 I
I I
S er i es
Series Symbol
Symbol liD
AD
L-48
L-4B ~
\ 20
20
1.2
L-5A
L-5A 0o
o
. 20
20
L-6
L-6 ~
40
40
y:
Y
I
(l)
Q)

1.1
l.l \ L-9
L-9
L-IO
L-to

a
I,
20
20
20
20
-
.....
+
c
o)
Q)
\ L-lI
L-II a 20
20 -
:0
t)
.....
..... 1.0 \ L-12
L-t2
L-13
L-r3

I
.A
A
20
20
20
20
-
o
Q)
0o
o
t) \ ; L-14
L-14 t
;)
roo -
100

~ L-15
L-15 too
100
(!
o
(/)
na
a 0.9
~ L-16
L-16 ~
EI too -
100
~
o

"- ........ ~.
L-17
L-t7 8.
A 1r00
oo -
o
Q)
()
t)
c
.....~
c
t!
W
o8
08 . -----J
'\s~

<.;
L-18
L-r8
L-19
L-19
L-20
L-aw
L-21
L-21
w
v
0o

%
/
g
too
100
roo -
100
too -
100
too
100
0.7 L-22
L-22 ec too -
100
L-23
L-23 . o
~ too
100

0.6 I I T
o ro
10 20
20 30 40 50
Borrel slope
Barrel (percent)
slope (percent) -_
Fig.
Fig. V-12
V-I2 - Effect
Effectof Barrel
BorrelSlope
Slopeon
on Entrance
Entronce Loss
LoasCoefficient
Coefficient..

PRESSURE
PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS
COEFFICIENTS

The average pressure

pressure coefficients
coeffieients hhrr/h.rp
/h reduced to aa horizontal frictionless pipe are
horizontal frictionless
n vp
given in Table V y-2,It
-2. It will be noticed
will benoticed that the pressure coefficients
thepressurecoefficients along the barrel areclose
barrel are close
to
tb the .theoretical
,theoretical zero except
except in the vicinity inlet. The very
vicinity of the drop inlet. pressures just
very low pressures just
inside
ineide the barrel
barrel entrance should be noted. Cavitation
benoted. locationis
at this location
Cavitationat is aa definite
defini.tepossibility.
possibility.
If pressures
If pressures below the vapor pressure
pressure are likely
likely the design should
should be changed to secure higher
be changed
pressures and
pre6sure6 and eliminate possibility of damage
eliminate the possibility damage from
from cavitation. Pressure coefficients
cavitation. Pressure coefficients in
the drop inlet are above pressures below atmospheric
above zero, but actual pressures atmospheric can be be readily
readily obtained
and
and they should
should be
be determined.
determined.

CIRCULATION
CIRCULATION AROUND
AROUND ANTI-VORTEX
ANTI-VORTEX WALL
WALL

Early program, considerable difficulty

Early in the test program, difficulty was inobtaining
was experienced in similar
obtaining similar
head-discharge curves forfor supposedly
supposedly similar
similar spillways differed only in size
spillways that differed Thie was
size.. This
finally
finally traced
traced to the effect
effect of different circulation around the headwall.
different amounts of circulation Excellent
headwall. Excellent
agreement was obtained
obtained after circulation around the headwall was prevented by means of
after all circulation
aa dike between
between the headwall and
and the downstream end channel.
end of the test channel.
3344

The effects
The of circulation
effects of are iltustrated
circula tion are i llu s t r ated by Series L-7,
by Seriee L - 7, L-B
L - B and
and L-9, t he results
L-9, the results of
of
these tests
these being plotted
tests being plotted in
in Fig.V-13.
Fig. V-l3. As A s can
can be seen in
be seen in Fig.
Fig. V-14, there was
V - l4, there was nono anti-vortex
anti -vortex
wall at
wall at all
all for
for Series L-?.
L- 7. An
An anti-vortex
a nti-vort e x wdlwall but
but no dike sae
no dike u sed for
was used Series L-8.
for Seriea This is
L - B. Thie is
shown inin Fig. V-l5. An
Fig. V-15. An anti-vortex wa ll plus
anti-vorte x wall plu s aa dike, as s hown in
as shown in Fig.
Fig. V-16,
V - IS, was
wa s used
u sed for
for
Series L-9.
Series L-9. ItIt can be
be seen in
in Fis.
Fig. V-13
V-l3 that
that the fl ow ie
the flow increased bv
i s increased bv the u se of
the uae of an
an anti-vortex
anti -vortex

5r---------~r---------_.------------._--------_.----------~

S.ries L-
Soricr L- 8
Circulation
I
p.rnitLd-J
)
permitted - - - - f
'J
Circulotioo

t f
3

,+ S.ries L- 9

,rf
No c ire tioft
t|/o
H/D
Serl..
Srrio L -7 --+---.."
L-7-
No Qftt 1- wert .. ,toll
llo dttl-Y.?lar
2 ~--------~~----------~~----~--~--------~~--------~

)
I6 -

F
o
o ro
10 r5
15 ?o
20 23
25
5/ 2
U s5/2
0/D

Fig.
Fig. V-13
V-13 - Head-Discharge
Heod-Dischorge Curves for Series
Curvesfor SeriesL-7,
L'7, L-8 L-9..
L'8,, L-9

wall
wall even
even though
though this this cuts
cuts off
off access
access to one-fourth
one-fourth of the drop inlet
the drop inlet crcreat.
est. The reduction
The reduc of
tion of
the
the circulation
circulatioriinin the the case
case ofof Series
Series L-8 L-8 andand itsits compl~te
complete elim
elimination
ina tion in the caae of
the case of Seri
Serieg
es
L-9
L - 9 is
i s the
t h e reason.
r e a s o n . Compare F i g s . V-14,
C o m p a r e Figs. V - 1 4 , V-l5 a n d V-lS.
V - 1 5 and V-16.

Some
Some circulation
circulation was
was observed
observed after
after the
the anti-vortex wall was
anti-vortex wall gubmerged,
was subm but if
erged, but if tthe wall
he wall
is
is sufficiently
sufficiently high
high the capacity of
the capacity of the
the spillway is not
spillway is affected. The
not affected. anti-vortex
The anti wall dimensions
-vorte x wall dimenaions
used
used during
during these
these tests
tests are given in
are given in Fig.
Fig. V-1.
V-1.

This
This group
group of
of tests
tests shows
shows that anti-vortex walls
that anti-vortex are needed
walls are needed and
and shoul
should be uuged
d be on all
sed on all
drop
drop inlets.
inlets.
 35
35

Fig. V-14 -- No
Fig. V-14 No Headwall
HeodwullWas WosUsed Usedfor for Fig.
F i g . V-15-AHeadwall
V - 1 5 - A H e c d w o l lBut
B u tNoDikeWas
NoDikeWos
SerlesL-7.
Series L-7. Confetti
Confe?tishowsshorvscircu- circu- Used
Usedforfor Series
SerlesL-S.
L-8. Depression
Deoresslonat
ot
H/D =
l o t i o n . H/D
lation. = 0O.S5. ,A / O 55// 22 == 5.S.
. A S Q/D S.a. left
left end
end of of headwall
heodwollisis caused
cousedby
by
circulation
circulotionin in back
bock of of headwall.
heodwoll'.
= 5/2
H / D = 1.00.
H/D A / D 5 / 2 == 10.5.
| . O O . Q/D 10.5.

Fig; V-16 -- Use

Fig-:V-16 Dike plus
Use of Dike Plus oa Heodwoll
Headwall
for Scrles
Series L-9 Eliminotes Circulation..
Eliminates Circulotion
5 2
H / D ==00.S2.
H/D . 8 2 . aQ/D =
1 p 5 / 2 = 110.6.
0.6.

CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS AND
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
RECOMMENDATIONS

., Drop
Drop inlets
inlets having
having ttre
the form
form shown_rl
shown in Fig.V-1
Fig. V -1 are
are satisfactoryand
satisfactory and geometrically
geometrically eim-
sim-
ilar
ilar structureE
structures are
are recommended
recommended forfor field installation provided:
field inefallation provided:
1.
1. The
The drop
drop inlet
inlet depth
depth is
is bD
5D oror more.
more.
2.
2. An
An anti-vortex
anti-vortex wall
wall and
and dike
dike are
are used to prevent
used to prevent circulation.
circulation.
Teets
Tests on
on various_sized
various sized epillways
spillways in
in the
the laboratory
laboratory have
have verified
verified the
the laws
laws of
of similitude
similitude
and
and the
the methods
methods of analysis given
of analysis in part
given in Part II of this "epoit
of this report series.
series.

- The
The capacity
capacity of
of the
the drop
drop infet
inlet crest
crest acting
acting as
as aa weir
weir may
may be
be determined
determined for
for values
values of
of
q/o'/z5 2 5 2
Q/D / << 44 through
through the
the use
use of
of Reference
Reference I-11.
1-11. Eq.
Eq. V-2
V -2 should
should be
be used
used wrren Q/D / ,> +.
when q/o5/2 4.
The
The entrance
entrance loss
loss coefficients
coefficients maybe
may be interpolated
interpolated from
from Table
Table V-1
V -1 and
and Fig.
Fig. V-12.
V -12.
The
The local pressure constants
local Pressure constants for
for use
use in
in Eq.
Eq. I-14
1-14 may
may be
be taken
taken from
from Table
Table V-2.
V-2.
336
6

Part
Part VI
VI

Circular Drop
Circular Inlet With
Drop Inlet Square-Edged and
With Square-Edged and
Rounded Crests and Concrete-Pipe-Groove
Rounded Crests and Concrete-Pipe-Groove Barrel
Ba rrel Entrance
E nt rance

DESCRIPTION OF
DESCRIPTION OF SPILLWAY
SPILLWAY

proportions of
The proportions of the drop
drop inlet
inlet and the
the spillway are givenin
spillway are giv en in Fig. VI - 1 and Table VI-1.
F ig. VI-1 VI-1.
These circular
These circular drop
drop inlets two different
inlets had two only one depth.
diameters but only
different diameters dep t h . The drop
drop inlet
inlet
crests were
creBts were either
either square-edged or or rounded to the quadrant of of a circle.
circ l e.

