Learn SQL

SQL Tutorial
SQL HOME 03
SQL Intro 11
SQL Syntax 20
SQL Select 29
SQL Select Distinct 42
SQL Where 51
SQL And, Or, Not 55
SQL Order By 57
SQL Insert Into 94
SQL Null Values 97
SQL Update 100
SQL Delete 104
SQL Select Top 111
SQL Min and Max 114
SQL Count, Avg, Sum 117
SQL Like 120
SQL Wildcards 134
SQL In 150
SQL Between 152
SQL Aliases 161
SQL Joins 164
SQL Inner Join 166
SQL Left Join 177
SQL Right Join 187
SQL Full Join 189
SQL Self Join 192
SQL Union 197
SQL Group By 215
SQL Having 221
SQL Exists 225
SQL Any, All 229
SQL Select Into 233
SQL Insert Into Select 234
1
SQL Comments 237
SQL Database
SQL Create DB 282

SQL Drop DB 283
SQL Create Table 283
SQL Drop Table 285
SQL Alter Table 286
SQL Constraints 289
SQL Not Null 290
SQL Unique 291
SQL Primary Key 293
SQL Foreign Key 295
SQL Check 298
SQL Default 300
SQL Index 302
SQL Auto Increment 303
SQL Views 307
SQL Injection 309
SQL Hosting 314
SQL References
SQL Functions 315

SQL Date Functions 317
SQL Null Functions 322
SQL Operators 324
SQL Data Types 376
SQL DB Data Types 380
SQL Quick Ref 390
SQL Quiz
SQL Quiz 394
2
SQL Tutorial
SQL is a standard language for storing, manipulating and retrieving data

in databases.
Our SQL tutorial will teach you how to use SQL in: MySQL, SQL Server,
MS Access, Oracle, Sybase, Informix, Postgres, and other database
systems.
Examples in Each Chapter
With our online SQL editor, you can edit the SQL statements, and click
on a button to view the result.
Example
SELECT * FROM Customers;
Number of Records: 91
Custom Customer ContactN Address City PostalC Countr

erID Name ame ode y
1 Alfreds Maria Obere Str. Berlin 12209 German

Futterkiste Anders 57 y
2 Ana Trujillo Ana Avda. de Mxico 05021 Mexico

Emparedad Trujillo la D.F.
os y Constituci
helados n 2222
3 Antonio Antonio Mataderos Mxico 05023 Mexico

Moreno Moreno 2312 D.F.
Taquera
4 Around the Thomas 120 London WA1 UK

Horn Hardy Hanover 1DP
Sq.
5 Berglunds Christina Berguvsv Lule S-958 Sweden

snabbkp Berglund gen 8 22
6 Blauer See Hanna Forsterstr. Mannhei 68306 German

Delikatesse Moos 57 m y
n
7 Blondel Frdrique 24, place Strasbou 67000 France

pre et fils Citeaux Klber rg
3
8 Blido Martn C/ Araquil, Madrid 28023 Spain
Comidas Sommer 67
preparadas
9 Bon app' Laurence 12, rue Marseille 13008 France

Lebihans des
Bouchers
10 Bottom- Elizabeth 23 Tsawass T2F 8M4 Canada

Dollar Lincoln Tsawassen en
Marketse Blvd.
11 B's Victoria Fauntleroy London EC2 5NT UK

Beverages Ashworth Circus
12 Cactus Patricio Cerrito Buenos 1010 Argenti

Comidas Simpson 333 Aires na
para llevar
13 Centro Francisco Sierras de Mxico 05022 Mexico

comercial Chang Granada D.F.
Moctezuma 9993
14 Chop-suey Yang Hauptstr. Bern 3012 Switzerl

Chinese Wang 29 and
15 Comrcio Pedro Av. dos So 05432- Brazil

Mineiro Afonso Lusadas, Paulo 043
23
16 Consolidate Elizabeth Berkeley London WX1 UK

d Holdings Brown Gardens 6LT
12
Brewery
17 Drachenblu Sven Walserweg Aachen 52066 German

t Ottlieb 21 y
Delikatesse
nd
18 Du monde Janine 67, rue Nantes 44000 France

entier Labrune des
Cinquante
Otages
19 Eastern Ann Devon 35 King London WX3 UK

Connection George 6FW
20 Ernst Roland Kirchgasse Graz 8010 Austria

Handel Mendel 6
4
21 Familia Aria Cruz Rua Ors, So 05442- Brazil
Arquibaldo 92 Paulo 030
22 FISSA Diego Roel C/ Madrid 28034 Spain

Fabrica Moralzarza
Inter. l, 86
Salchichas
S.A.
23 Folies Martine 184, Lille 59000 France

gourmande Ranc chausse
s de Tournai
24 Folk och f Maria kergatan Brcke S-844 Sweden

HB Larsson 24 67
25 Frankenver Peter Berliner Mnchen 80805 German

sand Franken Platz 43 y
26 France Carine 54, rue Nantes 44000 France

restauratio Schmitt Royale
n
27 Franchi Paolo Via Monte Torino 10100 Italy

S.p.A. Accorti Bianco 34
28 Furia Lino Jardim das Lisboa 1675 Portuga

Bacalhau e Rodriguez rosas n. l
Frutos do 32
Mar
29 Galera del Eduardo Rambla de Barcelon 08022 Spain

gastrnomo Saavedra Catalua, a
23
30 Godos Jos Pedro C/ Sevilla 41101 Spain

Cocina Freyre Romero,
Tpica 33
31 Gourmet Andr Av. Brasil, Campina 04876- Brazil

Lanchonete Fonseca 442 s 786
s
32 Great Lakes Howard 2732 Eugene 97403 USA

Food Snyder Baker
Market Blvd.
33 GROSELLA- Manuel 5 Ave. Caracas 1081 Venezu

Restaurante Pereira Los Palos ela
Grandes
5
34 Hanari Mario Rua do Rio de 05454- Brazil
Carnes Pontes Pao, 67 Janeiro 876
35 HILARIN- Carlos Carrera 22 San 5022 Venezu

Abastos Hernndez con Ave. Cristbal ela
Carlos
Soublette
#8-35
36 Hungry Yoshi City Elgin 97827 USA

Coyote Latimer Center
Import Plaza 516
Store Main St.
37 Hungry Owl Patricia 8 Cork Ireland

All-Night McKenna Johnstown
Grocers Road
38 Island Helen Garden Cowes PO31 UK

Trading Bennett House 7PJ
Crowther
Way
39 Kniglich Philip Maubelstr. Branden 14776 German

Essen Cramer 90 burg y
40 La corne Daniel 67, Versaille 78000 France

d'abondanc Tonini avenue de s
e l'Europe
41 La maison Annette 1 rue Toulouse 31000 France

d'Asie Roulet Alsace-
Lorraine
42 Laughing Yoshi 1900 Oak Vancouv V3F 2K1 Canada

Bacchus Tannamuri St. er
Wine
Cellars
43 Lazy K John Steel 12 Walla 99362 USA

Kountry Orchestra Walla
Store Terrace
44 Lehmanns Renate Magazinw Frankfurt 60528 German

Marktstand Messner eg 7 a.M. y
45 Let's Stop N Jaime 87 Polk San 94117 USA

Shop Yorres St. Suite 5 Francisc
o
6
46 LILA- Carlos Carrera 52 Barquisi 3508 Venezu
Supermerca Gonzlez con Ave. meto ela
do Bolvar
#65-98
Llano
Largo
47 LINO- Felipe Ave. 5 de I. de 4980 Venezu

Delicateses Izquierdo Mayo Margarit ela
Porlamar a
48 Lonesome Fran 89 Portland 97219 USA

Pine Wilson Chiaroscur
Restaurant o Rd.
49 Magazzini Giovanni Via Bergamo 24100 Italy

Alimentari Rovelli Ludovico il
Riuniti Moro 22
50 Maison Catherine Rue Bruxelles B-1180 Belgium

Dewey Dewey Joseph-
Bens 532
51 Mre Jean 43 rue St. Montral H1J 1C3 Canada

Paillarde Fresnire Laurent
52 Morgenster Alexander Heerstr. Leipzig 04179 German

n Feuer 22 y
Gesundkost
53 North/Sout Simon South London SW7 UK

h Crowther House 300 1RZ
Queensbri
dge
54 Ocano Yvonne Ing. Buenos 1010 Argenti

Atlntico Moncada Gustavo Aires na
Ltda. Moncada
8585 Piso
20-A
55 Old World Rene 2743 Anchora 99508 USA

Delicatesse Phillips Bering St. ge
n
56 Ottilies Henriette Mehrheim Kln 50739 German

Kseladen Pfalzheim erstr. 369 y
57 Paris Marie 265, Paris 75012 France

spcialits Bertrand boulevard
7
Charonne
58 Pericles Guillermo Calle Dr. Mxico 05033 Mexico

Comidas Fernndez Jorge D.F.
clsicas Cash 321
59 Piccolo und Georg Geislweg Salzburg 5020 Austria

mehr Pipps 14
60 Princesa Isabel de Estrada da Lisboa 1756 Portuga

Isabel Castro sade n. l
Vinhoss 58
61 Que Delcia Bernardo Rua da Rio de 02389- Brazil

Batista Panificado Janeiro 673
ra, 12
62 Queen Lcia Alameda So 05487- Brazil

Cozinha Carvalho dos Paulo 020
Canrios,
891
63 QUICK-Stop Horst Taucherstr Cunewal 01307 German

Kloss ae 10 de y
64 Rancho Sergio Av. del Buenos 1010 Argenti

grande Gutirrez Libertador Aires na
900
65 Rattlesnake Paula 2817 Albuquer 87110 USA

Canyon Wilson Milton Dr. que
Grocery
66 Reggiani Maurizio Strada Reggio 42100 Italy

Caseifici Moroni Provinciale Emilia
124
67 Ricardo Janete Av. Rio de 02389- Brazil

Adocicados Limeira Copacaba Janeiro 890
na, 267
68 Richter Michael Grenzache Genve 1203 Switzerl

Supermarkt Holz rweg 237 and
69 Romero y Alejandra Gran Va, Madrid 28001 Spain

tomillo Camino 1
70 Sant Jonas Erling Stavern 4110 Norway

Gourmet Bergulfsen Skakkes
gate 78
8
71 Save-a-lot Jose 187 Boise 83720 USA
Markets Pavarotti Suffolk Ln.
72 Seven Seas Hari 90 London OX15 UK

Imports Kumar Wadhurst 4NB
Rd.
73 Simons Jytte Vinbltet Kbenha 1734 Denmar

bistro Petersen 34 vn k
74 Spcialits Dominique 25, rue Paris 75016 France

du monde Perrier Lauriston
75 Split Rail Art P.O. Box Lander 82520 USA

Beer & Ale Braunschw 555
eiger
76 Suprmes Pascale Boulevard Charleroi B-6000 Belgium

dlices Cartrain Tirou, 255
77 The Big Liz Nixon 89 Portland 97201 USA

Cheese Jefferson
Way Suite
2
78 The Cracker Liu Wong 55 Grizzly Butte 59801 USA

Box Peak Rd.
79 Toms Karin Luisenstr. Mnster 44087 German

Spezialitte Josephs 48 y
n
80 Tortuga Miguel Avda. Mxico 05033 Mexico

Restaurante Angel Azteca D.F.
Paolino 123
81 Tradio Anabela Av. Ins So 05634- Brazil

Hipermerca Domingues de Castro, Paulo 030
dos 414
82 Trail's Head Helvetius 722 Kirkland 98034 USA

Gourmet Nagy DaVinci
Provisioners Blvd.
83 Vaffeljernet Palle Ibsen Smagslg rhus 8200 Denmar

et 45 k
84 Victuailles Mary 2, rue du Lyon 69004 France

en stock Saveley Commerce
9
85 Vins et Paul 59 rue de Reims 51100 France
alcools Henriot l'Abbaye
Chevalier
86 Die Rita Mller Adenauera Stuttgart 70563 German

Wandernde llee 900 y
Kuh
87 Wartian Pirkko Torikatu Oulu 90110 Finland

Herkku Koskitalo 38
88 Wellington Paula Rua do Resende 08737- Brazil

Importador Parente Mercado, 363
a 12
89 White Karl 305 - 14th Seattle 98128 USA

Clover Jablonski Ave. S.
Markets Suite 3B
90 Wilman Matti Keskuskat Helsinki 21240 Finland

Kala Karttunen u 45
91 Wolski Zbyszek ul. Walla 01-012 Poland

Filtrowa
68
Click on the "Try it Yourself" button to see how it works.
Start learning SQL now!
SQL Quiz Test
Test your SQL skills at W3Schools!
Start SQL Quiz!
SQL Quick Reference
An SQL Quick Reference. Print it and put it in your pocket.
SQL Quick Reference
SQL Data Types
Data types and ranges for Microsoft Access, MySQL and SQL Server.
10
SQL Data Types
The HTML Certificate documents your knowledge of HTML.
The CSS Certificate documents your knowledge of advanced CSS.
The JavaScript Certificate documents your knowledge of JavaScript and

HTML DOM.
The jQuery Certificate documents your knowledge of jQuery.
The PHP Certificate documents your knowledge of PHP and SQL

(MySQL).
The XML Certificate documents your knowledge of XML, XML DOM and
XSLT.
The Bootstrap Certificate documents your knowledge of the Bootstrap

framework.
Introduction to SQL
SQL is a standard language for accessing and manipulating databases.
What is SQL?
SQL stands for Structured Query Language

SQL lets you access and manipulate databases
SQL is an ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard
What Can SQL do?
SQL can execute queries against a database

SQL can retrieve data from a database
SQL can insert records in a database
SQL can update records in a database
SQL can delete records from a database
SQL can create new databases
SQL can create new tables in a database
SQL can create stored procedures in a database
SQL can create views in a database
SQL can set permissions on tables, procedures, and views
11
SQL is a Standard - BUT....
Although SQL is an ANSI (American National Standards Institute)

standard, there are different versions of the SQL language.
However, to be compliant with the ANSI standard, they all support at

least the major commands (such as SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, INSERT,
WHERE) in a similar manner.
Note: Most of the SQL database programs also have their own
proprietary extensions in addition to the SQL standard!
Using SQL in Your Web Site
To build a web site that shows data from a database, you will need:
An RDBMS database program (i.e. MS Access, SQL Server,

MySQL)
To use a server-side scripting language, like PHP or ASP
To use SQL to get the data you want
To use HTML / CSS to style the page
RDBMS
RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System.
RDBMS is the basis for SQL, and for all modern database systems such
as MS SQL Server, IBM DB2, Oracle, MySQL, and Microsoft Access.
The data in RDBMS is stored in database objects called tables. A table is

a collection of related data entries and it consists of columns and rows.
Look at the "Customers" table:
Example

erID Name ame ode y

12
os y Constituci
helados n 2222

Taquera

Sq.


n


Comidas Sommer 67
preparadas

Lebihans des
Bouchers

Marketse Blvd.


para llevar

Moctezuma 9993

Chinese Wang 29 and
13
23

12
Brewery

t Ottlieb 21 y
Delikatesse
nd

entier Labrune des
Cinquante
Otages


Handel Mendel 6


Fabrica Moralzarza
Inter. l, 86
Salchichas
S.A.

s de Tournai

HB Larsson 24 67


n

14
Frutos do 32
Mar

23

Tpica 33

s

Food Snyder Baker
Market Blvd.

Grandes


Carlos
Soublette
#8-35

Import Plaza 516
Store Main St.

Grocers Road

Crowther
Way

15
e l'Europe

Lorraine

Wine
Cellars

Store Terrace


o

do Bolvar
#65-98
Llano
Largo

Porlamar a

Restaurant o Rd.

Riuniti Moro 22

Dewey Dewey Joseph-
Bens 532

16
n Feuer 22 y
Gesundkost

Queensbri
dge

Ltda. Moncada
8585 Piso
20-A

n


Charonne

clsicas Cash 321

mehr Pipps 14

Vinhoss 58

ra, 12

Canrios,
891

Kloss ae 10 de y
17
900

Grocery

124

na, 267


tomillo Camino 1

gate 78


Rd.



eiger


Cheese Jefferson
Way Suite
2
18
Box Peak Rd.

n

Paolino 123

dos 414

Provisioners Blvd.

et 45 k


Chevalier

Kuh

Herkku Koskitalo 38

a 12

Markets Suite 3B

Kala Karttunen u 45

Filtrowa
68
19
Every table is broken up into smaller entities called fields. The fields in
the Customers table consist of CustomerID, CustomerName,
ContactName, Address, City and PostalCode. A field is a column in a
table that is designed to maintain specific information about every
record in the table.
A record, also called a row, is each individual entry that exists in a table.
For example, there are 91 records in the above Customers table. A
record is a horizontal entity in a table.
A column is a vertical entity in a table that contains all information

associated with a specific field in a table.
SQL Syntax
Database Tables
A database most often contains one or more tables. Each table is

identified by a name (e.g. "Customers" or "Orders"). Tables contain
records (rows) with data.
In this tutorial we will use the well-known Northwind sample database

(included in MS Access and MS SQL Server).
Below is a selection from the "Customers" table:
CustomerI CustomerNa ContactNa Address City PostalCo Countr

D me me de y

2 Ana Trujillo Ana Trujillo Avda. de la Mxic 05021 Mexico

Emparedados Constituci o D.F.
20
y helados n 2222
3 Antonio Antonio Mataderos Mxic 05023 Mexico

Moreno Moreno 2312 o D.F.
Taquera
4 Around the Thomas 120 Londo WA1 1DP UK

Horn Hardy Hanover n
Sq.
5 Berglunds Christina Berguvsvg Lule S-958 22 Sweden

snabbkp Berglund en 8
The table above contains five records (one for each customer) and
seven columns (CustomerID, CustomerName, ContactName, Address,
City, PostalCode, and Country).
SQL Statements
Most of the actions you need to perform on a database are done with
SQL statements.
The following SQL statement selects all the records in the "Customers"
table:
Example

erID Name ame ode y

21
os y Constituci
helados n 2222

Taquera

Sq.


n


Comidas Sommer 67
preparadas

Lebihans des
Bouchers

Marketse Blvd.


para llevar

Moctezuma 9993

Chinese Wang 29 and

22
23

12
Brewery

t Ottlieb 21 y
Delikatesse
nd

entier Labrune des
Cinquante
Otages


Handel Mendel 6


Fabrica Moralzarza
Inter. l, 86
Salchichas
S.A.

s de Tournai

HB Larsson 24 67


n

23
Frutos do 32
Mar

23

Tpica 33

s

Food Snyder Baker
Market Blvd.

Grandes


Carlos
Soublette
#8-35

Import Plaza 516
Store Main St.

Grocers Road

Crowther
Way

24
e l'Europe

Lorraine

Wine
Cellars

Store Terrace


o

do Bolvar
#65-98
Llano
Largo

Porlamar a

Restaurant o Rd.

