TEACHING NOTES

INTEGRATION
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Syllabus in IIT JEE : Integration as the inverse process of differentiation, indefinite integrals
of standard functions, definite integrals and their properties, Fundamental Theorem of Integral
Calculus. Integration by parts, integration by the methods of substitution and partial fractions,

INTRODUCTION:
The word integration literally means summation. It is, in fact, the process of finding the limit
of a sum of a certain number of elements, as the number of elements tends to infinity and each
element becomes infinitesimally small. The integral calculus has its origin in an attemp to find
a general method for the determination of an area of a region with straight or curved boundaries,
by supposing the given region to be divided into an infinite number of infinitesimal elements;
the sum of these elements being the area required. It can be shown that when once such a
method of summation is discovered, it may be applied to a wide variety of geometrical and
physical problems such as the finding of arc length, volume, centroid, moment of inertia,
work and fluid pressure, etc. Accordingly it has played a very important role in development
of all the branches of science.

The subject of integration may also be viewed from the point of converse of differentiation.
The calculation of derivative or expression
(discussed below) suggests the opposite problem of passing from the derivative or differential
expression to its original, called the primitive, or indefinite integral.

We shall, first of all, confine our attention for the next few chapters to this inverse problem of
diffrentiation and then define a definite integral as the limit of sum. Finally, we shall discuss
the conditions under which it may be true to assert that the operations of derivation and of
integration are inverse operations. That means we shall establish the validity of the process of
the employment of indefinite integration for the purpose of evaluating definite integrals.

INTEGRATION AS ANTI - DERIVATIVE : DEFINITIONS : THEOREMS.

DIFFERENTIALS:
Up to this point in our work, for y = f (x) we have regarded dy/ dx as a composite symbol
for the derivative f (x) , whose component parts, dy and dx , had no meaning by themselves.
It is now convenient to modify this point of view and attach meaning to dy and dx, so that
thereafter we can treat dy/ dx as though it were a fraction in fact as well as in appearance. We
shall not however enter into any discussions on it. We shall only state that,
for a function of a single variable y = f (x) , the diffrential of y denoted by dy is the product
of the derivative of y (with respect to x) and the diffrential of x denoted by dx. Thus,

Diffrential of y = f (x) is dy = f (x)dx.

For y = x , dy = 4x dx , or simply d(x4) = 4x3 dx . Thus
4 3

d (sinx) = cosx dx , d (y2) = 2y dy , d (tanu) = sec2u du.

INTEGRATION AS ANTI-DERIVATIVE
Integration defined as an anti-derivative, i.e., the inverse of a derivative or the inverse of a
diffrential expression may be put in the form of a question
What is the function, which on being differentiated produces a given function ?

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For example, what is the function which on being differentiated with respect to x produces
2x? In this case, we know from Differential Calculus that x2 is the function required. We,
therefore, conclude that x2 is an integral of 2x with respect to x. Similarly, we may say that
sinx is an integral of cosx, ex is an integral of ex, since the derivative of sinx is cosx and the
derivative of ex is ex, both being with respect to x.
In general , if we consider
d
f (x) (x)
dx
or, using differentials d f(x) = (x) dx ;
then an integral of (x) with respect to x or an integral of (x) dx is f (x) and symbolically,
we write,

(x ) dx f (x )
where the symbol which is an elongated S (the first letter of the word sum, or, of the Latin
word Summa) is known as the sign of integration. Now we come to some formal definitions:

The actual process of finding the function, when its derivative or its differential is known, is
called Integration as anti-derivative ; the function to which the integration is applied is called
Integrand and the function obtained as a result of integration is said to be Integral. In the
above case, (x) is the integrand and f (x) is the integral.

The process of integrating many ordinary functions is simple, but in general, integration is
more involved than differentiation, as will be evident from future discussions.

Summary:
d
If F( x ) C = f (x) then F(x) + C is called an antiderivative of f (x) on [a, b] and is
dx
written as f (x ) dx = F(x) + C.
In this case we say that the function f (x) is integrable on [a, b]. Note that every function is not
integrable.
0 if x Q
e.g. f (x) = is not integrable in [0, 1]. Every function which is continuous
1 if x Q
on a closed and bounded interval is integrable.