A number
A number of of different types of
different types headwall or
of headwall vorte x inhibitor
or vortex inhibito r were t r ied and, in
were tried in this
t his re-
re-
spect, these tests tests are are the most comprehensive conducted thus far.
most comprehensive far. TheT he splitter
s plitter type type vortex
vortex
inhibitor shownin
inhibitor shownin Fig.VI-lb
Fig. VI-1b was 2D/9 2D/ 9 thick
thick andextended back into the dam fill.
and extended backintothedam fill . It was 0.75D
It was
high forfor Series L-25,L-25, L-27 L-31; and 2D high for
L-27 and L-31; for Series L-33. L- 33. The angent anti-vortex
T he tangent a nti -vortex
wall
w a l l sshown
h o w n iin Fig.
n F i g . VVI-1c
i-lc wwas
ae 0 0.33D
. 3 3 D tthick,
hick, 00.75D
.?5D h i g h , aand
high. 5 D llong.
n d 3 ..5D o n g . T hhee ccover
o v e r aannti-vortex
ti-vortex

TABLE
T VI-1
ABLE V I.1
PROPORTIONS OF SPILLWAYS
PROPORTIONS DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS
SPILLWAYS AND DISCHARGE COEFFICIE TS

gertos
Series D
(,^?,
1't)
rnj
D/D
D/lD Dro/D
o*k lID
t/b s z/D
zlb zl/D
zth rElt
Inlet
cregt
Crest
coldult
Conduit
Eutroco
Entra.nce
corogFtiiPo
Concrete pipe
lEti-Yortr
Anti - Vortex
f,all
11.11
D.rirtaGctt
Donati of r
Fro:. - SJDcotb- %
Frc'bot!"i
c^
C
o
0
tN cC
o
0 .
I
f,
N
I
rK

e
$N
I

0. 18 75 1.
L-25 0.1875 78 !d.
1.78 rd . 1.78
1. 78 rd. 100 0.200
100 27,n
o.2oo 21.47 l.96
1. 96 Square
Squa re dde
ed ge splitt !
Splitter -}.2
a.2 - - - - - - 0 . 60.66
5 9 9
groove
Conorete pllo
co'dete pi pe -?* - 10
L-26 0. 1875
o.LSl, 1. 78 rd
1.78 rd.. 2.28 trt.
rd. 100
100 0o.aoo 21.,L8
.200 21 1.96
.48 1. 96 0o.z5D Ed, .
. 25D rod loic
NODe -2 _ o.!2
0 .42 10
groove
c'"onT"jie'
Cono re te pipe
splittrr -t.? -- o.]P rz
LAI
L-27 0. 1875 1.78
o.r875 1.78 rd. 22.28
. 28 rd. 100
t0o 0.200 21.1+8 17,*
o.2oo 21.48 .96 o.zrD
0 .25D rod oa. . Spli t t er -5 0.42 12
groove
coEoEotiiP'
Conarete pipe -5.6 -- 0.50 12
L-28 0.1 875 1.78
L-28 O.t875 1.78 rd.
d, 2 .28 rd.
2.28 100
100 0o.aoo 2r.l+B 1.95
. 200 21.48 1.96 . 25D hd.
0o.2p rod. TugoEt
Te..ngent -56 050 12
groove
coBor-tol'iPo
Conc rete pipe coEr 4a - rr
L-29 0.1875
L-29 o.r875 1.78
1.78 rd.
d. 22.28
. 28 rd
!d.. 100
100 0o.zoo
.200 al.l+8
21.48 1.96 o.29E rod
0.25D nd. . g6rcOE
roove
Cover 00.46
.46 11
cobo-F-te-Plpe
Conc rete pi pe - - - - - o . r 0t 53
L- 29A
L-$A 0. 1875
O.IE! 1. 78 rd.
1.78 td. 2.28
2.28 rd.
!d. 100
100 0o.2oo 2r.l+8 1.
.200 21.48 1,g6
96 0. 2 5D r!od.
o.2p ad. grcoF
groove
coErr
Cove 77
coaoF-te
Concr plpe
e te pipe -- 1.06
r.06 11
1r
L-30 . 1875 11.25
L-tO 0O,7E5 . 25 rd.
tn. 11.25
. 25 rd.
!d. 100
100 0o,2oo z:r,g.
. 200 21.52 t.S96
1. square edge
Square odge groow
groove
speci.el
Spe cial -a.8
-.8
cotrort
Concre plpo
te pipe -- L2
L-31
L-tJ- 00.7875
. 1875 1. 25 rd.
I.25 ,n. 1,75 rd.
1.75 td, 100
100 0.200 z!.52
o.zoo 21.52 r,*
1.96 0o.ap Ed..
. 25D rod splitttte r
Spli 5.s.8 00,62
. 62 12
gr oove
couc-rate
L-32
L-rz 18 75 1.25
o.r875
0. 1.25 rd. 1.75
1.75 rd. 100
100 0.200 21.?. 1.96
o.2oo 21.52 t.* 0.o,2'D nd,
25D rod.
Concre te pipe
groove
PlPe sp1ltr.r r
Splitte ~
i.o.O -- 0v ,.l 72
z L)
13
Concrete piPo
co4otet pipe -- 1,
L-,t
L- 33 0. 1875
o.r87, 1. 25 rd
I.25 fi, . 1,75
1. t4,.
75 rd 100
100 0o.2oo z:r.p.
. 200 21.52 !.*96
1. 0o.2p ftd.
. 25D rod. Splitt r
Splitter -S.8
1.a 00.61
. 61 13
gro ove

plate shown diameter, aid its bottom gurface was

shown in Fig. VI-1d
VI-1d was
was 2D/2Df 99 thick, 44.25D
. 25D in dia me t e r , and ' s bo om surface
0.75D
b.Zep above
above the
the drop inlet crest.
crest. A few tests were made made with the bottom surface
he bo om surfac e 0.625D 0.625D
above
above the
the drop inlet crest.
crest. The piers were 2D/
The three piers hick bby
2D/99 tthick y l1.2,tD
. 24D long The
long.. T eplitter in
he splitter
the drop inlet
inlet shown
ehown in Fig.
Fig. VI-1e
vl-le waswas 2D/
2D/99 thithick 0.?5D
ck by 0.7 5D high.
high. T The inlet shown
he inlet Fig.
shown in Fig.
VI-lf
VI-1f was
was 1.25D
1.25D high by 0.375D thick. The
by*0.3?5D opening at
The opening at ccrest
r est leve extended aaround
level extended rou nd 180 de-
180 de-
grees of the upstream side
the upstream side of the
the drop inlet circumference
circumferenc e and
and was
was 0.?5D
0 .75D high.
high .

The entrance to the conduit at the base base of the dro dropp inle formed aas
inlett was formed s by butting the
butting the
groove
groo"" end end of the concrete
concrete pipe against the circular circular ris rieer
er fo form, wrapping ssheet
r m, wrapping metal around
heet metal
the
ihe outside of the pipe, and and extending
exteriding it to fill fill the sspace e tween the
pac e bbetween he end eod of tthe pipe and
he pipe and the
riser. The
riser. The eheet metatsheet metal served as
as the
the inside
inside form,,
form .. TThe
he groove
groove end
end ooff the
he concrete
concret e Pipe
pipe was
was
proporfioned
p r o p o r t i o n e d so
s o that
t h a t the
t h e 0.1875
0 . 1 8 ? 5 ft
f t ddiameter
i a m e t e r ttest p i p e rreprese
e s t pipe e p r e s e n t ed 2 4-- 'n
e d 24 i n . cconcret pipe,a
o n c r e t e pipe, a . scale
scale-
of
ilf 1: 10.7. This
f:tO.Z. This gave
gave an an enlarged
enlarged entrance
entrance to the ondu it tthat
the cconduit ha t helped educ e tthecontraction
helped rreduce he c ontraction of of
the
the flow at at that pOint. The
that-point. The conduit
coiduit was was 100D
100D long long aand nd its sslopelope wa waes 2020 per per ccent
ent for all tests.
for all tests'

The
The polished
polished Lucite
Lucite pipe
pipe was
was assumed
asEumed toto be hydraulically semooth.
be hydraulically Roueetsttsmoothtt
mooth . Rouse's "smooth"
curve j-+i,p.p . 405,
curve [1-44, 40b, Fig.
Fig. 11]
f rf was
was used
used in computing
computing fr fiiction
iction lo sses. TThe
loeses. measurements of
he measurements of the
the
fr i ction factor given in Table
frictioir faci6r given in" fa6te VI-1
Vt-t indicate
indicate that
that the
t h e pipe
pi pe wae
was ssmoother
moothe r tthan
han smooth.
smooth. This
This is
is
presumably
presumably impossible
imlossibie and
and can possibly be
can possibly laid to
be laid to tthe.
he fac thatt the
factt tha the piezometric preEsure
piezometric pressure
measurements
meagurembnte were were consistently
congistently in in error in one
error in direction. Acc
one direction. Accurate
u r ate piezometric pressure
piezometric pressure
measurements require the
measurements require the utmoet utmost ccare.
are.

Piezometers
Piezometers were
were installed
installed in
in tthe
he dro
dropp inle
inlett and onduit tto
and cconduit o determine pressures at
the pressures
determine the at
the
the points
points indicated
indicated in
in Figs
Figs.. V -1, VI-1
V-1, VI-laa and Table VI
and Table VI-2.
- 2.
 37
37

f,o
-f-
I

tops 25D .75D-SeriesL-25, L-27, L-31

L-25,L-27,L-31
'.:: 2 D-- Series
2D SeriesL-33
L-33

:%i
(0) Drop Inlet (b)
(b) Splitter
Splitter Anti-vortex
Anii-vorlex Wall
Woll

' t i l

, ) {l 4.25D
I Piers: i D thick
i 1.24D long
'120"

.75D- Series L-29 L-29

. 6 2 5 D - S e r i e sL - 2 9 A

(c)
(c) Tongent
Tangent Anli-vortex
Ant i- vor tex Woll
Wall (d) Gover
(d) Cover Anli-vortex
Anti - vortex Plote
Plate

$o
_l

.'
..~

(e)
(e) Splitter
Splitter in
in Drop
Drop Inlet
Inlet (f(f) Special
Speciol
)

Fig. VI-l -- Drop

Fig. Vl-l Inlet Dimensions.
Drop Inlet Dimensions, ,Anti-vorfex
Anti-Vortex wolls, and piezometer
Walls, ond Piezometer Locotions.
Locations.
338
B

APPARATUS AND PROCEDURE

APPARATUS AND PROCEDURE

The apparatus
The apparatus and
and the
the test
test procedureused for the
procedure used for tests described
the tests here are identical
described hereare identical to
to
that described in Part
that described in Part VV for
for the
the series
series subsequent
subsequent to
to Series
Series L-19.
L-19.

DESCRIPTION OF
DESCRIPTION OF FLOW
FLOW

As the
As the flow
flow through
through thethe spillway
spillway increases
increases from zero, the
from zero, the first noted is
condition noted
first condition i s weir
weir
flow over
flow over thethe drop
drop inlet"crest
inlet crest witn
with tiri:
the conduit
condu it flowing only partly
flowing only partly full
full and-iittle air flow.
and little air flow. An An
increase in
increase in the
the rite
rate of
of flow
flow next
next produces
produces the the condition
condition ofof weir flow over
weir flow the drop
over the inlet crest
drop inlet crest
with the
with the conduit
conduit first
first containing
containing ilugs
slugs or or traveling hydraulic jumps
traveling hydraulic which suck
jumps whigh air in
suck air in through
through
-the drop inlet
the drop inlet asas they
they travel
travel ddwntlieconduit. Further increases in the
down the conduit. Fuitherincreasesin the flow increase the
flow increase the fre-
fre-
quency of
quency of the
the slugsuntil
slugs until thethe conduit
conduit isis flowing
flowing continuous-ly
continuously fullfull of mixture. The
a n air-water mixture-
of anair-water The
final flow
final flow conditi6n
condition is is reached
reached when
when the
the watei
water flow
flow is sufficient to
is sufficient to replace
replace the air flow,
the air flow, after
after
which the
which the spillway
spill way flows
flows continuously
continuously full full and
and the
the discharge then is
discharge then c o mputed as
is computed for aa pipe.
as for pipe.