Riuniti Moro 22

Dewey Dewey Joseph-
Bens 532

25
n Feuer 22 y
Gesundkost

Queensbri
dge

Ltda. Moncada
8585 Piso
20-A

n


Charonne

clsicas Cash 321

mehr Pipps 14

Vinhoss 58

ra, 12

Canrios,
891

Kloss ae 10 de y
26
900

Grocery

124

na, 267


tomillo Camino 1

gate 78


Rd.



eiger


Cheese Jefferson
Way Suite
2
27
Box Peak Rd.

n

Paolino 123

dos 414

Provisioners Blvd.

et 45 k


Chevalier

Kuh

Herkku Koskitalo 38

a 12

Markets Suite 3B

Kala Karttunen u 45

Filtrowa
68
28
In this tutorial we will teach you all about the different SQL statements.
Keep in Mind That...
SQL keywords are NOT case sensitive: select is the same as

SELECT
In this tutorial we will write all SQL keywords in upper-case.
Semicolon after SQL Statements?
Some database systems require a semicolon at the end of each SQL

statement.
Semicolon is the standard way to separate each SQL statement in

database systems that allow more than one SQL statement to be
executed in the same call to the server.
In this tutorial, we will use semicolon at the end of each SQL statement.
Some of The Most Important SQL Commands
SELECT - extracts data from a database

UPDATE - updates data in a database
DELETE - deletes data from a database
INSERT INTO - inserts new data into a database
CREATE DATABASE - creates a new database
ALTER DATABASE - modifies a database
CREATE TABLE - creates a new table
ALTER TABLE - modifies a table
DROP TABLE - deletes a table
CREATE INDEX - creates an index (search key)
DROP INDEX - deletes an index
SQL SELECT Statement

The SQL SELECT Statement
The SELECT statement is used to select data from a database.
The data returned is stored in a result table, called the result-set.
29
SELECT Syntax
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name;
Here, column1, column2, ... are the field names of the table you want to
select data from. If you want to select all the fields available in the
table, use the following syntax:
SELECT * FROM table_name;
Demo Database
Below is a selection from the "Customers" table in the Northwind sample

database:

D me me de y


y helados n 2222

Taquera

Sq.
30
SELECT Column Example
The following SQL statement selects the "CustomerName" and "City"

columns from the "Customers" table:
SQL Statement:
Example
SELECT CustomerName, City FROM Customers;
CustomerName City
Alfreds Futterkiste Berlin
Ana Trujillo Emparedados y helados Mxico D.F.
Antonio Moreno Taquera Mxico D.F.
Around the Horn London
Berglunds snabbkp Lule
Blauer See Delikatessen Mannheim
Blondel pre et fils Strasbourg
Blido Comidas preparadas Madrid
Bon app' Marseille
Bottom-Dollar Marketse Tsawassen
B's Beverages London
Cactus Comidas para llevar Buenos Aires
Centro comercial Moctezuma Mxico D.F.
Chop-suey Chinese Bern
31
Comrcio Mineiro So Paulo
Consolidated Holdings London
Drachenblut Delikatessend Aachen
Du monde entier Nantes
Eastern Connection London
Ernst Handel Graz
Familia Arquibaldo So Paulo
FISSA Fabrica Inter. Salchichas S.A. Madrid
Folies gourmandes Lille
Folk och f HB Brcke
Frankenversand Mnchen
France restauration Nantes
Franchi S.p.A. Torino
Furia Bacalhau e Frutos do Mar Lisboa
Galera del gastrnomo Barcelona
Godos Cocina Tpica Sevilla
Gourmet Lanchonetes Campinas
Great Lakes Food Market Eugene
GROSELLA-Restaurante Caracas
Hanari Carnes Rio de Janeiro
HILARIN-Abastos San Cristbal
Hungry Coyote Import Store Elgin
Hungry Owl All-Night Grocers Cork
Island Trading Cowes
Kniglich Essen Brandenburg
La corne d'abondance Versailles
32
La maison d'Asie Toulouse
Laughing Bacchus Wine Cellars Vancouver
Lazy K Kountry Store Walla Walla
Lehmanns Marktstand Frankfurt a.M.
Let's Stop N Shop San Francisco
LILA-Supermercado Barquisimeto
LINO-Delicateses I. de Margarita
Lonesome Pine Restaurant Portland
Magazzini Alimentari Riuniti Bergamo
Maison Dewey Bruxelles
Mre Paillarde Montral
Morgenstern Gesundkost Leipzig
North/South London
Ocano Atlntico Ltda. Buenos Aires
Old World Delicatessen Anchorage
Ottilies Kseladen Kln
Paris spcialits Paris
Pericles Comidas clsicas Mxico D.F.
Piccolo und mehr Salzburg
Princesa Isabel Vinhoss Lisboa
Que Delcia Rio de Janeiro
Queen Cozinha So Paulo
QUICK-Stop Cunewalde
Rancho grande Buenos Aires
Rattlesnake Canyon Grocery Albuquerque
Reggiani Caseifici Reggio Emilia
33
Ricardo Adocicados Rio de Janeiro
Richter Supermarkt Genve
Romero y tomillo Madrid
Sant Gourmet Stavern
Save-a-lot Markets Boise
Seven Seas Imports London
Simons bistro Kbenhavn
Spcialits du monde Paris
Split Rail Beer & Ale Lander
Suprmes dlices Charleroi
The Big Cheese Portland
The Cracker Box Butte
Toms Spezialitten Mnster
Tortuga Restaurante Mxico D.F.
Tradio Hipermercados So Paulo
Trail's Head Gourmet Provisioners Kirkland
Vaffeljernet rhus
Victuailles en stock Lyon
Vins et alcools Chevalier Reims
Die Wandernde Kuh Stuttgart
Wartian Herkku Oulu
Wellington Importadora Resende
White Clover Markets Seattle
Wilman Kala Helsinki
Wolski Walla
34
SELECT * Example
The following SQL statement selects all the columns from the
"Customers" table:
Example
Edit the SQL Statement, and click "Run SQL" to see the result.
Run SQL
Result:
Custome CustomerN ContactNa Address City PostalC Country

rID ame me ode

2 Ana Trujillo Ana Trujillo Avda. de la Mxico 05021 Mexico

Emparedado Constituci D.F.
s y helados n 2222

Taquera

Sq.


Delikatessen Moos 57 m y
7 Blondel pre Frdrique 24, place Strasbour 67000 France

et fils Citeaux Klber g

Comidas Sommer 67
preparadas
9 Bon app' Laurence 12, rue des Marseille 13008 France
35
Lebihans Bouchers
10 Bottom- Elizabeth 23 Tsawasse T2F Canada

Dollar Lincoln Tsawassen n 8M4
Marketse Blvd.
11 B's Victoria Fauntleroy London EC2 UK

Beverages Ashworth Circus 5NT
12 Cactus Patricio Cerrito 333 Buenos 1010 Argentin

Comidas Simpson Aires a
para llevar

Moctezuma 9993
14 Chop-suey Yang Wang Hauptstr. Bern 3012 Switzerl

Chinese 29 and
15 Comrcio Pedro Av. dos So Paulo 05432- Brazil

Mineiro Afonso Lusadas, 043
23

d Holdings Brown Gardens 12 6LT
Brewery
17 Drachenblut Sven Ottlieb Walserweg Aachen 52066 German

Delikatessen 21 y
d
18 Du monde Janine 67, rue des Nantes 44000 France

entier Labrune Cinquante
Otages


Handel Mendel 6
21 Familia Aria Cruz Rua Ors, So Paulo 05442- Brazil

Arquibaldo 92 030

Fabrica Moralzarzal
36
Inter. , 86
Salchichas
S.A.

gourmandes Ranc chausse de
Tournai
24 Folk och f Maria kergatan Brcke S-844 67 Sweden

HB Larsson 24
25 Frankenvers Peter Berliner Mnchen 80805 German

and Franken Platz 43 y

restauration Schmitt Royale

28 Furia Lino Jardim das Lisboa 1675 Portugal

Bacalhau e Rodriguez rosas n. 32
Frutos do
Mar
29 Galera del Eduardo Rambla de Barcelona 08022 Spain

gastrnomo Saavedra Catalua,
23
30 Godos Jos Pedro C/ Romero, Sevilla 41101 Spain

Cocina Freyre 33
Tpica
31 Gourmet Andr Av. Brasil, Campinas 04876- Brazil

Lanchonetes Fonseca 442 786
32 Great Lakes Howard 2732 Baker Eugene 97403 USA

Food Market Snyder Blvd.
33 GROSELL Manuel 5 Ave. Los Caracas 1081 Venezue

A- Pereira Palos la
Restaurante Grandes

35 HILARIN- Carlos Carrera 22 San 5022 Venezue
37
Abastos Hernndez con Ave. Cristbal la
Carlos
Soublette
#8-35
36 Hungry Yoshi City Center Elgin 97827 USA

Coyote Latimer Plaza 516
Import Store Main St.

Grocers Road

Crowther
Way
39 Kniglich Philip Maubelstr. Brandenb 14776 German

Essen Cramer 90 urg y
40 La corne Daniel 67, avenue Versailles 78000 France

d'abondance Tonini de l'Europe

Lorraine
42 Laughing Yoshi 1900 Oak Vancouve V3F Canada

Bacchus Tannamuri St. r 2K1
Wine
Cellars

Store Terrace
44 Lehmanns Renate Magazinwe Frankfurt 60528 German

Marktstand Messner g7 a.M. y
45 Let's Stop N Jaime 87 Polk St. San 94117 USA

Shop Yorres Suite 5 Francisco
46 LILA- Carlos Carrera 52 Barquisim 3508 Venezue

Supermerca Gonzlez con Ave. eto la
do Bolvar
#65-98
38
Llano
Largo
47 LINO- Felipe Ave. 5 de I. de 4980 Venezue

Delicateses Izquierdo Mayo Margarita la
Porlamar
48 Lonesome Fran Wilson 89 Portland 97219 USA

Pine Chiaroscur
Restaurant o Rd.

Riuniti Moro 22

Dewey Dewey Joseph-
Bens 532

52 Morgenstern Alexander Heerstr. 22 Leipzig 04179 German

Gesundkost Feuer y
53 North/South Simon South London SW7 UK

Crowther House 300 1RZ
Queensbrid
ge
54 Ocano Yvonne Ing. Buenos 1010 Argentin

Atlntico Moncada Gustavo Aires a
Ltda. Moncada
8585 Piso
20-A
55 Old World Rene 2743 Anchorag 99508 USA

Delicatessen Phillips Bering St. e
56 Ottilies Henriette Mehrheime Kln 50739 German

Kseladen Pfalzheim rstr. 369 y

Charonne
39
Comidas Fernndez Jorge Cash D.F.
clsicas 321
59 Piccolo und Georg Pipps Geislweg Salzburg 5020 Austria

mehr 14
60 Princesa Isabel de Estrada da Lisboa 1756 Portugal

Isabel Castro sade n. 58
Vinhoss

Batista Panificador Janeiro 673
a, 12
62 Queen Lcia Alameda So Paulo 05487- Brazil

Cozinha Carvalho dos 020
Canrios,
891
63 QUICK- Horst Kloss Taucherstra Cunewald 01307 German

Stop e 10 e y
64 Rancho Sergio Av. del Buenos 1010 Argentin

grande Gutirrez Libertador Aires a
900

Grocery

124

Adocicados Limeira Copacaban Janeiro 890
a, 267
68 Richter Michael Grenzacher Genve 1203 Switzerl

Supermarkt Holz weg 237 and
69 Romero y Alejandra Gran Va, 1 Madrid 28001 Spain

tomillo Camino

gate 78
40
71 Save-a-lot Jose 187 Suffolk Boise 83720 USA
Markets Pavarotti Ln.
72 Seven Seas Hari Kumar 90 London OX15 UK

Imports Wadhurst 4NB
Rd.
73 Simons Jytte Vinbltet Kbenhav 1734 Denmar

bistro Petersen 34 n k


Beer & Ale Braunschwe 555
iger


Cheese Jefferson
Way Suite
2

Box Peak Rd.

Spezialitten Josephs 48 y

Restaurante Angel Azteca 123 D.F.
Paolino
81 Tradio Anabela Av. Ins de So Paulo 05634- Brazil

Hipermerca Domingues Castro, 414 030
dos

Provisioners Blvd.
83 Vaffeljernet Palle Ibsen Smagslget rhus 8200 Denmar

45 k
41

Chevalier
86 Die Rita Mller Adenaueral Stuttgart 70563 German

Wandernde lee 900 y
Kuh
87 Wartian Pirkko Torikatu 38 Oulu 90110 Finland

Herkku Koskitalo

Importadora Parente Mercado, 363
12

Markets Suite 3B
90 Wilman Matti Keskuskatu Helsinki 21240 Finland

Kala Karttunen 45
91 Wolski Zbyszek ul. Filtrowa Walla 01-012

68
SELECT DISTINCT Statement

The SQL SELECT DISTINCT Statement
The SELECT DISTINCT statement is used to return only distinct

(different) values.
Inside a table, a column often contains many duplicate values; and

sometimes you only want to list the different (distinct) values.
The SELECT DISTINCT statement is used to return only distinct

(different) values.
SELECT DISTINCT Syntax

SELECT DISTINCT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name;
42
Demo Database

database:
CustomerID CustomerName ContactName Address City PostalCode Country
1 Alfreds Maria Anders Obere Str. 57 Berlin 12209 Germany

Futterkiste

Emparedados y Constitucin D.F.
helados 2222
3 Antonio Moreno Antonio Mataderos Mxico 05023 Mexico

Taquera Moreno 2312 D.F.
4 Around the Thomas 120 Hanover London WA1 1DP UK

Horn Hardy Sq.
5 Berglunds Christina Berguvsvgen Lule S-958 22 Sweden

snabbkp Berglund 8
SELECT Example
The following SQL statement selects all (and duplicate) values from the
"City" columns in the "Customers" table:
SQL Statement:
SELECT City FROM Customers;
43
Run SQL
Result:
City
Berlin
Mxico D.F.
Mxico D.F.
London
Lule
Mannheim
Strasbourg
Madrid
Marseille
Tsawassen
London
Buenos Aires
Mxico D.F.
Bern
So Paulo
London
Aachen
Nantes
London
Graz
So Paulo
44
Madrid
Lille
Brcke
Mnchen
Nantes
Torino
Lisboa
Barcelona
Sevilla
Campinas
Eugene
Caracas
Rio de Janeiro
San Cristbal
Elgin
Cork
Cowes
Brandenburg
Versailles
Toulouse
Vancouver
Walla Walla
Frankfurt a.M.
San Francisco
Barquisimeto
45
I. de Margarita
Portland
Bergamo
Bruxelles
Montral
Leipzig
London
Buenos Aires
Anchorage
Kln
Paris
Mxico D.F.
Salzburg
Lisboa
Rio de Janeiro
So Paulo
Cunewalde
Buenos Aires
Albuquerque
Reggio Emilia
Rio de Janeiro
Genve
Madrid
Stavern
Boise
46
London
Kbenhavn
Paris
Lander
Charleroi
Portland
Butte
Mnster
Mxico D.F.
So Paulo
Kirkland
rhus
Lyon
Reims
Stuttgart
Oulu
Resende
Seattle
Helsinki
Walla
Now, let us use the DISTINCT keyword with the above SELECT
statement and see the result.
SELECT DISTINCT Example
47
The following SQL statement selects only the DISTINCT values from the
"City" columns in the "Customers" table:
Example
SQL Statement:
SELECT DISTINCT City FROM Customers;
Run SQL
Result:
City
Berlin
Mxico D.F.
London
Lule
Mannheim
Strasbourg
Madrid
Marseille
Tsawassen
Buenos Aires
Bern
So Paulo
Aachen
Nantes
Graz
Lille
48
Brcke
Mnchen
Torino
Lisboa
Barcelona
Sevilla
Campinas
Eugene
Caracas
Rio de Janeiro
San Cristbal
Elgin
Cork
Cowes
Brandenburg
Versailles
Toulouse
Vancouver
Walla Walla
Frankfurt a.M.
San Francisco
Barquisimeto
I. de Margarita
Portland
Bergamo
49
Bruxelles
Montral
Leipzig
Anchorage
Kln
Paris
Salzburg
Cunewalde
Albuquerque
Reggio Emilia
Genve
Stavern
Boise
Kbenhavn
Lander
Charleroi
Butte
Mnster
Kirkland
rhus
Lyon
Reims
Stuttgart
Oulu
Resende
50
Seattle
Helsinki
Walla
SQL WHERE Clause

The SQL WHERE Clause
The WHERE clause is used to filter records.
The WHERE clause is used to extract only those records that fulfill a
specified condition.
WHERE Syntax
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Note: The WHERE clause is not only used in SELECT statement, it is

also used in UPDATE, DELETE statement, etc.!
Demo Database

database:

Futterkiste

Emparedados y Constitucin
51
helados 2222 D.F.


Horn Hardy Sq.

snabbkp Berglund 8
WHERE Clause Example
The following SQL statement selects all the customers from the country
"Mexico", in the "Customers" table:
Example
SQL Statement:
SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE Country='Mexico';
Run SQL
Result:

helados 2222

52
Moctezuma 9993

clsicas 321
80 Tortuga Miguel Angel Avda. Mxico 05033 Mexico

Restaurante Paolino Azteca 123 D.F.
Text Fields vs. Numeric Fields
SQL requires single quotes around text values (most database systems
will also allow double quotes).
However, numeric fields should not be enclosed in quotes:
Example
SQL Statement:
WHERE CustomerID=1;
Run SQL
Result:
1 Alfreds Maria Anders Obere Berlin 12209 Germany

Futterkiste Str. 57
Operators in The WHERE Clause
The following operators can be used in the WHERE clause:
Operator Description
53
= Equal
<> Not equal. Note: In some versions of SQL this operator may
be written as !=
> Greater than
< Less than
>= Greater than or equal
<= Less than or equal
BETWEEN Between an inclusive range
LIKE Search for a pattern
IN To specify multiple possible values for a column
The SQL AND and OR Operators
The AND and OR operators are used to filter records based on more
than one condition.
The AND operator displays a record if all the conditions separated by

AND is TRUE.
54
AND Operator Syntax
FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 AND condition2 AND condition3 ...;
The OR operator displays a record if any of the conditions separated by

OR is TRUE.
OR Operator Syntax
FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 OR condition2 OR condition3 ...;
Demo Database

database:

Futterkiste

helados 2222


Horn Hardy Sq.
55
snabbkp Berglund 8
AND Operator Example
The following SQL statement selects all fields from the "Customers"
table where country is "Germany" AND city is "Berlin":
Example
SQL Statement:
WHERE Country='Germany' AND City='Berlin';
Run SQL
Result:

Futterkiste Str. 57
OR Operator Example
table where city is "Berlin" OR "Mnchen":
SQL Statement:
WHERE City='Berlin' OR City='Mnchen';
Run SQL
Result:
56
Futterkiste Str. 57
25 Frankenversand Peter Franken Berliner Mnchen 80805 Germany

Platz 43
Combining AND and OR
You can also combine the AND and OR operators.
table where country is "Germany" AND the city must be "Berlin" OR
"Mnchen" (use parenthesis to form complex expressions):
SQL Statement:
WHERE Country='Germany' AND (City='Berlin' OR City='Mnchen');
Run SQL
Result:

Futterkiste Str. 57
25 Frankenversand Peter Franken Berliner Mnchen 80805 Germany

Platz 43
SQL ORDER BY Keyword
The SQL ORDER BY Keyword
The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the result-set in ascending or

descending order.
The ORDER BY keyword sorts the records in ascending order by default.

To sort the records in descending order, use the DESC keyword.
ORDER BY Syntax
57
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column1, column2, ... ASC|DESC;
Demo Database

database:

Futterkiste

helados 2222


Horn Hardy Sq.

snabbkp Berglund 8
ORDER BY Example
The following SQL statement selects all customers from the "Customers"
table, sorted by the "Country" column:
58
Example
SQL Statement:
ORDER BY Country;
Run SQL
Result:

rID ame me ode

para llevar

Ltda. Moncada
8585 Piso
20-A

900

Handel Mendel 6

mehr 14

Dewey Dewey Joseph-
Bens 532


23
59
Arquibaldo 92 030



a, 12

Canrios,
891

a, 267

dos

12

Marketse Blvd.

Wine
Cellars



45 k
60
Herkku Koskitalo

Kala Karttunen 45


Lebihans Bouchers

Otages

Tournai



Lorraine

Charonne



Chevalier

61

Delikatessen 21 y
d




Gesundkost Feuer y


Stop e 10 e y


Wandernde lee 900 y
Kuh

Grocers Road


Riuniti Moro 22

124
62
s y helados n 2222

Taquera

Moctezuma 9993

clsicas 321

Paolino

gate 78
91 Wolski Zbyszek ul. Filtrowa Walla 01-012 Poland

68

Frutos do
Mar

Vinhoss

Comidas Sommer 67
preparadas

Fabrica Moralzarzal
Inter. , 86
Salchichas
S.A.
63
23

Cocina Freyre 33
Tpica

tomillo Camino


HB Larsson 24

Chinese 29 and


Sq.


Brewery


Crowther
Way

Queensbrid
ge
64
Rd.



Store Terrace


Pine Chiaroscur
Restaurant o Rd.


Grocery


iger

Cheese Jefferson
Way Suite
2

Box Peak Rd.

Provisioners Blvd.
65
Markets Suite 3B

A- Pereira Palos la
Restaurante Grandes

Carlos
Soublette
#8-35

do Bolvar
#65-98
Llano
Largo
47 LINO- Felipe Ave. 5 de I. de 4980

Delicatese Izquierdo Mayo Margari
s Porlamar ta
ORDER BY Example
table, sorted by the "Country" column:
Example

ORDER BY Country;
Custome CustomerN ContactNa Address City PostalCo Country

rID ame me de
33 GROSELLA- Manuel 5 Ave. Los Caracas 1081 Venezue

Restaurante Pereira Palos la
Grandes
66
Carlos
Soublette
#8-35

do Bolvar #65-
98 Llano
Largo

Porlamar

Food Snyder Blvd.
Market

Import Main St.
Store

Store Terrace


Pine Chiaroscuro
Restaurant Rd.
67
55 Old World Rene 2743 Bering Anchorag 99508 USA
Delicatessen Phillips St. e
65 Rattlesnake Paula 2817 Milton Albuquer 87110 USA

Canyon Wilson Dr. que
Grocery


iger
77 The Big Liz Nixon 89 Jefferson Portland 97201 USA

Cheese Way Suite 2

Box Peak Rd.
82 Trail's Head Helvetius 722 DaVinci Kirkland 98034 USA

Gourmet Nagy Blvd.
Provisioners

Clover Jablonski Ave. S. Suite
Markets 3B

Horn Hardy Hanover Sq. 1DP

68
16 Consolidate Elizabeth Berkeley London WX1 6LT UK
d Holdings Brown Gardens 12
Brewery


Crowther
Way
53 North/Sout Simon South London SW7 1RZ UK

h Crowther House 300
Queensbrid
ge

Rd.
14 Chop-suey Yang Wang Hauptstr. 29 Bern 3012 Switzerla

Chinese nd
68 Richter Michael Grenzacher Genve 1203 Switzerla

Supermarkt Holz weg 237 nd


HB Larsson 24

Comidas
69
preparadas Sommer 67

Fabrica Moralzarzal,
Inter. 86
Salchichas
S.A.

