JR Prog - Yr11 - 3u - 2017

JAMESRUSEAGRICULTURALHIGHSCHOOL
MATHEMATICSPROGRAMMEPRELIMINARY
MATHEMATICSEXTENSION12017
Preliminary:Year11Terms1,2,32017
PREAMBLE
Thisprogramcontainsthreemajorsections
A. Revisionofyear9and10work,
B. PreliminaryCoursetobecompletedinYear11.
C. HSCCoursetobecompletedinYear12
SectionAcontainsworkoncoordinategeometry,algebra,trigonometry,geometry,probability,logarithmsanduseofthecalculator.Thisshouldnotbe
taughtasablockatthecommencementoftheyearbutshouldberevisionprogressivelythroughtheuseofshortquestionsatthestartofperiods,short
diagnostictestsandrevisionassignmentswhichcouldbegivenashomeworkexercises.
Thestrandonfunctionsandcalculushasbeendesignedsothatavarietyoffunctionshavebeenintroducedbeforeconceptsandtechniquesinvolvedin
differentiationaremet.Thishasbeendonetoensurethatinitialpracticeofrulesfordifferentiationismademoremeaningfulforpupils.
Teachersneedtoreadcarefullytheappropriatepagesofbothsyllabusandnotes,toconsultthesupportnotesforthisprogram,andtoperusepreviousHigher
SchoolCertificateExaminationPaperssothatthespiritandintentionsofthesyllabusareinterpretedcorrectly.
JRAHSExtIPrelim2016 1
TOPICSUMMARYPRELIMINARYCOURSE
Revision
(1)Algebra
(2)AbsoluteValue
(3)CoordinateGeometry
(4)Trigonometry,identitiesandequations
(5)GeometryProofs
(6)Graphs
(7)Logarithms
2unitassessmentWeek6
PreliminaryCourse
Unit1 FurtherGraphsandLocus
Unit2 Quadratics
*Unit3 TrigonometryExpansions
*Unit4 GeometryoftheCircle
*Unit5 FurtherTrigonometry
*Unit6 TrigonometricEquations
Unit7 LimitsandCalculus
Unit8 Products,QuotientsandFunctionofFunction
HalfYearlyExaminationsWeek2Term2
*Unit9 Polynomials
Unit10 LocusandTheParabola
*Unit11 GeometryoftheParabola
*Unit12 Inequalities
Ext1ExamWeek1Term3
*Unit13 PermutationsandCombinations
Unit14 ApplicationsofDifferentiation
Unit15 RadianMeasure
Unit16 CalculusofTrigonometric,ExponentialandLogarithmicFunctions
_______________________PreliminaryYearlyexamination
*Extension1topics
A. RevisionofYear9and10work.
Revision1. Algebra
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7

Studentisableto:
(i) Simplifyexpressionsinvolvingremoving Example:Expandandsimplify:
parenthesis 4 x 2 5 x 7 3 x 2 7 x 1 ,
2 x 3 x 2 5 x 2 .
(ii) Substitute: Example:Findvalueof t 4 t 2 1 when t 2 3

Evaluateexpressionsinvolvingthe4
operations,powersandroots. or
A4C
2 4
2 4
Numbersubstitutionmayinvolveintegers, evaluate when A , B ,
B4 3 3
fractions,decimalsorsurds 7
C .
8
3
Substituteintoformulae Findhifv=10,r=2and v r 2 h orfindt

1
whena=4,u=4,s=6and s ut at 2 .
2
(iii) Factoriseexpressionscontaining e.g.Factor/factorise: 5 x 2 10 x , 16 x 2 1 ,

Commonfactors. 3 x 2 4 x 7 , 2 x 3 16 , x y 3x 3 y .
2 2
Differencesofsquares.
Differencesandsumofcubes.
Trinomials.
Fourtermsbygroupinginpairs.
(iv) SimplifyAlgebraicExpressions: x 2 5x 6 3 a3
, 2 ,
x2 a2 a 4
2m n m 3n 2 3
, .
3 6 x x x 2
(v) Solvelinearequations: 3x 4 3x 1 5 x 2
5t 3 21 t , 2 , .
x 3x 1 5 x 2
(vi) Solvelinearinequalities: 3x 4 2 12 , 3 2 x 1 .
(vii) Solvequadraticequations: 5 x 2 11x 2 0 , 8t 2 1 10t , y 6 y ,

2
v 2 2 16 .
(viii) Solveequationsreducibletoquadratics: x 4 9 x 2 8 0 , x 2 3x 4 x 2 3x 3 0 .
2
(ix) Solvesimultaneousequations: Solve: 3 x 2 y 7 and 5 x y 2 18 .

Standardofdifficultyonlytotheextent
requiredonlatertopics.
(x) PerformarithmeticoperationsonSurds:
Simplification: e.g.simplify: 50 , 4 18
Additionandsubtraction: e.g.simplify: 2 3 27 , 3 2 18 3.
Multiplication: e.g.simplify: 2 3 3 6 , 2 3 13 3 1 ,
2 3 1 2 , 3 1 3 1 .
Rationalisingdenominators: e.g.Rationalisethedenominatorandsimplify:
3 2 3 2
, ,
2 3 1 2 3 2
Findequivalentexpressionsinvolving e.g.Express 11 6 2 intheform a b 2
surds: whenaandbarerational.
(xi) SimplifyIndices: Revisionofindexlawsforpositiveindices
Useinsimplifyingalgebraicexpressions 2 x .4 x
e.g: 3x 2 3 ,
(2 x ) 3
Meaningofnegativeindices. e.g: ,
9 2
Evaluationofnumericexpressions.
Simplificationofalgebraicexpressions. 3 x 1 2 x .4 2 x 1 a 1 b 1
e.g: 2 , x 3 ,
y (2 ) ab
Meaningoffractionalindex. e.g.Evaluate: 8 3 ,
2

3
Evaluationofnumericexpressions. 4 2
Writingexpressionsinindexform x 1 3
e.g.Simplify: x , , 2 , 2
x x x
Writingexpressionsinsurdform. 1
e.g.Evaluate: x 2 , x 3 , 2 x 2
2 1
(xii) SolveIndicialequations: Solve: 2 n 32 ,, 9 n 27 .
Simultaneousindicialequations: Solve: 5 x y 125 and 7 x y 1 .
Revision2. AbsoluteValues
Studentswillhavebeenintroducedtothistopicinthejuniorschool.Thereforealargeamountoftimeshouldnotbespentonthistopic.Pretestingshouldbe
usedtoidentifyareasofweaknessthatcanbeaddressed.

Studentisableto:
(i) Givedefinitionforabsolutevalues:
a for a 0
(a) a
a for a 0
(b) a a 2

(c) a consideredintermsofthedistanceof
afromzeroonanumberline.
(d) a b =thedistancebetweenaandbon
anumberline
(ii) Evaluateexpressionscontainingabsolute Evaluate: 4 5 13 , 9 3 5

values.
(iii) Simplifyexpressionsinvolvingabsolute x2 4 x2 9
Simplify: x 2 ,
values 2x 6
(iv) Graphsimplefunctionsinvolvingabsolute Graph: y x2 , y 3x 2 , y 3 x

values.
(v) Solveequationscontainingabsolutevalues. Solve: x 2 5 , 3x 2 1 ,
3 x 2 5 x 4 , 3 x 2 5 x 4
(vi) Solveinequalitiescontainingabsolutevalues. Solve: 3 x 1 7 , 2 x 5 , 5 x 1 8 ,

x 1 x 1 , 2 x 1 x2 3
(Note:Thefirst3couldbesolvedbyconsidering
distancesonanumberline)
(vii) Sketchharderabsolutevaluegraphs Sketch: x y 1 , x y a , y 2 x 1
Revision3. CoordinateGeometry