ABLE V
TABLE
T I.z
VI-2
PIEZOMETER LOCATIONS AND LOCAL
PIEZOMETER PRESSURE DEVIATION
LOCAL PRESSURE DEVIATION
FROM HYDRAULIC
FROM HYDRAULIC GRADE LINE,
LINE, SERIES
SERIES L-25
L-25 TO L'33
L-33
',i
=t:j]tlr
Series
5erl68
iL-25
^; f,:r6
!-e' L-26 f,=vi
L-27 t=e6
L-28 f,ai
L-2 9 t=t6
L-30 l=ri
L-31 ::
L-32 L-33
Piezometer
Pi-ezometar :
Looation
Looation hoAon
h/hvp
Station
statioa

Right" No. 2r&

Zraa + L.j8 +
+1.38 L.S
+1.36 + I.t5
+1.35 + I.t9 +
+1.39 L,li
+1.41 ,!.27
+1.33 + 1.28
+1.28 +l.,lr1
+1.41 + L.1O
+1.26
R ight.
Upstream
Upstrem
I N q.
No.
N o. 2b
2b- + L.r1 +
+137 1.4
+1.34 + I,t7
+1.37 +
+1. tz +
L .32 1.1i
+1.41 + L, A
+1.34 + L.ZO +
+1.28 r.t9
+1.39 + I.n
+1.22
b -0.02 + + 1 , -- 00.. 112
0 . 13 2 -o.09 +0.02 --0.11
0.11
Crown
Crqm No.
No. 30 +0.12
+0.12 + O.O7
+0.07 -0.02 O.11
+0.11 +0. -009 +0.02
In-vert
Inw rb 0/2
D/2 +0 . 20
+O.?O +0.08
+O.OB +0.07 +O.1O
rO.O7 +0.10 +O.09 +0.08
+0.09 +o.08 +O.05
-0 . 01 +0.05 -0.01
'2D +0.01
Invert
Inwrt 20 +0.16
+0.16 r+0.10
o.1o +0.10
+ +O.I,
o . 1 0 +0.13 +0.12 +
+0.12 0.IO
+0.10 + o. .03
+0 +o.oll
0 , +0 . 04 +0.03
Invert 60 +o.ol
+0.03 +0.01
+o.ot +0 . 01 +o.01
+o.o1 +0.01 +o.o, -0.02
+0.03 -0.02 -o.o5 -o.06
-0.05 -0.06 -o.06
-0.06
InErt 6D
Invert
I!rb 100
loD +0.05
+o.ot +0.02
+o.o2 +o.ol
+0.03 +o.ol+
+0.04 +O.o5 +0.03
+0.05 +0.0, + 0
+0.01. 0 1 0.00
0.00 o.o0
0.00
Invert
Inrert 300
,OD +0
+O..01
01 --0.O1
0 .01 -0.OI
-0.01 0.00
0.00 +O.01
+0 ' Ol +O.O0
+0.00 --o.o2 -o.o2
0.02 -0.02 --0.Ott
0 .04
--0.02 -0.05 -O.Ol+ --0'05 -- o0 ..005
5 -o.06 -o,06
. 06 -0.06 -o.06
-0. 06
Invert
I!rert 54D
,rD -0.0,
-0.03 0.02 -0.05 -0.04 0 . 05 -0
-o.06 --o.o7
Invert
Inwrt 700
7OD --0.0,
0 .0 3 --0.01+
0.04 --0.06
0 .06 --0.06
0 . 06 --o'oo
0 .06 -- 00 ..08
08 -0.06 0.07 - 0 . 07
Inve
In@rtrt 980
98D --0.0,
0 . 03 --0.0,
0 . 03 --0.0L
0 .04 --o.&
0 . 04 --o'0ll
0 . 04 --O,O,h
o.ol, - 0 . 04 --0.
-o.0! ol+
0 .04 - 0 . 04

Side of d rop i nlet . QAt - 0/ 2 . bAt 0/ 2 .

It
It should
should be espec ially noted that
especially that,, through
through the use ofof circular drop inlets
circular drop and conduit
inlets and conduit
entrances
entrances of of the type des
thetype cribed, aa drop
descriLed, drop inlet
inlet only givescompletely
only 2D deep gives co mpl e t ely satisfactory flow
satisfactory flow
conditions.
conditions. In each
eath case, tthere
here were
were nono headpool
headpool fluct uatio ns, no
fluctuations, discharge at any
multiple discharge
no multiple
head,
head, and
and the
the trar.sition
transition from
from weir
weir control
control to pipe control
control wa
wass abrupt satisfactory.
abrupt and satisfactory.

The
The performance
performance of
of the
the anti - vortex devices
anti-vortex devices received
received considerable and will
attention and
considerable attention be
will be
described
described in
in detail.
detail.

No
No anti-vortex
anti-vortex device
device atat all
all was used for
wasused for Series
Series L-26.
L-26. AA study
studyofof the experimental rating
the experimental rating
curve
curve (see
(see Fig.
Fig. VII-I)
VII-1) and
and the
the notes
notes taken
taken during
during the
the experiments
experiments show
show that
that the
the spillway
spillway per'
per-
formance
formance was was satisfactory
satisfactory as as long
long asas weir
weir flow
flow existed
existed overover the drop inlet
the drop inlet crest. However,
crest. However,
vortices
vortices formed
formed when when the
the control changed to
control ihanged to pipe
pipe flow
flow and
and the
the discharge through the
discharge through the spillway
spillway
decreased as much
decreased as much as as 44
44 per
per cent.
cent. The
The vortices
vortices decreased
decreased the
the flow
flow until
until the
the head
head over
over the
the
crest
crest reached
reached 7D. ?D. Their
Their effect
effect atat higher
higher heads,
heads, if if any,
any, was
was not noticeable. The
not noticeable. The appearance
appearance
of
of the
the vortices
vortices andand their
their effect
effect on on the
th6 flow
flow areare shown
shown in Fig. VI-2.
in Fig. VI-2. The results of
The results of this test
this test
show
show that
that some
some typetype of
of vortex
vortex inhibitor
inhibitor isis essential.
essential.

The
The splitter
splitter type type anti - vortex device
antl-vortex device shownshown in in Fig.
Fig. VI-Ib
VI-1b was was used
used for for Series L'25, L-27,
Series L-25, L-27 '
L-31
L - 8 1 and
a n d L-33.
L - 3 3 . TheT h e splitter
s p l i t t e r was
w a s D.75D
0 . ? 5 D high
h i g h except
e x c e p t for
f o r Series L - 3 3 where
S e r i e s L-33 t h e splitter
w h e r e the was
s p l i t t e r was
2D
ZO high.
ttig1r. The
The lowerlower splitter
spiittur prevented
prevented vortexvorte; formation
formation until until thethe splitter became submerged.
splitter became s'ubmerged.
Vortices
Vortic!s formed formed after after submergence
submergence of of the
the splitter
splitter and and caused reductions in
caused reductions in the
the spillway
spillway capa- eapal
city.
city. When
When the the splitter
splitter height
height wa #ass raised,
raised, as ai forfor Series
Series L-33, L-33, vortex formation was
vortex formation eliminated
was eliminated
or not be be detected.
detected. This This proved proved
or reduced
reduced to to such
such an an extent
exient that that any
any effect
effect on on thethe flow
flow could
could not
true comparison of the vortex
of the vortex
true eveneven after
after the the higher
higher splitter splitter was
wLs completely
completely submerged.submelged-.--A^ A comparison
formation
formation at at identical
identical"headsheads is is presented
presented in in Fig. VI-3. In
Fig.VI-3. In Fig.
Fig. VI-3aVI-3a air air isis sucked
sucked in in through
through
the as aa small dimple in
small dimple in the
the water water
the vortex,
vortex, while while in in Fig.
Fig. VI - 3b the
VI-3b the vortex
vortex ttendency
endency appears appears as
surface of air sucked in
were sucked
air were in at at rare
rare
surface throughthrough which,which, according
according to to the
the notes
notes,, slight
slight amounts
amounts of
intervals.
intervals.
 39
39

( a ) H/D
(a) a / o ..- 2.2
2.2
Reduction
Reduction in in discharge
disoharge due
due to
vortex
vortex is ls 42
12 per cent
cont

t.

(b) nlo "- 3.2

(v) H/D 3.2
Reduction
Reductiou inLa discharge
dlscharge due to
to
vortex la 13
vortox is 1] per
per cent
oeat

(0) HID "- 4.4

(a) {o 4.4
Reduotion
Red.uotlqa in
ln disoharge
dieoharge due to
to
vortex le 5
vortex is per oent
! per oent

(a) H/D "- 7.5

(d) s/b 7.5
Reduotion ln
Reduotlou in dieobargo
disoharge tlue
due to
vortex ic
vortex is O
0 per
per oent
oent

Flg. VI-2 -- Effect of Vortex

fIg. Vl-2 Vortex on Copocity
Copacity When No Anti -Vortex
No Anti -Vortex Device
Dev'ce's sec.
is tJred.
440
0

The anti-vortex
The anti-vortex wall
wall tangent
tangent tothe
to the downstream
downstream side
side of
of the drop inlet
the drop inlet shownin Fig. VI-1c^
shown in {ig. VI-lc
was used
was used for
for Series
Series L-38.
L-38. Witer
Water waswas permitted
permitted toto clrculate between the
circulate between the wall
wall and the end
and the end of
of
the test
the test channel
channel and
and this
this aided
aided vortex
vortex formation.
formation. Also the wall
Also the height of
wall height O. 75D was
of 0.?5D too low.
was too low.
Indications are
Indications are that
that the
the prevention
prevention of of circulation
circulation around
around the wall, using
the wall, the dike
using the described in
dike described in
Part V,
Part V, and
and aa wall
wall 2D
2D high
high would
would be
be satisfactory.
satisfactory. However,
However, the tangent anti-vortex
the tangent wall does
anti-vortex wall does
prevent free
preveni free access
access to to m-ore
more of of the
the drop
drop inlet
inlet crest than does
crest than does the splitter and
the splitter higher heads,
and higher heads,
for the
for the same
same discharge,
discharge, are are to
to be
be expected.
expected.