However for integrability function f (x) may only be piece wise continuous in (a, b)

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 ILLUSTRATIONS FOR TEACHERS
FIRST LECTURE ON INTEGRATION XII
(ANTIDERIVATIVE AS PROCESS OF SUMMATION OR REVERSE PHENOMENON OF DIFFRENTIATING)
d
i.e
dx
F(x) C f (x) f (x) dx F(x) C
Function (Loving integrands) Illustration
x n 1 ln x 2 1
dx ; e ln x dx; ln x dx;
dx
1.(a ) x n dx C, n 1 e ;
n 1 e 2 x
(ax b) n 1 x m1
(b) (ax b) n dx C e ln 2 ln x
dx ; e m ln x
dx C, m 1;
a (n 1) m 1
n 1, n R ln x ln 2 x ln 21
2 dx x dx ln 2 1 C
x 4 x 4 2 dx x dx x dx
3
dx; ; ; 2
1 x 3 2 x a bx x 2x 1
2.(a ) dx ln x C 2 x 3 dx (1 x) 3
x
dx ln (ax b) x 2 3x 10 dx; 2x3 2x3 ; x dx;
(b) C
ax b a x
x 2 5x 6
e ax b 2 x 1 5 x 1
3.(a ) e x dx e x C; e ax b dx C dx ; a x e x dx ; (2 x 3x ) 2 dx;
a 10 x
a px q e 3x e 5 x
(b) a x dx; a px q dx a0 e x ex dx; a b dx
mx nx
p ln a
1 sin x ; cos 2x cos 3x dx; sin 4 x dx;
4. sin x dx cos x C
cos x cos 2 x
1 dx [Ans. (2 sin x x )]
sin(ax b) dx a cos(ax b) C 1 cos x
2 2 3 4
cos x dx sin x C sin 2x cos x dx; sin x dx; cos x dx; cos x dx;
cos 5x cos 4 x 1
1 dx [Ans. ( sin x sin 2x )];
cos(ax b) dx a sin(ax b) C 1 2 cos 3 x 2
3 3
cos x sin x
cos x sin x dx; sin x dx
5. sec 2 x dx tan x C dx cos 2x 2 sin 2 x 1 cos x x
; 2
dx; dx tan 2
2 1 1 cos x cos x 1 cos x 2
sec (ax b) dx a tan(ax b) C 2 2 2 2 2
2
cot x dx; sec x cosec x dx; cot x cos x dx
cosec x dx cot x C (cot 2 x cos 2 x )dx;
1

2 2 2 2 2
cosec x dx a cot(ax b) C tan x sin x dx (tan x sin x ) dx
a sin 3 x b cos3 x 3
6. sec x tan x dx sec x C sin 2 x cos 2 x ; sin x cot x dx [Ans. C (sin x cosec x )];
cosec x cot x dx cosec x C dx sin x 3
1 sin 3x ; cos 2 x (1 3 sin x ) dx
dx dx 1 1 x
x 2 cos 2 x 2 x2
7. ; tan x2 1 cosec x dx ; 1 x 2 dx;
1 x2 a 2 x2 a a
dx dx 1 x x4 dx
;
1 x2 a2 x2 sin 2
dx;
a 1 x 9 4x 2
dx dx 1 1 x dx dx
x x 2 1 ; x x 2 a 2 a sec a (2x 7) (x 3)(x 4) ; ( x 2 4x 4)(x 2 4x 5)
General: In each case, find a function f satisfying the given conditions.
(a) f '(x2) = 1/x for x > 0, f (1) = 1; (b) f '(sin2x) = cos2x for all x, f (1) = 1
(c) f '(sin x) = cos2x for all x, f (1) = 1
1 2 1 1 1
[Ans.(a) f (t)=2 t 1 if t > 0, (b) f (t)= t t + if 0 t 1, (c) f (t) = t t3 + if | t | 1]
2 2 3 3

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Notes on indefinite integration:
1. Geometrical interpretation
x2
y = 2 x dx C
2
y = f ( x ) dx = F(x) + C
F ' (x) = f (x) ; F ' (x1) = f (x1)
Hence y = f ( x ) dx denotes a family of curves such that the slope of the tangent at
x = x1 on every member is same. i.e. F ' (x1) = f (x)
(when x1 lies in the domain of f (x))
hence antiderivative of a function is not unique. If g1(x) and g2(x) are two
antiderivatives of a function f (x) on [a, b] then they differ only by a constant
i.e. g1(x) g2(x) = C
(2) Antiderivative of a continuous function is differentiable
i.e. If f (x) is continuous then f ( x ) dx = F (x) + C F ' (x) = f (x) F ' (x) is
always exists F (x) is differentiable
(3) If integrand is discontinuous at x = x1 then its antiderivative at x = x1 need not be
discontinuous.
1 3
i.e. e.g. x dx . Here x1/3 is discontinuous at x = 0.