Studentisableto:
(i) FindforaStraightline: e.g:Findkif A 2,3 liesonline 3 x 4 y k .
Slopeoftheline.
Interceptsoncoordinateaxes. e.g: y 0 for x axis , x 0 ,for y axis .
Drawitsgraph. y c forlineparallelto x axis , x k for
Conditionforapointtobeonaline. lineparallelto y axis .
Distancebetweentwopoints.
Midpointofaninterval.
Generalformforequationsoflines.
EquationusingGradientinterceptform
EquationusingPointgradientform m tan
Anglebetweenlineandpositivedirectionof
thexaxis(Angleofinclination)
(ii) ForParallelandperpendicularlines:
(a)Findgradientofagivenline. e.g:Findkif 3x 4 y 7 and kx 5 y 10 are
parallel.
Knowconditionforlinestobeparallel
m1 m2 .
Findthevalueofkwhichmakeslines
parallel.
(b)Usethepropertiesforparalleland e.g:Provethatthefigureboundedbythelines
perpendicularlinestoprovethata 3 x 2 y 8 , 4 x 3 y 7 , 3 x 2 y 12
particularfigureisaparallelogram and 4 x 3 y 11 isaparallelogram.
(c)Findtheequationofalinethroughagiven e.g:Findequationoflinethrough A 2,3 and
pointparalleltoagivenline. parallelto 3x 4 y 10 .
Derivationtobebasedonfactthatequationisof
form 3 x 4 y c and A 2,3 liesonit.
Analternativeequationforalineparallelto
ax by c andpassingthrough x 0 , y 0 is
a x x 0 b y y 0 0 .
(d)Knowtheconditionforlinestobe Studentsshouldbeabletofindtheslopeofaline
perpendicularandprovethat m1 m2 1 1
perpendiculartoagivenline(ieuse m 2 )
m1
andalsoprovethatlinesareperpendicular(ie
showthat m1 m2 1 )
(e)Useinprovingthataparticularfigureisa
rectangle(oppositesidesequal,oneanglea
rightangle).
(f)Findvaluesofkwhichmakeapairoflines e.g.:Findkif 3x 4 y 7 isperpendicularto

perpendicular kx 5 y 10 .
(g)Findtheequationofalinethroughagiven e.g.:Findequationofthelinethrough A 4,2
pointwhichisperpendiculartoagiven andperpendicularto 3x 7 y 10 .
line.
Derivationtobebasedonfactthatequationisof
form 7 x 3 y c and A 4,2 liesonit.
Analternativeequationforalineperpendicularto
ax by c andpassingthrough x 0 , y 0 is
b x x 0 a y y 0 0 .
(iii) Findtheequationofalinethroughthe Givenlines l1 0 and l 2 0 thentheequation

intersectionoftwogivenlines. ofalinethroughtheintersectionpointofthese
lineshastheform l1 kl 2 0 .
Reference:
HSCCourseinMathematicsYear113unit
Chapter4JonesandCouchman
(iv) Findperpendiculardistancefromapointtoa
line.
(v) Circles:
Findequationofacirclefromitslocus
definition.
Writedowntheequationofacirclegivenits e.g.1:Writedownthecentreandradiusofthe
centreandradius. circlewithequation x 3 2 y 4 2 25
Findthecentreandtheradiusofacirclefrom e.g.2:Findthecentreandradiusofcirclewith
anequationgivenincentralformorgeneral equation x 2 y 2 6 x 8 y 1 0 .
form.
(vi) Testifalineisatangentorachordtoacircle
through
(a)solutionofsimultaneousequationsand e.g.Findthepoint(s)ofintersectionoftheline
x y 2 andthecircle x 2 y 2 5 .
(b)useoftheperpendiculardistanceformula.
e.g.FindRiftheline x y 4 istangenttothe
circle x 1 2 y 2 2 R 2 .
(vii) Dividealineintoaparticularratiom:n,both e.g.Usesimilartrianglestoderivetheratio

EXT internallyandexternally. formula
1
Revision4. Trigonometry

Studentisableto:
(i) Redefinetrig.ratiosintermsofaunitcircle.
Evaluatetrig.Ratiosforanglesinallquadrants Simplifyingexpressionssuchas: sin 180 ,

(ASTC). cos180 , tan 360 .
Findvaluesofexpressionssuchas: sin 210 ,

Findexactvaluesfortrig.Ratiosofangles cos 225 , tan 240 .
associatedwith 30, 45, 60 andalso
0, 90, 180, 270, 360
(ii) Sketchgraphsof y sin x , y cos x ,

y tan x .
(iii) Solvesimpleequationsofform sin x c ,

cos x c , tan x c .
(iv) SolveProblemsinvolvingrightangled e.g,Aladder20mlongrestsagainstavertical

trianglesincludingthoseinwhich: wall.Theladdermakesanangleof60owith
theground.Findthedistancethattheladder
(a)adiagramisnotgiven willreachupthewall.
(b)anglesofelevationanddepressionare
involved
(c)simplebearingsareused
(v) Usethesineruletocalculatethelengthofa Applicationtoproblemsinvolvinganglesof
sidegiven2anglesandasideorcalculatean elevationanddepression,bearingsand
anglegiven2sidesandanangle. geometricalfigures.
(SeeYear10programandsyllabusforguidance
onstandards).
(vi) Usethecosineruletoobtainsidesandangles
andapplytobearingsandgeometricalfigures.
(vii) Solvecaseswheretwotriangleshavea
commonsideanddonotoverlapandcases
wheretrianglesoverlap.Questionsshould
includeproblemsonanglesofelevationand
depressionaswellasproblemswithbearings.
(Note:Themethodtobeadoptedatalltimes
requiresstudentstoobtainageneral
expressionforthelengthandanglerequired
andthentocarryoutasinglecalculation,or
findcalculationasafinalstep).
(viii) Trigidentities Proofs,simplificationandsolvingequations
Writedownbasicidentities: sin 90 A cos A , cos 90 A sin A ,
sin( A) sin A , cos( A) cos A ,
tan( A) tan A
Examples:
Completesimpleproofsofidentities. Giventhat sin 2 A cos 2 A 1 ,provethat:
1 tan 2 A sec 2 A ,
cos sin 2 cos sin 2 2 ,
1 1
2 sec 2 A ,etc.
(1 sin A) 1 sin A
Solveforaspecifieddomain,trigonometric
Findthesolutionofsimplelinearequations equationssuchas: 2 sin A 1 for 0 A 360
, 3 cos B 1 0 for 180 B 180 ,
sin 2 for 0 360
3+2cosx=15cosx,12sin2x=5sin36,
2sinx=cosx,2sinx=tanx,secx=3
(sinx+1)(2cosx1)=0
Solvesimpletrigonometricequationsusingthetrig
identities,Includingsimplequadraticequations.
Revision5. Geometry

Studentisableto:
(i) Definetrianglesandspecialquadrilaterals.
(ii) Definepropertiesofanglesonastraightline,
verticallyoppositeangles,anglesatapoint
andusethesepropertiesinavarietyof
problems.
(iii) Identifyparallellinesandanglesonparallel
linesandusetestsforparallellines.
(iv) Identifyandcalculate:
(a)exterioranglesanglesumofatriangle.
(b)anglesumofquadrilateralsandgeneral
polygons.
(c)sumofexternalanglesofgeneralpolygon.
(v) Testforcongruenttriangles
(vi) (a)Recognisepropertiesofparallelograms,
rhombus,rectangleandsquareand
(b)usesufficiencyconditionstotestforthese
quadrilaterals.
(vii) Testforsimilartrianglesandcalculatesidesin
similartriangles.
(viii) StateandusePythagoras'Theoremandits
converse.
(ix) Deriveanduseareaformulaefor
parallelogram,triangle,trapeziumand
rhombus.
(x) Provetheproperties:
(a)Alineparalleltoonesideofatriangle
dividestheothertwosidesinthesame
proportion.
(b)Alinejoiningthemidpointsoftwosides
ofatriangleisparalleltothethirdsideand
halfitslength.
(c)Parallellinespreserveratiosofintercepts
ontransversals.
(xi) Completesimplenumericalexercisesofa e.g.
deductivenatureinvolvingtheabove (a) InthefigureAE=15cm,EC=21cm,
properties. DB=24cm,andDE||BC.Findthelengthof
AD.
C
21 cm
E
15 cm B
24 cm
x cm D
A
(b)D,E,Farethemidpointsofthesidesofa
triangleABC.ProvethattrianglesABCand
DEFaresimilar.
(xii) Solveproblemsinvolvingalloftheabove ForexamplesseeSyllabuspages1720

propertieswithorwithoutdiagrams,using
numericalorgeneralcases.
Revision6. Graphs

Studentisableto:
(i) Graphstraightlinesusingintercepts. x y
Interceptform: 1 whereaisthe
a b
x intercept andbisthe y intercept
(ii) Graphparabolabyusingaxesof
symmetry/vertexapproachwithpointsof
intersectionwithaxeswhereappropriate.
(iii) Graphpolynomialfunctions: Graph: y x x 2 x 3 , y x 1 x 1 2 ,

y x 3 3x 2 4 x , y x 3 6 x 2 11x 6 .
(iv) Graphcirclesofform x a 2 y b 2 R 2
andsemicirclesoftheform y a 2 x 2 or
y a2 x2 .
(v) Graphhyperbolae: 1 2 ( x 2)
Graph: y , y , y ,
x x3 ( x 3)
1 1
y 2 , y 1 .
x x
(vi) Graphexamplesinvolvingasymptotes: x ( x 1) x
y , y , y 2 .
( x 1)
2
( x 2)( x 2) x 1
E
Revision7. LogarithmicandExponentialFunctions