23

Cocina Freyre 33
Tpica

tomillo Camino

Frutos do
Mar

Vinhoss

68

gate 78
70
Emparedad Constituci D.F.
os y helados n 2222

Taquera

Moctezuma 9993

clsicas 321

Paolino


Riuniti Moro 22

124

Grocers Road
71

n

Delikatesse 21 y
nd



52 Morgenster Alexander Heerstr. 22 Leipzig 04179 German

n Feuer y
Gesundkost

63 QUICK-Stop Horst Kloss Taucherstra Cunewald 01307 German

e 10 e y

n
72
86 Die Rita Mller Adenauerall Stuttgart 70563 German
Wandernde ee 900 y
Kuh
7 Blondel Frdrique 24, place Strasbour 67000 France

pre et fils Citeaux Klber g

Lebihans Bouchers

Otages

Tournai


d'abondanc Tonini de l'Europe
e

Lorraine

Charonne
73

85 Vins et Paul Henriot 59 rue de Reims 51100 France

alcools l'Abbaye
Chevalier

Herkku Koskitalo
90 Wilman Kala Matti Keskuskatu Helsinki 21240 Finland

Karttunen 45
73 Simons Jytte Vinbltet Kbenhav 1734 Denmark

bistro Petersen 34 n
83 Vaffeljernet Palle Ibsen Smagslget rhus 8200 Denmark

45
10 Bottom- Elizabeth 23 Tsawasse T2F 8M4 Canada

Dollar Lincoln Tsawassen n
Marketse Blvd.
42 Laughing Yoshi 1900 Oak Vancouve V3F 2K1 Canada

Bacchus Tannamuri St. r
Wine Cellars


Mineiro Afonso Lusadas, 23 043
74
Arquibaldo 92 030

Lanchonete Fonseca 442 786
s


Batista Panificadora Janeiro 673
, 12

Canrios,
891

Adocicados Limeira Copacabana Janeiro 890
, 267

dos

a 12
50 Maison Catherine Rue Joseph- Bruxelles B-1180 Belgium

Dewey Dewey Bens 532
75
20 Ernst Roland Kirchgasse 6 Graz 8010 Austria

Handel Mendel
59 Piccolo und Georg Pipps Geislweg 14 Salzburg 5020 Austria

mehr

para llevar
54 Ocano Yvonne Ing. Gustavo Buenos 1010 Argentin

Atlntico Moncada Moncada Aires a
Ltda. 8585 Piso
20-A
64 Rancho Sergio Av. del Buenos 1010

grande Gutirrez Libertador Aires
900
ORDER BY DESC Example
table, sorted DESCENDING by the "Country" column:
Example

ORDER BY Country DESC;
Custome CustomerN ContactNa Address City PostalCo Country

rID ame me de
76
para llevar
54 Ocano Yvonne Ing. Gustavo Buenos 1010 Argentin

Atlntico Moncada Moncada Aires a
Ltda. 8585 Piso
20-A

900
20 Ernst Roland Kirchgasse 6 Graz 8010 Austria

Handel Mendel
59 Piccolo und Georg Pipps Geislweg 14 Salzburg 5020 Austria

mehr
50 Maison Catherine Rue Joseph- Bruxelles B-1180 Belgium

Dewey Dewey Bens 532


Mineiro Afonso Lusadas, 23 043

Arquibaldo 92 030

Lanchonete Fonseca 442 786
s
77

Batista Panificadora Janeiro 673
, 12

Canrios,
891

Adocicados Limeira Copacabana Janeiro 890
, 267

dos

a 12
10 Bottom- Elizabeth 23 Tsawasse T2F 8M4 Canada

Dollar Lincoln Tsawassen n
Marketse Blvd.
42 Laughing Yoshi 1900 Oak Vancouve V3F 2K1 Canada

Bacchus Tannamuri St. r
Wine Cellars

78

45

Herkku Koskitalo

Karttunen 45
7 Blondel Frdrique 24, place Strasbour 67000 France

pre et fils Citeaux Klber g

Lebihans Bouchers

Otages

Tournai


d'abondanc Tonini de l'Europe
e
79
Lorraine

Charonne


85 Vins et Paul Henriot 59 rue de Reims 51100 France

alcools l'Abbaye
Chevalier


n
86 Die Rita Mller Adenauerall Stuttgart 70563 German

Wandernde ee 900 y
Kuh

Delikatesse 21 y
nd

80

52 Morgenster Alexander Heerstr. 22 Leipzig 04179 German

n Feuer y
Gesundkost

63 QUICK-Stop Horst Kloss Taucherstra Cunewald 01307 German

e 10 e y

n

Grocers Road


Riuniti Moro 22

124
81
Emparedad Constituci D.F.
os y helados n 2222

Taquera

Moctezuma 9993

clsicas 321

Paolino

gate 78

68

Frutos do
Mar

82
Vinhoss

Comidas Sommer 67
preparadas

Fabrica Moralzarzal,
Inter. 86
Salchichas
S.A.

23

Cocina Freyre 33
Tpica

tomillo Camino


HB Larsson 24
14 Chop-suey Yang Wang Hauptstr. 29 Bern 3012 Switzerla

Chinese nd

83
Horn Hardy Hanover Sq. 1DP

16 Consolidate Elizabeth Berkeley London WX1 6LT UK

d Holdings Brown Gardens 12
Brewery


Crowther
Way
53 North/Sout Simon South London SW7 1RZ UK

h Crowther House 300
Queensbrid
ge

Rd.

Food Snyder Blvd.
Market

Import Main St.
84
Store

Store Terrace


Pine Chiaroscuro
Restaurant Rd.
55 Old World Rene 2743 Bering Anchorag 99508 USA

Delicatessen Phillips St. e
65 Rattlesnake Paula 2817 Milton Albuquer 87110 USA

Canyon Wilson Dr. que
Grocery


iger
77 The Big Liz Nixon 89 Jefferson Portland 97201 USA

Cheese Way Suite 2

Box Peak Rd.
82 Trail's Head Helvetius 722 DaVinci Kirkland 98034 USA
85
Gourmet Nagy Blvd.
Provisioners

Clover Jablonski Ave. S. Suite
Markets 3B
33 GROSELLA- Manuel 5 Ave. Los Caracas 1081 Venezue

Restaurante Pereira Palos la
Grandes

Carlos
Soublette
#8-35

do Bolvar #65-
98 Llano
Largo
47 LINO- Felipe Ave. 5 de I. de 4980

Delicateses Izquierdo Mayo Margarita
Porlamar
ORDER BY Several Columns Example
table, sorted by the "Country" and the "CustomerName" column:
86
Example

ORDER BY Country, CustomerName;

rID ame me ode

900

Ltda. Moncada
8585 Piso
20-A

para llevar

mehr 14

Handel Mendel 6


Dewey Dewey Joseph-
Bens 532

12

dos

a, 267
87
Canrios,
891

a, 12



Arquibaldo 92 030

23


Wine
Cellars

Marketse Blvd.

45 k


Kala Karttunen 45

Herkku Koskitalo
88
Chevalier



Charonne

Lorraine



Tournai

Otages

Lebihans Bouchers



Stop e 10 e y

89
Gesundkost Feuer y




Delikatessen 21 y
d

Wandernde lee 900 y
Kuh



Grocers Road

124

Riuniti Moro 22


Paolino

clsicas 321
90
Moctezuma 9993

Taquera

s y helados n 2222

gate 78

68

Vinhoss

Frutos do
Mar

tomillo Camino

Cocina Freyre 33
Tpica

23

Fabrica Moralzarzal
Inter. , 86
Salchichas
S.A.

Comidas Sommer 67
91
preparadas

HB Larsson 24



Chinese 29 and

Rd.

Queensbrid
ge

Crowther
Way


Brewery


Sq.

Markets Suite 3B
92
Provisioners Blvd.

Box Peak Rd.

Cheese Jefferson
Way Suite
2

iger


Grocery


Pine Chiaroscur
Restaurant o Rd.


Store Terrace



Porlamar
93
do Bolvar
#65-98
Llano
Largo

Carlos
Soublette
#8-35

A- Pereira Palos la
Restaurante Grandes
SQL INSERT INTO Statement
The SQL INSERT INTO Statement
The INSERT INTO statement is used to insert new records in a table.
INSERT INTO Syntax
It is possible to write the INSERT INTO statement in two ways.
The first way specifies both the column names and the values to be
inserted:
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3, ...)

VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ...);
If you are adding values for all the columns of the table, you do not
need to specify the column names in the SQL query. However, make
sure the order of the values is in the same order as the columns in the
table. The INSERT INTO syntax would be as follows:
INSERT INTO table_name

VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ...);
Demo Database
94
database:
89 White Clover Karl Jablonski 305 - 14th Seattle 98128 USA

Markets Ave. S.
Suite 3B

Karttunen 45

68
INSERT INTO Example
The following SQL statement inserts a new record in the "Customers"

table:
Example
INSERT INTO Customers (CustomerName, ContactName, Address, City,
PostalCode, Country)
VALUES ('Cardinal','Tom B. Erichsen','Skagen
21','Stavanger','4006','Norway');
The selection from the "Customers" table will now look like this:
95
89 White Clover Karl Jablonski 305 - 14th Seattle 98128 USA

Markets Ave. S.
Suite 3B

Karttunen 45

68
92 Cardinal Tom B. Skagen 21 Stavanger 4006 Norway

Erichsen
Did you notice that we did not insert any number into the
CustomerID field?
The CustomerID column is an auto-increment field and will be generated
automatically when a new record is inserted into the table.
Insert Data Only in Specified Columns
It is also possible to only insert data in specific columns.
The following SQL statement will insert a new record, but only insert
data in the "CustomerName", "City", and "Country" columns
(CustomerID will be updated automatically):
Example
INSERT INTO Customers (CustomerName, City, Country)
VALUES ('Cardinal', 'Stavanger', 'Norway');
96

D me me de y
89 White Clover Karl 305 - Seattle 98128 USA

Markets Jablonski 14th Ave.
S. Suite
3B
90 Wilman Kala Matti Keskuska Helsinki 21240 Finland

Karttunen tu 45

Filtrowa
68
92 Cardinal null null Stavang null Norwa

er y
SQL NULL Values
What is a NULL Value?
A field with a NULL value is a field with no value.
If a field in a table is optional, it is possible to insert a new record or

update a record without adding a value to this field. Then, the field will
be saved with a NULL value.
97
Note: It is very important to understand that a NULL value is different
from a zero value or a field that contains spaces. A field with a NULL
value is one that has been left blank during record creation!
How to Test for NULL Values?
It is not possible to test for NULL values with comparison operators,

such as =, <, or <>.
We will have to use the IS NULL and IS NOT NULL operators instead.
IS NULL Syntax
SELECT column_names
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IS NULL;
IS NOT NULL Syntax
SELECT column_names
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IS NOT NULL;
Demo Database
Assume we have the following "Persons" table:
ID LastName FirstName Address City
1 Doe John 542 W. 27th Street New York
2 Bloggs Joe London
3 Roe Jane New York
98
4 Smith John 110 Bishopsgate London
Suppose that the "Address" column in the "Persons" table is optional. If

a record is inserted with no value for "Address", the "Address" column
will be saved with a NULL value.
The IS NULL Operator
The following SQL statement uses the IS NULL operator to list all
persons that have no address:
SELECT LastName, FirstName, Address FROM Persons

WHERE Address IS NULL;
The result-set will look like this:
LastName FirstName Address
Bloggs Joe
Roe Jane
Tip: Always use IS NULL to look for NULL values.
The IS NOT NULL Operator
The following SQL statement uses the IS NOT NULL operator to list all
persons that do have an address:
SELECT LastName, FirstName, Address FROM Persons

WHERE Address IS NOT NULL;
99
LastName FirstName Address
Doe John 542 W. 27th Street
Smith John 110 Bishopsgate
SQL UPDATE Statement

The SQL UPDATE Statement
The UPDATE statement is used to modify the existing records in a table.
UPDATE Syntax
UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ...
WHERE condition;
Note: Be careful when updating records in a table! Notice the WHERE

clause in the UPDATE statement. The WHERE clause specifies which
record(s) that should be updated. If you omit the WHERE clause, all
records in the table will be updated!
Demo Database

database:

Futterkiste
100
helados 2222


Horn Hardy Sq.

snabbkp Berglund 8
UPDATE Table
The following SQL statement updates the first customer (CustomerID =

1) with a new contact person and a new city.
Example
SQL Statement:
UPDATE Customers
SET ContactName='Alfred Schmidt', City='Frankfurt'
WHERE CustomerID=;
Run SQL
Result:
You have made changes to the database. Rows affected: 1
101
Customer CustomerNa ContactNa Address City PostalCo Countr
ID me me de y
1 Alfreds Alfred Obere Str. Frankfu 12209 Germa

Futterkiste Schmidt 57 rt ny

Emparedados Constituci D.F.
y helados n 2222

Taquera

Sq.

UPDATE Multiple Records
It is the WHERE clause that determines how many records that will be
updated.
The following SQL statement will update the contactname to "Juan" for
all records where country is "Mexico":
Example
UPDATE Customers
SET ContactName='Juan'
WHERE Country='Mexico';
102
Customer CustomerNa ContactNa Address City PostalCo Countr

ID me me de y
1 Alfreds Alfred Obere Str. Frankfu 12209 Germa

Futterkiste Schmidt 57 rt ny
2 Ana Trujillo Juan Avda. de la Mxico 05021 Mexico

Emparedados Constituci D.F.
y helados n 2222
3 Antonio Juan Mataderos Mxico 05023 Mexico

Moreno 2312 D.F.
Taquera

Sq.

Update Warning!
Be careful when updating records. If you omit the WHERE clause, ALL
records will be updated!
Example
UPDATE Customers
SET ContactName='Juan';
103
1 Alfreds Juan Obere Str. 57 Frankfurt 12209 Germany

Futterkiste
2 Ana Trujillo Juan Avda. de la Mxico 05021 Mexico

helados 2222
3 Antonio Moreno Juan Mataderos Mxico 05023 Mexico

Taquera 2312 D.F.
4 Around the Juan 120 Hanover London WA1 1DP UK

Horn Sq.
5 Berglunds Juan Berguvsvgen Lule S-958 22 Sweden

snabbkp 8
SQL DELETE Statement
The SQL DELETE Statement
The DELETE statement is used to delete existing records in a table.
DELETE Syntax
DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Note: Be careful when deleting records in a table! Notice the WHERE

clause in the DELETE statement. The WHERE clause specifies which
104
record(s) that should be deleted. If you omit the WHERE clause, all
records in the table will be deleted!
Demo Database

database:

D me me de y


y helados n 2222

Taquera

Sq.

SQL DELETE Example
The following SQL statement deletes the customer "Alfreds Futterkiste"

from the "Customers" table:
105
Example
SQL Statement:
DELETE FROM Customers
WHERE CustomerName='Alfreds Futterkiste';
Run SQL
Result:
You have made changes to the database.
SQL DELETE Example
The following SQL statement deletes the customer "Alfreds Futterkiste"

from the "Customers" table:
Example
SQL Statement:
DELETE FROM Customers
WHERE CustomerName='Alfreds Futterkiste';
Run SQL
Result:
You have made changes to the database
The "Customers" table will now look like this:

helados 2222
106

Horn Hardy Sq.

snabbkp Berglund 8
Delete All Records
It is possible to delete all rows in a table without deleting the table. This
means that the table structure, attributes, and indexes will be intact:
DELETE FROM table_name;
or:
DELETE * FROM table_name;
SQL TOP, LIMIT or ROWNUM Clause
The SQL SELECT TOP Clause
The SELECT TOP clause is used to specify the number of records to

return.
The SELECT TOP clause can be very useful on large tables with
thousands of records. Returning a large number of records can impact
on performance.
Note: Not all database systems support the SELECT TOP clause.
SQL Server / MS Access Syntax

SELECT TOP number|percent column_name(s)
FROM table_name;
107
SQL SELECT TOP Equivalent in MySQL and Oracle
MySQL Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
LIMIT number;
Example
SELECT *
FROM Persons
LIMIT 5;
Oracle Syntax
FROM table_name
WHERE ROWNUM <= number;
Example
SELECT *
FROM Persons
WHERE ROWNUM <=5;
Demo Database

database:

Futterkiste

108
helados 2222


Horn Hardy Sq.

snabbkp Berglund 8
SQL SELECT TOP Example
The following SQL statement selects the two first records from the
"Customers" table:
Example
Alfreds Maria Obere Str. Berlin 12209 Germany

Futterkiste Anders 57
2 Ana Trujillo Ana Avda. de la Mxico 05021 M

Emparedados y Trujillo Constitucin D.F.
helados 2222
SQL SELECT TOP PERCENT Example
The following SQL statement selects the first 50% of the records from
the "Customers" table:
Example
Custo Custome Contact Addres City Postal Countr

merID rName Name s Code y
109
1 Alfreds Maria Obere Berlin 12209 Germa
Futterkist Anders Str. 57 ny
e
2 Ana Ana Avda. de Mxico 05021 Mexico

Trujillo Trujillo la D.F.
Empareda Constitu
dos y cin
helados 2222
3 Antonio Antonio Matader Mxico 05023 Mexico

Moreno Moreno os 2312 D.F.
Taquera
4 Around Thomas 120 London WA1 UK

the Horn Hardy Hanover 1DP
Sq.
5 Berglunds Christina Berguvs Lule S-958 Swede

snabbkp Berglund vgen 8 22 n
6 Blauer Hanna Forsters Mannhei 68306 Germa

See Moos tr. 57 m ny
Delikatess
en
7 Blondel Frdriq 24, Strasbo 67000 France

pre et ue place urg
fils Citeaux Klber
8 Blido Martn C/ Madrid 28023 Spain

Comidas Sommer Araquil,
preparada 67
s
9 Bon app' Laurence 12, rue Marseill 13008 France

Lebihans des e
Boucher
s
10 Bottom- Elizabeth 23 Tsawass T2F Canada

Dollar Lincoln Tsawass en 8M4
Marketse en
Blvd.
110
11 B's Victoria Fauntler London EC2 UK
Beverages Ashwort oy 5NT
h Circus

para
llevar
13 Centro Francisco Sierras Mxico 05022 Mexico

comercial Chang de D.F.
Moctezum Granada
a 9993
14 Chop-suey Yang Hauptstr Bern 3012 Switzer

Chinese Wang . 29 land

Mineiro Afonso Lusadas Paulo 043
, 23
16 Consolidat Elizabeth Berkeley London WX1 UK

ed Brown Gardens 6LT
Holdings 12
Brewery
17 Drachenbl Sven Walserw Aachen 52066 Germa

ut Ottlieb eg 21 ny
Delikatess
end

entier Labrune des
Cinquan
te
Otages
19 Eastern Ann 35 King London WX3 UK

Connectio Devon George 6FW
n
20 Ernst Roland Kirchgas Graz 8010 Austria

Handel Mendel se 6
111
21 Familia Aria Rua So 05442- Brazil
Arquibaldo Cruz Ors, Paulo 030
92
22 FISSA Diego C/ Madrid 28034 Spain

Fabrica Roel Moralzar
Inter. zal, 86
Salchichas
S.A.

gourmand Ranc chauss
es e de
Tournai
24 Folk och Maria kergat Brcke S-844 Swede

f HB Larsson an 24 67 n
25 Frankenve Peter Berliner Mnche 80805 Germa

rsand Franken Platz 43 n ny

restaurati Schmitt Royale
on
27 Franchi Paolo Via Torino 10100 Italy

S.p.A. Accorti Monte
Bianco
34
28 Furia Lino Jardim Lisboa 1675 Portug

Bacalhau Rodrigue das al
e Frutos z rosas n.
do Mar 32
29 Galera Eduardo Rambla Barcelo 08022 Spain

del Saavedr de na
gastrno a Catalua
mo , 23
30 Godos Jos C/ Sevilla 41101 Spain

Cocina Pedro Romero,
Tpica Freyre 33
31 Gourmet Andr Av. Campin 04876- Brazil
112
Lanchonet Fonseca Brasil, as 786
es 442
32 Great Howard 2732 Eugene 97403 USA

Lakes Snyder Baker
Food Blvd.
Market
33 GROSELLA Manuel 5 Ave. Caracas 1081 Venezu

- Pereira Los ela
Restauran Palos
te Grandes

Carnes Pontes Pao, Janeiro 876
67
35 HILARIN Carlos Carrera San 5022 Venezu

-Abastos Hernnd 22 con Cristba ela
ez Ave. l
Carlos
Soublett
e #8-
35

Import Plaza
Store 516
Main
St.
37 Hungry Patricia 8 Cork Ireland

Owl All- McKenna Johnsto
Night wn
Grocers Road

Crowthe
r Way
39 Kniglich Philip Maubels Branden 14776 Germa

Essen Cramer tr. 90 burg ny
113
d'abondan Tonini avenue s
ce de
l'Europe
41 La maison Annette 1 rue Toulous 31000 France

d'Asie Roulet Alsace- e
Lorraine
42 Laughing Yoshi 1900 Vancouv V3F Canada

Bacchus Tannamu Oak St. er 2K1
Wine ri
Cellars
43 Lazy K John 12 Walla 99362 USA

Kountry Steel Orchestr Walla
Store a
Terrace
44 Lehmanns Renate Magazin Frankfur 60528 Germa