TThe
h e ccircular
i r c u l a r ccover
o v e r ssupported
u p p o r t e d oonpiers
n p i e r s sshown
h o w n i nin FFig.
ig. VVI-ld was
I-1d w s e d dduring
a s uused uring S e r i e s LL-29.
Series -29.
It proved
It proved to to be be thethe most
most saiisfactory
satisfactory of of anyany of
of the
the types reported in
types reported in Part
Part Vl.VI. Its height over
Its height over
the drop
the drop inlet
inlet crestcrest waswas varied
varied only only slightly
slightly and and its diameter was
its diameter was not varied at
not varied at aII,
all, so the op-
s o the op-

(a)
(a. ) SpLitter O.75D high
Splitter o./!D high

(b)) Splitter
(b Splitter 2D high
2D high

= 4.3.
H/D = 4'3'
Fig. V l - 3 -- Effect
F i g . VI-3 E f f e c _tof
o f Height o f Splitter
H e i g h tof o n Vortex
S p l i t t e ron F o r m o t i o n ,HID
V o r t e xFormation.

timum
timum dimensionsdimensions are are unknown.
unknown. However,
However, the
the cover
cover was
was only
only slightly better than
slightly better than the high
the high
splitter
s p l i t t e r used
u s e d for
f o r Series
S e r i e s L-33.
L-33.

The
The splitter
splitter inin the
the drop
drop inlet
inlet shown
shown inin Fig.
Fig. VI-Ie
VI-le was
was used during Series
used during L-32. It
Series L-32. is
It is
unsatisfactory
unsatisfactory as
as a
a vortex
vortex inhibitor
inhibitor and
and its
its use
use is
is not
not recommended.
recommended.

The
T h e arrangement
a r r a n g e m e n t shown
s h o w n in
i n Fig.
F i g . VVI-lf
I - 1 f was
w a s used i n SeriesL-30.
u s e d in i t performed
S e r i e s L - 3 0 . It p o o r l y aand
p e r f o r m e d poorly nd
its
its use
use is
is also
also not not recommended.
recommended.

To
To summarize
summarize the the results
results of of these
these tests
tests onon vortex
vortex inhibitors,
inhibitors, it may be
it may be said, on the
said, on the
basis
basis of
of performance,
performance, thatthat the
the cover,
cover, the
the splitter (Fig. VI-Ib),
splitter (Fig. VI-1b), and tangent anti-vortex
the tangent
and the de-
anti-vortex de-
vices
vices are
are recommended
recommended in in that
that order.
order. However,
However, the the difference between the
difference between performance of
the performance of
these
these types
types of
of vortex
vortex inhibitors
inhibitors is is so
so small
small that
that the
the governing
governing consideration should be
consideration should cost
be cost
of
of construction.
conslruction. While
While the
the tests
tests reported
reported here
here have permitted aa description
have permitted description ofof the performance
the performance
of
of various
various types
types of
of vortex
vortex inhibitors,
inhibitors, they
they were
were not
not extensive
extensive enough
enough toto definitely determine
definitely determine
their
their optimum
optimum size.
size.
 41
47

DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS

Weir
Weir Coefficient
Coefficient

The
The discharge
discharge coefficient
coefficient C
C forfor use
use in in Eqs.
Eqs. 1-1I-1 and
and 1-2I-2 isis given
given byby the
the solid
solid curvecurve ofof
Fig. VI-4.
Fig. VI-4. The
The data points are
data points are those
those obtained
obtained duringduring the the laboratory
laboratory tests. tests. The
The dash
dash lines
lines drawn
drawn
per cent
55 per cent above
above and and below
below the the solid
solid curv
curvee indicate
indicate the the precision.
precision. Individual
Individual curves
curves could could be
be
drawn
drawn for for each
eaeh of of the
the different
different inletsinlets, , but
but thethe additional
additional precision
precision obtainedobtained in in estimating
estimating the the
coefficient of
coefficient of discharge is isnot warranted
not war r anted fromfromaa practical
practical standpoint
standpoint.. The The crest
crest length
length L for for
u s ein
use i nEqs.
E q s .1-1
I - 1and
a n d1-2
I . 2is
i sthe
t h enet
n e tlength;
l e n g t hi.e.,
; i . ethe
. , t hgross
e g r olength
s s l e n g t h3.8
3.8m
minus the
minus the width
width of the
curve of
solid curve
solid of Fig.
the anti-vortex
Fig. VI-4
anti-vortex walls
VI-4 is is
walls.. The
The equation
equation for for the
7 7
3.7
| | | | | |. |
0 . 0 1 3J3/2 6 ...,.- +5%
C s . 6[o1 [ -r -0.013
c == 3.60 -- ( vr - 1) 3.6
(VI-l)
? A
" ./
L H1' D
HID r rcc )''' 3.5
/ ' <J 9
16

3.4
3.4 "
0
V
when inserted in Eq.
which, when Eq. 1-2, givee
I-2, gives ",

a
Q L pL H .3l2
3.3 "I I{"I
I 0
1>

~~ - 5"10
= 3.60
= 3.60 D- l [
H
o . o 1J3/2
- D - 0.013 3l ( V I - z ) Cc 3.2
(VI-2) 32 I !9~ ~
512
-rc 5/2
D Drc, L D rc
r" !1~xl x
rc 3 l
3.1

3.O
3.0
x~ 'F~I Series Symbol
Entrance Loss Coefficient
2.9
z.J
I !~ L-25
| -95
L-26
L-26
6
ao

Entrance loss coefficients

coefficlents K K. for use
use in Eq. 1-5
I-5 are
x IfI > L-
l - 227
7 v
'V

e 2.8 L-28
L-28 1x

from 7 to 13
from
VI-1.
given in Table VI- The va
l. The
13 determinations.
values
determinations. The
They
listed are the average of
lue s listed
y were determined
determined with the 2.7
2.7
<J L-29
L'29
L-29A
L-29A
L-31
0o

<J
.
barrel on aa 20 I L-31
barrel 20 per cent
cent selope and aare
lope and re re liable for
reliable for this one
one L-33 D
I>
2.6 L.33
only.
slope only. II
2 .5 I I
0.0
o.o 0o.r
.1 02 0.3 OA
0.2 0.3 0.4 00.5
.5 00.6
.6
PRESSURE COEF
PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS
FICIENTS
A/D,"
H/ D,c
a

The average preasure

The average coefficients
pressu r e coeffic ients hr,/h'p
h Ih reduced
reduced to
--
to ttn.ruJrt,rfr",:1-otf"nilt,;,ltCurve
Fig. VI-4 - Head-Coefficient Curve
n vp for Ci rcular Drop Inlets.
aa horizontal
horizontal frictionless
frictionless pipe are given
given in in Table
Tabl e VI-2.
VI-2 . The
concrete groove entrance to the barrel a pparently givee
ba rr e l apparently gives considerably
considerably higher
higher pressure
pressure justjust
inside the barrel
barrel entrance
ent r a nce than does
doe s the square-edged entrance. This This reduces the chancechance of
the occurrence
occurrence ofof cavitation
cavit atio n damage.
damage . Nevertheless, the pressure
pressure should be computed to indi- indi-
cate whether oror not cavitation
cavita tion domage
damage is i s a possibility.
possibility.

CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIO NS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
RECOMMENDATIONS

Circular
Circular drop
drop inlete
inle t s having
ha ving a diameter
d i ameter as small
small as 1.25D
1.25D and a depth ot
of 2D are
are sat-
sat-
isfactory
isfactory if
if the bamel
barre l entrance
e nt rance is
i s formed
formed as described
described here.

Some form
form ofof anti-vortex
anti - vo rt e x device
device ie
i s an absolute
absolute necessity.
necessity. The cover
cover shown in in Fig.
Fig. VI-
VI-
ld, the splitter
1d,the splitter shown in Fig.
F i g. VI-lb,
VI-1b, and the tangent wallwall shown in inFig. VI-1c are
Fig. VI-1c are recommended
inthe
in the orde-r
order given,
given, although
alt hou gh the differences
differences inin the performances
performances are are small.
small. The height
height of
of the
the
eplitter
splitter and tangent
tangent anti-vortex
anti -vo rt e x walla
walls should
should be sufficient
sufficient to
to extend
extend above the maximum
maximum water
water
gurface
surface or or have a maximum
maxi m u m height
he ight of whichever gives
of 2D, whichever gives the lesser
lesser height.
height. The
The arrange-
arrange-
mentg
ments shown in in Fige.
Figs. VI-1e
VI-1e anda nd VI-1f
VI-lf should not be used.
used .

_ , The capacity
capacity of
of the
the drop
drop inlet
inlet crest,
crest, acting as a weir,
weir, can be
be determined
determined from
from Eq. I-1
1-1
and the
the solid
solid curve
curve of
of Fig.
Fig. VI-4
VI- 4 or
o r from
from Eq. VI-2.
VI-2 .

Theentrance
The entrance losscoefficiente
loss coeffic ient s for
for full
full conduit floware
flow are givenin
given in TableVI-1.
Table VI-l. They
They should
be
be modified
modified ifif the
the barrel slope ie
barrel elope i s other
other than 20 per
than 20 per cent.

local pressure
The local pressure constants
const ants for
for use
use in
in Eq.
Eq. I-14
1-14 may
may be
be taken
taken from
from Table vl-z.
VI-2.
42
42

Part VII
Part VII
Effect of Vortex
Effect Vortex at Inlet
Inlet on Spillway
Spillwav Discharge
Discharpe

INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION

justification for
The justification part of this
for devoting aa part this report
report exclusively
exclusively to the effect
effect of the vortex
vortex
discharge lies
on the discharge lies in the extreme
extreme reduction
reduction in the discharge
discharge which aa vortex
vortex can cause,
cause, and
and
in the fact that many designers
designers and
and field
field engineers
engineers are not aware that the elimination
elimination of an
anti-vortex device is aa very
anti-vortex very serious
serious omission.
omission. Insisting proper installation
Insisting on the proper installation of aa suit-
suit-
ableanti-vortexdevice
able anti-vortex device is just as as important
important as insisting that the
as insisting proper size conduit
the proper conduit be
be used
used,,
This will
This will be
be shown below.

Some information on the effect

Some information effect of vortices
vortices has been obtained from
from experiments
experiments conducted
on closed conduit spillways
spillways at the St.
St. Anthony Falls
Falls Hydraulic
Hydraulic Laboratory,
Laboratory, but the most
most thor-
thor-
ough studies have been conducted by others.
studies have others. Muchof information given below has, there-
Muchof the information there-
abstracted from
fore, been abstracted published reports
from aa few published have been
reports that have been selected because they bring
bring
out the great reduction in capacity caused
out caused by vortices.
vortices.