Studentisableto:
(i) Findvaluesof 2 x ,3 x ,4 x , .... usingahand
calculator.
12.3
Drawgraphsof y 2 x ,3 x ,4 x , ....
Graph y e x .
(ii) Define log a x, log e x . N a x x log a N , N 0, a 0, a 1, x

12.1
(iii) Evaluatesimplelogarithmicexpressionsfrom 1
eg:log 28,log93, log 2 .
12.2 thisdefinition. 4
(iv) Sketchlog.graphs Sketch y log a x, a 2, 3, 4, , 10, e

y=log(1x),y=log(1+x)
(v) Useindexlawstoproverulesforlogarithms:
(fora,x,y>0) Verifytheresults: log a a x x and a log a x x .
12.2
(a) log a a 1
(b) log a 1 0
(c) log x log y log xy
(d) log x n n log x
x
(e) log x log y log
y
log c b
(f) log a b
log c a
12.3
(vi) Simplifynumericalexpressions log 2 8
12.3 log 2 20 log 2 5 , .
log 2 4
(vii) Solvesimpleequations. eg: log 7 x 2 , 3 x 10 , log 2 x 8 .
12.2 Practiceinwritingalogarithmstatementasin
indexformandviceversa.
(viii) Simplifyalgebraicexpressions x2 y
Express log intermsofa,bandcif
z
12.3 log x a , log y b and log z c .
Prelim. UNIT1. FURTHERGRAPHSandLOCUS

Studentisableto:
(i) Understandtheconceptofafunction.
Interpretfunctionnotation.
Statedomainandrange.
(ii) Statethenaturaldomainofafunction,aswell Appropriatesetnotatione.g. x : x 3 ,

astherangecorrespondingtothisdomain,as x : 2 x 2 , x : x 4 , y : y 2 istobe
eachfunctionisgraphed. introduced.
Forarealdomainthatexcludesapoint(say
x 3 )use x : x , x 3 or x : x 3 or x 3
butnot x 3 .
Discussionofacurvesuchas x 2 y 2 r 2 astwo
functions y r 2 x 2 and y r 2 x 2
Alsoconsiderthesemicirclesderivedfromthe
circle x a 2 y b 2 r 2 .
i.e. y b r 2 x a 2
(iii) Graphsimplecaseswherethefunctionrule
variesfordifferentpartsofthedomain 0 if x 0
e.g. f ( x)
2x if x 0
andfunctionswheredomainisrestricted
e.g.graph y 4 x 2 for x 1 .
(iv) Identifyandusethesymmetrypropertiesof Useofsymmetrypropertiesofoddandeven
oddandevenfunctions. functionsingraphingfunctionssuchas:
x2 1
y 2x 3 , y .
x2 1
Defineevenfunctionsasfunctionssuchthat Findtheaxisofsymmetryofgraphsofeven
f x f x andgiveageometric functions.
interpretation(graphisinvariantundera
reflectioninyaxis)
Defineoddfunctionsasfunctionssuchthat Understandpointsymmetryofgraphsofodd
f x f x andgiveageometric functions.
interpretation(graphisinvariantundera
180 rotationabouttheorigin)
(v) Sketchgraphsbyadditionorsubtractionof 2 1
y x y x 2
ordinates Graphscouldinclude: x , x ,
E y x 2 x , y sin x cos x
(vi) Sketchfurthergraphsby: Examplescouldinclude:

decidingifthefunctionisevenorodd, x2 2 x2
E findingpointsofintersectionwiththeaxes, y y
y x ,
4
x 2 ,
2
( x 1)( x 3)
findingasymptotes,plottingadditionalpoints.
(vii) Determinethesetofpointswhichsatisfya Examples:
givensetofconditionseitheralgebraicallyor (1)Thelocuswhoseequationis x 2 y 2 0
geometrically. consistsofthepointslyingoneitherofthe
straightlines y x ,and y x .
(2)ThelocusofpointsPequidistantfromtwo
distinctpointsAandB.iePA=PB[Locusis
theperpendicularbisectorofthesegment
AB].
(3)ThelocusofapointPsuchthatitsdistance
fromapointAisktimesitsdistancefrom
pointB.ieAP=kBP[Locusisacircle
Apolloniuscircles]
(4)LocusofapointPandtwofixedpointsAand
BsuchthatPA+PB=constant.[Locusisan
ellipse]
(5)Locusofpointsequidistantfromafixedpoint
andafixedline.[Locusisaparabolawill
betreatedinmoredepthinUnit15]
CirclealreadycoveredinRevisionUnit3
(viii) Graphinequalitieswithatmostonenonlinear Examples:
inequality. (1)Indicatetheregiondeterminedbythe
inequality: 2 x 3 y 6 .
(2)Indicatetheregiondeterminedbythe
inequality: x 3 2 y 2 1 .
(3)Shadetheregionthatsatisfiesallthree
inequalities: x 2 y 2 1 , y 2 x , x 0 .
(ix) Graphicalsolutionofequations Egsinx=12x,cosx=lnx

Questionscaneitherbeestimatesolutionsorstate
thenumberofsolutions
Fitz:Exercise17e
Prelim. UNIT2 QUADRATICS

Studentisableto:
(i) Solvequadraticequationsusing
Solve equations of the type:
(a)Factorising (a) x 2 7 x 12 0 , 4 x 2 7 x 3 0 , x 2 4 x .
(b)Completionofsquare (b) 4 x 2 7 x 3 0 , x 2 6 x 4 0 .
(ii) Findingrootsofquadraticequationusingthe Provethequadraticformulabycompletingthe

quadraticformula. square.
(iii) Solvequadraticinequalitiesbytheuseofan Solve x 2 4 x 3 0 , x 2 16 , x 2 3 x .

appropriategraph.
(iv) Establishtherelationbetweenrootsand
coefficients,anduseittosolveproblems.
(v) Findthediscriminant. (1)Findingvaluesofkthatgive(a)real,

(b)unequaland(c)unrealrootsforequations
Usethediscriminanttodeterminetypesof suchas x 2 kx 4 0 .
roots.
(2)Findthevalue(s)ofmsothattheline
y mx m isatangenttotheparabola
y x2 .
(vi) Identifytypesofquadraticexpressions: Findvalue(s)ofkforwhichanexpressionofthe

positivedefinite,negativedefinite,indefinite. form kx 2 3 x 4 ispositivedefiniteornegative
definite.
(vii) Writeidenticalquadraticexpressions. Examplesshouldincludetheexpressionofa
quadraticpolynomial ax 2 bx c intheform
Ax x 1 Bx C .
(viii) Equationsreducibletoquadraticequations: Equationsshouldbeoftheorderofdifficulty:
R (a)Fromthe2unitsyllabus (a) x 4 9 x 2 20 0 .
EXT 2
(b) x 3 x 2 0 ,
1 1
1 (b)Fromthe3unitsyllabus x x
2 2n
9.2 8 0 , 9 n 7.3 n 18 0
n
Prelim. UNIT3 TRIGONOMETRYEXPANSIONSEXT1
ThistopicisrevisedandextendedinPrelim.Unit10

Studentisableto:
(i) Writedownbasicidentities: sin 2 A cos A , cos 2 A sin A ,
E1
sin A sin A , cos A cos A ,
tan A tan A
(ii) Provethat
cos A B cos A cos B sin A sin B .
E1
Deriveresultsfor cos A B , sin A B ,
tan A B .
(iii) Useformulaeinboth"directions". e.g.Writeanequivalentexpressionfor

sin A B sin A B cos A B cos A B
E1 andanexpressionfor tan 2 X Y .
(iv) Derivetheresultsfor sin 2 A , cos 2 A ,

E1 tan 2 A
Prelim. UNIT4 GEOMETRYOFCIRCLE
Exceptfortheassumption"equalarcssubtendequalanglesatthecircumferenceorthecentreincirclesofequalradius",studentsshouldbereasonably
familiarwiththisworkfromthejuniorschool.Theemphasisinthistopicistobeon:
(i)alogicaldevelopmentofthetheoremsbasedonthedefinitionsandassumption,
(ii)solutionofproblemsgivingreasonsforeachstep.
Studentsshouldbeaskedtoprovethepreliminarytheoremsandthetheoremsforwhichproofmaybeexaminedthemselves.Thechiefthrustoftheworkin
exercisesshouldbecentredondevelopingtheabilitytochoosetheappropriatefactsforthesolutionofproblems.
AllcirclegeometryproofsareExtension1workonly.