Marktstan Messner weg 7 t a.M. ny
d
45 Let's Stop Jaime 87 Polk San 94117 USA

N Shop Yorres St. Suite Francisc
5 o
46 LILA- Carlos Carrera Barquisi 3508

Supermer Gonzlez 52 con meto
cado Ave.
Bolvar
#65-98
Llano
Largo
SQL MIN() and MAX() Functions
The SQL MIN() and MAX() Functions
The MIN() function returns the smallest value of the selected column.
114
The MAX() function returns the largest value of the selected column.
MIN() Syntax
SELECT MIN(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
MAX() Syntax
SELECT MAX(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Demo Database
Below is a selection from the "Products" table in the Northwind sample

database:
ProductID ProductName SupplierID CategoryID Unit Price
1 Chais 1 1 10 boxes x 20 18
bags
2 Chang 1 1 24 - 12 oz 19
bottles
3 Aniseed Syrup 1 2 12 - 550 ml 10

bottles
4 Chef Anton's Cajun 2 2 48 - 6 oz jars 22

Seasoning
115
5 Chef Anton's Gumbo Mix 2 2 36 boxes 21.35
MIN() Example
The following SQL statement finds the price of the cheapest product:
Example
SELECT MIN(Price) AS SmallestPrice

FROM Products;
SmallestPrice
2.5
MAX() Example
The following SQL statement finds the price of the most expensive
product:
Example
SELECT MAX(Price) AS LargestPrice

FROM Products;
LargestPrice
263.5
116
SQL COUNT(), AVG() and SUM() Functions
The SQL COUNT(), AVG() and SUM() Functions
The COUNT() function returns the number of rows that matches a

specified criteria.
The AVG() function returns the average value of a numeric column.
The SUM() function returns the total sum of a numeric column.
COUNT() Syntax
SELECT COUNT(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
AVG() Syntax
SELECT AVG(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
SUM() Syntax
SELECT SUM(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Demo Database

database:
1 Chais 1 1 10 boxes x 20 18
bags
117
2 Chang 1 1 24 - 12 oz 19
bottles

bottles

Seasoning
COUNT() Example
The following SQL statement finds the number of products:
Example
SELECT COUNT(ProductID)
FROM Products;
COUNT(ProductID)
77
AVG() Example
The following SQL statement finds the average price of all products:
Example
SELECT AVG(Price)
FROM Products;
118
AVG(Price)
28.866363636363637
Demo Database
Below is a selection from the "OrderDetails" table in the Northwind

sample database:
OrderDetailID OrderID ProductID Quantity
1 10248 11 12
2 10248 42 10
3 10248 72 5
4 10249 14 9
5 10249 51 40
SUM() Example
The following SQL statement finds the sum of the "Quantity" fields in the
"OrderDetails" table:
119
Example
SELECT SUM(Quantity)
FROM OrderDetails;
SUM(Quantity)
12743
SQL LIKE Operator

The SQL LIKE Operator
The LIKE operator is used in a WHERE clause to search for a specified

pattern in a column.
There are two wildcards used in conjunction with the LIKE operator:
% - The percent sign represents zero, one, or multiple characters

_ - The underscore represents a single number or character
The percent sign and the underscore can be used in combinations.
LIKE Syntax
FROM table_name
WHERE columnN LIKE pattern;
Tip: You can also combine any number of conditions using AND or OR
operators.
Here are some examples showing different LIKE operators with '%' and
'_' wildcards:
LIKE Operator Description
WHERE CustomerName Finds any values that starts with "a"
120
LIKE 'a%'
WHERE CustomerName Finds any values that ends with "a"

LIKE '%a'
WHERE CustomerName Finds any values that have "or" in any

LIKE '%or%' position
WHERE CustomerName Finds any values that have "r" in the second
LIKE '_r%' position
WHERE CustomerName Finds any values that starts with "a" and are
LIKE 'a_%_%' at least 3 characters in length
WHERE ContactName Finds any values that starts with "a" and
LIKE 'a%o' ends with "o"
Demo Database

database:

Futterkiste
121
helados 2222


Horn Hardy Sq.

snabbkp Berglund 8
SQL LIKE Examples
The following SQL statement selects all customers with a

CustomerName starting with "a":
Example

WHERE CustomerName LIKE 'a%';
Customer CustomerNa ContactNa Address City PostalCo Count

ID me me de ry

Futterkiste Anders Str. 57 ny
2 Ana Trujillo Ana Trujillo Avda. de Mxic 05021 Mexico

Emparedados la o
y helados Constituci D.F.
n 2222
3 Antonio Antonio Matadero Mxic 05023 Mexico
122
Moreno Moreno s 2312 o
Taquera D.F.
4 Around the Thomas 120 Lond WA1 1DP UK

Horn Hardy Hanover on
Sq.

CustomerName ending with "a":
Example

WHERE CustomerName LIKE '%a';
Custome CustomerN ContactNa Address City PostalCo Count

rID ame me de ry

Moreno Moreno s 2312 o D.F.
Taquera
13 Centro Francisco Sierras de Mxic 05022 Mexico

comercial Chang Granada o D.F.
Moctezuma 9993
30 Godos Cocina Jos Pedro C/ Sevilla 41101 Spain

Tpica Freyre Romero,
33

Batista Panificado Janeir 673
ra, 12 o

Canrios,
891
88 Wellington Paula Rua do Resen 08737- Brazil

Importadora Parente Mercado, de 363
12
90 Wilman Kala Matti Keskuskat Helsin 21240 Finlan

Karttunen u 45 ki d
123
CustomerName that have "or" in any position:
Example

WHERE CustomerName LIKE '%or%';
Custome CustomerN ContactN Address City PostalC Count

rID ame ame ode ry

Taquera
4 Around the Thomas 120 London WA1 1DP UK

Horn Hardy Hanover
Sq.

Import Store Plaza 516
Main St.
40 La corne Daniel 67, Versaill 78000 France

d'abondance Tonini avenue de es
l'Europe

Store Terrace
52 Morgenstern Alexander Heerstr. Leipzig 04179 Germa

Gesundkost Feuer 22 ny
53 North/South Simon South London SW7 1RZ UK

Crowther House
300
Queensbri
dge
55 Old World Rene 2743 Anchor 99508 USA

Delicatessen Phillips Bering St. age

Rd.
124
Paolino 123
88 Wellington Paula Rua do Resend 08737- Brazil

Importadora Parente Mercado, e 363
12

CustomerName that have "r" in the second position:
Example

WHERE CustomerName LIKE '_r%';
Custome CustomerN ContactNa Addres City PostalCo Countr

rID ame me s de y

Sq.
17 Drachenblut Sven Walserw Aache 52066 German

Delikatessen Ottlieb eg 21 n y
d
20 Ernst Handel Roland Kirchgas Graz 8010 Austria

Mendel se 6
25 Frankenversa Peter Berliner Mnch 80805 German

nd Franken Platz 43 en y


S.p.A. Accorti Monte
Bianco
34
32 Great Lakes Howard 2732 Eugen 97403 USA

Food Market Snyder Baker e
Blvd.
33 GROSELLA- Manuel 5 Ave. Caraca 1081 Venezu
125
Restaurante Pereira Los s ela
Palos
Grandes
60 Princesa Isabel de Estrada Lisboa 1756 Portuga

Isabel Castro da l
Vinhoss sade n.
58

Hipermercad Domingues de Paulo 030
os Castro,
414
82 Trail's Head Helvetius 722 Kirklan 98034 USA

Gourmet Nagy DaVinci d
Provisioners Blvd.

CustomerName that starts with "a" and are at least 3 characters in
length:
Example

WHERE CustomerName LIKE 'a_%_%';

ID me me de ry

Futterkiste Anders Str. 57 ny

Emparedados la o
n 2222

Moreno Moreno s 2312 o
Taquera D.F.
4 Around the Thomas 120 Lond WA1 1DP UK

Horn Hardy Hanover on
Sq.
126
CustomerName that starts with "a" and ends with "o":
Example

WHERE ContactName LIKE 'a%o';

ID me me de ry
2 Ana Trujillo Ana Trujillo Avda. de Mxi 05021 Mexico

Emparedados la co
n 2222
3 Antonio Antonio Matadero Mxi 05023 Mexico

Moreno Moreno s 2312 co
Taquera D.F.
69 Romero y Alejandra Gran Va, Madri 28001 Spain

tomillo Camino 1 d

CustomerName that NOT starts with "a":
Example

WHERE CustomerName NOT LIKE 'a%';

erID Name ame ode y


n

127
Comidas Sommer 67
preparadas

Lebihans des
Bouchers

Marketse Blvd.


para llevar

Moctezuma 9993

Chinese Wang 29 and

23

12
Brewery

t Ottlieb 21 y
Delikatesse
nd

entier Labrune des
Cinquante
Otages


Handel Mendel 6
128

Fabrica Moralzarza
Inter. l, 86
Salchichas
S.A.

s de Tournai

HB Larsson 24 67


n


Frutos do 32
Mar

23

Tpica 33

s

Food Snyder Baker
Market Blvd.

Grandes
129

Carlos
Soublette
#8-35

Import Plaza 516
Store Main St.

Grocers Road

Crowther
Way


e l'Europe

Lorraine

Wine
Cellars

Store Terrace


o
130
do Bolvar
#65-98
Llano
Largo

Porlamar a

Restaurant o Rd.

Riuniti Moro 22

Dewey Dewey Joseph-
Bens 532


n Feuer 22 y
Gesundkost

Queensbri
dge

Ltda. Moncada
8585 Piso
20-A

n


131
Charonne

clsicas Cash 321

mehr Pipps 14

Vinhoss 58

ra, 12

Canrios,
891

Kloss ae 10 de y

900

Grocery

124

na, 267


tomillo Camino 1

gate 78
132

Rd.



eiger


Cheese Jefferson
Way Suite
2

Box Peak Rd.

n

Paolino 123

dos 414

Provisioners Blvd.

et 45 k

133
Chevalier

Kuh

Herkku Koskitalo 38

a 12

Markets Suite 3B

Kala Karttunen u 45

Filtrowa
68
SQL Wildcards
A wildcard character can be used to substitute for any other character(s)

in a string.
SQL Wildcard Characters
In SQL, wildcard characters are used with the SQL LIKE operator.
SQL wildcards are used to search for data within a table.
With SQL, the wildcards are:
134
Wildcard Description
% A substitute for zero or more characters
_ A substitute for a single character
[charlist] Sets and ranges of characters to match
[^charlist] Matches only a character NOT specified within the brackets

or
[!charlist]
Demo Database

database:

Futterkiste

helados 2222
135

Horn Hardy Sq.

snabbkp Berglund 8
Using the SQL % Wildcard
The following SQL statement selects all customers with a City starting
with "ber":
Example
SQL Statement:
WHERE City LIKE 'ber%';
Run SQL
Result:
14 Chop-suey Yang Wang Hauptstr. Bern 3012 Switzerland

Chinese 29

Alimentari Rovelli Ludovico
Riuniti il Moro
22
136
The following SQL statement selects all customers with a City containing
the pattern "es":
Example
SQL Statement:
WHERE City LIKE '%es%';
Run SQL
Result:

D me me de y

Comidas para Simpson 333 Aires na
llevar

entier Labrune des
Cinquant
e Otages

38 Island Trading Helen Garden Cowes PO31 7PJ UK

Bennett House
Crowthe
r Way
40 La corne Daniel 67, Versaill 78000 France

d'abondance Tonini avenue es
de
l'Europe
50 Maison Catherine Rue Bruxelle B-1180 Belgium

Dewey Dewey Joseph- s
Bens
532
137
Ltda. Moncad
a 8585
Piso 20-
A

grande Gutirrez Libertad Aires na
or 900

Importadora Parente Mercado 363
, 12
Using the SQL _ Wildcard
with any character, followed by "erlin":
SQL Statement:
WHERE City LIKE '_erlin';
Run SQL
Result:
No result.
with "L", followed by any character, followed by "n", followed by any
character, followed by "on":
Example
SQL Statement:
WHERE City LIKE 'L_n_on';
Run SQL
Result:
138

D me me de y

Sq.
11 B's Beverages Victoria Fauntleroy Londo EC2 5NT UK

Ashworth Circus n
16 Consolidated Elizabeth Berkeley Londo WX1 6LT UK

Holdings Brown Gardens 12 n
Brewery
19 Eastern Ann Devon 35 King Londo WX3 UK

Connection George n 6FW
53 North/South Simon South Londo SW7 1RZ UK

Crowther House 300 n
Queensbrid
ge
72 Seven Seas Hari Kumar 90 Londo OX15 UK

Imports Wadhurst n 4NB
Rd.
The two following SQL statements selects all customers with a City NOT
starting with "b", "s", or "p":
Example

rID ame me ode
2 Ana Trujillo Ana Avda. de la Mxico 05021 Mexico

Emparedado Trujillo Constituci D.F.
s y helados n 2222

Taquera
139
Sq.
5 Berglunds Christina Berguvsvg Lule S-958 Sweden

snabbkp Berglund en 8 22
6 Blauer See Hanna Forsterstr. Mannhei 68306 Germany

Delikatessen Moos 57 m

Comidas Sommer 67
preparadas

Lebihans Bouchers

Marketse Blvd.


Moctezuma 9993

Brewery
17 Drachenblut Sven Walserweg Aachen 52066 Germany

Delikatessen Ottlieb 21
d

Otages


Handel Mendel 6
140
Fabrica Moralzarza
Inter. l, 86
Salchichas
S.A.

Tournai
25 Frankenvers Peter Berliner Mnchen 80805 Germany

and Franken Platz 43



Frutos do
Mar


Food Snyder Blvd.
Market
33 GROSELL Manuel 5 Ave. Los Caracas 1081 Venezuel

A- Pereira Palos a
Restaurante Grandes


Import Main St.
Store

Grocers Road
141
Crowther
Way

d'abondance Tonini de
l'Europe

Lorraine

Wine
Cellars

Store Terrace
44 Lehmanns Renate Magazinwe Frankfurt 60528 Germany

Marktstand Messner g7 a.M.
47 LINO- Felipe Ave. 5 de I. de 4980 Venezuel

Delicateses Izquierdo Mayo Margarita a
Porlamar
51 Mre Jean 43 rue St. Montral H1J Canada

Paillarde Fresnire Laurent 1C3
52 Morgenstern Alexander Heerstr. 22 Leipzig 04179 Germany

Gesundkost Feuer

Queensbrid
ge

56 Ottilies Henriette Mehrheime Kln 50739 Germany

Kseladen Pfalzheim rstr. 369
142
clsicas 321

Vinhoss

a, 12
63 QUICK- Horst Kloss Taucherstra Cunewald 01307 Germany

Stop e 10 e

Grocery

124

a, 267


tomillo Camino 1

Rd.


iger

143
79 Toms Karin Luisenstr. Mnster 44087 Germany
Spezialitte Josephs 48
n

Paolino

Provisioners Blvd.

45


Chevalier

Herkku Koskitalo 38

12

Kala Karttunen 45
91 Wolski Zbyszek ul. Walla 01-

Filtrowa 012
68
144
Or:
Example

rID ame me ode
2 Ana Trujillo Ana Avda. de la Mxico 05021 Mexico

Emparedado Trujillo Constituci D.F.
s y helados n 2222

Taquera

Sq.
5 Berglunds Christina Berguvsvg Lule S-958 Sweden

snabbkp Berglund en 8 22
6 Blauer See Hanna Forsterstr. Mannhei 68306 Germany

Delikatessen Moos 57 m

Comidas Sommer 67
preparadas

Lebihans Bouchers

Marketse Blvd.


Moctezuma 9993

145
Brewery
17 Drachenblut Sven Walserweg Aachen 52066 Germany

Delikatessen Ottlieb 21
d

Otages


Handel Mendel 6

Fabrica Moralzarza
Inter. l, 86
Salchichas
S.A.

Tournai
25 Frankenvers Peter Berliner Mnchen 80805 Germany

and Franken Platz 43



Frutos do
Mar


Food Snyder Blvd.
Market
146
33 GROSELL Manuel 5 Ave. Los Caracas 1081 Venezuel
A- Pereira Palos a
Restaurante Grandes


Import Main St.
Store

Grocers Road

Crowther
Way

d'abondance Tonini de
l'Europe

Lorraine

Wine
Cellars

Store Terrace
44 Lehmanns Renate Magazinwe Frankfurt 60528 Germany

Marktstand Messner g7 a.M.
47 LINO- Felipe Ave. 5 de I. de 4980 Venezuel

Delicateses Izquierdo Mayo Margarita a
Porlamar
51 Mre Jean 43 rue St. Montral H1J Canada

Paillarde Fresnire Laurent 1C3
147
52 Morgenstern Alexander Heerstr. 22 Leipzig 04179 Germany
Gesundkost Feuer

Queensbrid
ge

56 Ottilies Henriette Mehrheime Kln 50739 Germany

Kseladen Pfalzheim rstr. 369

clsicas 321

Vinhoss

a, 12
63 QUICK- Horst Kloss Taucherstra Cunewald 01307 Germany

Stop e 10 e

Grocery

124

a, 267


tomillo Camino 1
148
Rd.


iger

79 Toms Karin Luisenstr. Mnster 44087 Germany

Spezialitte Josephs 48
n

Paolino

Provisioners Blvd.

45


Chevalier

Herkku Koskitalo 38

12

Kala Karttunen 45
149
91 Wolski Zbyszek ul. Walla 01-
Filtrowa 012
68
SQL IN Operator
The IN Operator
The IN operator allows you to specify multiple values in a WHERE

clause.
SQL IN Syntax
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IN (value1,value2,...);
Demo Database

database:

D me me de y


y helados n 2222

Taquera
150
Sq.

IN Operator Example
The following SQL statement selects all customers with a City of "Paris"
or "London":
Example
SQL Statement:
WHERE City IN ('Paris','London');
Run SQL
Result:

D me me de y

Sq.
11 B's Beverages Victoria Fauntleroy Londo EC2 5NT UK

Ashworth Circus n
16 Consolidated Elizabeth Berkeley Londo WX1 6LT UK

Holdings Brown Gardens 12 n
Brewery
19 Eastern Ann Devon 35 King Londo WX3 UK

Connection George n 6FW
151
53 North/South Simon South Londo SW7 1RZ UK
Crowther House 300 n
Queensbrid
ge

Charonne
72 Seven Seas Hari Kumar 90 Londo OX15 UK

Imports Wadhurst n 4NB
Rd.
74 Spcialits du Dominique 25, rue Paris 75016 France

monde Perrier Lauriston
SQL BETWEEN Operator
The BETWEEN operator is used to select values within a range.
The SQL BETWEEN Operator
The BETWEEN operator selects values within a range. The values can be
numbers, text, or dates.
SQL BETWEEN Syntax

FROM table_name
WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2;
Demo Database

database:
1 Chais 1 1 10 boxes x 18
20 bags
152
2 Chang 1 1 24 - 12 oz 19
bottles

bottles

Seasoning
5 Chef Anton's Gumbo 1 2 36 boxes 21.35

Mix
BETWEEN Operator Example
The following SQL statement selects all products with a price BETWEEN
10 and 20:
Example
SQL Statement:
SELECT * FROM Products
WHERE Price BETWEEN 10 AND 20;
Run SQL
Result:
1 Chais 1 1 10 boxes x 18
20 bags
2 Chang 1 1 24 - 12 oz 19
bottles
153
bottles
15 Genen Shouyu 6 2 24 - 250 ml 15.5

bottles
16 Pavlova 7 3 32 - 500 g 17.45

boxes
21 Sir Rodney's Scones 8 3 24 pkgs. x 4 10

pieces
25 NuNuCa Nu-Nougat- 11 3 20 - 450 g 14

Creme glasses
31 Gorgonzola Telino 14 4 12 - 100 g 12.5

pkgs
34 Sasquatch Ale 16 1 24 - 12 oz 14
bottles
35 Steeleye Stout 16 1 24 - 12 oz 18
bottles
36 Inlagd Sill 17 8 24 - 250 g 19

jars
39 Chartreuse verte 18 1 750 cc per 18

bottle
40 Boston Crab Meat 19 8 24 - 4 oz tins 18.4
42 Singaporean Hokkien 20 5 32 - 1 kg 14
Fried Mee pkgs.
44 Gula Malacca 20 2 20 - 2 kg 19.45

bags
46 Spegesild 21 8 4 - 450 g 12
glasses
48 Chocolade 22 3 10 pkgs. 12.75
49 Maxilaku 23 3 24 - 50 g 20
pkgs.
50 Valkoinen suklaa 23 3 12 - 100 g 16.25

bars
154
57 Ravioli Angelo 26 5 24 - 250 g 19.5
pkgs.
58 Escargots de Bourgogne 27 8 24 pieces 13.25
66 Louisiana Hot Spiced 2 2 24 - 8 oz jars 17

Okra
67 Laughing Lumberjack 16 1 24 - 12 oz 14
Lager bottles
68 Scottish Longbreads 8 3 10 boxes x 8 12.5

pieces
70 Outback Lager 7 1 24 - 355 ml 15

bottles
73 Rd Kaviar 17 8 24 - 150 g 15
jars
74 Longlife Tofu 4 7 5 kg pkg. 10
76 Lakkalikri 23 1 500 ml 18
77 Original Frankfurter 12 2 12 boxes 13

grne Soe
NOT BETWEEN Operator Example
To display the products outside the range of the previous example, use
NOT BETWEEN:
Example
SQL Statement:

WHERE Price NOT BETWEEN 10 AND 20;
Run SQL
Result:
155
4 Chef Anton's Cajun 2 2 48 - 6 oz 22

Seasoning jars
5 Chef Anton's Gumbo 2 2 36 boxes 21.35

Mix
6 Grandma's Boysenberry 3 2 12 - 8 oz 25
Spread jars
7 Uncle Bob's Organic 3 7 12 - 1 lb 30

Dried Pears pkgs.
8 Northwoods Cranberry 3 2 12 - 12 oz 40
Sauce jars
9 Mishi Kobe Niku 4 6 18 - 500 g 97

pkgs.
10 Ikura 4 8 12 - 200 ml 31
jars
11 Queso Cabrales 5 4 1 kg pkg. 21
12 Queso Manchego La 5 4 10 - 500 g 38

Pastora pkgs.
13 Konbu 6 8 2 kg box 6
14 Tofu 6 7 40 - 100 g 23.25

pkgs.
17 Alice Mutton 7 6 20 - 1 kg 39
tins
18 Carnarvon Tigers 7 8 16 kg pkg. 62.5
19 Teatime Chocolate 8 3 10 boxes x 9.2

Biscuits 12 pieces
20 Sir Rodney's 8 3 30 gift 81

Marmalade boxes
22 Gustaf's Knckebrd 9 5 24 - 500 g 21

pkgs.
23 Tunnbrd 9 5 12 - 250 g 9
156
pkgs.
24 Guaran Fantstica 10 1 12 - 355 ml 4.5

cans
26 Gumbr Gummibrchen 11 3 100 - 250 g 31.23

bags
27 Schoggi Schokolade 11 3 100 - 100 g 43.9

pieces
28 Rssle Sauerkraut 12 7 25 - 825 g 45.6

cans
29 Thringer 12 6 50 bags x 123.79

Rostbratwurst 30 sausgs.
30 Nord-Ost Matjeshering 13 8 10 - 200 g 25.89

glasses
32 Mascarpone Fabioli 14 4 24 - 200 g 32

pkgs.
33 Geitost 15 4 500 g 2.5
37 Gravad lax 17 8 12 - 500 g 26

pkgs.
38 Cte de Blaye 18 1 12 - 75 cl 263.5

bottles
41 Jack's New England 19 8 12 - 12 oz 9.65

Clam Chowder cans
43 Ipoh Coffee 20 1 16 - 500 g 46

tins
45 Rgede sild 21 8 1k pkg. 9.5
47 Zaanse koeken 22 3 10 - 4 oz 9.5

boxes
51 Manjimup Dried Apples 24 7 50 - 300 g 53

pkgs.
52 Filo Mix 24 5 16 - 2 kg 7
boxes
157
53 Perth Pasties 24 6 48 pieces 32.8
54 Tourtire 25 6 16 pies 7.45
55 Pt chinois 25 6 24 boxes x 24
2 pies
56 Gnocchi di nonna Alice 26 5 24 - 250 g 38

pkgs.
59 Raclette Courdavault 28 4 5 kg pkg. 55
60 Camembert Pierrot 28 4 15 - 300 g 34

rounds
61 Sirop d'rable 29 2 24 - 500 ml 28.5

bottles
62 Tarte au sucre 29 3 48 pies 49.3
63 Vegie-spread 7 2 15 - 625 g 43.9

jars
64 Wimmers gute 12 5 20 bags x 4 33.25

Semmelkndel pieces
65 Louisiana Fiery Hot 2 2 32 - 8 oz 21.05

Pepper Sauce bottles
69 Gudbrandsdalsost 15 4 10 kg pkg. 36
71 Fltemysost 15 4 10 - 500 g 21.5

pkgs.
72 Mozzarella di Giovanni 14 4 24 - 200 g 34.8

pkgs.
75 Rhnbru Klosterbier 12 1 24 - 0.5 l 7.75

bottles
BETWEEN Operator with IN Example
The following SQL statement selects all products with a price BETWEEN
10 and 20, but products with a CategoryID of 1,2, or 3 should not be
displayed:
Example
158
SQL Statement:
WHERE (Price BETWEEN 10 AND 20)
AND NOT CategoryID IN (1,2,3);
Run SQL
Result:
31 Gorgonzola Telino 14 4 12 - 100 g 12.5

pkgs
36 Inlagd Sill 17 8 24 - 250 g 19

jars
40 Boston Crab Meat 19 8 24 - 4 oz 18.4

tins
42 Singaporean Hokkien 20 5 32 - 1 kg 14
Fried Mee pkgs.
46 Spegesild 21 8 4 - 450 g 12
glasses
57 Ravioli Angelo 26 5 24 - 250 g 19.5

pkgs.
58 Escargots de Bourgogne 27 8 24 pieces 13.25
73 Rd Kaviar 17 8 24 - 150 g 15
jars
74 Longlife Tofu 4 7 5 kg pkg. 10
Sample Table
Below is a selection from the "Orders" table in the Northwind sample

database:
159
OrderID CustomerID EmployeeID OrderDate ShipperID
10248 90 5 7/4/1996 3
10249 81 6 7/5/1996 1
10250 34 4 7/8/1996 2
10251 84 3 7/9/1996 1
10252 76 4 7/10/1996 2
BETWEEN Operator with Date Value Example
The following SQL statement selects all orders with an OrderDate

BETWEEN '04-July-1996' and '09-July-1996':
Example
10248 90 5 7/4/1996 3
10249 81 6 7/5/1996 1
10250 34 4 7/8/1996 2
10251 84 3 7/8/1996 1
10252 76 4 7/9/1996 2
160
Notice that the BETWEEN operator can produce different result in
different databases!
In some databases, BETWEEN selects fields that are between and
excluding the test values.
In other databases, BETWEEN selects fields that are between and
including the test values.
And in other databases, BETWEEN selects fields between the test values,
including the first test value and excluding the last test value.
Therefore: Check how your database treats the BETWEEN

operator!
SQL Aliases
SQL aliases are used to temporarily rename a table or a column

heading.
SQL Aliases
SQL aliases are used to give a database table, or a column in a table, a

temporary name.
Basically aliases are created to make column names more readable.
SQL Alias Syntax for Columns

SELECT column_name AS alias_name
FROM table_name;
SQL Alias Syntax for Tables

FROM table_name AS alias_name;
Demo Database
In this tutorial we will use the well-known Northwind sample database.
161

D me me de y

Emparedados la o D.F.
y helados Constituci
n 2222

Taquera

Sq.
And a selection from the "Orders" table:
10354 58 8 1996-11-14 3
10355 4 6 1996-11-15 1
10356 86 6 1996-11-18 2
162
Alias Example for Table Columns
The following SQL statement specifies two aliases, one for the
CustomerName column and one for the ContactName column. Tip: It
requires double quotation marks or square brackets if the column name
contains spaces:
Example
SELECT CustomerName AS Customer, ContactName AS [Contact Person]
FROM Customers;
In the following SQL statement we combine four columns (Address, City,

PostalCode, and Country) and create an alias named "Address":
Example
SELECT CustomerName, Address+', '+City+', '+PostalCode+',
'+Country AS Address
FROM Customers;
Note: To get the SQL statement above to work in MySQL use the
following:
SELECT CustomerName, CONCAT(Address,', ',City,', ',PostalCode,',

',Country) AS Address
FROM Customers
Alias Example for Tables
The following SQL statement selects all the orders from the customer
with CustomerID=4 (Around the Horn). We use the "Customers" and
"Orders" tables, and give them the table aliases of "c" and "o"
respectively (Here we have used aliases to make the SQL shorter):
Example
SELECT o.OrderID, o.OrderDate, c.CustomerName
FROM Customers AS c, Orders AS o
WHERE c.CustomerName="Around the
Horn" AND c.CustomerID=o.CustomerID;
The same SQL statement without aliases:
163
Example
SELECT Orders.OrderID, Orders.OrderDate, Customers.CustomerName
FROM Customers, Orders
WHERE Customers.CustomerName="Around the
Horn" ANDCustomers.CustomerID=Orders.CustomerID;
Aliases can be useful when:
There are more than one table involved in a query

Functions are used in the query
Column names are big or not very readable
Two or more columns are combined together
SQL Joins
SQL joins are used to combine rows from two or more tables.
SQL JOIN
An SQL JOIN clause is used to combine rows from two or more tables,
based on a common field between them.
The most common type of join is: SQL INNER JOIN (simple join). An
SQL INNER JOIN returns all rows from multiple tables where the join
condition is met.
Let's look at a selection from the "Orders" table:
OrderID CustomerID OrderDate
10308 2 1996-09-18
10309 37 1996-09-19
10310 77 1996-09-20
164
Then, have a look at a selection from the "Customers" table:
CustomerID CustomerName ContactName Country
1 Alfreds Futterkiste Maria Anders Germany
2 Ana Trujillo Emparedados y helados Ana Trujillo Mexico
3 Antonio Moreno Taquera Antonio Moreno Mexico
Notice that the "CustomerID" column in the "Orders" table refers to the
"CustomerID" in the "Customers" table. The relationship between the
two tables above is the "CustomerID" column.
Then, if we run the following SQL statement (that contains an INNER

JOIN):
Example
SELECT Orders.OrderID, Customers.CustomerName, Orders.OrderDate
FROM Orders
INNER JOIN Customers
ON Orders.CustomerID=Customers.CustomerID;
it will produce something like this:
OrderID CustomerName OrderDate
10308 Ana Trujillo Emparedados y helados 9/18/1996
165
10365 Antonio Moreno Taquera 11/27/1996
10383 Around the Horn 12/16/1996
10355 Around the Horn 11/15/1996
10278 Berglunds snabbkp 8/12/1996
Different SQL JOINs
Before we continue with examples, we will list the types of the different
SQL JOINs you can use:
INNER JOIN: Returns all rows when there is at least one match
in BOTH tables
LEFT JOIN: Return all rows from the left table, and the matched
rows from the right table
RIGHT JOIN: Return all rows from the right table, and the
matched rows from the left table
FULL JOIN: Return all rows when there is a match in ONE of the
tables
SQL INNER JOIN Keyword
SQL INNER JOIN Keyword
The INNER JOIN keyword selects all rows from both tables as long as
there is a match between the columns in both tables.
SQL INNER JOIN Syntax

FROM table1
INNER JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;
166
or:
FROM table1
JOIN table2
PS! INNER JOIN is the same as JOIN.
Demo Database

D me me de y


n 2222
167
Taquera
10308 2 7 1996-09-18 3
10309 37 3 1996-09-19 1
10310 77 8 1996-09-20 2
SQL INNER JOIN Example
The following SQL statement will return all customers with orders:
Example
SELECT Customers.CustomerName, Orders.OrderID
FROM Customers
INNER JOIN Orders
ON Customers.CustomerID=Orders.CustomerID
ORDER BY Customers.CustomerName;
SQL Statement:
FROM Customers
INNER JOIN Orders
168
Run SQL
Result:
CustomerName OrderID
Ana Trujillo Emparedados y helados 10308
Antonio Moreno Taquera 10365
Around the Horn 10355
B's Beverages 10289
Berglunds snabbkp 10278
Blondel pre et fils 10265
Bon app' 10331
Bon app' 10340
Bon app' 10362
Bottom-Dollar Marketse 10389
Blido Comidas preparadas 10326
169
Centro comercial Moctezuma 10259
Chop-suey Chinese 10254
Comrcio Mineiro 10290
Consolidated Holdings 10435
Die Wandernde Kuh 10301
Drachenblut Delikatessend 10363
Du monde entier 10311
Eastern Connection 10364
Ernst Handel 10258
Ernst Handel 10263
Ernst Handel 10351
Ernst Handel 10368
Ernst Handel 10382
Ernst Handel 10390
Ernst Handel 10402
Ernst Handel 10403
Ernst Handel 10430
Ernst Handel 10442
Familia Arquibaldo 10347
170
Folies gourmandes 10408
Folk och f HB 10264
Folk och f HB 10327
Folk och f HB 10378
Folk och f HB 10434
Franchi S.p.A. 10422
Frankenversand 10267
Furia Bacalhau e Frutos do Mar 10328
GROSELLA-Restaurante 10268
Galera del gastrnomo 10366
Godos Cocina Tpica 10303
Gourmet Lanchonetes 10423
HILARIN-Abastos 10257
Hanari Carnes 10250
Hanari Carnes 10253
Hungry Coyote Import Store 10375
171
Hungry Owl All-Night Grocers 10298
Island Trading 10315
Kniglich Essen 10323
LILA-Supermercado 10283
LINO-Delicateses 10405
La maison d'Asie 10350
Lehmanns Marktstand 10279
172
Lonesome Pine Restaurant 10307
Magazzini Alimentari Riuniti 10275
Morgenstern Gesundkost 10277
Mre Paillarde 10332
Mre Paillarde 10339
Mre Paillarde 10376
Mre Paillarde 10424
Mre Paillarde 10439
Ocano Atlntico Ltda. 10409
Old World Delicatessen 10260
Ottilies Kseladen 10407
Pericles Comidas clsicas 10322
Piccolo und mehr 10353
Princesa Isabel Vinhoss 10336
173
QUICK-Stop 10273
QUICK-Stop 10285
QUICK-Stop 10286
QUICK-Stop 10313
QUICK-Stop 10345
QUICK-Stop 10361
QUICK-Stop 10418
Que Delcia 10261
Que Delcia 10291
Que Delcia 10379
Que Delcia 10421
Queen Cozinha 10372
Queen Cozinha 10406
Rattlesnake Canyon Grocery 10262
Reggiani Caseifici 10288
Ricardo Adocicados 10287
174
Richter Supermarkt 10255
Romero y tomillo 10281
Sant Gourmet 10387
Save-a-lot Markets 10324
Seven Seas Imports 10359
Simons bistro 10341
Simons bistro 10417
Split Rail Beer & Ale 10271
Suprmes dlices 10252
The Big Cheese 10310
175
Toms Spezialitten 10438
Tortuga Restaurante 10276
Tradio Hipermercados 10249
Vaffeljernet 10367
Vaffeljernet 10399
Victuailles en stock 10251
Vins et alcools Chevalier 10274
Wartian Herkku 10266
Wellington Importadora 10256
White Clover Markets 10269
Wilman Kala 10248
176
Wolski 10374
SQL LEFT JOIN Keyword
The LEFT JOIN keyword returns all records from the left table (table1),
and the matched records from the right table (table2). The result is
NULL from the right side, if there is no match.
LEFT JOIN Syntax
FROM table1
LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;
Note: In some databases LEFT JOIN is called LEFT OUTER JOIN.
Demo Database
CustomerI CustomerNa ContactNam Address City PostalCod Country

D me e e
177

y helados n 2222

Taquera
10308 2 7 1996-09-18 3
10309 37 3 1996-09-19 1
10310 77 8 1996-09-20 2
SQL LEFT JOIN Example
The following SQL statement will select all customers, and any orders
they might have:
178
Example

FROM Customers
LEFT JOIN Orders ON Customers.CustomerID = Orders.CustomerID
Alfreds Futterkiste null
B's Beverages 10289
Blauer See Delikatessen null
Bon app' 10331
Bon app' 10340
Bon app' 10362
179
Blido Comidas preparadas 10326
Cactus Comidas para llevar null
Centro comercial Moctezuma 10259
Comrcio Mineiro 10290
Consolidated Holdings 10435
Du monde entier 10311
Ernst Handel 10258
Ernst Handel 10263
Ernst Handel 10351
Ernst Handel 10368
Ernst Handel 10382
Ernst Handel 10390
Ernst Handel 10402
Ernst Handel 10403
Ernst Handel 10430
180
Ernst Handel 10442
FISSA Fabrica Inter. Salchichas S.A. null
Folies gourmandes 10408
Folk och f HB 10264
Folk och f HB 10327
Folk och f HB 10378
Folk och f HB 10434
France restauration null
Franchi S.p.A. 10422
GROSELLA-Restaurante 10268
Godos Cocina Tpica 10303
Gourmet Lanchonetes 10423
Great Lakes Food Market null
181
Hanari Carnes 10250
Hanari Carnes 10253
LINO-Delicateses 10405
La corne d'abondance null
182
Laughing Bacchus Wine Cellars null
Lazy K Kountry Store null
Let's Stop N Shop null
Maison Dewey null
Morgenstern Gesundkost 10277
Mre Paillarde 10332
Mre Paillarde 10339
Mre Paillarde 10376
Mre Paillarde 10424
Mre Paillarde 10439
North/South null
Ocano Atlntico Ltda. 10409
183
Ottilies Kseladen 10407
Paris spcialits null
QUICK-Stop 10273
QUICK-Stop 10285
QUICK-Stop 10286
QUICK-Stop 10313
QUICK-Stop 10345
QUICK-Stop 10361
QUICK-Stop 10418
Que Delcia 10261
Que Delcia 10291
Que Delcia 10379
Que Delcia 10421
Queen Cozinha 10372
Queen Cozinha 10406
Rancho grande null
184
Sant Gourmet 10387
Simons bistro 10341
Simons bistro 10417
185
Spcialits du monde null
The Big Cheese 10310
The Cracker Box null
Toms Spezialitten 10438
Trail's Head Gourmet Provisioners null
Vaffeljernet 10367
Vaffeljernet 10399
186
Wilman Kala 10248
Wolski 10374
Note: The LEFT JOIN keyword returns all records from the left table
(Customers), even if there are no matches in the right table (Orders).
SQL RIGHT JOIN Keyword
The RIGHT JOIN keyword returns all rows from the right table (table2),
with the matching rows in the left table (table1). The result is NULL in
the left side when there is no match.
SQL RIGHT JOIN Syntax

FROM table1
RIGHT JOIN table2
or:
FROM table1
RIGHT OUTER JOIN table2
PS! In some databases RIGHT JOIN is called RIGHT OUTER JOIN.

187
Demo Database
Below is a selection from the "Orders" table:
10308 2 7 1996-09-18 3
10309 37 3 1996-09-19 1
10310 77 8 1996-09-20 2
And a selection from the "Employees" table:
EmployeeID LastName FirstName BirthDate Photo Notes
1 Davolio Nancy 12/8/1968 EmpID1.pic Education includes a

BA in
psychology.....
188
2 Fuller Andrew 2/19/1952 EmpID2.pic Andrew received his
BTS commercial
and....
3 Leverling Janet 8/30/1963 EmpID3.pic Janet has a BS

degree in
chemistry....
SQL RIGHT JOIN Example
The following SQL statement will return all employees, and any orders
they have placed:
Example
Note: The RIGHT JOIN keyword returns all the rows from the right table
(Employees), even if there ar
SQL FULL OUTER JOIN Keyword
The FULL OUTER JOIN keyword returns all rows from the left table
(table1) and from the right table (table2).
The FULL OUTER JOIN keyword combines the result of both LEFT and
RIGHT joins.
SQL FULL OUTER JOIN Syntax

FROM table1
FULL OUTER JOIN table2
189
Demo Database

D me me de y


n 2222

Taquera
190
10308 2 7 1996-09-18 3
10309 37 3 1996-09-19 1
10310 77 8 1996-09-20 2
SQL FULL OUTER JOIN Example
The following SQL statement selects all customers, and all orders:

FROM Customers
FULL OUTER JOIN Orders
A selection from the result set may look like this:
Alfreds Futterkiste
191
10382
10351
Note: The FULL OUTER JOIN keyword returns all the rows from the left
table (Customers), and all the rows from the right table (Orders). If
there are rows in "Customers" that do not have matches in "Orders", or
if there are rows in "Orders" that do not have matches in "Customers",
those rows will be listed as well.
SQL Self JOIN
SQL Self JOIN
A self JOIN is a regular join, but the table is joined with itself.
Self JOIN Syntax
FROM table1 T1, table1 T2
WHERE condition;
Demo Database
CustomerI CustomerNa ContactNam Address City PostalCod Country

D me e e
192

y helados n 2222

Taquera
SQL Self JOIN Example
The following SQL statement matches customers that are from the same
city:
Example
SELECT A.CustomerName AS CustomerName1,

B.CustomerName AS CustomerName2, A.City
FROM Customers A, Customers B
WHERE A.CustomerID <> B.CustomerID
AND A.City = B.City
ORDER BY A.City;
CustomerName1 CustomerName2 City
Cactus Comidas para llevar Ocano Atlntico Ltda. Buenos

Aires
Cactus Comidas para llevar Rancho grande Buenos

Aires
Ocano Atlntico Ltda. Cactus Comidas para llevar Buenos

Aires
193
Ocano Atlntico Ltda. Rancho grande Buenos
Aires
Rancho grande Cactus Comidas para llevar Buenos