10

9 I
8

7 J

6
.,. I
H 5
H
D
D
o f
,V
4

3
I (
I .
)
0
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
,
of'
I
2 I

I
I
I
j
.1/ '

o
........
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

Q/D5/2

VII-l -- Effcct
Fig. Vll-l Effect of Vo*lccr
VortIces on Hcod-Dftchorgc
Head-DIscharge Curvc
Curve for Scrlcr
SerIes L-26.
 43
43

CI.OSED CONDUIT
CLOSED CONDUIT SPILLWAY
SPILLWAY SERIES
SERIES L-7,
L.?, L-8
L.8 AND
AND L-9
L-9

The effect
The effect of circulation and
of circulation and vortex
vortex formation
formationon on one
one closed
closed conduit conduit spillway
spillway has has been
been
presented in
presented in Part
Part V V under
under thethe headin~, t'Circulation Around Anti-Vortex Wall."
heading, "Circulation Around Anti-Vortex WiU." The ihe results
results
are g i v e n in
a r e given i n Fig.
Fig.V - 1 3 . Runs
V-13. R u n s labeled
l a b e l e dIt t6"for
6 t t f o r Series
S e r i e s L-7
L - ? and t ' ? t ' f o
a n d "7" for Seriesr
S e r i e s L-9
L - 9 were
w e r e made
m a d e at
at
the same
the same head head over
over the
the drop
drop inlet
inlet crest,
crest, yet yet the
the flowflow through
through the the spillway
spillway was was doubled
doubled whenwhen
circulation around
circulation around the
the anti-vortex
anti-vortex wall wall was prevented, even
\ras prevented, even though
though the the crest
creit length
length was ghort-
was short-
ened by
ened by one-fourth
one-fourth by by the
the installation
installation of of the
the wall.
wall. The The reduced
reduced flow flow causedcaused by by the
tle circulation,
circulation,
although impressive,
although impressive, is is not
not asag much
much as as other
other investigators
investigators have have found found for for other
othlr types
types of of spill-
spill-
way.
way.
'
At aa head
At head of
of 1.2H/D
l.zH/D in in Fig.
Fig. V-13,
V-13, the the conduit
conduit is is flowing
flowing as as aa pipe.
pipe. The The discharge
discharge at at
this head for
this head for Series
Series L-8,
L-8, where
where circulation
circulation in back back of of the
the wall
walf is permitted, is
is permitted, is 13
13 per cent
perlent
less than for Series
less Series L-9,
L-9, where circulation
circulation is prevented. prevented. The The dike, dike, therefore,
therefore, serves to in- in-
crease the the spillway
epillway capacity. The The discharge at at this samesame headhead for Series Series L-7, L-?, where no no wall
used, is 39
is used, 39 per cent
cent less than that for Series Series L-9. L-9. Moreover,
Moreover, the the rating
rating curve is difficult difficult
because different
to define because different vortex
vortex intensities
iniensities greatly greatly affect the the flow through through the the spillway.
spillway.
Vortices, which may vary
Vortices, vary in intensity,
intensity, make it impossible
impossible to predict
predict the flow through
through the
spillway in addition
spillway addition to causing aa reduction
reduction in the flow through
through the spillway. The former
thespiltway. defi-
formeidefi-
ciency is probably more serious than the the latter.
latter. The
The only reliable solution is to eliminate
onlyleliable eliminate
vortices or
vortices or to reduce their
their effect to negligible proportions.
proportions.

CLOSED CONDUIT SPILLWAY

SPILLWAY SERIES
SERIES L-26
L.26

T h e head-discharge
The h e a d - d i s c h a r g e curve
c u r v e for
f o r Series
S e r i e s L-26
L - 2 6 i is p r e s e n t e d in
s presented i n Fig.
F i g . VVII-l.
I I - 1 . It
I t will
w i l l be
b e nnoticed,
oticed,
as stated in PartPart VI, that the weir portion of this curve is well
weir flow portion wef defined.
defined. However, vor- vor-
tices were generated as soon
tices soon as pipe flow began. began. With the the formation
formation of these vortices, vortices, air air
wae carried
was carried through the spillway spillway and and thethe rate of outflow became very very erratic.
ematic. The extreme extreme
scatter of the data between values
scatter values of H/ H/DD of 1 and and 3 is aa resultresult of ofihethe varying
varying influence
influence of
vortex. All
the vortex. All of the data data in Fig. Fig. VII-I
VII-1 which is representedrepresented ~ by vertical
vertical lines and and dots were
5
with one
obtained with one rate of flow into the headpool, headpool, that is ia Q/ D 2 =
q/95/2 = 16.8
16.8.. Outflow rates--flow rates--flow
through the spillway--were
through spillway--were obtained by correcting correcting for for storage
storage in in the headpool. The outflow outflow
rate was
rate waa constant
constant only only forfor an average of between one and two minutes minutes and, and, during
during this this con-
con-
outflow, the water
stant outflow, water levellevel in in the headpool was usually usually changing. The" The range in in headpool
level during a constant
level during constant outflow
outflow rate rate is indicated
indicated by the length length of the verticalvertieal linei lines in in Fig. VII-I.
Fig. VII- 1.
5 2
Thereduction
The reduction indischarge
in discharge at H/o H/ D = = 2 from
from an indicated Q/ q/o5/2
D / for pipe flow of 17.2
for 1?.2
to an observed 9.6--a 9.6--a reduction
reduction of 44 per cent--is cent--is quite serious serious in itself, itself, but there is no in- in-
dication
dication that
that the minimum
minimum possible possible discharge
discharge was actually actually observed.
observed. A vortex vortex of of greater
greater
strength
strength could
could well
well have caused a further further reduction
reduction in in discharge.
discharge. Moreover, Moreover, the actual actual flow
flow
throuqh
throu,h the spillway
spillway at any anyone one time
time is is unknown, for for data werewere obtained
obtained everywhereeverywhere between between
5
Q/ D 2 = 9.6 and 17.7
q/O'/'- l?.? for for a single rate rate of of flow to the headpool.
headpool. In other other words, it it is
is im-
im-
possible to define the head-discharge
head-discharge curve curve in in this
this range.

W'henthe
When the depthover
depth over the dropdrop inlet
inlet crestexceeded
crest exceeded about ?D,7D, air
air did notenter
not enter thespill-
the spill-
way
way through
through the vortices
vortices and a well-defined
well-defined rating
rating curve
curve was then
then obtained.
obtained. Apparently,
Apparently, high
high
submergence of of the drop inlet
inlet decreases the vortex
vortex effect.
effect. I{evertheless,
Nevertheless, itit appears piudent
prudent
to provide
to provide meana
means forfor controlling
cont roll ing vortex
vortex formation
formation at closed
closed conduit
conduit spillways
spillways because ofof its
its
extremely
extremely adverse effect
effe ct on the
t he discharge at moderate
moderate heads.

EFFECT
EFFE CT OF
OF VORTEX
VORTEX ON ORIFICE
ORIFICE DISCHARGE
DISCHARGE

Tlxperiments
Experiments concerning
concerning the the effect
e ffect ofof the
t he vortex
vort e x on the discharge
discharge of o f a horizontal
hor i zontal circu-
circu-
Iar
lar orifice
orifice in
in the floor
floor of
of a tank
t a nk are
are reported
r eport ed by b y C. J. Pos ey and Hsieh-ching
J . Posey Hs ieh-ching Hsu Hsu [I-40].
[1-40]. A1l
All
experiments
experiments werewere run
run with
with a constant
c o nst a nt head.
he a d. The vortex
vo r t e x was
wa s formed
fo rmed by by adrnitting
adm itt ing water
water radially
radially
or
or tangentially
tangentially inin proportions
proportions which which werewere varied
va r ie d to
t o vary
v ary the
t he strength.
st r e ngth . The
The tangential
tangential water
water
wag
was admitted
admitted through
through two
two or
or four
fo u r nozzles
nozz les whichwhich werewere set at different
different radii
radi i r.
r . from
from the
the ori-
ori-
J
fice. The
fice. The size
size ofof the
the vortex
vorte x was
was found
found to to depend
depend on on thethe average
average tangential
tangential component
component of of the
the
velocity.
velocity. This
This ratio
ratio is
is designated
des ignated as tan tan 0.().

The
The resultsobtained
results obtained by
by Posyand
Posy and Hsu [1-40] are
Hsu [I-40] are presented
presented in
in Fig,
Fig. VII-2,
VII-2, which
which is
is copied
copied
from
from their paper. The
their Paper. The right-hand
right-hand scale,
scale, which
which showslhe
shows the per
per cent
cent reduction
reduction inin discharge
discharge due
due
444
4

oo 5 )(

r.o
1.0
"V"
....
2200 9>o
..
Q)

5....~.8
t .6
9.6
....
=;:)
~
g
.8

-+ |

sz"
r'
(i

2~" rc"
32" zlq" 16"
~JIo.R
.c~ ~o:::: .to
~~O
~
t:o
~.
O.
o

"V" a- .
..
~ oOJ,
t-T- l

4400 - ~

60
o
o

a
t,

2..... .4c t- 424n onozzles

zzles 60 +-0- o 4~ -l
K :ro- I-i'A" l5i1on
t I
60 oQ)
='3
3
2 n nozzles
o zzles ?~
. o0 .J.
oi ~
ctl
c,o
E()
...
CJI

ou ],-
I t ta
~ s
.,...
,J.
..c:.
.9oIII
o
9.2
g

o
80
80
!,

oo
c
.9
-
c:
.2
~

,E oti
a
! ::J
o -J 90 o~
.I 90 ~
8 ro
10 50
50 too
100 500
500 rooo
1000 3000
3000
o n Ie
TTon
VII-2 -- Effect
Fig. Vlt-2
Fig. Effect of Vortex on
of Vortex Orifice Dischorge.
on Orifice Discharge.

to the
to the vortex,
vortex, indicates
indicates that
that reductions
reductions upup to 75 per
to ?5 per cent are possible-.-
cent are In other
possible. In words, the
other words, the
flow through an orifice
ilow through an orifice with
with a
a vortex
vortex can
c"n te
be as
as liftle
little as
as one-fourth
one -fourth the
the flow
flow which
which would pass
would pass
through the
through the orifice
orifice ifif there
there were
were no
no vortex.
vortex.

The data
The data presentedin
presented in Fig.
Fig. VII-2 emphasize the
VII-2 emphasize the commentg made prevlouslythat
comments made previously that avortex
a vortex
causes aa greaf
causes great reductionin
reduction in th6capacity of aspillwayand
the capacity ol means should be taken toinsure
a spillway and that meanashould to insure
that vortices
that vortices will
will not
not form.
form.