Studentisableto:
(i) Understandandusedefinitions,
assumptionsandtheoremswithincircle
ALL geometry.
EXT (a)Defineacircle,centre,radius,diameter,arc,
sector,segment,chord,tangent,concyclic
1
points,cyclicquadrilateral,anangle
subtendedbyanarcorchordatthecentre
andatthecircumference,andofanarc
subtendedbyanangleshouldbegiven.
Assumptions:
(1)Twocirclestouchifthey
haveacommontangentatthepointof
contact.
(2)Thetangenttoacircleis
perpendiculartotheradiusdrawntothe
pointofcontact.Converse.
(ii) Discussandprovethefollowingresults.
Reproductionofmemorisedproofswill
notberequired.
Proveanyofthefollowingresultsusing
propertiesobtained
(a)Equalanglesatthecentrestandon
equalchords.Converse.
(b)Theperpendicularfromthecentre
ofacircletoachordbisectsthe
chord.Converse
(c)Equalchordsinequalcirclesare
equidistantfromthecentres.
Converse
(d)Any3noncollinearpointslieona
uniquecirclewhosecentreisthe
pointofconcurrencyofthe
perpendicularbisectorsofthe
intervalsjoiningpairsofnon
collinearpoints.
(e)Theangleatthecentreistwicethe
angleatthecircumference
subtendedbythesameorequal
arcs.
(f)Anglesatthecircumferenceinthe
samesegmentareequal.
(g)Theangleinasemicircleisaright
angle.
(h)Oppositeanglesofacyclic
quadrilateralaresupplementary.
(i)Theexteriorangleatavertexofa
cyclicquadrilateralequalsthe
interioroppositeangle.
(j)Iftheoppositeanglesina
quadrilateralaresupplementary
thenthequadrilateraliscyclic(also
atestfor4pointstobeconcyclic).
(k)Iftheexteriorangleofa
quadrilateralequalsitopposite
interioranglethenthequadrilateral
iscyclic.
(l)Ifanintervalsubtendsequalangles
at2pointsonthesamesideofit
thentheendpointsoftheinterval
andthe2pointsareconcyclic.
(m)Iftheproductoftheinterceptson
intersectingchordsareequalthen
theendsoftheintervalsare
concyclic
(n)Theanglebetweenatangentanda
chordthroughthepointofcontact
isequaltotheangleinthe
alternatesegment.
(o)Tangentstoacirclefroman
externalpointareequal.
(p)Whencirclestouch,thelineof
centrespassesthroughtheirpoint
ofcontact.
(q)Thelinejoiningthecentresoftwo
circlesistheperpendicular
bisectoroftheircommonchord
(r)Theproductsoftheinterceptson2
intersectingchords/secantsare
equal.
(s)Thesquareofthelengthofthe
tangentfromanexternalpointis
equaltotheproductofthe
interceptsonthesecant.
(iii) Solveproblems. (a)
Find the value of x.
Thesyllabussuppliesanumberof
numericalanddeductiveexercisesthat
canbeusedasaguidetothestandardto o
x
beencouraged.
o
100
(b)
A B
>>
o
30
o O
130
C >> D E
AB||CD. O is centre of circle.

Find size of angle BDE.
(c) D
C
o
O 75
o
150
B
O is the centre.
Prove that AC||BD
(d)
T
6 cm P
10 cm
O
TP is a tangent. O is the centre.

Find the length of TP
(e)
B
A
>>
^ ^
D >> C
ABCD is a parallelogram
inscribed in a circle. Prove
that ABCD is also a
rectangle.
(e)
A
Q
P B
AP and AQ are diameters of

two circles that intersect at A
and B. Prove that P, B and Q
are collinear.
(f) A
D
O B
AB is a chord of lenght 8 cm. CD is a

diameter of length 10 cm. AB and CD
intersect at E and AE = 3 cm. Find the
length of OE.
(iv) ProblemAreas:
(a)
Haveadequatepracticeinthetypeof
o
situationsthatinvariablycauseproblems. 126
Theseinclude:
(a)failuretodiscernbetweencyclic 126
o
quadrilateralsandquadrilateralswhich
xo xo
arenotcyclic.
(b)
(b)failuretorecogniseallrelationships o
63
existinginafigureassociatedwith
anglesbetweenatangentandachord o
andtheanglesinthealternate 156
o B
segments. x
T
A
ATB is a tangent.
(c)
(c)failuretousethefactthattheexternal
angleofacyclicquadrilateralisequal D A
F
toaremoteinteriorangle.
C E
ABCDandABEFarecyclicquadrilaterals.ABisa
commonchord.DCandFEintersectatG.
(i)ProvethatGCBEisacyclicquadrilateral.
(ii)HenceprovethatGCE=GBE.
(d)
C
(d)failuretorecognisethata D
quadrilateraliscyclic.
E
B
ABCisanacuteangledtriangle.BDandCEare
altitudes.ProvethatAED=ACB.
Sourcesofadditionalexercisesare:
JENKS"GeometricalExercises"
FORDER"SchoolGeometry"
HALL&STEPHENS"Geometry"
Prelim. UNIT5 FURTHERTRIGONOMETRY

Studentisableto:
(i) (a)Writedownbasicidentities: sin 90 A cos A , cos 90 A sin A ,
2U sin A sin A , cos A cos A ,
sin A
tan A tan A , tan A ,
cos A
sin 2 A cos 2 A 1 , 1 tan 2 A sec 2 A ,

Completesimpleproofsofidentities. cos sin 2 cos sin 2 2,
1 1
2 sec 2 B ,etc.
1 sin B 1 sin B
2 sin A 1 , 3 cos A 1 0 , sin A 2

(b)Findthesolutionofsimplelinear
equations
(ii) Writedownexpansionsfor cos A B ,
sin A B , tan A B .
EXT
1
(iii) Findthevaluesofsin105o,tan15oetc.
EXT expressedassurds.
1
(iv) Practiceusingformulaeinboth"directions". e.g.Writeanequivalentexpressionfor
sin A B sin A B cos A B cos A B
EXT andanexpressionfor cos 3 x 5 y .
1
(v) Findtheacuteanglebetweentwolines.
EXT Treatcasewhereonelineisparalleltothe
1 yaxisasaspecialcase.
(vi) (a)Writedowntheexpansionsfor sin 2 A ,
cos 2 A , tan 2 A
EXT
1 (b)Simplifyexpressionsinvolvingtheabove
results.
(c)Calculateexactvaluesusingtheabove
results.
(vii) Statethesineandcosinerule.
2U
Completecalculationsintriangleswith
commonsides.
(viii)
Completemoredifficult (a)TheelevationofahillataplacePdueEastofitis 48 ,and
questionsinvolvingsimple3 ataplaceQdueSouthofPtheelevationis 30 .Ifthe
EXT dimensionalproblemsand/or distancefromPtoQis500metres,findtheheightofthehill.
1 thenecessitytoselecta
particulartriangle(or (b)FromapointAthebearingsoftwopointsBandCarefound
triangles)fromafigure: tobe 333T and 013T respectively.FromapointD,5km
duenorthofA,thebearingsare 301T and 021T
respectively.ByconsideringthetriangleABC,showthatif
thedistancebetweenBandCisdkm,then
2
sin 59 sin 21
2
sin 59 sin 21

d 2 25 2 cos 40
sin 32
sin 8 sin 32 sin 8

Prelim. UNIT6 TRIGONOMETRICEQUATIONSandIDENTITIES
Thisunitdealswithsolutionsexpressedindegreesandminutes.HSCUnit10extendthesolutionsusingradiansandinversetrigonometry