1 3 3 23
but x dx x C is continuous at x = 0
2
d
(4) If F(x ) C = f (x) f ( x ) dx F(x ) C then only we say that f (x) is integrable.
dx
(5) Antiderivative of a periodic function need not be a periodic function
e.g. f (x) = cos x + 1 is periodic but (cos x 1) dx = sin x + x + C is aperiodic.

ELEMENTARY INTEGRATION
HOME-WORK AFTER THE FIRST LECTURE
Find the antiderivative/primitive/integrals of the following by simple manipulation/simplifying and converting
them into loving integrands .
1 cos 2 x 1 tan 2 x 1 tan 2 x
Q.1 2x . ex dx Q.2 dx Q.3 dx Q.4 1 cot 2 x dx
1 cos 2x 1 tan 2 x

e 5 n x e 4 n x cos 2 x 1 2x2
Q.5 dx Q.6 (ea ln x + ex ln a)dx(a > 0) Q.7 dx Q.8 dx
e 3 n x e 2 n x cos 2 x sin 2 x x2 1 x2

x 21 cos x sin x
Q.9 4 cos 2 cos x sin 2
x dx Q.10 cos x sin x
(2 + 2 sin 2x) dx

(1 x)2
Q.11 (3 sin x cos2 x sin3 x) dx Q.12 cos x dx Q.13 dx
x 1 x2
x sec 2x 1 2x 1 e 2x 1
Q.14 dx Q.15 dx Q.16 dx Q.17 dx
2x 1 sec 2x 1 x2 ex
sin x cos x cos 2x cos 2
Q.18 dx (cosx + sinx > 0) Q.19 dx
1 sin 2x cos x cos

x6 1 sin 3 x cos 3 x x 4 x2 1
Q.20 dx Q.21 dx Q.22 dx Q.23 1 sin 2x dx
x2 1 sin 2 x cos 2 x 2 1 x2

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 sin 6 x cos 6 x x 1 x2
x
Q.24 dx Q.25 dx
sin 2 x . cos 2 x x x x x

2 9 x 2 7 x cos 4 x 1
Q.26 sin 8 4 sin 8 4 dx Q.27 dx
cot x tan x
Q.28 A function g defined for all positive real numbers, satisfies g'(x2) = x3 for all x>0 and g (1) = 1. Compute g (4).
2x sin 2x sin 5x sin 3x
Q.29 sin sin (x ) sin dx Q.30 dx
2 cos x 1 2 sin 2 2x

cot 2 2x 1 cos 4 x sin 4 x

Q.31 cos 8x cot 4x dx Q.32 dx (cos2x>0)
2 cot 2x 1 cos 4x

2
2 x3 3x2 4 x 5 x sin 2 x sec2 x

Q.33 dx Q.34 2
dx
2x 1 1 x

dx dx 1 1 cos x

Q.35
9 16 x 2 Q.36 25 4 x 2
Q.37 tan
sin x
dx

dx cos 8x cos 7 x 2 3x2
Q.38 Q.39 dx Q.40 dx
1 sin x 1 2 cos 5x x 1 x2
2

sin 2x sin 2k x2 3
Q.41 sin x sin k cos x cos k dx Q.42 dx Q.43 sin x cos x cos 2x cos 4x dx
x (x6 2
1)

x
Q.44 x ln (ex )dx
ANSWER SHEET
2x . e x 1 1
Q.1 +C Q.2 (tan x + x) + C Q.3 sin 2x + C Q.4 tan x x + C
1 n 2 2 2

x3 x a 1 ax
Q.5 +C Q.6 +c Q.7 (cot x + tan x) + C
3 a 1 n a

1 1 1 1 1
Q.8 + tan1 x + C Q.9 cos 9 x cos 10 x cos 11x cos 12 x + C
x 9 10 11 12
cos3x 180
Q.10 sin 2x + C Q.11 +C Q.12 sin x + C Q.13 ln x + 2 tan1 x +C
3

