Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Procedia Technology 11 (2013) 1156 1162

The 4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics (ICCEI 2013)

The Grounding Impedance Characteristics of Grid Configuration

Anggoro B.a,Yutadhia. R.E.b, *
a
School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia
b
Electrical Engineering Department ,National Institute of Technology, Indonesia

Abstract

The role of grounding systems in the electrical power systems is very importance especially for safety the personal who operate
and maintenance the electrical power systems, the data , instrumentation and equipment of the electrical power systems, if this
systems in the mal funtion condition. The characteristics of grounding impedance specially for grid configuration is very
fluxtuative to the frequency of injected current, like the lightning current which have the multile frequency. This impedance can
be a inductive , capacitive or resistive, its depend on the frequency. During short time of the disturbancies of the power system
the frequency will be fluxtuation so the grounding impedance will be fluxtruated too.In this paper , the grid configuration of
grounding systems with 4 square grid and injected by the sinusoidal cureent with variable frequency from 0 Hz untill 13 MHz.
The result of this experiment is the grounding impedance of grid configuration is very corelated to the injection frequency.

2013 The Authors. Published
Published by
by Elsevier
ElsevierB.V.
Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
Selection
Selection and peer-review
peer-reviewunder
underresponsibility
responsibilityofofthe
theFaculty
FacultyofofInformation
Information Science
Science && Technology,
Technology, Universiti
Universiti Kebangsaan
Kebangsaan
Malaysia.
Malaysia.

Keywords: Grid Grounding System , Fluxtuative Impedance

1. Introduction

The sensitivity and selectivity in the protection of electrical power systems depends on the value of the
disturbance current and the fluctuate condition of grounding systems. The lightning current is very high current and
the frequency is variable from low until high frequency. If the lightning current flows to the grounding systems so
Ground Potential Rise (GPR) will be fluctuated according to the frequency of the lightning current at this moment.

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: b.anggoro55@gmail.com

2212-0173 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Faculty of Information Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
doi:10.1016/j.protcy.2013.12.308
 B. Anggoro and R.E. Yutadhia / Procedia Technology 11 (2013) 1156 1162 1157

A good information of the fluctuate of the impedance of grounding systems and the frequency condition during
disturbance so can be predicted the characteristics of disturbance current that can make a good protection of power
systems.
The measuring method of the grounding impedance is fall of potential with 3 point of measuring rod , (grounding
rod, current rod and potential rod) . With to inject the variable current in to grounding rod (grid configuration) so the
potential on the gorund surface will be rise, and can be measured as the potential drop of the ground surface. The
impedance value of grounding systems at this point is equal to the potential value is divided by the current value, and
the true value if the distance between Grounding Rod (G) to Potential Rod (P) = GP is divided by the distance
between Grounding Rod (G) to Current Rod (C) = GC is equal 62 %.

Z = V / I ..................................................( 1 )

GP / GC = 62 % ......................................( 2 )

2. Grid configuration of grounding system

The value of grounding systems is depend on : :

x Resistivityy of soil
x Homogenity of soil
x Ground rods dementions and configuration of grounding systemns.
x The depth of grounding systems
x Water content and Chemical content of soil.

The soil resistivity

Table 1. The soil resistivity for many soil

Value
Soil Resistifitas Range Resistivitas
P P
Sea water 2 0.1 s/d 10
Clay 40 8 s/d 70
Ground well
50 10 s/d 150
and spring water
Mix Clay and
Sand 100 4 s/d 300

Stone 120 10 s/d 100

Lake 250 100 s/d 400
Sand 2000 200 s/d 3000

The grid configuration of grounding systems can be built by burried the ground rods conductors with the grid
configuration abaout 0.5 1,0 m depth that can be seen at Fig. 1 below .

U U
R 
2D L
with :
R = Grounding Resistance 
U = Soil Resistivityu PHWHU
D = The total length of grounding conductror (meter)
1158 B. Anggoro and R.E. Yutadhia / Procedia Technology 11 (2013) 1156 1162

L = The distance between 2 paralel electrode (meter) with assumtion h << D

Ground Surface
Permukaan tanah

h L
D

(a) (b)