Studentisableto:
(i) (a)Writedowntheexpansionsfor sin 2 A , Numericalexercisesinvolving2A,3A,t.
cos 2 A , tan 2 A .
EXT
1 (b)Provetheresultsfor sin 3 A , cos 3 A ,
tan 3 A .
2t
e.gprovethatift=tanthen tan 2 .
(c)Knowthetresultfor sin A , cos A , 1 t2
tan A . hencededucethat tan 15 0 2 3 .
e.g. cot Z tan Z 2cosec2Z ,

(d)Simplfyidentitiesinvolving sin x y , sin 3B cos 3B 2 sin 5 B
,
2A,3A,t. sin 2 B cos 2 B sin 4 B
1 cos 2 A
tan A for 0 A 90 .
1 cos 2 A
e.g.findyintermsofxif x sec , y cos 2

(e)Eliminateparametersforsimplecases. (Noterestrictions)
(ii) Solveequations(expessingthesolutionina
generalformulawithdegrees):
EXT
1 Deriveandusethegeneralsolution: Applicationtosolvingequationssuchas
sin x 0.2 , 3 cos 2 x 1 , tan 4 x 3 0 in
tan x c x 180m ,where tan c , caseswherethegeneralsolutionand/orsolutions
90 0 90 0 andmisanarbitraryinteger. fromagivenfinitedomainarerequired.
cos x c x 360m ,where cos c , e.g. cos x 0.5 x 360m 120 andmis
0 180 0 andmisanarbitraryinteger. anarbitraryinteger.
sin x c 180m 1 ,where

m
sin c , 90 0 90 0 andmisan NOTE:

arbitraryinteger. Equationsoftheform tan Ax tan Bx etc.will
becoveredintheHSCsectioninvolvingRadian
Measure
(iii) Solveequationsofthetype A sin x B cos x e.g. 2 sin x 3 cos x .
B
whichcanberewrittenas tan x .
A
(iv) (a)Solvequadraticequationsinvolvingone (a)e.g.Solve 2 sin 2 x 3 sin x 2 0 ,

trig.function. 2 sin 2 x 3 sin x 3 0 .
EXT
1 (b)Solveequationsinwhichtrig.identities (b)e.g. sec x 2 cos x , 3 sin 2 x 2 cos 2 x ,
areused. 2 cos 2 A 7 cos A .
(c)Solvequadraticequationsofthetype: (c)e.g. 2 sin 2 x 3 sin x cos x 2 cos 2 x 0 .

A sin 2 x B sin x cos x C cos 2 x 0 . Dividingby cos 2 x equationin tan 2 x .
(v) (a)Useauxilliaryangletowriteexpressionsof
theform A sin x B cos x intheform
EXT R sin x or R cos x
1
(b)Solveequationsoftheform
A sin x B cos x C .
(vi) Solvingequationsoftheform
A sin x B cos x C usingthetmethod.
EXT
1 Discusstheproblemofthefailuretofindthe
solution x 180 whichariseswhenthe
originalequationreducestoalinearequation,
ratherthanaquadraticequation,after
substitutionofthetresults.
Prelim. UNIT7 LIMITSANDCALCULUS

Studentisableto:
(i) Developthenotionofagradientfunctionby e.g. y x 2 , y x 3
measurementandtabulationofgradientata
8.3 numberofpointsoncurves.
Predictagradientfunctionforthesefunctions
proposedfromtabulatedvalues.
(ii) Developaninformalideaofalimit. x2 a2
Limitsofexpressionssuchas: as x a .
xa
8.4 2 xh h 2
and lim .
h0 h

Noextensiveworkwithevaluatinglimitsis
requiredintheMathematics(2u)syllabus
(iii) Definecontinuity
8.2 (a)Afunctioniscontinuousatapoint x c if Noformalworkisrequired.

f x isdefinedat x c
thelimitof f x as x c (fromabove
andbelow)exists
and Nottobeexamined
f c equalsthislimit
(b)Afunctioniscontinuousfor a x b ifit
iscontinuousforallpointwithinthe
domain a x b .
(iv) Definedifferentiability Graphssuchathoseinvolvingabsolutevalues
couldbeusedtodemonstratethatthegradients
(a)Afunctionisdifferentiableatapoint beforeandafterapointmaynotbethesame.
x c if
f x isdefinedat x c
thelimitof f x as x c (from
aboveandbelow)exists Nottobeexamined
and
f (c) equalsthislimit
(b)Afunctionisdifferentiablefor a x b if
itisdifferentiableforallpointwithinthe
domain a x b .
(v) Statetheformaldefinitionofderivativeas: Alternativenotationcouldinclude

f ( x h) f ( x )
f ' x lim or
8.5 f ( x x ) f ( x ) h
f ' x lim
h 0
x 0 x f ( x ) f (c )
f ' c lim
x c xc
(vi) Practisefindingderivativesofquadraticand Useofvariousnotationsshouldbeintroduced:
8.7
cubicexpressionsfromfirstprinciples. dy
dx
, y , f x , f 3 ,
d
dx
x 2 3x
Findderivativeofxnforpositiveintegern.
(vii) Find,byfirstprinciples,thederivativeof
1
y x and y .
8.8 x
(viii) Provefromthedefinitionoftherules,the
8.8 derivativesforcf(x),f(x)g(x).
(ix) Completesimpleexercises. Examples:
x
(a)Differentiate: x 3 2 x 1 , 3 x
8.8 x
(b)Differentiateexpressionsthathavebeen
simplifiedbyexpanding: y 2 x 3 2 ,
y 4 x 5 3 x 2 .
(c)If f x x 3 4 x 2 6 x 2 find f 2 .
(x) Usecorrectnotation: Derivativeswithvariablesotherthanxandy:

Derivativesof q f p , s g t . ds dV
s 3t 2 4t 5 find , V 4r 2 find .
dt dr
(xi) Findequationoftangentandnormal. e.g.Findtheareaofthetrianglesboundedbythe

coordinateaxisandthetangentto
y x 2 x at A1,2 .
Prelim.UNIT8 PRODUCTS,FUNCTIONOFFUNCTIONS,QUOTIENTS

Studentisableto:
(i) Provethatify=u(x).v(x)then Simpleexercisessuchasfindingderivativesof
2 x 1 3 x 4 .
dy dv du dy
u v or uv u v
dx dx dx dx Furtherpractisecanbeincludedwithexercises
usingthefunctionoffunctionrule
Findequationsoftangentandnormals.
SeeFitzpatrickCh14
(ii) Understandtheconceptofafunctionofa
functionintroducedthroughcalculators.
Derivefunctionoffunctionrule.
If y F (u ) where u f ( x) then
dy dy du
= .
dx du dx
(iii) Completeexercisesusingthefunctionof Differentiate:

functionrule. 5
3 x 4 7 , 6 x 2 1 , ,etc.
x 2
4 3
Exercisescouldincludequestionsthatreinforce
theproductrule
Example:Findthederivativeof 4 x 1 hence
differentiate x 2 4 x 1
1
(iv) Findthederivativeof y consideredas
v ( x)
y v x .
1
Provethequotientrule: Findderivativesoffunctionssuchas:
3 x 1
du dv , ,etc.
d u v u dy vu uv 2x 1 x 1
= dx dx or
dx v 2 dx v2
v Thefirstmaybemoreeasilydoneusingthe
functionoffunctionrule.
(v) Applytheserulestofindingequationsof e.g.(i)Findtheequationofthetangentto

tangentsandnormals. x 1 1
y at 2, .
x 1 3
(ii)Findtheequationofthenormalto
y 2 x 3 atthepointwhere x 6 .
Prelim. UNIT9 POLYNOMIALS

Studentisableto:
(i) Define:
Polynomialofdegreen,
EXT Coefficientofpolynomials,
1 Monicpolynomials,
Zerosofpolynomials.
(ii) Graphpolynomial:Linear,quadratic,cubic, Graphoffunctions y x 2 2 x 4 2 ,

quarticpolynomials. y x 1 x 5 .
3
EXT
1 Knowthesignificanceofmultiplerootsofa
polynomial.
(Itshouldbenotedthatapolynomialofodd
degreealwayshasatleastonezero.)
Provethat P x x a 2 Q x istangentto
xaxisat x a .
(iii)Dividepolynomials.
Understandthedivisiontransformations:
EXT P x Q x x a r .
1
(iv) Graphrationalfunctions. x 1 x2 4
Graphof y , y
EXT Discussnaturaldomain. x2 4 x 1
1
(v) Proveanduse Examples:
EXT (a)TheRemainderTheorem. Findkif x 3 kx 4 isdivisibleby x 2 .