1 x n (2x 1)
Q.14 +C Q.15 tan x x + C Q.16 2x + 3 ln (x 2) +C
2 2
Q.17 ex + ex + C Q.18 x + C Q.19 2 (sin x + x cos ) +C
x5 x3 1 x3 1
Q.20 + x 2 tan1 x + C Q.21 sec x cosec x + C Q.22 tan x +C
5 3 23
Q.23 (sin x + cos x) sgn (cos x - sin x) + C Q.24 tan x cot x 3x + C
x2 x cos 4x
Q.25 x+C Q.26 2 cos +C Q.27 +C
2 2 8
67 1
Q.28 Q.29 (x sin x) + C Q.30 2 cos x + C
5 2
cos8x x
Q.31 +C Q.32 +C
8 2

x 3 x 2 3x 7 1 4
Q.33 ln(2x+1) Q.34 tan x tan1 x + c Q.35 sin1 x + C
3 2 2 4 4 3

1 2x x x 2
Q.36 tan1 +C Q.37 Q.38 tan x sec x + C
10 5 2 4

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 sin 3x sin 2 x 2
Q.39 C Q.40 + tan1 x + C
3 2 x
Q.41 (sin x cos x) + (sin k + cos k)x + C
2 2 1 3 1 1
Q.42 C + 2tan1x Q.43 cos 8x + C Q.44 xx + C
x 3x 5 x5 64

SECOND & THIRD LECTURE (T. O. I.)

Substitution By part Partial Kuturputur &

(product rule) (fraction) Misc.
SUBSTITUTION:
Theory : I = f (x) dx and let x = (z)
dI dx
= f (x) ; = (z)
dx dz
dI d I dx dI
= = f (x) . (z) or = f ( (z)) (z)
dz d x dz dz

Hence I f (z) ' (z) dz ....(1)

Substitution is said to be appropriate if the integrand in (1) is a loving one .
f (x)
If [ f (x) ]n f (x) d x or [f (x)]n
dx
Start with f (x) = t
Example:
tan x dx ln sec x C ln (cos x ) C;
(cot x ) dx ln (sin x ) (loving integrals)
tan (n x ) 1 sin x x
1. dx ; 2. 1 cos x dx [Ans. ln (1 cos x ) cot ];
x 2

cos x x cos x
3. cos(x a ) dx ; 4. (x sin x cos x ) 2 dx
dx sin 2x dx
5. cos( xa )cos( xb) ; 6. sin5x.sin3x (use 2x = 5x 3x)

7. tan 3x tan 2 x tan x dx

ln x 1 x 2 ln 2 x 1 x 2
2 dx
8. (sec x 5 tan x ) dx ; 9. 1 x2
[Ans.
2
C]

cos x x
10. sin x dx [Ans. 2 x cos x + C]
x cos x

sec x dx
11. 2(cot tan x ) ]
cos(2 x ) cos [Ans C sin

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 x2 1 1 3 x5 x 2 tan 1 x 3
12. dx [Ans. tan ( x ) C ]; 13. dx ; 14. dx ;
1 x6 3 1 x12 1 x 6

tan x sec 2 x tan x

15. dx ; 16. sec x ln (sec x+tan x)dx; 17. sin 2 x dx ;
x
(tan x x ) 2
18. (tan3x x tan2x)dx [Ans. +C]
2
sec x tan x n 2 (sec x)
19. 2 tan 2 x dx 20.
cot x
dx ;

n2 x
sin 2 x x1
21. dx ; 22. dx
(a sin 2 x b cos 2 x)2 x (x 1)

x e x (sin x cos x ) sin x cos x 1

23. dx [Ans. C ]
( x 2 2e x sin x cos 2 x ) 2 2( x 2e sin x cos 2 x )
2 x

2 sin( x 2 1) sin 2( x 2 1) x2 1
24. x 2 sin( x 2 1) sin 2( x 2 1)
dx [Ans. l n sec
2
C]

ASKING:
cos
1. x sin 2 x 3 2 1 dx ;
2. d
sin 2

x1 2 4 34
3. 1 x 3 4 dx [Ans. x ln 1 x 3 4 ]

3

x
sec x dx ln (sec x tan x ) C or ln tan C;
4 2 (loving integrands)
x
cosec x dx ln (cosec x cot x ) or ln tan 2 C