Fig. 1. Grid Configuration

Soil Resistivity
The soil resitivity is measured and calculated by the experiment with the the vertical rod conductor and tesed by
direct current (DC)
The result of this experiment is :
Vdc = 0,4 Volt ; Idc = 0,01 Amp
Vdc 0,4
R Rdc 40 Ohm
I dc 0,01
[2]
Formulation for vertical rod conductor :
U 4 .l
R ln  1 Ohm
2S .l a
U 4 . 0,05
40 ln 3
 1
2S . 0,05 1,25.10
(40).(2S . 0,05)
U 3,082 Ohm.meter
(4,075)
where :
R = Resistance of vertical rod conductor (Ohm)
U = Soil resistivity (Ohm.meter)
l = Length of vertical rod in the soikl (meter)
a = Radius of conductor (meter)
Po = permeability (H/m) = 4S.10-7

3. The resistance grounding of grid configuration

Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance of Grid Configuration of Grounding Rod are [1,9] :
S 1
R U  Ohm
4 A Lt
S 1
R 3,082  18,77 Ohm
4 0,01 0,6
 B. Anggoro and R.E. Yutadhia / Procedia Technology 11 (2013) 1156 1162 1159

4S .10 7
L ln
2.0,1
2S 2.0,05.1,25.103
 
 1 3,76.10 7 H
m

2S .8,85.1012
C

 
2,96.1011 F
m
2. 0,1
ln  1
2 . 0,05.1,25.13

The measuring method is fall of potential method with 3 point rods can be seen to Fig. 2 below.

Potential rod

Grounding rod Current rod

Soil

Fig. 2. Fall of Potential Measuring Systems.

From Fig. 2 above can be seen that the the ground rod (G) will measure the grounding impedance , the potential
electrode for measuring the voltage dropp between groung rod and potential rod (P) and the current rod that for
injecting the current to the earth through the grounding rod (C). The best measurement is if the distance GP is
divided by the distance GC is equal to 62 %. All the value of the measurement iare detected and save in the
osciloscope.
The grounding impedance is :
V
Z
Where : I
Z = The Grounding Impedancece (Ohm)
V = Voltage dropp at ground surface (Volt)
I = Injected current inb to ground rod (Ampere)
= 0,01 ampere

The equipments are used in this experiments are :

1. Grounding electrode is the conductor for grounding rod with 10 mm diameter and the square grid 5 m x 2,5 m
for each square..
2. Frequency Generator is the sinusoidal frequency generator with rage frequency 0 Hz-13 MHz and 0,01 A
injected current
3. Digital Osciloscope
1160 B. Anggoro and R.E. Yutadhia / Procedia Technology 11 (2013) 1156 1162

4. Experiment Results

The experiment results can be seen at Table 2 and Fig. 3.

Table 2. grid 4 squares (5 meter 2,5meter)

G-P = 9 meter dan G-C = 15 meter
Log Z cos Z sin
f f Z
(Hz)  ()  
1 0.00 5.2 0.0 5.20 0.0
50 1.70 4.4 -3.6 4.39 -0.3
1K 3.00 4.0 -14.4 3.87 -1
5K 3.70 4.4 3.6 4.39 0.3
10 K 4.00 4.4 -21.6 4.09 -1.6
50 K 4.70 6.4 -39.6 4.93 -4.1
100 K 5.00 10.0 -64.8 4.26 -9.1
200 K 5.30 20.4 -72.0 6.30 -19.4
500 K 5.70 41.6 -36.0 33.66 -24.5
1M 6.00 16.8 -25.2 15.20 -7.2
2M 6.30 140.0 -90.7 -1.76 -140
5M 6.70 120.0 39.6 92.46 76.5
6M 6.78 96.0 50.4 61.19 74
7M 6.85 56.0 56.5 30.89 46.7
8M 6.90 28.0 30.2 24.19 14.1
9M 6.95 24.0 -11.5 23.52 -4.8
10 M 7.00 44.0 -50.4 28.05 -33.9
13 M 7.11 150.0 25.6 135.32 64.7

0 - 13 MHz

160
140
120
100
=

80
60
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
log f

Fig. 3. Grid Cofiguration 4 squares (5 meter 2,5 meter) Z Vs log f : G-P = 9 m ; G-C = 15 m
 B. Anggoro and R.E. Yutadhia / Procedia Technology 11 (2013) 1156 1162 1161

0 - 13 MHz

80
60
40
20
0


-20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-40
-60
-80
-100
-120
log f

Fig. 4. Grid Cofiguration 4 squares (5 meter 2,5 meter) WVs log f : G-P = 9 m ; G-C = 15 m