VORTEX ON DISCHARGE
EFFECT OF VORTEX
EFFECT VERTICAL PIPES
DISCHARGE OF VERTICAL

Flow
FIow into
into aa vertical
vertical pipe is
pipe is closely akin to flow in the drop inlet of aa closed
closely akin conduit
closed conduit
spillway. Therefore the experiments on vertical
onvertical pipes
-chargeand
and the
the effect of vortices
vortices on
on their
their dis-
dis-
spillway. Therefore the experiments
charge which have reported by
been reported
have been A. M.
by A. M.
and G.
Binnie and Hookings [1-5]
G. A. Hookings and Lennart
[I-5] and Lennart
Rahm [1
Rahm II-41] interesk
-4 1] are of interes.

and Hookings
Binnie and Hookings

I Three entrances were

different entrances
Three different
Hookings:: aa plain
and Hookings
were used
used by
pipe with
plain pipe with its
by
ite
I Binnie and
Binnie
upper end
upper
wards at
wards at 45 degrees and
45 degrees
downwards and
chamfered downwards
end chamfered
and the
and out-
entrances
two entrances
the two
out-

i shown in
shown
trances were
trances were 16D
VII-3. The
Fig. VII-3.
in Fig.

minimize bottom
to minimize
above the
16D above
crests of
The crests
bottom of
the bottom
effects.. The
bottom effects
the en-
of the
of the
over-
The over-
en-
the
O) tank to
tank
CD l e n g t hwas
a l l length
all w a s 25.8D. w a sadmitted
W a t e r was
2 5 . 8 D . Water to
a d m i t t e d to
the tank
the tank in inwhich
which the entrances were
the entrances located
were located
either radially;
either tangentiallyl or
radially, tangentially, or some
Eorrrcom-cotrr-
-@
'00 bination of
bination radially and
of radially tangentially. Two
and tangentially. Two tan-tan-
oo pipes werewere used used to produce the
to produce tan-
the tan-
aio gential pipes
gential
tt - l- gential
i""ti.r flow. ir6*. The pipe diameters
The pipe diameters were were 1/2, t/2,
\
lo

_r-
bIf)o
Na
t
I
11 t = ^
t|r)
t tl
t

1.279"
1.279"
and 22 in.
11 and
could be
could

The
entrancesare
entrances
shown are
in. so
be varied.
varied.

results of
The results
aregiven
that the
so that

of the
given in
inFig.
water entering
for water
are for
strength of
the strength

tests on
the tests
Fig. VII-4.
on the

entering either
of the

three
the three
curves
The curves
VII-4. The
radially
either radially
the vortex
vortex

N
tI shown
or tangentially.
or tangentially. When Whenpart part of
of the water en-
the water en-
iangentially and
tered tangentially
tered andthe theremainder entered
remainder entered
radially, the
radially, head-discharge curves
thehead-discharge be-
fell be-
curves.fell
tweenthose
tween drawn inin Fig.
thosedrawn Fig. VU-4.
VII-4. This indi-
This indi-
Bellmouth
BellmouthAA Bellmouth
Bellmouth BB which in-
alone, which
inflow alone, in-
cates that
cates tangential inflow
that tangential
?uces
{uces the circulation atat any
greatest circulation
the greatest given
anygiven
Fig. Vll-3 - - Vertical
Fig.VII-3 VerticolPipe
PipeEntrances
Entmnces Tested
Tested rate producesthe
flow, produces
iate ofofflow, least outflow
theleast outflowdis-dis-
b yBinnie
by B i n n iand
eo n dHookings.
Hookings. charge. Similarly,
charge. tangential flow
Similarly, tangential flow through
through
 45
45

.!::!.H
DD l
I'n

lr
I
fi; 2in.

I in .

Rodiol --'tf

o t 22 33
o / ' l Z sDt' D i
Q/i2g

( o ) Discharge
(a) D i s c h o r g eTests
T e s t s an
o n the
t h e Plain pipe
P l o i n Pipe

2
~
I. 2in.
2i ,1nn

l/,
lin.

H .
E
D '
.!::!.I

o
o
o
~
~~ ~ U
1 22
Radial
R odiol

33
J
..J
I
,.
44
o/{Zs'
Q/{2g Dt
Di
(b)
(b) Dischorge
Discharge Tests
Tests on
on Bellmouth
Bellmouth A
A

,
,/#
2
I

I.
2 m. 2i.

lin.

$HD r

oo
o
JL
-- J

f
~~
^F

oz{Zs
22
D~
Q/f2g oi
RRadial
odiol

33
) .-J

(c) Discharge Tests

(c) Dischorge Tests on
on Bellmouth
Bellmouth BB

Fig. VII-4- - Heod-Dlschorge

Fig.Vll-4 Head-DischargeCurves
Curvesfor
for Rodiol
Radial ond
andTongentiol
Tangential Flow
Flowos
asDetermined byBinnie
Determinedby Binnieond
and Hookings.
Hookings.
446
6

the smallest pipe

thesmallest pipe producesthe vortex of
produces the vortex of greatest
greatest strength and, asa
strength and, as a result,the outflow is less
result, the outflowis less
than when the
thanwhen the tangential
tangential flowenters
flow enters through
through the larger pipes.
the larger pipes. Binnieand Hookings report that
Binnie and Hookingsreport that
there was
there was anair
an air core
core down
down thecenter
the center ofof thepipewhen the entering flow was
the pipe when theenteringflow was solely
solely tangentlal.
tangential.
The fact
The fact that the pipe
that the pipe did
did not
not flow
flow full
full under
under these of course,
conditions, of
these conditions, course, is is one reason
reason why
why
the discharge
the discharge is is so
so much
much lower
lower for
for tangential
tangential flow than for
flow than for radial
radial flow.
flow.

The results
The results obtained
obtained by
by Binnie Hookings indicate
Binnie and Hookings indicate that vortices can
that vortices can reduce the flow
reduce the flow
through spillways
through spillways by much as 90 per
by as much per cent
cent in the case of
in the of the plain pipe,
the plain pipe, 74 per per cent in
in the
the
of Bellmouth
case of Bellmouth A, 73 per
A, and ?3 per cent in
in the
the case of Bellmouth B.
of Bellmouth B. When there is
When there is weir
weir flowover
flow over
the crest,
the crest, the
the whirling
whirling water
water reduces
reduces the
the flow much as 62 per
by as much
flow by per cent in in the case of
of Bell-
Bell-
mouth A.
mouth A. Lesser
Lesser reductions
reductions were
were obtained for
for the other entrances, but
the other but itit appears that
that vorti-
vorti-
ces and circulation
ces circulation must
must be
be inhibited
inhibited for
for weir
weir flow well as for
flow as well full pipe
for full pipe flow to insure
flow to insure the
the
maximum discharge
maximum discharge at any gi.ven
given head.

Rahm
Rahm

laboratory testsreported
The laboratory tests reported by Rahm were made on five glaespipes
by Rahmwere varying in
glass pipes varying in diam-
diam-
eter and length as shown in
eterand Table VII-I. The pipes were
in TableVII-1. were installed
installed vertically through the floor
vertically through floor
90 cm
90 cm upstream
upstream from
from the bulkhead at the downstream of a channel. The resulting
downstream end of resulting tank
cm wide by
was 60 cm by 120
120 cm
cm deep
deep by
by 650
650 cm ends of the pipes were
cm long. The ends were ground square.

TABLE VII.I
TABLE VII-l
PIPES TESTED
PIPES TESTED BY
BY RAHM
RAHM

te t
Pipe
Pip D D
T- DD
N o..
No em
I 13.; 5. 04
5.o11 o.o2*
0.0256
2 8.1
83 t5,a6
15.06 .or9i
.0193
3t R 2
83 8.07
8.07 .0193
4)1 8.3 4 .1 0 .0193
5 4.0
4.0 16.75 .0325

The crests
crests of Pipes I, 2,2, 3 and
and 5 were 6060 cm above
above the floor of the tank. Pipe 4 had
the floor its top
had its
20
20 cm above
above the floor.
floor. The pipes discharged freely.
freely. Water entered the channel from one
channel from one end.
end.
No attempt was made
made to cause
cause vortices
vortices or inhibit ttheir
or to inhibit formation. Vortices
heir formation. Vortices were observed
but they occurred
occurred naturally.
naturally. Rahm presents some pictures, describes
some excellent pictures, deecribes the various
various
types of
oi weir,
weir, orifice
orifice and pipe flow he
full pipe
and-full he observed,
observed, andand explains the
the cycling between flow
cycling between
types also reported
reported by thethe writer
writer in detail in Parts and II.
Parts I and

For "Even water surface

vortexes on the water surface in the
For full
full pipe flow Rahm reports:
reports: "Even when the vortexes
test tank were very
very marked, their
their effect on the the discharge was not noticeable under the test
was not
conditions."
conditions." TheThe effect
dffect of vortices
vortices on thethe discharge would not if their
be noticed if
not be ie
their strength is
constant.
constant. Vortices
Vorticesofof varying
varying strength do do affect the
the discharge as r.eported by Pose?,
as reported and Hsu,
Posey and Heu,
quite likely "test conditions" such
Binnie and
and Hookings,
Hookings, and
and the
the writer.
writer. ItIt is quite likely that Rahm's
Rahmrs "test conditions' were such
that relatively stable vortices
relatively stable vortices were
lrtere obtained.
obtained.

SIMILITUDE
SIMILITUDE OF VORTICES

Do
Do vortices
vortices which
which form
form in
in the laboratory models
the laboratory also form
models also form inin the field structure?
the field structure? Can
the
the effect
effect of
of vortices
vortices be predictedquantitativelyfrom
be predicted quantitatively from laboratory
laboratory studies
studies on
on small-sized
small-sized struc-
struc-
tures?
tures? These questions were
These questions were raised during the
raised during the studies. The answer
studies. The answer to both questions is
both questions yee.
is yes.
Proof
Proof has
has been published by Camichel,
been published Camichel, Escande
Escande and
and Sabathe
Sabathe[1-13).
[I-13].
The
The apparatus
apparatus used used in in the
the experiments
experiments reported
reported by Camichel, Escande and
by Camichel,Escande and Sabathe
Sabathecon- con-
sisted
sisted of of aa vertical
vertical casing
casing whosewhose cross
cross section
section had had thethe form
form of of aa logarithmic
logarithmic spiral. spiral. Water Water
entered
entered the the casing
casing through
through aa vertical
vertical opening
opening or or nozzle
nozzLe along along the the entire height of
entire height of one
one side,side,
which
which initiated
initiated the the vortex,
vortex, and and left
left through
through orifices
oiifices in in the bottom of
the bottom of the casing. The
the casing. The orifices
orifices
had
h a d diameters
d i a m e t e r s of
o f 30,20
3 0 , 2 0 or
o r 15
1 5cm.
c m . Scale
S c a l e models
m o d e l s of
o f one-tenth
o n e - t e n t h size
s i z e were c o n s t r u c t e d also.
w e r e constructed Both
a l s o . Both
the
the prototype
prototype and and the
the model
model werewere tested
tested and and the
the results
results were compared compared after multiplying the
after multiplying the
5;vfrre
2'.
model
model headsheads by by 1010 and
and the prototype discharges
the prototype discharges by by 10tO"t/ . The The results
results of of thethe tests
teets on on the
the
 47
47

three orifices
three ori.fices are compared in
are compared in Fig.
Fig. VII-5.
VII-5. There
There itit can
can be
be seen
seen that
that the
the data
data obtained
obtained from
from
the 1:10
the 1: model and
10 model and the prototype exhibit
the prototype good agreement
exhibit good agreement..