1
(b)TheFactorTheorem. Factorpolynomialssuchas x 3 6 x 2 11 x 6 .
Solveequationssuchas x 3 x 2 5 x 2 0 .
Solvepolynomialequations.
P x x 3 6 x 2 11x 6 developedfromthe
Graphpolynomialequations graphsoftheirlinearfactors.
Deducefromthefactortheorem:
(a)If P x haszeros a1 , a 2 , a3 , , a n then
x a1 x a 2 x a3 x an isfactor
of P x .
(b)If P x isofdegreenandhasndistinct
zeros a1 , a 2 , a3 , , a n then
P x P0 x a1 x a 2 x a3 x a n .
(c)Apolynomialofdegreencannothave
morethatnzeros.
(d)If P x vanishesformorethannvaluesof
If x 3 9 x 8 p x 2 3 q x 1 2 x 2 r find
xitvanishesforallvaluesofx.
p,q,r.
(e)If A x B x formorethannvaluesofx
theyareequalforallvaluesofx.
(vi) (a)Considerapolynomialasaproductof e.g.apolynomialwhichismonic,ofdegree4and
linearandquadraticfactors. withdoublerootat x 3 isofform:
EXT x 3 2 x 2 bx c .
1
(b)Constructpolynomialsfromgivensetof e.g.P(x)hasdegree3,withzerosat
data. x 0, 1 2 , 1 2 and P 1 3 .Whatis
P x ?
(vii)Recognizetherelationshipbetweenrootsand Findingexpressionssuchas2+2+2
coefficientsforquadratic,cubicandquartic
EXT polynomials. (a)Byuseofalgebraicidentities:
1 (++)2=2+2+2+2(++)
(Note: x 3 px q 0 isoftenusedinH.S.C. (b)Bysubstitutionintothepolynomial.

examsasallcubicequationsarereducibleto If,,arerootsof x 3 px q 0 ,
thisformbyatranslationoftheorigintothe q
inflexionpoint.) showthat 3 p q and 2 p

3 3 3 p 3q 3q and
1 1 1
2 2 2 3 p q 2 p

Prelim. UNIT10 LOCUSandTHEPARABOLA.
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7 11M8
Studentisableto:
(i) Findtheperpendiculardistancefromapointto
aline.
(ii) Definetheparabolaasalocus
(iii) Usethelocusdefinitiontoobtaintheequation e.g.Findtheequationofthelocusofapoint

ofaparabola. equidistantfrom 3,4 andtheline y 1 .
e.g.Findtheequationofthelocusofapoint
equidistantfrom 5,12 andtheline
3 x 4 y 12 0 .
(iv) Sketchaparabolagiveninoneofthe
followingforms:
x 2 4ay , y 2 4ax ,
x h 2 4a y k or y k 2 4a x h
(v) Writedowntheequationofaparabolagiven Note:Asketchinthesetypesofquestionsis

twoofthefollowing:focus,vertexor essential.
directrix. Fitz:Exercise12i
(vi) Sketchparabolas y x 2 4 , y x 2 x 3 , y 2 x 2 5 x 2
R
(vii) Completethesquaretofindthevertex,the y 2 x 2 6 x 3 x 1 12 4 18 y 34
2
focusandthedirectrixfromtheequationofa
parabola.
Note:Asketchinthesetypesofquestionsis
essential.
(viii) Solveinequalitiesinvolvingquadratic e.g.Findtheinequalityinxandysuchthatthe
E functions. point P x, y iscloserto A 1,2
thanitistotheliney=2.
Eg2.x2x3>0
Prelim. UNIT11 GEOMETRYOFTHEPARABOLA.

Studentisableto:
(i) Convertparametricequationstoacartesian
EXT equation.
1
(ii) Findthegradientofacurveforcurvesgiven dy dy dt
Given x x (t ) and y y (t ) ,
inparametricform. dx dt dx
EXT Findtheequationofatangent/normaltoa
1 curvegiveninparametricform.
(iii) Writedowntheparametriccoordinates
EXT 2ap, ap 2 ofapointon x 2 4ay .
1
(iv) derivetheequationofachord:
EXT 1
( p q) x y apq .
1 2
(v) derivetheequationofthetangenttothe Studentsshouldalsobeabletoderivethe
EXT parabola: equationofthetangentfromtheequationofa
1 px y ap 2 . chord
(vi) derivetheequationofthenormaltothe
EXT parabola:
1 x py 2ap ap 3 .
(vii) derivetheequationofthetangenttothe
EXT parabolaatthepoint x 0, y 0 :
1 xx0 2a y y 0
(viii) derivetheequationofthechordofcontact Studentshouldalsorecognisethatthisequation
drawnfromtheexternalpoint x0 , y 0 : alsorepresentstheequationofthetangentatthe
EXT xx 2a y y
0 0
point x 0 , y 0
1
(ix) provesimplegeometricalpropertiessuchas:
(a)thetangenttoaparabolaatagivenpointis
EXT equallyinclinedtotheaxisandthefocalchord
1 throughthepoint.Practicalapplications.
(b)thetangentsattheextremitiesofafocal
chordintersectatrightanglesonthe
directrix.
(x) solveexercisesonsimplegeometrical
EX1 properties.
(xi) Findthelocusofapointwhere: Studentsshouldbeencouragedtocheckthatall
pointsoftheequationderivedfromthe
EXT (a)onlyoneparameterisinvolved eliminationoftheparameterintheequationsare
1 onthelocus.
(b)twoparametersareinvolvedandeitherone
parameterbecomesaconstantorthereisa
relationshipbetweenthetwoparameters
andtheycanbeeliminatedthroughtheuse
oftheidentity:
p q 2 p 2 q 2 2 pq
(xii) Findthelocusofapointwhichinvolvesa Example: P 2 p, p 2 and Q 2q, q 2 arepoints

EXT restrictionontheequationofthelocus. ontheparabola x 2 4 y .IfthechordPQpasses
1 throughthepoint A 0,1 showthat pq 1
andhencefindthelocusofM,themidpointof
PQ.
Locusisonlythatpartof x 2 2 y 1 for
x 2
*Seefacultynotesonlocuswithrestrictions
Prelim. UNIT12 INEQUALITIES

Studentisableto:
(i) Graphinequalitiesonthenumberplane: e.g. ax by c 0 , x a 2 y b 2 r 2 , y x 2
Intersectionsandunionsofregions. etc.
(ii) Solveinequalities x2 1 2t 1
e.g. 0 ; 1
x t 1
EXT Bothalgebraicandgraphicalmethodsforfinding
1 solutionsshouldbeintroduced
(iii) Define a b , a b . a b if a b 0
EXT
1
(iv) Understandthetheoremsoninequalities:
If a b then
EXT (a) a c b c
1 (b) ac bc if c 0
(c) ac bc if c 0
(v) Knowthespecialruleforinequalities
involvingonlypositivenumbers.
EXT (a)If a b , c d ac bd
1 (b)If a b a 2 b 2
1 1
(c)If a b
a b
(vi) Solvesimpleinequalities. b
(Stress ax b x when a 0 ).
EXT a
1
(vii) Provesimpleinequalities e.g. x 2 y 2 2 xy forallxandywithequality
when x y .(Consider x 2 y 2 2 xy )
EXT or
1 x 4 y 4 2 x 2 y 2 forallxandywithequality
when x y
ExercisesrelyingonharderAM/GM
relationshipsarecoveredinExt2course
Prelim. UNIT13 PERMUTATIONSANDCOMBINATIONS