Aires
Rancho grande Ocano Atlntico Ltda. Buenos

Aires
Furia Bacalhau e Frutos do Mar Princesa Isabel Vinhoss Lisboa
Princesa Isabel Vinhoss Furia Bacalhau e Frutos do Mar Lisboa
Around the Horn B's Beverages London
Around the Horn Consolidated Holdings London
Around the Horn Eastern Connection London
Around the Horn North/South London
Around the Horn Seven Seas Imports London
B's Beverages Around the Horn London
B's Beverages Consolidated Holdings London
B's Beverages Eastern Connection London
B's Beverages North/South London
B's Beverages Seven Seas Imports London
Consolidated Holdings Around the Horn London
Consolidated Holdings B's Beverages London
Consolidated Holdings Eastern Connection London
Consolidated Holdings North/South London
Consolidated Holdings Seven Seas Imports London
Eastern Connection Around the Horn London
Eastern Connection B's Beverages London
Eastern Connection Consolidated Holdings London
Eastern Connection North/South London
194
Eastern Connection Seven Seas Imports London
North/South Around the Horn London
North/South B's Beverages London
North/South Consolidated Holdings London
North/South Eastern Connection London
North/South Seven Seas Imports London
Seven Seas Imports Around the Horn London
Seven Seas Imports B's Beverages London
Seven Seas Imports Consolidated Holdings London
Seven Seas Imports Eastern Connection London
Seven Seas Imports North/South London
Blido Comidas preparadas FISSA Fabrica Inter. Salchichas Madrid

S.A.
Blido Comidas preparadas Romero y tomillo Madrid
FISSA Fabrica Inter. Salchichas Blido Comidas preparadas Madrid

S.A.
FISSA Fabrica Inter. Salchichas Romero y tomillo Madrid

S.A.
Romero y tomillo Blido Comidas preparadas Madrid
Romero y tomillo FISSA Fabrica Inter. Salchichas Madrid

S.A.
Ana Trujillo Emparedados y Antonio Moreno Taquera Mxico D.F.

helados
Ana Trujillo Emparedados y Centro comercial Moctezuma Mxico D.F.

helados
Ana Trujillo Emparedados y Pericles Comidas clsicas Mxico D.F.

helados
Ana Trujillo Emparedados y Tortuga Restaurante Mxico D.F.

helados
Antonio Moreno Taquera Ana Trujillo Emparedados y Mxico D.F.
195
helados
Antonio Moreno Taquera Centro comercial Moctezuma Mxico D.F.
Antonio Moreno Taquera Pericles Comidas clsicas Mxico D.F.
Antonio Moreno Taquera Tortuga Restaurante Mxico D.F.
Centro comercial Moctezuma Ana Trujillo Emparedados y Mxico D.F.

helados
Centro comercial Moctezuma Antonio Moreno Taquera Mxico D.F.
Centro comercial Moctezuma Pericles Comidas clsicas Mxico D.F.
Centro comercial Moctezuma Tortuga Restaurante Mxico D.F.
Pericles Comidas clsicas Ana Trujillo Emparedados y Mxico D.F.

helados
Pericles Comidas clsicas Antonio Moreno Taquera Mxico D.F.
Pericles Comidas clsicas Centro comercial Moctezuma Mxico D.F.
Pericles Comidas clsicas Tortuga Restaurante Mxico D.F.
Tortuga Restaurante Ana Trujillo Emparedados y Mxico D.F.

helados
Tortuga Restaurante Antonio Moreno Taquera Mxico D.F.
Tortuga Restaurante Centro comercial Moctezuma Mxico D.F.
Tortuga Restaurante Pericles Comidas clsicas Mxico D.F.
Du monde entier France restauration Nantes
France restauration Du monde entier Nantes
Paris spcialits Spcialits du monde Paris
Spcialits du monde Paris spcialits Paris
Lonesome Pine Restaurant The Big Cheese Portland
The Big Cheese Lonesome Pine Restaurant Portland
Hanari Carnes Que Delcia Rio de

Janeiro
Hanari Carnes Ricardo Adocicados Rio de
196
Janeiro
Que Delcia Hanari Carnes Rio de

Janeiro
Que Delcia Ricardo Adocicados Rio de

Janeiro
Ricardo Adocicados Hanari Carnes Rio de

Janeiro
Ricardo Adocicados Que Delcia Rio de

Janeiro
Comrcio Mineiro Familia Arquibaldo So Paulo
Comrcio Mineiro Queen Cozinha So Paulo
Comrcio Mineiro Tradio Hipermercados So Paulo
Familia Arquibaldo Comrcio Mineiro So Paulo
Familia Arquibaldo Queen Cozinha So Paulo
Familia Arquibaldo Tradio Hipermercados So Paulo
Queen Cozinha Comrcio Mineiro So Paulo
Queen Cozinha Familia Arquibaldo So Paulo
Queen Cozinha Tradio Hipermercados So Paulo
Tradio Hipermercados Comrcio Mineiro So Paulo
Tradio Hipermercados Familia Arquibaldo So Paulo
Tradio Hipermercados Queen Cozinha So Paulo
SQL UNION Operator
The SQL UNION operator combines the result of two or more SELECT
statements.
The SQL UNION Operator
The UNION operator is used to combine the result-set of two or more

SELECT statements.
197
Notice that each SELECT statement within the UNION must have the
same number of columns. The columns must also have similar data
types. Also, the columns in each SELECT statement must be in the same
order.
SQL UNION Syntax

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1
UNION
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table2;
Note: The UNION operator selects only distinct values by default. To

allow duplicate values, use the ALL keyword with UNION.
SQL UNION ALL Syntax

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1
UNION ALL
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table2;
PS: The column names in the result-set of a UNION are usually equal to
the column names in the first SELECT statement in the UNION.
Demo Database

D me me de y


n 2222
198
Taquera
And a selection from the "Suppliers" table:
SupplierI SupplierNam ContactNam Addres City PostalCod Countr

D e e s e y
1 Exotic Liquid Charlotte 49 Londo EC1 4SD UK

Cooper Gilbert n
St.
2 New Orleans Shelley P.O. New 70117 USA

Cajun Burke Box Orlean
Delights 78934 s
3 Grandma Regina 707 Ann 48104 USA

Kelly's Murphy Oxford Arbor
Homestead Rd.
SQL UNION Example
The following SQL statement selects all the different cities (only distinct
values) from the "Customers" and the "Suppliers" tables:
Example
SELECT City FROM Customers
UNION
SELECT City FROM Suppliers
ORDER BY City;
199
City
Aachen
Albuquerque
Anchorage
Ann Arbor
Annecy
Barcelona
Barquisimeto
Bend
Bergamo
Berlin
Bern
Boise
Boston
Brandenburg
Bruxelles
Brcke
Buenos Aires
Butte
Campinas
Caracas
Charleroi
Cork
Cowes
200
Cunewalde
Cuxhaven
Elgin
Eugene
Frankfurt
Frankfurt a.M.
Genve
Graz
Gteborg
Helsinki
I. de Margarita
Kirkland
Kln
Kbenhavn
Lander
Lappeenranta
Leipzig
Lille
Lisboa
London
Londona
Lule
Lyngby
Lyon
Madrid
Manchester
201
Mannheim
Marseille
Melbourne
Montceau
Montral
Mxico D.F.
Mnchen
Mnster
Nantes
New Orleans
Osaka
Oulu
Oviedo
Paris
Portland
Ravenna
Reggio Emilia
Reims
Resende
Rio de Janeiro
Salerno
Salzburg
San Cristbal
San Francisco
Sandvika
Seattle
202
Sevilla
Singapore
Stavern
Ste-Hyacinthe
Stockholm
Strasbourg
Stuttgart
Sydney
So Paulo
Tokyo
Torino
Toulouse
Tsawassen
Vancouver
Versailles
Walla
Walla Walla
Zaandam
rhus
Note: UNION cannot be used to list ALL cities from the two tables. If
several customers and suppliers share the same city, each city will only
be listed once. UNION selects only distinct values. Use UNION ALL to
also select duplicate values!
SQL UNION ALL Example
The following SQL statement uses UNION ALL to select all (duplicate
values also) cities from the "Customers" and "Suppliers" tables:
203
Example
SELECT City FROM Customers
UNION ALL
SELECT City FROM Suppliers
ORDER BY City;
City
Aachen
Albuquerque
Anchorage
Ann Arbor
Annecy
Barcelona
Barquisimeto
Bend
Bergamo
Berlin
Berlin
Bern
Boise
Boston
Brandenburg
Bruxelles
Brcke
Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires
204
Butte
Campinas
Caracas
Charleroi
Cork
Cowes
Cunewalde
Cuxhaven
Elgin
Eugene
Frankfurt
Frankfurt a.M.
Genve
Graz
Gteborg
Helsinki
I. de Margarita
Kirkland
Kln
Kbenhavn
Lander
Lappeenranta
Leipzig
Lille
Lisboa
Lisboa
205
London
London
London
London
London
London
Londona
Lule
Lyngby
Lyon
Madrid
Madrid
Madrid
Manchester
Mannheim
Marseille
Melbourne
Montceau
Montral
Montral
Mxico D.F.
Mxico D.F.
Mxico D.F.
Mxico D.F.
Mxico D.F.
Mnchen
206
Mnster
Nantes
Nantes
New Orleans
Osaka
Oulu
Oviedo
Paris
Paris
Paris
Portland
Portland
Ravenna
Reggio Emilia
Reims
Resende
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro
Salerno
Salzburg
San Cristbal
San Francisco
Sandvika
Seattle
Sevilla
207
Singapore
Stavern
Ste-Hyacinthe
Stockholm
Strasbourg
Stuttgart
Sydney
So Paulo
So Paulo
So Paulo
So Paulo
So Paulo
Tokyo
Torino
Toulouse
Tsawassen
Vancouver
Versailles
Walla
Walla Walla
Zaandam
rhus
SQL UNION With WHERE
The following SQL statement selects all the different German cities (only
distinct values) from "Customers" and "Suppliers":
208
Example
SELECT City, Country FROM Customers

WHERE Country='Germany'
UNION
SELECT City, Country FROM Suppliers
ORDER BY City;
City Country
Aachen Germany
Berlin Germany
Brandenburg Germany
Cunewalde Germany
Cuxhaven Germany
Frankfurt Germany
Frankfurt a.M. Germany
Kln Germany
Leipzig Germany
Mannheim Germany
Mnchen Germany
Mnster Germany
Stuttgart Germany
SQL UNION ALL With WHERE
The following SQL statement uses UNION ALL to select all (duplicate
values also) German cities from the "Customers" and "Suppliers"
tables:
Example
209
SELECT City, Country FROM Customers
UNION ALL
SELECT City, Country FROM Suppliers
ORDER BY City;
City Country
Aachen Germany
Berlin Germany
Berlin Germany
Brandenburg Germany
Cunewalde Germany
Cuxhaven Germany
Frankfurt Germany
Frankfurt a.M. Germany
Kln Germany
Leipzig Germany
Mannheim Germany
Mnchen Germany
Mnster Germany
Stuttgart Germany
Another UNION Example
The following SQL statement lists all customers and suppliers:
Example
SELECT 'Customer' As Type, ContactName, City, Country

FROM Customers
UNION
210
SELECT 'Supplier', ContactName, City, Country
FROM Suppliers;
Type ContactName City Country
Customer Alejandra Camino Madrid Spain
Customer Alexander Feuer Leipzig Germany
Customer Ana Trujillo Mxico D.F. Mexico
Customer Anabela Domingues So Paulo Brazil
Customer Andr Fonseca Campinas Brazil
Customer Ann Devon London UK
Customer Annette Roulet Toulouse France
Customer Antonio Moreno Mxico D.F. Mexico
Customer Aria Cruz So Paulo Brazil
Customer Art Braunschweiger Lander USA
Customer Bernardo Batista Rio de Janeiro Brazil
Customer Carine Schmitt Nantes France
Customer Carlos Gonzlez Barquisimeto Venezuela
Customer Carlos Hernndez San Cristbal Venezuela
Customer Catherine Dewey Bruxelles Belgium
Customer Christina Berglund Lule Sweden
Customer Daniel Tonini Versailles France
Customer Diego Roel Madrid Spain
Customer Dominique Perrier Paris France
Customer Eduardo Saavedra Barcelona Spain
Customer Elizabeth Brown London UK
Customer Elizabeth Lincoln Tsawassen Canada
211
Customer Felipe Izquierdo I. de Margarita Venezuela
Customer Fran Wilson Portland USA
Customer Francisco Chang Mxico D.F. Mexico
Customer Frdrique Citeaux Strasbourg France
Customer Georg Pipps Salzburg Austria
Customer Giovanni Rovelli Bergamo Italy
Customer Guillermo Fernndez Mxico D.F. Mexico
Customer Hanna Moos Mannheim Germany
Customer Hari Kumar London UK
Customer Helen Bennett Cowes UK
Customer Helvetius Nagy Kirkland USA
Customer Henriette Pfalzheim Kln Germany
Customer Horst Kloss Cunewalde Germany
Customer Howard Snyder Eugene USA
Customer Isabel de Castro Lisboa Portugal
Customer Jaime Yorres San Francisco USA
Customer Janete Limeira Rio de Janeiro Brazil
Customer Janine Labrune Nantes France
Customer Jean Fresnire Montral Canada
Customer John Steel Walla Walla USA
Customer Jonas Bergulfsen Stavern Norway
Customer Jose Pavarotti Boise USA
Customer Jos Pedro Freyre Sevilla Spain
Customer Jytte Petersen Kbenhavn Denmark
Customer Karin Josephs Mnster Germany
Customer Karl Jablonski Seattle USA
212
Customer Laurence Lebihans Marseille France
Customer Lino Rodriguez Lisboa Portugal
Customer Liu Wong Butte USA
Customer Liz Nixon Portland USA
Customer Lcia Carvalho So Paulo Brazil
Customer Manuel Pereira Caracas Venezuela
Customer Maria Anders Berlin Germany
Customer Maria Larsson Brcke Sweden
Customer Marie Bertrand Paris France
Customer Mario Pontes Rio de Janeiro Brazil
Customer Martine Ranc Lille France
Customer Martn Sommer Madrid Spain
Customer Mary Saveley Lyon France
Customer Matti Karttunen Helsinki Finland
Customer Maurizio Moroni Reggio Emilia Italy
Customer Michael Holz Genve Switzerland
Customer Miguel Angel Paolino Mxico D.F. Mexico
Customer Palle Ibsen rhus Denmark
Customer Paolo Accorti Torino Italy
Customer Pascale Cartrain Charleroi Belgium
Customer Patricia McKenna Cork Ireland
Customer Patricio Simpson Buenos Aires Argentina
Customer Paul Henriot Reims France
Customer Paula Parente Resende Brazil
Customer Paula Wilson Albuquerque USA
Customer Pedro Afonso So Paulo Brazil
213
Customer Peter Franken Mnchen Germany
Customer Philip Cramer Brandenburg Germany
Customer Pirkko Koskitalo Oulu Finland
Customer Renate Messner Frankfurt a.M. Germany
Customer Rene Phillips Anchorage USA
Customer Rita Mller Stuttgart Germany
Customer Roland Mendel Graz Austria
Customer Sergio Gutirrez Buenos Aires Argentina
Customer Simon Crowther London UK
Customer Sven Ottlieb Aachen Germany
Customer Thomas Hardy London UK
Customer Victoria Ashworth London UK
Customer Yang Wang Bern Switzerland
Customer Yoshi Latimer Elgin USA
Customer Yoshi Tannamuri Vancouver Canada
Customer Yvonne Moncada Buenos Aires Argentina
Customer Zbyszek Walla Poland
Supplier Anne Heikkonen Lappeenranta Finland
Supplier Antonio del Valle Saavedra Oviedo Spain
Supplier Beate Vileid Sandvika Norway
Supplier Carlos Diaz So Paulo Brazil
Supplier Chandra Leka Singapore Singapore
Supplier Chantal Goulet Ste-Hyacinthe Canada
Supplier Charlotte Cooper Londona UK
Supplier Cheryl Saylor Bend USA
Supplier Dirk Luchte Zaandam Netherlands
214
Supplier Eliane Noz Annecy France
Supplier Elio Rossi Ravenna Italy
Supplier Giovanni Giudici Salerno Italy
Supplier Guylne Nodier Paris France
Supplier Ian Devling Melbourne Australia
Supplier Jean-Guy Lauzon Montral Canada
Supplier Lars Peterson Gteborg Sweden
Supplier Marie Delamare Montceau France
Supplier Martin Bein Frankfurt Germany
Supplier Mayumi Ohno Osaka Japan
Supplier Michael Bjrn Stockholm Sweden
Supplier Niels Petersen Lyngby Denmark
Supplier Peter Wilson Manchester UK
Supplier Petra Winkler Berlin Germany
Supplier Regina Murphy Ann Arbor USA
Supplier Robb Merchant Boston USA
Supplier Shelley Burke New Orleans USA
Supplier Sven Petersen Cuxhaven Germany
Supplier Wendy Mackenzie Sydney Australia
Supplier Yoshi Nagase Tokyo Japan
SQL GROUP BY Statement
The SQL GROUP BY Statement
The GROUP BY statement is often used with aggregate functions

(COUNT, MAX, MIN, SUM, AVG) to group the result-set by one or more
columns.
215
GROUP BY Syntax
FROM table_name
WHERE condition
GROUP BY column_name(s)
ORDER BY column_name(s);
Demo Database

database:
CustomerI CustomerNa ContactNa Address City PostalCod Country

D me me e


y helados n 2222

Taquera

Horn Hardy Hanover Sq. n
216
SQL GROUP BY Examples
The following SQL statement lists the number of customers in each

country:
Example
SELECT COUNT(CustomerID), Country

FROM Customers
GROUP BY Country;
COUNT(CustomerID) Country
3 Argentina
2 Austria
2 Belgium
9 Brazil
3 Canada
2 Denmark
2 Finland
11 France
11 Germany
1 Ireland
3 Italy
5 Mexico
1 Norway
1 Poland
217
2 Portugal
5 Spain
2 Sweden
2 Switzerland
7 UK
13 USA
4 Venezuela

country, sorted high to low:
Example

FROM Customers
GROUP BY Country
ORDER BY COUNT(CustomerID) DESC;
13 USA
11 France
11 Germany
9 Brazil
7 UK
5 Mexico
5 Spain
4 Venezuela
3 Argentina
3 Canada
218
3 Italy
2 Austria
2 Belgium
2 Denmark
2 Finland
2 Portugal
2 Sweden
2 Switzerland
1 Ireland
1 Norway
1 Poland
Demo Database

database:
10248 90 5 1996-07-04 3
10249 81 6 1996-07-05 1
10250 34 4 1996-07-08 2
And a selection from the "Shippers" table:
219
ShipperID ShipperName
1 Speedy Express
2 United Package
3 Federal Shipping
GROUP BY With JOIN Example
The following SQL statement lists the number of orders sent by each
shipper:
Example
SELECT Shippers.ShipperName, COUNT(Orders.OrderID) AS NumberOfOrde

rs FROM Orders
LEFT JOIN Shippers ON Orders.ShipperID = Shippers.ShipperID
GROUP BY ShipperName;
ShipperName NumberOfOrders
Federal Shipping 68
Speedy Express 54
United Package 74
220
SQL HAVING Clause
The SQL HAVING Clause
The HAVING clause was added to SQL because the WHERE keyword
could not be used with aggregate functions.
HAVING Syntax
FROM table_name
WHERE condition
GROUP BY column_name(s)
HAVING condition
ORDER BY column_name(s);
Demo Database

database:
CustomerI CustomerNa ContactNa Address City PostalCod Country

D me me e


y helados n 2222

Taquera
221
Horn Hardy Hanover Sq. n

SQL HAVING Examples

country. Only include countries with more than 5 customers:
Example

FROM Customers
GROUP BY Country
HAVING COUNT(CustomerID) > 5;
9 Brazil
11 France
11 Germany
7 UK
13 USA

country, sorted high to low (Only include countries with more than 5
customers):
Example

FROM Customers
222
GROUP BY Country
HAVING COUNT(CustomerID) > 5
ORDER BY COUNT(CustomerID) DESC;
13 USA
11 France
11 Germany
9 Brazil
7 UK
Demo Database

database:
10248 90 5 1996-07-04 3
10249 81 6 1996-07-05 1
10250 34 4 1996-07-08 2
And a selection from the "Employees" table:
223
EmployeeID LastName FirstName BirthDate Photo Notes
1 Davolio Nancy 1968-12- EmpID1.pic Education includes a

08 BA....
2 Fuller Andrew 1952-02- EmpID2.pic Andrew received his

19 BTS....
3 Leverling Janet 1963-08- EmpID3.pic Janet has a BS

30 degree....
More HAVING Examples
The following SQL statement lists the employees that have registered
more than 10 orders:
Example
SELECT Employees.LastName, COUNT(Orders.OrderID) AS NumberOfOrders

FROM (Orders
INNER JOIN Employees ON Orders.EmployeeID = Employees.EmployeeID)
GROUP BY LastName
HAVING COUNT(Orders.OrderID) > 10;
LastName NumberOfOrders
Buchanan 11
Callahan 27
Davolio 29
Fuller 20
224
King 14
Leverling 31
Peacock 40
Suyama 18
The following SQL statement lists if the employees "Davolio" or "Fuller"

have registered more than 25 orders:
Example
SELECT Employees.LastName, COUNT(Orders.OrderID) AS NumberOfOrders