One point of
One pOint of dissimilarity
dissimilarity-was noted during
was noted during these
these tests,
tests, but
but only one
one brief
only-The brief paragraph
paragraph is
ie
devoted to
devoted to it:
it: The jets issuing
The jets issuing from
from the
the orifices
orifices were
were not
not similar
similar. . The authors
authorl offer
off6r their
ineir
statement and
statement pair of
and aa pair of comparative photographs without
comparative photographs without comment.
comment.
As aaresultof
As theexperiment
result of the experiment bybyMessrs.
Messrs. Camichel,
Camichel, Escande
Escande and
and Sabathe,
Sabathe,it
it is
is apparent
apparent
that the
that quantitative effect
the quantitative effectof
of aavortex onthe
vortex on the capacity of an
capacityof orifice--and presumably
anorifice--and on a closed
presumablyoniLlosed

400
o Large
0 vortex
Lorge vortex

o 1l:lO
:10 model
model
~

350

lo
0

eo
%
300 t
~
$-
eo
..s-"
~
. 9
..-,. i::
uo .a 0o 0o'
Q)
a
(/) 0o

...o 250
250 a $s
CJ
oo ",:>0
Q)
a. noo
o 0
~
o 0

~
= 200
200 0

.
0
a
t ~
150 0^ "" t '
.,"
od- . ,.Go ~\c,e
.o~
q^t o~\
6(r''
.0 0 c,<S:-'
t ~ 7,.0
100
0

.r?'i6-o"
0

.~.
~ 'f!!'
...- ...

'*-"' ~ 0
~ ~ecJ
on
. \\C e

50 . 0
eo ~ ,rt"::"':'l::"t
\~ c(1\

0
0 t 22 3 4

H
LI (meters)
(meters)

Fig. VII-5 -- Comporlson

Fig . Vll-5 Comparison of Heod-Dischorge
Head-Discharge
Relotionshioe
Relationships with
with Vortex
Vortex os
as Determtned
Determined
by
by Comichil,
Camichel, Esconde
Escande ond
and Sobqfhe.
Sabat he.

conduit
conduit spillway--can
spillwa y--c an be
be determined
dete r mined in
in aa model
model and
and scaled
scaled up to prototype
up to prototype size
size through
through the
the
use of
of aa Froude
Froude model
mode l law.
law.

_. Although
Although Rahm [1-41) does
Rahm [I-41] not report
doe s not report aa variation
variation of of vortex
vortex strength,
strength, he
he does
does report
report his
his
discharge
discharge coefficients
coefficient s for all pipes.
fo r a1l pipes. HisHis resultsverify
results verify the the similarityrelationships.
similarity relationships. For For weir
weir
flow
flow Rahm
Rahm reports
reports aa discharge
di sc harge coefficient
coeffic i ent CC in
in Eq.
Eq. 1-1 of
-a t-t of 4.28
4.28 toi
for all
all pipes.
pipes. ForFor the
the hori-
hori-
zontal
zontal orifice
orifice at t he pipe
at the pipe entrance
ent rance Rahm Rahm reports
reports a discharge
discharge coefficie.tt'
coefficient Co C in in Eq.
Eq. I-?
1-7 of
of
o
.a-9 fo1
4.49 for Pipe
Pipe 1, 1, 4.5?
4.57 forfor Pipes
Pipes 2, 2, 33 and
and 4,
4, and
and 4.65
4.65 for
for Pipe
Pipe 5.
5. The
The agreement
agreement is is very
very good
good
and
and well
well within
within thethe limits
limits of experimental precision.
of experimental precision. For full pipe
For futl pipe floi
flow Ratrm
Rahm did did not
not deter-
deter-
mine
mine K" Ke in in Eq.
Eq. I-5
1-5 but
but lumped
lumped the t he entrance,
entrance, exit
exit and
and friction
friction losses
losses into
into aa eingle
single conetant
const ant
that
that is
i s valid
valid only his pipe
only ifif his pipe isi s frictionless.
frictionless.
48
48

HARSPRANGET DIVERSION
HARSPRANGET DIVERSION TUNNEL
TUNNEL

Rahm [1-41] reports observations made

U-411 reports made in 1949 1949 on vortex
vortex flow through aa drop inlet di- di-
v e r a i o n tunnel.
version t u n n e l . The
T h e tunnel
t u n n e l is
i s sshown
h o w n iin
n Fig.
F i g . VVII-6.
I I - 6 . This
T h i s tunnel
tunnelwwas
a s 11
1 1 m ((36
3 6 fft)
t ) l olong.
n g . The
T h e nnearly
early
horizontal tunnel 280
horizontal 280 m (918 (918 ft) long had had an average cross eross sectional area of 110 (1184
110 sq m (1184

Elevotio~
Elevotion Longitudinal
Longitudinolsection
seclion
m

:ilF
+2701
.''0
|
+ 2 5 0L

\Tunnel oullel

Plon

5cole
Scale
o 50
50 100m
100 m
@ I I

Fig. Vtl-6 -- Ho~priinget

Fig. VII-6 Dive~ion Tunnel.
HonprSngetDiversion Tunnel.

sq ft).
ft). The
The oblique
oblique upward
upward tunnel
tunnel mouth
mouth was
was 50 m (164 ft)
m(164 long. The
ft)long. The gate shaft
shaft was
was to be used
used
for
for closing
closing off
off the tunnel.
tunnel. The
The transport
transport tunnel
tunnel was used
used for
for removal
removal of of the excavated
excavated rock.
rock.
3a (30,000 cfs). Mr.
Rahm states that full pipe flow through the tunnel begins at 850
850 mm"/sec
/ sec (30,000 Mr. Rahm
writes:
writes:
3
As
A s long
l o n g aass thet h e flow
f l o w ddidi d notn o t exceed
e x c e e d 850 A S Om m 3// ss,, t the
h e water
w a t e r level
l e v e l above
a b o v e thet h e tunne
t u n n e lI i n llet
e t vvaried
a r i e d c ocon-
n-
tinuously
t i n u o u s l y anda n d regularly
r e g u l a r l y with w i t h t hthe
e fluctuations
f l u c t u a t i o n s in i n discharge.
d i s c h a r g e . On O n JulyJ u l y 6th
6 t h [1
[19 9491,
4 9 ] , however
h o w e v e r ,, the
t h e rate
r a t e of
of
3
flow
f l o w increased
i n c r e a s e d rapidly
r a p i d l y fromf r o m 850 8 5 0 m " / /s s [30,000
[ 3 0 , 0 0 0 cfs],
c f s ] , which
w h i c h rate
r a t e had had b been
e e n maintaine
m a i n t a i n e dd constant
c o n s t a n t forfor
3
about
a b o u t 24 2 4 hours,
h o u r s , tot o slightly
s l i g h t l y above
a b o v e 870
8 ? 0 -m3 7 "/s [30,700
l f O , Z O O cfs].
c f s l . This
T h i s caused
c a u s e d aa rise
r i s e in i n the
t h e water
w a t e r level
l e v e l ofo f no
no
less
I e s s than
t h a n 2,52 , 5 m[8.2
r n [ 8 . 2 ft],
f t l , from+284,8m
f r o m + 2 8 4 , 8 m to+ t o + 287,3
2 8 7 , 3 m, m , in i n 2 hours
h o u r s .....
. . . In
I n order
o r d e r to t o pre
p r e vvent
e n t the
t h e site
s i t e from
from
3
being flooded,
being f l o o d e d , the flow was then reduced ... to its initial value of 850 m / s. Even so, the wate r level
the flow was then reduced.,.to its initial value of 850m"/s. Even so, the water level
did
d i d not
n o t fall
f a l l to
t o its
i t s previous
p r e v i o u s position
p o s i t i o n ofo i eequilibrium
quilibrium corresponding
c o r r e s p o n d i n g tot o this
t h i s rate
r a t e of
o f flow,
f l o w , i.e.
i . e . ++2284,8
8 4 , 8 m,
rn,
as
a s hhad
a d bbeen
e e n e expected.
x p e c t e d . Instead,
I n s t e a d ,aa stable
s t a b l e llevel
e v e l wwas reached
asre a c h e d a att a cao considerably
n s i d e r a b l y h i ghigher
h e r v a l value
u e , + 2, 8+7287,6
, 6 m . m.

When
W h e n the t h e water
w a t e r level
l e v e l wasw a s higher
h i g h e r than
t h a n about
a b o u t + 283 2 8 3 m,
m , the t h e water
w a t e r was
w a s d ischarged
ischarged b both
o t h through
through
the
t h e tunnel
t u n n e l inlet
i n l e t and
a n d through
t h r o u g h the t h e gate
g a t e shaft,
s h a f t , Fig.
F i g . [VII-7].
[ V I I - ? ] . AtA t high
h i g h water
w a t e r levels,
l e v e l s , this
t h i s caused
c a u s e d the
t h e forma-
forma-
tion
t i o n of
o f whirlpools
w h i r l p o o l s at a t both
b o t h inlets,
i n l e t s , a strong
s t r o n g one o n e ata t the
t h e tunnel
t u n n e i inlet
i n l e t and
a n d aa weaker
w e a k e r oneo n e ata t the
t h e gate
g a t e shaft.
shaft.
The
T h e water
w a t e r rotated
r o t a t e d clockwise
clock*ise above
a b o v e the t h e tunnel
t u n n e l inlet
i n l e t anda n d counter-clockwise
counter-clockwise above
a b o v e t hhee gate
g a t e shaft.
s h a f t . ....
..

The
T h e high h i g h water
w a t e r level l e v e l observed
o b s e r v e d on o n July
J u I y 6th 6 t h remained
remaj.ned u unchanged
n c h a n g e d even e v e n after
a f t e r the t h e rate
r a t e of- o f inflow
inflow
had
had b been
e e n reduced
r e d u c e d to t o aa value
v a l u e that t h a t formerly
formerly corresponded
c o r r e s p o n d e d to t o aa water
w a t e r level I e v e l 2,7 2 , 7 m lower. l o w e r , This T h i s fact f a c t is
is
probably
p r o b a b l y due d u e to t o thet h e topographical
t o p o g r a p h i c a l configuration
c o n f i g u r a t i o n of o f the
t h e ground
g r o u n d surface
s u r f a c e around a r o u n d the t h e tunnel
t u n n e l inlet.
i n l e t . The The
3 3
increase
i n c r e a s e in i n the
t h e rate
r a t e of o f flow
f l o w from f r o r r v 850
8 5 0 m o //ss to t o 8708 ? 0 m r / /s s caused
c a u s e d a rise r i s e in i n wwater
a t e r level
l e v e l anda n d an a n iintensi-
ntensi-
fication
fication of
o f the vortical
the vortical motion
m o t i o n above
a b o v e t h e i n l e t , e s p e c i a l l y when
the inlet, especially w h e n aa vortexv o r t e x was w a s also
a l s o formed
f o r m e d above a b o v e the the
gate
g a t e shaft.
s h a f t . Since
S i n c e the t h e inlet
i n L e t is i s located
l o c a t e d on o n the
t h e river
r i v e r bank, b a n k , this
t h i s rise
r i s e in i n water
w a t e r level l e v e l increased
i n c r e a s e d the t h e extent
extent
of
o f thet h e body
b o d y of o f water
w a t e r between
b e t w e e n the t h e inlet
i n l e t and
a n d thet h e river
r i v e r bank,b a n k , and
a n d hence
h e n c e affordeda f f o r d e d morem o r e favourable
f a v o u r a b l e con- con-
ditions
d i t i o n s for f o r intense
i n t e n s e vortical
v o r t i c a l motionm o t i o n at a t the
t h e inlet.
i n l . e t . The
T h e vortex
v o r t e x strength
s t r e n g t h was w a s therefore
t h e r e f o r e maintained
m a i n t a i n e d at a t aa
high
h i g h value
v a l u e eeven
v e n aftera f t e r t hthe
e reduction
r e d u c t i o n in i n the
t h e rrate
a t e o fof flow.f l o w . This
T h i s state
s t a t e of o f flow
f l o w withw i t h s strong
trong vortical
v o r t i c a l motion
motion
at
a t high
h i g h water
w a t e r levels
l e v e l s was w a s then t h e n as a s stable
s t a b l e as a s thet h e former
f o r m e r weak w e a k rotation
r o t a t i o n at a t low1 o w water
w a t e r levels.
IeveIs.
 f
49
49

Fig. Vll-7 -- View

Fig. VII-7 the Flow
View of the ot Harspr~nget
Flow at HonprSngef when
whenWater
WoterWas
Wor Discharged
Dischorged
Through Boththe
ThroughBoth the Tunnel
Tunnel Inlet ond the
Inlet and the Gate Shoft. The
Gofe Shaft. goie shaft
Thegate shoftis
is
in the
in foreground.
the foreground.