0 - 13 MHz

160

140

120

100
=&RV

80

60

40

20

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-20
log f

Fig. 5.Grid Cofiguration 4 squares (5 meter 2,5 meter) =FRVORJI*-P = 9 m ; G-C = 15 m

0 - 13 MHz

100

50
=6LQ

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-50

-100

-150

-200
log f

Fig. 6. Grid Cofiguration 4 squares PHWHUPHWHU=VLQ Vs log f : G-P = 9 m ; G-C = 15 m

5. Conclusions

The grounding impedance of grid configuration have the characteristics that the value of grounding impedance
will be grow up with the increasing the injected current frequency. The Impedance is very fluctuate to frequency,
and very difficult to predict before. The grounding impedance of grid configuration can become resistive, inductive
or capacitive and that is depending on the frequency.
1162 B. Anggoro and R.E. Yutadhia / Procedia Technology 11 (2013) 1156 1162

References

[1] Almeida M.E., dan Correia de Barros M.T. Modelling of Long Ground Electrodes For Lightning Studies, High Voltage Engineering
Simposium 22- 27 August Conference Publication No 467 IEEE; 1999.
[2] 2. Anggoro B. Analisa Perilaku Tahanan Pengetanahan Terhadap Sumber Arus Frekwensi Tinggi Dengan Methode Penjalaran Gelombang
Elektromagnetik,. Procedings ECCIS 2000, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 13 14 Juni; 2000/
[3] Anggoro B. Beberapa Faktor Penentu nilai Resistivitas Tanah sebagai Data untuk Merancang Tahanan Pengetanahan Sistem Tenaga Listrik,
Proceeding ECCIS, Universitas Brawijaya; 2000.
[4] Anggoro B, Kudrat, Ngapuli, dan Parouli. Variasi Besar Impedansi Sistem Pengetanahan Terhadap Konfigurasi Grid akibat Posisi dan
Bentuk Arus Injeksi, Proceeding SNWTT, IV Universitas TanjungPura; 2001.
[5] Anggoro B, Kudrat, Ngapuli, dan Parouli. Prediksi Konfigurasi Sistem Pengetanahan dilihat dari Kontur Garis Ekipotensial dipermukaan
tanah disekitar Sistem Pengetanahan, Proceeding SNWTT IV, Unversitas TanjungPura; 2001.
[6] Anggoro B, Pakpahan P.M,, dan Widodo S. The Pattern of Ground Potential Rise (GPR) in the Resistance Grounding Measurement With
many Reurn Elektroes. Proceeding ,2002 Joint Conference of ACED & K J Symposium ED and HVE, soongsil University, Seoul, Korea;
2002.
[7] Correia de Baros M.T, Simoes S, dan Festas J. The Effect of Soil Ionization on BFR Calculations, Foudre ET Montagne 97 Lightning and
Mountains; 1997.
[8] Dawalibi F, dan Mukhendar D. Influence of Ground Rods on Grounding Grids. IEEE Transaction Apparatus and System Vol PAS 98 No 6,
Nov / Dec; 1979.
[9] Dawalibi F, dan Mukhedkar D. Multi Step Analysis of Interconnected Grounding Electrodes. IEEE transactions on Power Apparatus and
Systems 1995; PAS 9(1, Jan / Feb).
[10] Dawalibi F, dan Mukhedkar D. Ground Electrode Resistance Measurements in Non Uniform Soils. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery
1984; PAS-103(2 February)
[11] Mousa A.M. The Soil Ionization Gradient Associated with Discharge of High Currents Into Concentrated Electrodes. IEEE Transactions on
Power Delivery 1994; 9(3 July).
[12] Noor M., Srisakot S, Graffith H, dan Hoddad A. Characterizations of soil ionization under fast impuls, Proceding of 25th International
Conference on Lightning Protection ( ICLP ) 2000; Vol 2 September.
[13] Robert G. Olsen Mark, dan Willis C. A Comparasion of Exact and Quasistatic Methods for Evaluating Grounding Systems at high
Frequencies. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 1996; 11(2).
[14] Verma R, dan Mukhedar DFundamental Considerations amd Impulse Impedance of Grounding Grid. IEEE Transaction on Power Apparatus
and System 1981;PAS 100(3).
[15] Zeqing S, Jingliang H,dan Raghuveer M.R. Experimental Study on Lightning Breakdown Channels in The Soils. High Voltage Engineering
symposium, 22 27 agust 1999 Conference Publication No 467 IEE; 1999.