Studentisableto:
(i) determinethenumberofarrangementsof e.g.
unlikeelementsinaline. (a)Findthewayofarranging6cardseachof
EXT whichisadifferentcolour.Factional
1 notations
(b)Findthenumberof4letterwordsthatcanbe
formedfromthelettersofPROBLEM.
(c)Findthenumberofwaysofsitting8peopleat
arectangulartablewith4seatsoneachsideif
onesidefacesapaintingandtheotherside
doesnot.
(Thetechniquetobeusedineachcaseissimply
byfillingspaces.Howeverstudentsaretobe
instructedthattheymustwriteaDETAILED
explanationofthereasonforeachnumerical
entryintoaspace).
(ii) determinethenumberofarrangementsof e.g.FindthenumberofwaysofpositioningA,B,

unlikeelementsinalineandinvolvingspecial C,D,E,Fin6seatsinlineifAandBareto
EXT conditions. filltheendpositions.
1
(iii) determinethenumberofarrangementsof e.g.FindthenumberofwaysofpositioningA,B,
unlikeelementsinalineandinvolvinggroups. C,D,E,FifA,B,Caretosittogether.
EXT
1
(iv) usecomplementaryeventsinspacefilling. e.g.FindthenumberofwaysofpositioningA,B,
C,D,E,Fin6seatsinlineifAandBare
EXT togetherbutEandFarenot.
1
(v) determinethenumberofarrangementsof e.g.Findthenumberofarrangementsof7people
unlikeelementsinacircle. aroundacirculartable.(=6!)
EXT Sincewecanplaceanypersoninanypositionat
1 thestartandthenthereare6peopletoplacein
theremaining6positions= 6 5 4 3 2 1 .
Ingeneralnobjectscanbearrangedin n 1!
waysaroundacircle.
(vi) determinethenumberofarrangementsof
unlikeelementsinacircleandinvolving
EXT specialconditions.
1
(vii) determinethenumberofarrangementsof
unlikeelementsinacircleandinvolving
EXT groups.
1
(viii) Arrangementsofobjectssomeofwhichareto e.g.Findthenumberof7letterwordswhichcan
beseparated. beformedfromthelettersofPROBINGifno
EXT 2vowelsaretobetogether.
1
(Note:Decideonthenumberofwaysof
arrangingtheconsonantsPRBNG.Thereare5!
sucharrangements.Thereare6possibleplaces
forthefirstvowelpositionedand5placesforthe
secondvowel.Thereare3600suchwords).
(ix) Arrangmentofelementssomeofwhichare e.g.Findthenumberofwaysofarrangingthe
alike. letterofthewordCALL.
EXT
1 (Note:Thestudentshouldbeledbycarefully
consideringsuitableexamplestoageneral
methodforarrangingnobjectsofwhichpareof
onetype,qareofasecondtypeandrareofa
thirdtype.)
Examplesusingthismethod:
e.g.Findthenumberofwaysofarrangingthe
lettersofWOOLLOOMOOLOOifallletters
areusedinthearrangement.
e.g.3green,4blueand5redcardsareplaced
alongsideoneanother.Findthenumberof
colourpatternsthatcanbeformed.
(x) Introductionofthesymbolforplacement:
n Pr =
EXT
1
(xi) Selectionofrobjectsfromagroupdeveloped Theresultfor nr shouldbeinitiallydeveloped
byrealisingthatorderofchoiceisirrelevant throughaseriesofexercisesofthefollowing
EXT andthattherobjectscanbeconsideredtobe type:Findthenumberofwaysofselecting3boys
1 identical. from7boystoformacommittee.
Proofthatthenumberofselectionsis,which
isgiventhesymbol nr or n C r (Readas Studentsshouldalsoseetherelationbetween
"nchooser") nr andthenumberofbranchesonatree
diagram.
(xii) Exercisesinvolvinguseof n C r result. e.g.
(a)Findthenumberofdifferentcommitteesof4
EXT thatcanbeselectedfrom10people.
1
(b)Findthenumberofdifferentcommittees
containing2boysand3girlsthatcanbe
selectedfrom5boysand6girls.
(c)Findthenumberofdifferentcommitteesof5
thatcanbeselectedfrom5boysand5girlsif
adefiniteboyTomandagirlMareearetobe
included.
(xiii) Selectionofgroupsofidenticalsizes. e.g.22studentsaredividedinto2hockeyteams

eachcontaining11players?Howmanyteam
EXT combinationsarepossible?
1 22
C11 11 C11
Note this result is
2!

Prelim. UNIT14 APPLICATIONSOFCALCULUS
Thistopic,eventhoughitcontainsmaterialfromtheHSCcourse,isincludedheretogiveabetteroverallviewofdifferentiationanditsusesandalsoto
furtherreinforcethevariousmethodsofdifferentiation.
ThevarioussectionsinthetopicwillberevisedandextendedintheappropriateunitsoftheHSCcourse.

Studentisableto:
CURVESKETCHING
(i) (a)Statethesignificanceofthesignof
thefirstderivative.
(b)Identify(monotonic)increasingand
decreasingfunctions.
(ii) (a)Findstationarypointsonacurve. dy
Forastationarypointat x 0 , y 0 , 0 .For
(Adefinitioncanbefoundinthe dx
syllabusnote10.2). amax/minturningpoint,findingvaluesofxfor
dy
which 0 issufficientforsketchingmost
(b)Identifylocalmaximaandminima. dx
dy
curves.However 0 doesnotalwaysimply
(c)Distinguishbetweenlocalmaximum dx
orminimumandabsolutemaximum thatthereisaturningpoint;butinallcasesofa
orminimumvalueofafunctionover dy
turningpoint mustchangesignforpoints
agivendomain. dx
beforeandafter x 0 , y 0 ,whileforsomecurves
dy
maynotexistat: x0 , y 0 yetthecurve
dx
changesdirection.Considercurvessuchas
y 3 x 2 and y x forwhichthegradient
functionsdonotexistattheirmax/minturning
points.
y
y
5
5
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
x
x
-10 -5 5
-10 -5 5 -1
-1
(iii) Definethesecondderivative introduceappropriatenotation

d dy d 2 y
, , y , f x , g 4 ,etc
dx dx dx 2
(iv) (a)Findsecondderivativeanduseitto NOTE:Stressthatapointofinflexionisapoint
determineconcavityconcaveupand aboutwhichtheconcavityofthecurve
concavedown. changes.
2
d y
(b)Investigatethegeometrical 0 isnotasufficienttestforinflexion
dx 2
significanceofthesignofthesecond
d2y
derivative. points,since 2 0 when x 0 forboth
dx
y x 2 and y x 3 but y x 2 hasaminimum
(c)Examineinflexionaltangentsthese
maybehorizontal,obliqueorvertical. turningpointat 0,0 while y x hasa
3
horizontalinflexionpointat 0,0 .
(d)Findpointsofinflexionand
horizontalpointsofinflexion. Curvesmayalsohaveinflexionpointswherethe
tangentisverticalconsider y 3 x .Thereisstill
achangeiny"beforeandafter 0,0 .
1 2
y
y=h(x)
hx = x3 1.5
x
0.5
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
d2y
Inallcasesstudentsmusttest forvalues
dx 2
beforeandafter x0 , y 0 .
Studentsshouldbemadeawareofthegeometrical
significanceoftheinflectionpointitistheonly
pointwherethetangentatapointcrossesthe
curveatthatpoint.
(v) Sketchsimplepolynomialcurvesand 2
e.g.sketch y x 3 3x 2 9 x 2 , y x 2 .
rationalfunctionsusingcalculus x
techniquescombinedwithworkfrom
Years9and10.(Polynomialsofdegree3
andhigher.)
(vi) Sketchaportionofacurvegiven
propertiesabout y and y .
(vii) Sketch y and y givenagraphof

y f x .
Constructthefunctiontobeanalysed Geometricalandpracticalproblemsaretobe
fromdatagiveninwordsorona stressed.
diagram.
Studentsneedtopayparticularattentionto
e.g.1:Constructingvariouscontainersor restrictionsonvariablesandtheirexplanationof
enclosurestomaximise/minimise whythereisalocalaswellasanabsolute
areas,volumes,costsetc.given max./min.forthevaluesunderconsideration.
fixedperimeters,surfaceareasetc.
Provethataclosedcylinderof *Considerproblemsinwhichmorethanonecase
fixedsurfaceareahasmaximum needstobeanalysedHSC1988Q7b
volumewhenitsdiameterequals
itsheight. **Considerproblemsinwhichtherequired
solutionisatanendpointFitzpatrick(2u)Ex15e
e.g.2:Giventhehourlyrunningcostofa Q5
shipasafunctionofitsvelocity,findthe
mosteconomicalrunningspeed ***Considerproblemswitharestricteddomain
#seeJRAHSstandardformatforsettingoutand
constructingmax/minvalueproblems
(xiii) Findtheequationofacurvegiventhe Fitz:Exercise15g
10.8 gradientfunctionandapointthecurve
passesthrough.
Prelim. UNIT15 RADIANMEASURE2unit
ThistopicisencounteredagainintheHSCcourse
Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7 11M8
Studentisableto:
(i) (a)Definearadianasananglesubtendedat
thecentreofacirclebyanarcequaltoa
radius.
Convertdegreesradiansusingacalculator
andtherelationship 180 .