Lighter faces of the integrands:
dx dx tan x secx 1
Example: 1. cos x (1 4 sin 2 x ) cos 3x ; 2. tan x secx 1 dx ;
cos ec(tan 1 x ) cos2x dx
3. 1x 2 dx ; 4.
sin x dx ; 5. sinx cos2 x
dx dx
6. ; 7. ;
3 sin x cosx a sin x bcosx
dx dx 1
8. tan x cot x sec x cosec x [Ans. (sin x cos x x ) C ]
secx cos ecx 2
Other examples (may be taken as recap of 2nd lecture before the 3rd lecture commences)
x 2 nx dx ex 1
1. e dx ; 2. x ; 3. x dx
e 1 e 1
ex (1 x) 9x 12 x 1 / 3 ( 27 e 3x ) 4 3
4. 2 x dx ; 5. (27e e ) dx [Ans. C] ;
sin (xe ) 4

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 x dx
1 x2
6. (1 x 2 ) (1 x 2 )3
[Ans. ln C with 1 x 2 t 2 ]
1 1 x 2

dx
7. x [Ans. 2 tan 1 e x 1 e x 1 t 2 ]
e 1

x e1 e x 1 1
8. x e ex dx [Ans. e ln (x e ex ) ]
Trigonometric Functions:

4 2
1 1 1 3
1.
n m
sin x . cos x dx ; 2. sin x cos x dx [Ans. x sin 4 x sin 2 x C ]
16 4 48
General Substitution : Examples :
x cos 2 cot 1 1 x
x2
1
2 2
a x ; x = a sin [Ans. ];
ax 1 x 2 2x 2 3x 5

dx
(9 x 2 ) 3 x dx
a 2 x2 ; x = a tan x 2 4 4x 2 1 ; dx ;


x6 a3 x3
x2
x2 a 2 ; x = a sec dx
6 6
a x
a 2 x2
x2 = a2cos note that a 2 x 2 dx x 2 a 2 dx

a 2 x2
to be executed by parts.
dx dx
ln x x 2 a 2 & ln x x 2 a 2 (loving integrals)
x2 a2 x2 a2

dx dx dx dx dx
Loving Integrals: ; x2 a2 ; x ; ;
a2 x2 x2 a2 x2 a2 x2 a2
Examples:
sin 2x e x dx ex dx
1. dx ; 2. ; 3.
9 sin 4 x
e 2 x 1
4 e2x dx ; 4. 2ax x 2
;

2
dx 1 1 ae x x 1 1 1
5. 2 x [Ans. tan ]; 6.
1 x 2 dx [Ans. tan x 1 x 2 ]
a e b 2e x ab b


tan x
7. dx (b > a)
2
a b tan x

Some More Examples :

e x dx x 2x x
1. x 2x

[Ans. ln e 2 e 4e 5 ];
5 4e e

4x 3 2x 1 x dx
dx ;
2. 3x 2 3x 1 dx ; 3. 2
4 x 4x 2
4. x4 x2 1

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 ax b ax b
dx
Note for integral of the type px 2 qx r dx or
px qx r
2
d 2
write ax + b= A ( px qx r ) B
dx
Home Work: after 2nd & 3rd lecture + Berman : Q.No 1703 to 1831.
FOURTH & FIFTH LECTURE (INTEGRATION)
(May consume two period)
Theory: If f (x) and g (x) are derivable functions then
d
[f ( x ) . g ( x ) ] f ( x ) . g ' ( x ) g ( x ) . f ' ( x )
dx
f ( x ) . g' (x ) dx = f (x) . g (x) g ( x ) . f ' ( x ) dx
I II

I= f
( x ) g
( x ) dx
I II
= 1st function integral of 2nd (diff. co-eff. of 1st) (integral of 2nd) d x
Remember ILATE for deciding the choice of the first and second function which is not
arbitrary. Start with x cos x dx .
EXAMPLE:
1 2
1. x tan x dx ; 2. cosec x ln (sec x ) dx ; 3. sin xln(sec x + tan x) dx ;

sin 1 x
4. 2 3/ 2
dx ; 5.(a) e x (1 x ) ln ( xe x ) dx ; (b) ln(1 x)1xdx ;
(1 x )
1 1
6. cos dx ; 7. sin(ln x)dx ; 8. x 2 a 2 dx x 2 a 2 dx ;
x
3 3
9. sec x dx cosec x dx ; 10. x sin x cos2 x dx ;
x dx 2 3x
11. ; 12. x cos x cos 2 x dx ; 13. x e dx ;
1 sin x
3 3x 2x
14. ( x 3x 1)e dx e sin 3x dx