FROM Orders
INNER JOIN Employees ON Orders.EmployeeID = Employees.EmployeeID
WHERE LastName = 'Davolio' OR LastName = 'Fuller'
GROUP BY LastName
HAVING COUNT(Orders.OrderID) > 25;
LastName NumberOfOrders
Davolio 29
SQL EXISTS Operator
The SQL EXISTS Operator
The EXISTS operator is used to test for the existence of any record in a
subquery.
The EXISTS operator returns true if the subquery returns one or more
records.
EXISTS Syntax
FROM table_name
WHERE EXISTS
(SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE condition);
225
Demo Database

database:
1 Chais 1 1 10 boxes x 20 18
bags
2 Chang 1 1 24 - 12 oz 19
bottles

bottles

Seasoning
SupplierI SupplierNam ContactNam Address City PostalCod Countr

D e e e y
226
1 Exotic Liquid Charlotte 49 Gilbert Londo EC1 4SD UK
Cooper St. n
2 New Orleans Shelley Burke P.O. Box New 70117 USA

Cajun 78934 Orlean
Delights s
3 Grandma Regina 707 Oxford Ann 48104 USA

Kelly's Murphy Rd. Arbor
Homestead
4 Tokyo Yoshi Nagase 9-8 Tokyo 100 Japan

Traders Sekimai
Musashino
-shi
SQL EXISTS Examples
The following SQL statement returns TRUE and lists the suppliers with a
product price less than 20:
Example
SELECT SupplierName
FROM Suppliers
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT ProductName FROM Products WHERE SupplierId =
Suppliers.supplierId AND Price < 20);
SupplierName
Exotic Liquid
227
New Orleans Cajun Delights
Tokyo Traders
Mayumi's
Pavlova, Ltd.
Specialty Biscuits, Ltd.
PB Knckebrd AB
Refrescos Americanas LTDA
Heli Swaren GmbH & Co. KG
Plutzer Lebensmittelgromrkte AG
Formaggi Fortini s.r.l.
Norske Meierier
Bigfoot Breweries
Svensk Sjfda AB
Aux joyeux ecclsiastiques
New England Seafood Cannery
Leka Trading
Lyngbysild
Zaanse Snoepfabriek
Karkki Oy
G'day, Mate
Ma Maison
Pasta Buttini s.r.l.
Escargots Nouveaux
The following SQL statement returns TRUE and lists the suppliers with a
product price equal to 22:
228
Example
SELECT SupplierName
FROM Suppliers
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT ProductName FROM Products WHERE SupplierId =
Suppliers.supplierId AND Price = 22);
SupplierName
New Orleans Cajun Delights
SQL ANY and ALL Operators
The SQL ANY and ALL Operators
The ANY and ALL operators are used with a WHERE or HAVING clause.
The ANY operator returns true if any of the subquery values meet the
condition.
The ALL operator returns true if all of the subquery values meet the
condition.
Note: The examples in this chapter will not work in Chrome,

Safari and Opera!
ANY and ALL are not supported in Web SQL databases. Chrome, Safari
and Opera are using Web SQL in our examples.
ANY Syntax
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator ANY
ALL Syntax
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator ALL
229
Note: The operator must be a standard comparison operator (=, <>,
!=, >, >=, <, or <=).
Demo Database

database:
1 Chais 1 1 10 boxes x 20 18
bags
2 Chang 1 1 24 - 12 oz 19
bottles

bottles

Seasoning
And a selection from the "OrderDetails" table:
OrderDetailID OrderID ProductID Quantity
230
1 10248 11 12
2 10248 42 10
3 10248 72 5
4 10249 14 9
5 10249 51 40
SQL ANY Examples
The ANY operator returns TRUE if any of the subquery values meet the
condition.
The following SQL statement returns TRUE and lists the productnames if
it finds ANY records in the OrderDetails table that quantity = 10:
Example
SELECT ProductName
FROM Products
WHERE ProductID
= ANY (SELECT ProductID FROM OrderDetails WHERE Quantity = 10);
ProductName
Singaporean Hokkien Fried Mee
231
it finds ANY records in the OrderDetails table that quantity > 99:
Example
SELECT ProductName
FROM Products
WHERE ProductID
= ANY (SELECT ProductID FROM OrderDetails WHERE Quantity > 99);
ProductName
Steeleye Stout
SQL ALL Example
The ALL operator returns TRUE if all of the subquery values meet the
condition.
ALL the records in the OrderDetails table has quantity = 10:
Example
SELECT ProductName
FROM Products
WHERE ProductID
= ALL (SELECT ProductID FROM OrderDetails WHERE Quantity = 10);
ProductName
Singaporean Hokkien Fried Mee
232
SQL SELECT INTO Statement
With SQL, you can copy information from one table into another.
The SELECT INTO statement copies data from one table and inserts it
into a new table.
The SQL SELECT INTO Statement
The SELECT INTO statement selects data from one table and inserts it
into a new table.
SQL SELECT INTO Syntax
We can copy all columns into the new table:
SELECT *
INTO newtable [IN externaldb]
FROM table1;
Or we can copy only the columns we want into the new table:
INTO newtable [IN externaldb]
FROM table1;
The new table will be created with the column-names and types as
defined in the SELECT statement. You can apply new names using the
AS clause.
SQL SELECT INTO Examples
Create a backup copy of Customers:
SELECT *
INTO CustomersBackup2013
FROM Customers;
Use the IN clause to copy the table into another database:
SELECT *
INTO CustomersBackup2013 IN 'Backup.mdb'
FROM Customers;
233
Copy only a few columns into the new table:
SELECT CustomerName, ContactName

FROM Customers;
Copy only the German customers into the new table:
SELECT *
FROM Customers
WHERE Country='Germany';
Copy data from more than one table into the new table:

INTO CustomersOrderBackup2013
FROM Customers
LEFT JOIN Orders
ON Customers.CustomerID=Orders.CustomerID;
Tip: The SELECT INTO statement can also be used to create a new,
empty table using the schema of another. Just add a WHERE clause that
causes the query to return no data:
SELECT *
INTO newtable
FROM table1
WHERE 1=0;
SQL INSERT INTO SELECT Statement
With SQL, you can copy information from one table into another.
The INSERT INTO SELECT statement copies data from one table and
inserts it into an existing table.
The SQL INSERT INTO SELECT Statement
The INSERT INTO SELECT statement selects data from one table and
inserts it into an existing table. Any existing rows in the target table are
unaffected.
234
SQL INSERT INTO SELECT Syntax
We can copy all columns from one table to another, existing table:
INSERT INTO table2

SELECT * FROM table1;
Or we can copy only the columns we want to into another, existing

table:
INSERT INTO table2

(column_name(s))
FROM table1;
Demo Database

D me me de y


n 2222

Taquera
235
SupplierI SupplierNa ContactNa Addres City Posta Countr Phon

D me me s l y e
Code
1 Exotic Liquid Charlotte 49 London EC1 UK (171)

Cooper Gilbert a 4SD 555-
St. 2222
2 New Orleans Shelley P.O. New 7011 USA (100)

Cajun Burke Box Orleans 7 555-
Delights 78934 4822
3 Grandma Regina 707 Ann 4810 USA (313)

Kelly's Murphy Oxford Arbor 4 555-
Homestead Rd. 5735
SQL INSERT INTO SELECT Examples
The following SQL statement copies "Suppliers" into "Customers" (the

columns that are not filled with data, will contain NULL):
Example

SELECT SupplierName, City, Country FROM Suppliers;
Result:
The following SQL statement copies "Suppliers" into "Customers" (fill all
columns):
236
Example
INSERT INTO Customers (CustomerName, ContactName, Address, City,

PostalCode, Country)
SELECT SupplierName, ContactName, Address, City,
PostalCode, Country FROM Suppliers;
Result:
The following SQL statement copies only the German suppliers into
"Customers":
Example

SELECT SupplierName, City, Country FROM Suppliers
WHERE Country='Germany';
Result:
SQL Comments
SQL Comments
Comments are used to explain sections of SQL statements, or to prevent

execution of SQL statements.
Note: The examples in this chapter will not work in Firefox and
Microsoft Edge!
Comments are not supported in Microsoft Access databases. Firefox and

Microsoft Edge are using Microsoft Access database in our examples.
Single Line Comments
Single line comments start with --.
Any text between -- and the end of the line will be ignored (will not be
executed).
237
The following example uses a single-line comment as an explanation:
Example
--Select all:
Custom CustomerNa ContactN Address City Postal Countr

erID me ame Code y
1 Alfreds Maria Obere Str. Berlin 12209 Germa

Futterkiste Anders 57 ny

Emparedados y Trujillo la D.F.
helados Constituci
n 2222


Sq.
5 Berglunds Christina Berguvsv Lule S-958 Swede

snabbkp Berglund gen 8 22 n
6 Blauer See Hanna Forsterstr. Mannhei 68306 Germa

Delikatessen Moos 57 m ny
7 Blondel pre et Frdriqu 24, place Strasbo 67000 France

fils e Citeaux Klber urg
8 Blido Comidas Martn C/ Araquil, Madrid 28023 Spain


Lebihans des
Bouchers
10 Bottom-Dollar Elizabeth 23 Tsawass T2F Canada

Marketse Lincoln Tsawasse en 8M4
n Blvd.
11 B's Beverages Victoria Fauntleroy London EC2 UK

Ashworth Circus 5NT
238
llevar

Moctezuma 9993
14 Chop-suey Yang Hauptstr. Bern 3012 Switzer

Chinese Wang 29 land

23
16 Consolidated Elizabeth Berkeley London WX1 UK

Holdings Brown Gardens 6LT
12
Brewery
17 Drachenblut Sven Walserwe Aachen 52066 Germa

Delikatessend Ottlieb g 21 ny

entier Labrune des
Cinquante
Otages

Connection Devon George 6FW
20 Ernst Handel Roland Kirchgass Graz 8010 Austria

Mendel e6

22 FISSA Fabrica Diego C/ Madrid 28034 Spain

Inter. Roel Moralzarz
Salchichas S.A. al, 86

gourmandes Ranc chausse
de Tournai
24 Folk och f HB Maria kergatan Brcke S-844 Swede

Larsson 24 67 n
25 Frankenversan Peter Berliner Mnche 80805 Germa

d Franken Platz 43 n ny
239
27 Franchi S.p.A. Paolo Via Monte Torino 10100 Italy

Accorti Bianco 34
28 Furia Bacalhau Lino Jardim Lisboa 1675 Portuga

e Frutos do Mar Rodriguez das rosas l
n. 32

23
30 Godos Cocina Jos C/ Sevilla 41101 Spain

Tpica Pedro Romero,
Freyre 33

Lanchonetes Fonseca 442 s 786

Food Market Snyder Baker
Blvd.

Grandes
34 Hanari Carnes Mario Rua do Rio de 05454- Brazil

Pontes Pao, 67 Janeiro 876
35 HILARIN- Carlos Carrera San 5022 Venezu

Abastos Hernnde 22 con Cristbal ela
z Ave.
Carlos
Soublette
#8-35
36 Hungry Coyote Yoshi City Elgin 97827 USA

Import Store Latimer Center
Plaza 516
Main St.
37 Hungry Owl All- Patricia 8 Cork Ireland

Night Grocers McKenna Johnstown
Road
38 Island Trading Helen Garden Cowes PO31 UK

Bennett House 7PJ
240
Crowther
Way
39 Kniglich Essen Philip Maubelstr. Branden 14776 Germa

Cramer 90 burg ny

d'abondance Tonini avenue de s
l'Europe

Lorraine
42 Laughing Yoshi 1900 Oak Vancouv V3F Canada

Bacchus Wine Tannamur St. er 2K1
Cellars i
43 Lazy K Kountry John 12 Walla 99362 USA

Store Steel Orchestra Walla
Terrace
44 Lehmanns Renate Magazinw Frankfur 60528 Germa

Marktstand Messner eg 7 t a.M. ny

o
46 LILA- Carlos Carrera Barquisi 3508 Venezu

Supermercado Gonzlez 52 con meto ela
Ave.
Bolvar
#65-98
Llano
Largo

Porlamar a
48 Lonesome Pine Fran 89 Portland 97219 USA

Restaurant Wilson Chiaroscur
o Rd.
49 Magazzini Giovanni Via Bergam 24100 Italy

Alimentari Rovelli Ludovico il o
Riuniti Moro 22
50 Maison Dewey Catherine Rue Bruxelle B-1180 Belgiu
241
Dewey Joseph- s m
Bens 532
51 Mre Paillarde Jean 43 rue St. Montral H1J Canada

Fresnire Laurent 1C3


Queensbri
dge

Atlntico Ltda. Moncada Gustavo Aires na
Moncada
8585 Piso
20-A

Delicatessen Phillips Bering St. ge
56 Ottilies Henriette Mehrheim Kln 50739 Germa

Kseladen Pfalzheim erstr. 369 ny

Charonne

Comidas Fernnde Jorge D.F.
clsicas z Cash 321

mehr Pipps 14
60 Princesa Isabel Isabel de Estrada da Lisboa 1756 Portuga

Vinhoss Castro sade n. l
58

ra, 12
62 Queen Cozinha Lcia Alameda So 05487- Brazil

Carvalho dos Paulo 020
Canrios,
891
242
63 QUICK-Stop Horst Taucherstr Cunewal 01307 Germa
Kloss ae 10 de ny
64 Rancho grande Sergio Av. del Buenos 1010 Argenti

Gutirrez Libertador Aires na
900
65 Rattlesnake Paula 2817 Albuque 87110 USA

Canyon Wilson Milton Dr. rque
Grocery

Caseifici Moroni Provincial Emilia
e 124

na, 267
68 Richter Michael Grenzache Genve 1203 Switzer

Supermarkt Holz rweg 237 land

tomillo Camino 1
70 Sant Gourmet Jonas Erling Stavern 4110 Norway

Bergulfse Skakkes
n gate 78

Markets Pavarotti Suffolk
Ln.

Rd.
73 Simons bistro Jytte Vinbltet Kbenha 1734 Denma

Petersen 34 vn rk
74 Spcialits du Dominiqu 25, rue Paris 75016 France

monde e Perrier Lauriston
75 Split Rail Beer Art P.O. Box Lander 82520 USA

& Ale Braunsch 555
weiger
76 Suprmes Pascale Boulevard Charlero B-6000 Belgiu

dlices Cartrain Tirou, 255 i m
243
77 The Big Cheese Liz Nixon 89 Portland 97201 USA
Jefferson
Way Suite
2

Box Peak Rd.
79 Toms Karin Luisenstr. Mnster 44087 Germa

Spezialitten Josephs 48 ny

Paolino 123

Hipermercados Domingue de Castro, Paulo 030
s 414

Provisioners Blvd.
83 Vaffeljernet Palle Smagslg rhus 8200 Denma

Ibsen et 45 rk
84 Victuailles en Mary 2, rue du Lyon 69004 France

stock Saveley Commerc
e
85 Vins et alcools Paul 59 rue de Reims 51100 France

Chevalier Henriot l'Abbaye
86 Die Wandernde Rita Adenauer Stuttgar 70563 Germa

Kuh Mller allee 900 t ny
87 Wartian Herkku Pirkko Torikatu Oulu 90110 Finland

Koskitalo 38

12
89 White Clover Karl 305 - 14th Seattle 98128 USA

Markets Jablonski Ave. S.
Suite 3B
90 Wilman Kala Matti Keskuskat Helsinki 21240 Finland

Karttunen u 45
244
Filtrowa
68
92 Exotic Liquid null null Londona null UK
93 New Orleans null null New null USA

Cajun Delights Orleans
94 Grandma null null Ann null USA

Kelly's Arbor
Homestead
95 Tokyo Traders null null Tokyo null Japan
96 Cooperativa de null null Oviedo null Spain

Quesos 'Las
Cabras'
97 Mayumi's null null Osaka null Japan
98 Pavlova, Ltd. null null Melbour null Australi

ne a
99 Specialty null null Manches null UK

Biscuits, Ltd. ter
100 PB Knckebrd null null Gtebor null Swede

AB g n
101 Refrescos null null So null Brazil

Americanas Paulo
LTDA
102 Heli Swaren null null Berlin null Germa

GmbH & Co. ny
KG
103 Plutzer null null Frankfur null Germa

Lebensmittelgr t ny
omrkte AG
104 Nord-Ost-Fisch null null Cuxhave null Germa

Handelsgesellsc n ny
haft mbH
105 Formaggi null null Ravenna null Italy

Fortini s.r.l.
106 Norske Meierier null null Sandvik null Norway
245
a
107 Bigfoot null null Bend null USA

Breweries
108 Svensk Sjfda null null Stockhol null Swede

AB m n
109 Aux joyeux null null Paris null France

ecclsiastiques
110 New England null null Boston null USA

Seafood
Cannery
111 Leka Trading null null Singapo null Singap

re ore
112 Lyngbysild null null Lyngby null Denma

rk
113 Zaanse null null Zaanda null Netherl

Snoepfabriek m ands
114 Karkki Oy null null Lappeen null Finland

ranta
115 G'day, Mate null null Sydney null Australi

a
116 Ma Maison null null Montral null Canada
117 Pasta Buttini null null Salerno null Italy

s.r.l.
118 Escargots null null Montcea null France

Nouveaux u
119 Gai pturage null null Annecy null France
120 Forts null null Ste- null Canada

d'rables Hyacinth
e

246
Kelly's Arbor
Homestead

Quesos 'Las
Cabras'

ne a

Biscuits, Ltd. ter

AB g n

Americanas Paulo
LTDA

GmbH & Co. ny
KG

Lebensmittelgr t ny
omrkte AG

haft mbH

Fortini s.r.l.

a

Breweries

AB m n

ecclsiastiques
247
Seafood
Cannery

re ore

rk

Snoepfabriek m ands

ranta

a

s.r.l.

Nouveaux u

d'rables Hyacinth
e


Kelly's Arbor
Homestead

Quesos 'Las
Cabras'
248
ne a

Biscuits, Ltd. ter

AB g n

Americanas Paulo
LTDA

GmbH & Co. ny
KG

Lebensmittelgr t ny
omrkte AG

haft mbH

Fortini s.r.l.

a

Breweries

AB m n

ecclsiastiques

Seafood
Cannery

re ore

rk
249
Snoepfabriek m ands

ranta

a

s.r.l.

Nouveaux u

d'rables Hyacinth
e
179 Exotic Liquid Charlotte 49 Gilbert Londona EC1 UK

Cooper St. 4SD
180 New Orleans Shelley P.O. Box New 70117 USA

Cajun Delights Burke 78934 Orleans

Homestead Rd.
182 Tokyo Traders Yoshi 9-8 Tokyo 100 Japan

Nagase Sekimai
Musashino
-shi
183 Cooperativa de Antonio Calle del Oviedo 33007 Spain

Quesos 'Las del Valle Rosal 4
Cabras' Saavedra
184 Mayumi's Mayumi 92 Osaka 545 Japan

Ohno Setsuko
Chuo-ku
185 Pavlova, Ltd. Ian 74 Rose Melbour 3058 Australi

Devling St. Moonie ne a
Ponds
250
186 Specialty Peter 29 King's Manches M14 UK
Biscuits, Ltd. Wilson Way ter GSD
187 PB Knckebrd Lars Kaloadaga Gtebor S-345 Swede

AB Peterson tan 13 g 67 n
188 Refrescos Carlos Av. das So 5442 Brazil

Americanas Diaz Americana Paulo
LTDA s 12.890
189 Heli Swaren Petra Tiergarten Berlin 10785 Germa

GmbH & Co. Winkler strae 5 ny
KG
190 Plutzer Martin Bogenalle Frankfur 60439 Germa

Lebensmittelgr Bein e 51 t ny
omrkte AG
191 Nord-Ost-Fisch Sven Frahmred Cuxhave 27478 Germa

Handelsgesellsc Petersen der 112a n ny
haft mbH
192 Formaggi Elio Rossi Viale Ravenna 48100 Italy

Fortini s.r.l. Dante, 75
193 Norske Meierier Beate Hatlevege Sandvik 1320 Norway

Vileid n5 a
194 Bigfoot Cheryl 3400 - 8th Bend 97101 USA

Breweries Saylor Avenue
Suite 210
195 Svensk Sjfda Michael Brovallav Stockhol S-123 Swede

AB Bjrn gen 231 m 45 n
196 Aux joyeux Guylne 203, Rue Paris 75004 France

ecclsiastiques Nodier des
Francs-
Bourgeois
197 New England Robb Order Boston 02134 USA

Seafood Merchant Processing
Cannery Dept.
2100 Paul
Revere
Blvd.
198 Leka Trading Chandra 471 Singapo 0512 Singap

Leka Serangoo re ore
n Loop,
251
Suite
#402
199 Lyngbysild Niels Lyngbysild Lyngby 2800 Denma

Petersen Fiskebakk rk
en 10
200 Zaanse Dirk Verkoop Zaanda 9999 Netherl

Snoepfabriek Luchte Rijnweg m ZZ ands
22
201 Karkki Oy Anne Valtakatu Lappeen 53120 Finland

Heikkone 12 ranta
n
202 G'day, Mate Wendy 170 Prince Sydney 2042 Australi

Mackenzi Edward a
e Parade
Hunter's
Hill
203 Ma Maison Jean-Guy 2960 Rue Montral H1J Canada

Lauzon St. 1C3
Laurent
204 Pasta Buttini Giovanni Via dei Salerno 84100 Italy

s.r.l. Giudici Gelsomini,
153
205 Escargots Marie 22, rue H. Montcea 71300 France

Nouveaux Delamare Voiron u
206 Gai pturage Eliane Bat. B 3, Annecy 74000 France

Noz rue des
Alpes
207 Forts Chantal 148 rue Ste- J2S Canada

d'rables Goulet Chasseur Hyacinth 7S8
e

GmbH & Co. ny
KG

Lebensmittelgr t ny
omrkte AG

252
haft mbH

GmbH & Co. ny
KG

Lebensmittelgr t ny
omrkte AG

haft mbH


Kelly's Arbor
Homestead

Quesos 'Las
Cabras'

ne a

Biscuits, Ltd. ter

AB g n

Americanas Paulo
LTDA

GmbH & Co. ny
KG

Lebensmittelgr t ny
253
omrkte AG

haft mbH

Fortini s.r.l.

a

Breweries

AB m n

ecclsiastiques

Seafood
Cannery

re ore

rk

Snoepfabriek m ands

ranta

a

s.r.l.