(b) sin ,sin2
(b)Evaluateexpressionsinvolvingradians 4

(ii) Findthelengthofanarc: l R .
CalculatearclengthgivenRandand
calculatinggivenlandR.
(iii) 1 2
Findtheareaofsector: A R .
2
Findtheareaofasegmentasthedifference
betweentheareasofatriangleandsector.
1 2
A R sin .
2
(iv) Applytheformulaforthelengthofanarcand e.g.Findingthevolumeofaconeformedfroma

theareaofasectortosolvingproblems. sectorofgivendimensions.
(v) Solvesimpletrigonometricequationsusing e.g.Solve 2 sin x 1 for 0 x ,

radians 3 sin x 1 for 0 x
(vi) Graphtrigonometricfunctionsusingradians e.g. y 3 cos 2 x , y sin x , y 1 cos x
(vii) Solvesimpleequationsusinggraphs e.g.Graph y sin 2 x and y 12 x ,hencefindan
approximationtothesolutionof sin 2 x 12 x
.
Prelim.UNIT16 CALCULUSofTRIGONOMETRIC,EXPONENTIALandLOGARITHMICFUNCTIONS

Studentisableto:
Thiscanbedonebycomparingareas
(i) Provethat sin x x tan x for 0 x .
2
T
B
rtan
r

O r A
area OAB <areasectorOAB<area OAT
1 2 1 1
r sin r 2 r 2 tan
2 2 2
(ii) Illustratethatforsmallvaluesofx,
sin x x tan x .
lim sin x lim tan x

Deduceresultsfor , ,
(iii) x0 x x0 x
lim 1 cos x
x0 x
(iv) Provethederivativeof sin x .
Findthederivativesoftheothertrig.functions
andtheirreciprocalsusingtrig.identitiesand
rulesofdifferentiation.
(v) Findsimplederivativesofexpressions 1
5 x sin x , tan x , cos x x .
containingtrig.functions. x
(vi) Completeexercisesusingtheproduct,quotient sin x

x 2 sin x , , cos 3 x 4 .
andfunctionoffunctionrulesforexpressions sin x 1
involvingtrigonometricexpressions.
(vii) Findtheequationofthetangentornormaltoa Findtheequationofthenormalto y sin 2 x at

curve
thepointwhere x
8
(ix) Findderivativeof10xfrom lim 10 x 1

(=ln10)canbeestimatedby
x 0 x
lim 10 x x 10 x consideringsuccessivelysmallervaluesforx.
.
x 0 x
Generalisefory=ax.
Findderivativeofex, e f x , a x .
(x) dy dx
1.
Thiscouldbedemonstratedbyconsideringthe
Investigatetherelation
dx dy functionssuchas y x 3 and y 3 x .
(xi) Findthederivativeof log e x and log e f x . Differentiateexpressionsinbasesotherthane

Useofchangeofbasetheorem.
(xii) Findsimplederivativesoffunctions 3
Differentiate: log e x , x 2 ln x
containinglog.functions. x2
(xiii) Solvesimpleproblemsinvolvinglog. e.g.Findtheequationofthetangentatthepoint

differentiation. where y log e x cutsthe x axis .
(xiii) Findtheequationofacurvegiventhegradient Fitz:Exercise15g,Q7,7,10,12,13ONLY
functionandapointthecurvepassesthrough. Primitivefunctionsnottobedone

ENDOFPRELIMINARYCOURSE

JR Prog - Yr11 - 3u - 2017

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JAMESRUSEAGRICULTURALHIGHSCHOOL

Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7

(ii) Substitute: Example:Findvalueof t 4 t 2 1 when t 2 3

Substituteintoformulae Findhifv=10,r=2and v r 2 h orfindt

(iii) Factoriseexpressionscontaining e.g.Factor/factorise: 5 x 2 10 x , 16 x 2 1 ,

(vii) Solvequadraticequations: 5 x 2 11x 2 0 , 8t 2 1 10t , y 6 y ,

(ix) Solvesimultaneousequations: Solve: 3 x 2 y 7 and 5 x y 2 18 .

(xi) SimplifyIndices: Revisionofindexlawsforpositiveindices

(xii) SolveIndicialequations: Solve: 2 n 32 ,, 9 n 27 .

Simultaneousindicialequations: Solve: 5 x y 125 and 7 x y 1 .

Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7

(ii) Evaluateexpressionscontainingabsolute Evaluate: 4 5 13 , 9 3 5

(iv) Graphsimplefunctionsinvolvingabsolute Graph: y x2 , y 3x 2 , y 3 x

(vi) Solveinequalitiescontainingabsolutevalues. Solve: 3 x 1 7 , 2 x 5 , 5 x 1 8 ,

(vii) Sketchharderabsolutevaluegraphs Sketch: x y 1 , x y a , y 2 x 1

Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7

(f)Findvaluesofkwhichmakeapairoflines e.g.:Findkif 3x 4 y 7 isperpendicularto

(iii) Findtheequationofalinethroughthe Givenlines l1 0 and l 2 0 thentheequation

(vii) Dividealineintoaparticularratiom:n,both e.g.Usesimilartrianglestoderivetheratio

Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7

Evaluatetrig.Ratiosforanglesinallquadrants Simplifyingexpressionssuchas: sin 180 ,

Findvaluesofexpressionssuchas: sin 210 ,

(ii) Sketchgraphsof y sin x , y cos x ,

(iii) Solvesimpleequationsofform sin x c ,

(iv) SolveProblemsinvolvingrightangled e.g,Aladder20mlongrestsagainstavertical

(viii) Trigidentities Proofs,simplificationandsolvingequations

Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7

(xii) Solveproblemsinvolvingalloftheabove ForexamplesseeSyllabuspages1720

Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7

(iii) Graphpolynomialfunctions: Graph: y x x 2 x 3 , y x 1 x 1 2 ,

Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7

(ii) Define log a x, log e x . N a x x log a N , N 0, a 0, a 1, x

(iv) Sketchlog.graphs Sketch y log a x, a 2, 3, 4, , 10, e

(c) log x log y log xy

(d) log x n n log x

(vii) Solvesimpleequations. eg: log 7 x 2 , 3 x 10 , log 2 x 8 .

Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7

(ii) Statethenaturaldomainofafunction,aswell Appropriatesetnotatione.g. x : x 3 ,

(vi) Sketchfurthergraphsby: Examplescouldinclude:

(ix) Graphicalsolutionofequations Egsinx=12x,cosx=lnx

Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7

(ii) Findingrootsofquadraticequationusingthe Provethequadraticformulabycompletingthe

(iii) Solvequadraticinequalitiesbytheuseofan Solve x 2 4 x 3 0 , x 2 16 , x 2 3 x .

(v) Findthediscriminant. (1)Findingvaluesofkthatgive(a)real,

(vi) Identifytypesofquadraticexpressions: Findvalue(s)ofkforwhichanexpressionofthe

(viii) Equationsreducibletoquadraticequations: Equationsshouldbeoftheorderofdifficulty:

Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7

(iii) Useformulaeinboth"directions". e.g.Writeanequivalentexpressionfor

(iv) Derivetheresultsfor sin 2 A , cos 2 A ,

Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7

AB||CD. O is centre of circle.

TP is a tangent. O is the centre.

AP and AQ are diameters of

AB is a chord of lenght 8 cm. CD is a

Prelim. UNIT5 FURTHERTRIGONOMETRY

Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7

sin 2 A cos 2 A 1 , 1 tan 2 A sec 2 A ,

2 sin A 1 , 3 cos A 1 0 , sin A 2

Studentoutcomes Implications,considerationsandimplementations 11M1 11M2 11M3 11M4 11M5 11M6 11M7

e.g. cot Z tan Z 2cosec2Z ,

e.g.findyintermsofxif x sec , y cos 2

sin x c 180m 1 ,where

sin c , 90 0 90 0 andmisan NOTE:

(iv) (a)Solvequadraticequationsinvolvingone (a)e.g.Solve 2 sin 2 x 3 sin x 2 0 ,