3 2 cos 1 x cos 1 x 1 x2
15. x ln x dx ; x3 dx 16.
[Ans. C ]
2x 2 2x
Two Classic Integrands (HO NA HO WO NA HO):
x x
(a) e f (x) f (x)dx e f (x) C & (b) f (x) xf (x)dx = x f (x) + C
x x
e.g. (i) e (tan x ln cos x ) dx ; (ii) e (sin x cos x ) dx
x
(iii) e [ln( sec x tan x ) sec x ]dx [Ans. ex ln (secx + tanx)]

EXAMPLE FOR ILLUSTRATION:

xe x ex x 1 sin x
1.
(1x ) 2
dx [Ans.
1 x
]; 2. e 1 cos x
dx ;

e 2x (sin 4x 2) 1 2x
3. [ sin(ln x) + cos(ln x)dx [Ans. x sin(ln x) ]; 4. dx [Ans. e cot 2 x ];
1cos 4x 2

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 x sin x x
5. 1cosx dx [Ans. x tan ];
2

cos 1
x ( x 1) 1 x 2 e cos x
1

6. e dx [Ans. C ]
( x 1) 2 1 x 2 1 x

x x 4 2 e x (1 x x 2 )
7. e (1 x 2 )5 2 dx
[Ans.
(1 x 2 )3 2
C]

EXAMPLE (FOR ASKING):

ex e x (1 sin x ) x x
(1) (1 x ln x )dx [Ans. ex ln x + C] ; (2) 1 cos x dx [Ans. e cot ]
x 2
1
x sin x x e tan x
(1 x x 2 ) 1 x
(3) dx [Ans. x cot ] ; (4) 2
dx [Ans. x e tan ]
1 cos x 2 1 x
n x x e x ( x 2 5x 7) e x ( x 2)
(5) (1n x ) 2 d x [Ans. 1 lnx ] ; (6) ( x 3) 2 dx [Ans. ]
x3

x 2 ex x x2 e x (1 x x 3 ) ex x
(7) dx [Ans. e ]; (8) dx [Ans. ]
( x 2) 2 x2 (1 x 2 )3 / 2 x2 1
e x ( x 1) ex 1 sin 2 x e x sec x
(9) dx [Ans. ] ; (10) (1 cos 2x )e x dx [Ans. ]
( x 1) 3 (1 x ) 2 2
e x ( x 2 1) e x ( x 1)
(11) dx [Ans. ]
( x 1) 2 x 1
x
(12) n (n x ) 12 dx ; [Ans. x ln (ln x) ln x ] ;
n x
TOUGHER PROBLEMS
2 2
tan x
1. sin 4x e
tan x
dx [Ans. C 2 e cos 4 x ]
GENERAL CONCEPT:
g(x)
e f ( x )g' ( x ) f ' ( x ) dx [Ans. eg(x) f (x)]
Proof: Explain

( x sin x cos x ) x 2 cos 2 x ( x sin x cos x )

1. e
2
dx
x

( x sin x cos x ) 2 x sin x cos x
e cos x
x2
dx


( x sin x cos x ) cos x cos x ' cos x
e x cos x dx e(x sin x + cos x)
x x ; x
+C

tan x
2. e sin x sec x dx = e tan x sin x dx e tan x sec x dx

= etan x cos x + e tan x sec 2 x cos x dx e tan x sec x dx

= etan x cos x
Bansal Classes Page # 10
 ax ax
Integrals of (*) e sin( bx c) dx or e cos( bx c) dx (* Discuss three different ways)

* 1. Integrate e ax sin bx dx
2x
2. Assume e cos 3x dx = e2x(Acos 3x + B sin 3x) and then differentiate both sides.
ax ax
3. Use Euler's equation Let P= e cos bx dx and Q = e sin bx dx ,
ax
hence P + iQ = e e ibx dx = e
( a ib ) x
dx

1 a ib ax
P + iQ = e(a+ib)x = 2 e (cosbx + i sin bx)
a ib a b2
(ae ax cos bx be ax sin bx ) i(ae ax sin bx be ax cos bx )
=
a 2 b2
e ax (a cos bx b sin bx ) e ax (a sin bx b cos bx )
P= Q=
a 2 b2 a 2 b2
Note: Discuss the reduction formulae of (sin x)n , (cos x)n and (tan x)n and give the remaining
3 for home work:
GENERAL PROBLEM:
m
x 2011 1 x2
If the primitive of the function f (x) = w.r.t. x is equal to C
(1 x 2 )1007 n 1 x 2
then find (m + n) (where m, n N). [Ans. 3018]
Home Work after 4th & 5th lecture : Berman : Q.No 1832 to 2011.
SIXTH LECTURE (INTEGRATION)
PARTIAL FRACTION & MISC. & KUTURPUTUR
Techniques of Partial Fraction (Discuss the rules of splitting a given fraction)
Dergee of Nr is < then Dr Degree of Nr Dr
dx 1 ax dx 1 x a
Loving Integrands 2 2
ln & x 2 a 2 2a ln x a
a x 2a a x
Examples:

2x 2 41x 91 x 3 2x 2 4 x
1. dx ; 2. x 2 ( x2) 2 dx; 3. (x1)(x 2 4) dx;
( x1)( x3)( x4)

x 3dx ( x 2 x ) dx
4(a) (x2=t), (b) 2 dx
x 4 3x 2 2 (x 2) ( x 2 1)
dx x 2 ( x 2 1) dx x 2 ( x 2 1)dx
5.(a) 3 = dx , (b) 3 =
x 1 x 3 1
x 1 x3 1

dx
6. sin x (3 2 cos x ) (cos x = t)

dx sin x 1 x cos x
General: (1) sin 2x 2sinx ; (2) sin 4x dx ; (3) x (1 x 2e 2 sin x ) dx

Bansal Classes Page # 11

Type 1: Manipulating Integrands: (Kuturputur)
dx dx x7 x dx
1. x ( x 2 1) ; 2. (1x 2 ) dx ; 3. (1x 4 )3 / 2 ;
x(x n 1) 5

dx x 3 1 dx
4. x 4 (x 3 1)2 5. 3 dx ; 6. ;
4x x n 1
x2 1 xn
n

x 2 x 2 (x 4 1) dx x 4 x2 1
7. x dx = x2 [Ans. ]
x 2 x 2 1 x 4 x 2 1 x

( x cos 1) dx x
8. if (x 2 2x cos 1)3 / 2 [Ans. 2
x 2 x cos x 1
+ C]

6 4 2 4 2 12 ( 2 x 6 3x 4 6 x 2 ) 3 2
9.(a) (x x x ) ( 2 x 3x 6) dx [Ans. ]
18

2 3x 4 x 2
(b) 2 dx [Ans.
2 x 4 x 3 x 2 + C]
1 x x

dx x 1 x2 x2 1
ln C]
10. [Ans. x x
x 2 x 1 x 2

Type 2: Forcing integrand by part

dx 4x 3 1 dx 2t 1
(1) (x 4 1) 2 . dx ; (2) x ; 1 + x = t2 ( t 2 1)3 . t 3 dt
( x 4 1) 2 4x 3 3
(1 x) 3

I
II I II

x4 x
(3) dx = x 3 dx

1 x2 1 x 2

I
II

3 2 2 3 2 x 2 (1 x 2 )
I = x 1 x 3 x 1 x dx x 1 x 3 dx
1 x2
GENERAL PROBLEM: f ( x ) dx
1. Suppose f (x) is a quadratic function such that f (0) = 1 and f (1) = 4. If x 2 (x 1) 2
is a rational function, find the value of f (10). [Ans. 521]
5x 2 12
Type 3 : 2 2 dx
x 6x 13
put 5x2 12 = A(x2 6x + 13) + B(2x 6) + C
( x 2 12)
(2) If g(x) = ( x 2 6x k ) 2 dx (where k N) is a rational function find the sum of all

possible values of k. [Ans. 21]

Home Work : Selected problems from Berman from 2012 to 2067 (say 15)

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 SEVENTH LECTURE (INTEGRATION)
Integrals of the Type of : (Trigonometric functions)
dx dx dx
Type 1 a bsin 2 x a bcos2 x asin 2 x bcos2 x csinx cosx
Multiply Nr and Dr by sec2x and proceed/enjoy
dx dx dx
Type 2 a bsinx a bcosx absinxccosx
Convert sin x and cos x into their corresponding tangent to half the angles.
dx dx dx
Examples on T1 & T2: 1. ; 2. (3sinx 4cosx)2 ; 3. 3 cos2 x
45sin 2 x
dx dx dx
4. 54sinx ; 5. 5 4 cos x ; 6. 32sinx cosx ;

dx
7.(a) cos x (5 3 cos x ) ;

cosx 1 5 3 cos x 5 x 5 dx
(b) 53cosx dx = 3 (5 3 cos x )
dx
3 3 (5 3 cos x )
C;