It is apparent that aa vortex vortex developed when the rate rate of flowflow was increased
increased and and that the
vortex
v o r t e x ccaused
a u s e d aa rreduction
e d u c t i o nin
i n tthe
h e rrate
a t e oof
f flow
f l o w tthrough
h r o u g h tthe
hetutunnel.
n n e l . TThe
h e i nincrease
c r e a g e i nin
h ehead
a d o f of 2.5
2 . 5m
m
mentioned
mbntioned by Rahm corresponds to an increase of 21 per cent;
21per cent; the reduction
reduction in flow as P9-
aa aa re-
sult
s u l t of
o f the
t h e vortex
v o r t e x is
i s 11
1 1 perp e r cent.
cent.

It was thought that flow through

through the gate shaft impeded the outflow,
outflow, so the water
water level
level
was lowered and
and the gate
gate shaft closed. Rahm comments:

Afte
A f t e rr closing
c l o s i n g the
t h e gate
g a t e shaft,
s h a f t , the
t h e discharge
d i s c h a r g e was
w a s still
s t i l l reduced
reduced b byy about
a b o u t 5 per
p e r cent,
c e n t , .....
. . . TThis
h i s re-
re-
duction
d u c t i o n in i n discharge,
d i s c h a r g e , which
w h i c h is
i s a minimum
m i n i m u m value,
v a l u e , may
m a y then
t h e n be
b e due
d u e tot o the
t h e remaining
r e m a i n i n g vortex,
v o r t e x , which which
I armed
o r m e d a funne

Accor
f u n n e ll of

- l , c c o r dding
o f air

i n g to
a i r above

t o the
a b o v e the
t h e inlet

t h e measurements
i n l e t and

measurements
a n d was
w a s very
v e r y powerful

made
made b
p o w e r f u l at

byy Hsu,
a t high
h i g h water

H s u , such
w a t e r levels

s u c h a reduction
levels, .

r e d u c t i o n in
.
i n the
t t i e discharge
a i s c h a r g e through
through a
bo
b o : : am
o m oorifice
r i f i c e wou w o u lld
d be b e oobtained
b t a i n e d ifi f t hthe
e tangential
t a n g e n t i a l velocity
v e l o c i t y wwere
e r e about
a b o u t 10 1 0 times
t i m e s as a s high
h i g h asa s the
t h e radial
radial
velocity.
v e i o c j . r v . VisualV i s u a l observations
o b s e r v a t i o n s and a n d film f i l m records
r e c o r d s made
m a d e at a t Harspranget
H a r s p r A n g e t haveh a v e alsoa l s o demonstrated
d e m o n s t r a t e d thatthat
: hhe
e swir
s ' x i r ' ^l ini n the
t h e inflow
i n f l . o w to t o thet h e tunnel
t u n n e l inlet i n l e t was
w a s of o f this
t h i s order
o r d e r ofo f magnitude.
magnitude. A
A viewv i e w of o f the
t h e vortex
v o r t e x is
is
shown
s h o ' * n in i n Fig.F i g . [VII-8].
IVII-B],

Fig. V I I - 8 -- View
F i g . VII-8 V i e w of
o f Tunnel
T u n n eIntake
l
Intoke qt Harsprgnget
at Honpr8nget
on A u g u s t15,
o n August 1 5 , 1949,
1 9 4 9 ,as
o s Seen
S e e nfrom
f r o m the
t h e Dam.
Dom.
50
50

Rahm comments
comments on the air
air carried
carried through
through the tunnel
tunnel as follows:
follows:
At
A t some
s o m e ratesr a t e s ofo f flow,
f l o w , water
w a t e r spouts
s p o u t s could
c o u l d beb e observed
o b s e r v e d at
a t the
t h e tunnel
t u n n e l outlet,
o u t l e t , . ...
. wwater
a t e r being
b e i n g thrown
thrown
up
u p 5 to
t o 10m
1 0 m [16.4[ 1 6 . 4 tot o 332.8
2 . 8 ft]f t ] aabove
b o v e the
t h e water
w a t e r level.
l e v e l . These
T h e s e wwater
a t e r spouts
s p o u t s had
h a d non o clear c l e a r periodicity
p e r i o d i c i t y b ubut
t
came
c a m e atat intervals
i n t e r v a l s of
of 1 to
to 3 seconds.
seconds. They did not
did not occur occur at discharges
discharges lower lower than about 200 m 3 /s
3 They at than about 2O0 rn"/s
[7060
[ 7 0 6 0 cfs],
c f s ] , bbut
u t above
a b o v e this
t h i s vvalue
a l u e they
t h e y . bbecame
e c a m e s stronger
tronger and
andm more
ore p powerful
o w e r f u l as
a s tthe
h e ddischarge
i s c h a r g e i n increased.
creased.
3
When
W h e n a discharge
d i s c h a r g e of
o f 800
8 0 0 to t o 850
8 5 0 m " , / ss [28,200
l 2 8 , 2 O O to
t o 30,000
3 0 , 0 0 0 cfs]
c f s l was
w a s reached,
r e a c h e d , the
t h e spouts
s p o u t s disappeared.
disappeared.

These
T h e s e spouts
s p o u t s were
w e r e produced
p r o d u c e d at a t the
t h e ooutlet
u t l e t by b y the
t h e eexpanding
x p a n d i n g of o f large
l a r g e air
air b bubbles
u b b l e s formed
f o r m e d within
within
t hhe
e tunnel
t u n n e l by
b y air
a i r sucked
s u c k e d down
d o w n at a t the
t h e tunnel
t u n n e l inlet
i n l e t . ....
, , ,there
t h e r e wasw a s no n o air,
a i r , oro r only
o n l y a small
s r n a l l volume
v o l u m e , , at
a t low
low
discharges,
d i s c h a r g e s , but
b u t asa s the
t h e flow
f l o w increased
i . n c r e a s e d anda n d t hhe e control
c o n t r o l section
s e c t i o n moved
m o v e d downwards
d o w n w a r d s in i n the
t h e tunnel
t u n n e l inlet,
inlet,
the
t h e volume
v o l u m e of o f air
a i r increased.
increased. At
A t maximum
m a x i m u m discharge
d i . s c h a r g e through
t h r o u g h thet h e tunnel
t u n n e l practically
practically no
n o air
a i r was
w a s en-
en-
trained
t r aine d.

RECOMMENDATIONS
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The
The following
following conclusions
conclusions are
are derived
derived from
from the
the foregoing
foregoing comments:
comments:

1. Circulation
Circulation or
or the presence
presence of
of a vortex
vortex reduces
reduces the flow
flow through
through closed
closed conduit
conduit spill-
spill-
ways
ways and orifices.
orifices.

2. No reliable prediction of
reliable prediction of the flow
flow can
can be made
made in
in the presence
presence of
of circulation
circulationor or vor-
vor-
tices because variations
tices because variations inin vortex
vortex strength
strength cause
cause changes
ehanges in
in the flow
flow rate.
rate.

3. For
For closed
closed conduit
conduit spillways where the
spillwayswhere vortex was
thevortex not forced
wasnot forced but occurred naturally,
butoccurred naturally,
the
the maximum
maximum effect
effect of
of the
the vortex
vortex isis at intermediate
intermediate heads
heads with
with the
the effect
effect decreasing
decreasing toto small
small
or negligible proportions
or negligible proportions at high
high submergences
submergences of
of the
the spillway
spillway crest.
creat. However,
However, for
for the
the forced
forced
vortices
vortices ofof Binnie
Binnie and Hookings,
Hookings, there
there was
was little
little or
or no improvement
improvement observed
observed at the
the high
high sub-
sub-
mergences.
mergences.

4. A
A vortex
vortex of
of any
any size reduces the capacity
sizereduces capacity of
of aaspilhvay
spillway with
with the percentage reduction
percentagereduction
increasing
increasing as the strength
strength ofof the vortex
vortex increases.
increases.

5. The
The effect
effect of
of vortices
vortices on the capacity
capacity of
of a closed
closed conduit
conduit spillway
spillway may
may be quantita-
quantita-
tively
tively predicted
predicted from
from tests
tests on small-sized
small-sized models.
models.

As
As a result
result of
of the
the above
above conclusions,
conclusions, it
it is
is recommended
recommended that aome m
that some ~ ns be provided
means provided
to
to inhibit
inhibit or, preferably, prevent
or, preferably, prevent circulation
circulation and the
the formation
formation of
of vortices.
vorticea.

AC~rOWLEDGEMENTS
ACKI(OWLEDGEMENTS

The results
results described product of
described here are aa product of an investigation
investigation conducted by the staff
etaff of
the Agricultural
Agricultural Research
Research Service,
Service, U. S.
S. Department
Department of Agriculture,
Agriculture, located
located at the St.
St. Anthony
Anthony
Falls
Falls Hydraulic
Hydraulic Laboratory,
Laboratory, University
University of Minnesota,
Minnesota, Minneapolis.
Minneapolis. There
There the Agricultural
Agricultural
Research
Research Service,
Service, the Minnesota
Minnesota Agricultural
Agricultural Experiment
Experiment Station, and the St.St. Anthony Falls
Falle
Hydraulic
Hydraulic Laboratory
Laboratory cooperate
cooperate in the solution problemn concerning
solution of problems concerning conservation
conservation hydraul-
hydraul-
ics. The laboratory
ics. laboratory experiments and the initial
experimentsand initial analysis
analysis were performed by aa number
were performed number of dif-
dif-
peraons between
ferent persons between 1941
1941and
and 1951.
1951. All
A11data
data were reanalyzed by the writer.
writer. The analytical
analytical
methods and the computations
computations have been checked by Robert
Robert V. Keppel.
Keppel.