dx dx dx
8. 3 5 cos x ; 9. 4 5 sin x ; 10. 1 cos x sin x ;

sin 2 x
11. dx [Ans. 2 ln(a b cos x )
2
a
+C]
(a b cos x ) 2
b a b cos x
sin 2x
General :(i) sin 4 x cos4 x dx [Ans. c tan1(cot2x)]

dx
(ii) sin 4 x cos4 x ;
Type3:
a sin x b cos x c d
N r A (D r ) B D r C
(a) sin x m cos x n dx; dx
3e x 5e x d x x
(b) 4e x 5ex dx ; 3ex +5ex =A(4ex 5ex)+ B dx (4e 5e )
7 x
[Ans. ln(4ex5ex) + c]
8 8
3x 2 2 x 4
(c) ( x 2 6x 13)2 dx
6 3 sin x 14 cos x 11 cos x 16 sin x
Example : (a) 3 4 sin x 5 cos x (b) 2 cos x 5 sin x (c) cos 2x ln (1 tan x ) dx
(a) [ A = 2 ; B = 1 ; C = 0]
sin x
(d) e x sin x cos x dx (mixed profile)

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 x 2 1 x 2 1
Type4: x 4 kx 2 1 dx or x 4 kx 2 1 dx Take example with k = 7 & k = 23.

x 1
x
x (x 2x
1)(ln x 1) 1 x x
e.g. dx ; [Ans. tan
1 x ]
x 4x 1 2 2


x2 dx (x 1) 2
Other examples: 1. x 4 1 dx; 2. 4 3. 4 2 dx
x 1 x x 1

x17 dx
4. 24
dx [x6 = t] 5. x 4 a 4 6. tan d 7. cot d
1 x
cosx dx cos x
8. cot tan d 9. 8sin 2x
dx 10. cos ecx cosx 11. 10sin 2x dx
Note: cos x + sin x or cos x - sin x is loving in the numerator if denominator contains a + sin
2x or b sin 2 x . However if cos x + sin x or cos x - sin x appears in denominator
and sin 2x in numerator, then manipulate differently.
dx 1 2 sin x cos x 1 sin 2 x 1 1 (cos x sin x ) 2
e.g. = dx = dx = dx
cos ecx secx 2 cos x sin x 2 cos x sin x 2 cos x sin x
INTEGRATION OF IRRATIONAL ALGEBRAIC FUNCTION
dx
Type1 (a) ( > ) (Start: x = cos2 + sin2)
( x ) ( x )(x )
dx dx
(b) ( x )( x ) ( x ) ( x ) ( x )

[Ans. 2 ln x x C ]
5 x 1 x2
(c) dx [Ans. ( x 2)(5 x ) 3 sin ]
x2 3
dx dx
Type 2 (ax b) px q ; e.g. (2x 1) 4x 3
dx dx
Type 3 (ax b) ; e.g. ( x 1) 1 x x2
px 2 qx r
dx dx
Type 4 ( a x 2 bx c) ; e.g. x 2 5x 2
px q x2
dt
Note : this reduces to 2
t 4 9t 2 16
dx
Type 5 (ax 2 bx c)
px 2 qx r
Case-I: When (ax2 + bx + c) breaks up into two linear factors, e.g.
dx
I = 2 then
( x x 2) x 2 x 1

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 A B 1 dx dx
= x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 dx = A
B
( x 2) x 2 x 1 ( x 1) x 2 x 1

put x 21 / t put x 11 / t

Case-II: If ax2 + bx + c is a perfect square say (lx + m)2 then put lx + m = 1/t
dx 1
Case-III: If b = 0; q = 0 e.g. (ax 2 2
b) px r
then put x = or the trigonometric
t
substitution are also helpful.
dx
e.g. ( x 2 4) 4x 2 1
Special Integrands:
x2
1. ( x sin x cos x ) 2 dx [Ans. tan(x tan1x) + c]

dx
2. (a bcosx) 2 (a > b)

e x dx
3. (sin e x ex cos e x ) 2 [Ans. tan (ex tan1 ex) + C]

dx sin x x cos 3 x sin x

4. (sin x 2 sec x ) 2 5. e

cos 2 x dx

dx 4 x 1
14
6. 4 (x 1)3 ( x 2)5 =
3 x 1
Home Work : Complete Berman and T/S 1st Exercise only) by the end of 8th period.
(Leaving Q. No. 2132 to 2150)

Bansal Classes Page # 15