Nouveaux u
254
d'rables Hyacinth
e

Cooper St. 4SD


Homestead Rd.

Nagase Sekimai
Musashino
-shi

Cabras' Saavedra

Ohno Setsuko
Chuo-ku

Ponds



LTDA s 12.890

KG

omrkte AG
255
haft mbH


Vileid n5 a

Suite 210


Francs-
Bourgeois

Cannery Dept.
2100 Paul
Revere
Blvd.

n Loop,
Suite
#402

en 10

22

Heikkone 12 ranta
n

Mackenzi Edward a
e Parade
Hunter's
256
Hill

Lauzon St. 1C3
Laurent

153


Noz rue des
Alpes

e

GmbH & Co. ny
KG

Lebensmittelgr t ny
omrkte AG

haft mbH
The following example uses a single-line comment to ignore the end of a

line:
Example
SELECT * FROM Customers -- WHERE City='Berlin';
Custom CustomerNa ContactN Address City Postal Countr

erID me ame Code y
1 Alfreds Maria Obere Str. Berlin 12209 Germa

Futterkiste Anders 57 ny
257
Emparedados y Trujillo la D.F.
helados Constituci
n 2222


Sq.
5 Berglunds Christina Berguvsv Lule S-958 Swede

snabbkp Berglund gen 8 22 n
6 Blauer See Hanna Forsterstr. Mannhei 68306 Germa

Delikatessen Moos 57 m ny
7 Blondel pre et Frdriqu 24, place Strasbo 67000 France

fils e Citeaux Klber urg
8 Blido Comidas Martn C/ Araquil, Madrid 28023 Spain


Lebihans des
Bouchers
10 Bottom-Dollar Elizabeth 23 Tsawass T2F Canada

Marketse Lincoln Tsawasse en 8M4
n Blvd.
11 B's Beverages Victoria Fauntleroy London EC2 UK

Ashworth Circus 5NT

llevar

Moctezuma 9993
14 Chop-suey Yang Hauptstr. Bern 3012 Switzer

Chinese Wang 29 land

23
16 Consolidated Elizabeth Berkeley London WX1 UK
258
Holdings Brown Gardens 6LT
12
Brewery
17 Drachenblut Sven Walserwe Aachen 52066 Germa

Delikatessend Ottlieb g 21 ny

entier Labrune des
Cinquante
Otages

Connection Devon George 6FW
20 Ernst Handel Roland Kirchgass Graz 8010 Austria

Mendel e6

22 FISSA Fabrica Diego C/ Madrid 28034 Spain

Inter. Roel Moralzarz
Salchichas S.A. al, 86

gourmandes Ranc chausse
de Tournai
24 Folk och f HB Maria kergatan Brcke S-844 Swede

Larsson 24 67 n
25 Frankenversan Peter Berliner Mnche 80805 Germa

d Franken Platz 43 n ny

27 Franchi S.p.A. Paolo Via Monte Torino 10100 Italy

Accorti Bianco 34
28 Furia Bacalhau Lino Jardim Lisboa 1675 Portuga

e Frutos do Mar Rodriguez das rosas l
n. 32

23
30 Godos Cocina Jos C/ Sevilla 41101 Spain
259
Tpica Pedro Romero,
Freyre 33

Lanchonetes Fonseca 442 s 786

Food Market Snyder Baker
Blvd.

Grandes
34 Hanari Carnes Mario Rua do Rio de 05454- Brazil

Pontes Pao, 67 Janeiro 876
35 HILARIN- Carlos Carrera San 5022 Venezu

Abastos Hernnde 22 con Cristbal ela
z Ave.
Carlos
Soublette
#8-35
36 Hungry Coyote Yoshi City Elgin 97827 USA

Import Store Latimer Center
Plaza 516
Main St.
37 Hungry Owl All- Patricia 8 Cork Ireland

Night Grocers McKenna Johnstown
Road
38 Island Trading Helen Garden Cowes PO31 UK

Bennett House 7PJ
Crowther
Way
39 Kniglich Essen Philip Maubelstr. Branden 14776 Germa

Cramer 90 burg ny

d'abondance Tonini avenue de s
l'Europe

Lorraine
42 Laughing Yoshi 1900 Oak Vancouv V3F Canada
260
Bacchus Wine Tannamur St. er 2K1
Cellars i
43 Lazy K Kountry John 12 Walla 99362 USA

Store Steel Orchestra Walla
Terrace
44 Lehmanns Renate Magazinw Frankfur 60528 Germa

Marktstand Messner eg 7 t a.M. ny

o
46 LILA- Carlos Carrera Barquisi 3508 Venezu

Supermercado Gonzlez 52 con meto ela
Ave.
Bolvar
#65-98
Llano
Largo

Porlamar a
48 Lonesome Pine Fran 89 Portland 97219 USA

Restaurant Wilson Chiaroscur
o Rd.
49 Magazzini Giovanni Via Bergam 24100 Italy

Alimentari Rovelli Ludovico il o
Riuniti Moro 22
50 Maison Dewey Catherine Rue Bruxelle B-1180 Belgiu

Dewey Joseph- s m
Bens 532
51 Mre Paillarde Jean 43 rue St. Montral H1J Canada

Fresnire Laurent 1C3


Queensbri
dge
261
Atlntico Ltda. Moncada Gustavo Aires na
Moncada
8585 Piso
20-A

Delicatessen Phillips Bering St. ge
56 Ottilies Henriette Mehrheim Kln 50739 Germa

Kseladen Pfalzheim erstr. 369 ny

Charonne

Comidas Fernnde Jorge D.F.
clsicas z Cash 321

mehr Pipps 14
60 Princesa Isabel Isabel de Estrada da Lisboa 1756 Portuga

Vinhoss Castro sade n. l
58

ra, 12
62 Queen Cozinha Lcia Alameda So 05487- Brazil

Carvalho dos Paulo 020
Canrios,
891
63 QUICK-Stop Horst Taucherstr Cunewal 01307 Germa

Kloss ae 10 de ny
64 Rancho grande Sergio Av. del Buenos 1010 Argenti

Gutirrez Libertador Aires na
900
65 Rattlesnake Paula 2817 Albuque 87110 USA

Canyon Wilson Milton Dr. rque
Grocery

Caseifici Moroni Provincial Emilia
e 124
262
na, 267
68 Richter Michael Grenzache Genve 1203 Switzer

Supermarkt Holz rweg 237 land

tomillo Camino 1
70 Sant Gourmet Jonas Erling Stavern 4110 Norway

Bergulfse Skakkes
n gate 78

Markets Pavarotti Suffolk
Ln.

Rd.
73 Simons bistro Jytte Vinbltet Kbenha 1734 Denma

Petersen 34 vn rk
74 Spcialits du Dominiqu 25, rue Paris 75016 France

monde e Perrier Lauriston
75 Split Rail Beer Art P.O. Box Lander 82520 USA

& Ale Braunsch 555
weiger
76 Suprmes Pascale Boulevard Charlero B-6000 Belgiu

dlices Cartrain Tirou, 255 i m
77 The Big Cheese Liz Nixon 89 Portland 97201 USA

Jefferson
Way Suite
2

Box Peak Rd.
79 Toms Karin Luisenstr. Mnster 44087 Germa

Spezialitten Josephs 48 ny

Paolino 123
263
Hipermercados Domingue de Castro, Paulo 030
s 414

Provisioners Blvd.
83 Vaffeljernet Palle Smagslg rhus 8200 Denma

Ibsen et 45 rk
84 Victuailles en Mary 2, rue du Lyon 69004 France

stock Saveley Commerc
e
85 Vins et alcools Paul 59 rue de Reims 51100 France

Chevalier Henriot l'Abbaye
86 Die Wandernde Rita Adenauer Stuttgar 70563 Germa

Kuh Mller allee 900 t ny
87 Wartian Herkku Pirkko Torikatu Oulu 90110 Finland

Koskitalo 38

12
89 White Clover Karl 305 - 14th Seattle 98128 USA

Markets Jablonski Ave. S.
Suite 3B
90 Wilman Kala Matti Keskuskat Helsinki 21240 Finland

Karttunen u 45

Filtrowa
68


Kelly's Arbor
Homestead
264
Quesos 'Las
Cabras'

ne a

Biscuits, Ltd. ter

AB g n

Americanas Paulo
LTDA

GmbH & Co. ny
KG

Lebensmittelgr t ny
omrkte AG

haft mbH

Fortini s.r.l.

a

Breweries

AB m n

ecclsiastiques

Seafood
Cannery
265
re ore

rk

Snoepfabriek m ands

ranta

a

s.r.l.

Nouveaux u

d'rables Hyacinth
e


Kelly's Arbor
Homestead

Quesos 'Las
Cabras'

ne a
266
Biscuits, Ltd. ter

AB g n

Americanas Paulo
LTDA

GmbH & Co. ny
KG

Lebensmittelgr t ny
omrkte AG

haft mbH

Fortini s.r.l.

a

Breweries

AB m n

ecclsiastiques

Seafood
Cannery

re ore

rk

Snoepfabriek m ands
267
ranta

a

s.r.l.

Nouveaux u

d'rables Hyacinth
e


Kelly's Arbor
Homestead

Quesos 'Las
Cabras'

ne a

Biscuits, Ltd. ter

AB g n

Americanas Paulo
LTDA
268
GmbH & Co. ny
KG

Lebensmittelgr t ny
omrkte AG

haft mbH

Fortini s.r.l.

a

Breweries

AB m n

ecclsiastiques

Seafood
Cannery

re ore

rk

Snoepfabriek m ands

ranta

a

s.r.l.
269
Nouveaux u

d'rables Hyacinth
e

Cooper St. 4SD


Homestead Rd.

Nagase Sekimai
Musashino
-shi

Cabras' Saavedra

Ohno Setsuko
Chuo-ku

Ponds



LTDA s 12.890

KG
270
omrkte AG

haft mbH


Vileid n5 a

Suite 210


Francs-
Bourgeois

Cannery Dept.
2100 Paul
Revere
Blvd.

n Loop,
Suite
#402

en 10

22

Heikkone 12 ranta
n
271
Mackenzi Edward a
e Parade
Hunter's
Hill

Lauzon St. 1C3
Laurent

153


Noz rue des
Alpes

e

GmbH & Co. ny
KG

Lebensmittelgr t ny
omrkte AG

haft mbH

GmbH & Co. ny
KG

Lebensmittelgr t ny
omrkte AG

haft mbH
272

Kelly's Arbor
Homestead

Quesos 'Las
Cabras'

ne a

Biscuits, Ltd. ter

AB g n

Americanas Paulo
LTDA

GmbH & Co. ny
KG

Lebensmittelgr t ny
omrkte AG

haft mbH

Fortini s.r.l.

a

Breweries
273
AB m n

ecclsiastiques

Seafood
Cannery

re ore

rk

Snoepfabriek m ands

ranta

a

s.r.l.

Nouveaux u

d'rables Hyacinth
e

Cooper St. 4SD


Homestead Rd.

Nagase Sekimai
274
Musashino
-shi

Cabras' Saavedra

Ohno Setsuko
Chuo-ku

Ponds



LTDA s 12.890

KG

omrkte AG

haft mbH


Vileid n5 a

Suite 210

275
Francs-
Bourgeois

Cannery Dept.
2100 Paul
Revere
Blvd.

n Loop,
Suite
#402

en 10

22

Heikkone 12 ranta
n

Mackenzi Edward a
e Parade
Hunter's
Hill

Lauzon St. 1C3
Laurent

153


Noz rue des
Alpes
276
e

GmbH & Co. ny
KG

Lebensmittelgr t ny
omrkte AG

haft mbH
The following example uses a single-line comment to ignore a

statement:
Example
--SELECT * FROM Customers;

SELECT * FROM Products;
1 Chais 1 1 10 boxes 18
x 20
bags
2 Chang 1 1 24 - 12 19
oz
bottles
3 Aniseed Syrup 1 2 12 - 550 10

ml
bottles
4 Chef Anton's Cajun 2 2 48 - 6 oz 22

Seasoning jars
5 Chef Anton's 2 2 36 boxes 21.35

Gumbo Mix
6 Grandma's 3 2 12 - 8 oz 25
Boysenberry jars
277
Spread
7 Uncle Bob's 3 7 12 - 1 lb 30
Organic Dried pkgs.
Pears
8 Northwoods 3 2 12 - 12 40
Cranberry Sauce oz jars
9 Mishi Kobe Niku 4 6 18 - 500 97

g pkgs.
10 Ikura 4 8 12 - 200 31
ml jars
11 Queso Cabrales 5 4 1 kg 21
pkg.
12 Queso Manchego 5 4 10 - 500 38

La Pastora g pkgs.
13 Konbu 6 8 2 kg box 6
14 Tofu 6 7 40 - 100 23.25

g pkgs.
15 Genen Shouyu 6 2 24 - 250 15.5

ml
bottles
16 Pavlova 7 3 32 - 500 17.45

g boxes
17 Alice Mutton 7 6 20 - 1 kg 39
tins
18 Carnarvon Tigers 7 8 16 kg 62.5

pkg.
19 Teatime Chocolate 8 3 10 boxes 9.2

Biscuits x 12
pieces
20 Sir Rodney's 8 3 30 gift 81

Marmalade boxes
21 Sir Rodney's 8 3 24 pkgs. 10

Scones x4
pieces
278
22 Gustaf's 9 5 24 - 500 21
Knckebrd g pkgs.
23 Tunnbrd 9 5 12 - 250 9
g pkgs.
24 Guaran Fantstica 10 1 12 - 355 4.5

ml cans
25 NuNuCa Nu- 11 3 20 - 450 14

Nougat-Creme g glasses
26 Gumbr 11 3 100 - 31.23

Gummibrchen 250 g
bags
27 Schoggi 11 3 100 - 43.9

Schokolade 100 g
pieces
28 Rssle Sauerkraut 12 7 25 - 825 45.6

g cans
29 Thringer 12 6 50 bags 123.79

Rostbratwurst x 30
sausgs.
30 Nord-Ost 13 8 10 - 200 25.89

Matjeshering g glasses
31 Gorgonzola Telino 14 4 12 - 100 12.5

g pkgs
32 Mascarpone Fabioli 14 4 24 - 200 32

g pkgs.
33 Geitost 15 4 500 g 2.5
34 Sasquatch Ale 16 1 24 - 12 14
oz
bottles
35 Steeleye Stout 16 1 24 - 12 18
oz
bottles
36 Inlagd Sill 17 8 24 - 250 19

g jars
37 Gravad lax 17 8 12 - 500 26
279
g pkgs.
38 Cte de Blaye 18 1 12 - 75 263.5

cl bottles
39 Chartreuse verte 18 1 750 cc 18

per
bottle
40 Boston Crab Meat 19 8 24 - 4 oz 18.4

tins
41 Jack's New England 19 8 12 - 12 9.65

Clam Chowder oz cans
42 Singaporean 20 5 32 - 1 kg 14
Hokkien Fried Mee pkgs.
43 Ipoh Coffee 20 1 16 - 500 46

g tins
44 Gula Malacca 20 2 20 - 2 kg 19.45

bags
45 Rgede sild 21 8 1k pkg. 9.5
46 Spegesild 21 8 4 - 450 g 12
glasses
47 Zaanse koeken 22 3 10 - 4 oz 9.5

boxes
48 Chocolade 22 3 10 pkgs. 12.75
49 Maxilaku 23 3 24 - 50 g 20
pkgs.
50 Valkoinen suklaa 23 3 12 - 100 16.25

g bars
51 Manjimup Dried 24 7 50 - 300 53

Apples g pkgs.
52 Filo Mix 24 5 16 - 2 kg 7
boxes
53 Perth Pasties 24 6 48 32.8

pieces
54 Tourtire 25 6 16 pies 7.45
280
55 Pt chinois 25 6 24 boxes 24
x 2 pies
56 Gnocchi di nonna 26 5 24 - 250 38

Alice g pkgs.
57 Ravioli Angelo 26 5 24 - 250 19.5

g pkgs.
58 Escargots de 27 8 24 13.25
Bourgogne pieces
59 Raclette 28 4 5 kg 55
Courdavault pkg.
60 Camembert Pierrot 28 4 15 - 300 34

g rounds
61 Sirop d'rable 29 2 24 - 500 28.5

ml
bottles
62 Tarte au sucre 29 3 48 pies 49.3
63 Vegie-spread 7 2 15 - 625 43.9

g jars
64 Wimmers gute 12 5 20 bags 33.25

Semmelkndel x4
pieces
65 Louisiana Fiery Hot 2 2 32 - 8 oz 21.05

Pepper Sauce bottles
66 Louisiana Hot 2 2 24 - 8 oz 17
Spiced Okra jars
67 Laughing 16 1 24 - 12 14
Lumberjack Lager oz
bottles
68 Scottish 8 3 10 boxes 12.5

Longbreads x8
pieces
69 Gudbrandsdalsost 15 4 10 kg 36
pkg.
70 Outback Lager 7 1 24 - 355 15

ml
281
bottles
71 Fltemysost 15 4 10 - 500 21.5

g pkgs.
72 Mozzarella di 14 4 24 - 200 34.8

Giovanni g pkgs.
73 Rd Kaviar 17 8 24 - 150 15
g jars
74 Longlife Tofu 4 7 5 kg 10
pkg.
75 Rhnbru 12 1 24 - 0.5 l 7.75

Klosterbier bottles
76 Lakkalikri 23 1 500 ml 18
77 Original Frankfurter 12 2 12 boxes 13

grne Soe
SQL CREATE DATABASE Statement

The SQL CREATE DATABASE Statement
The CREATE DATABASE statement is used to create a new SQL

database.
Syntax
CREATE DATABASE databasename;
CREATE DATABASE Example
The following SQL statement creates a database called "testDB":
Example
CREATE DATABASE testDB;
Tip: Make sure you have admin privilege before creating any database.
Once a database is created, you can check it in the list of databases with
the following SQL command: SHOW DATABASES;
282
SQL DROP DATABASE Statement
The SQL DROP DATABASE Statement
The DROP DATABASE statement is used to drop an existing SQL

database.
Syntax
DROP DATABASE databasename;
Note: Be careful before dropping a database. Deleting a database will

result in loss of complete information stored in the database!
DROP DATABASE Example
The following SQL statement drops the existing database "testDB":
Example
DROP DATABASE testDB;
Tip: Make sure you have admin privilege before dropping any database.
Once a database is dropped, you can check it in the list of databases
with the following SQL command: SHOW DATABASES;
SQL CREATE TABLE Statement
The SQL CREATE TABLE Statement
The CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a new table in a

database.
Syntax
CREATE TABLE table_name (
column1 datatype,
column2 datatype,
column3 datatype,
....
);
The column parameters specify the names of the columns of the table.
283
The datatype parameter specifies the type of data the column can hold
(e.g. varchar, integer, date, etc.).
Tip: For an overview of the available data types, go to our

complete Data Types Reference.
SQL CREATE TABLE Example
The following example creates a table called "Persons" that contains five
columns: PersonID, LastName, FirstName, Address, and City:
Example
CREATE TABLE Persons (
PersonID int,
LastName varchar(255),
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255)
);
The PersonID column is of type int and will hold an integer.
The LastName, FirstName, Address, and City columns are of type

varchar and will hold characters, and the maximum length for these
fields is 255 characters.
The empty "Persons" table will now look like this:
PersonID LastName FirstName Address City
Tip: The empty "Persons" table can now be filled with data with the
SQL INSERT INTO statement.
284
Create Table Using Another Table
A copy of an existing table can be created using a combination of the

CREATE TABLE statement and the SELECT statement.
The new table gets the same column definitions. All columns or specific
columns can be selected.
If you create a new table using an existing table, the new table will be
filled with the existing values from the old table.
Syntax
CREATE TABLE new_table_name AS
SELECT column1, column2,...
FROM existing_table_name
WHERE ....;
SQL DROP TABLE Statement
The SQL DROP TABLE Statement
The DROP TABLE statement is used to drop an existing table in a

database.
Syntax
DROP TABLE table_name;
Note: Be careful before dropping a table. Deleting a table will result in

loss of complete information stored in the table!
SQL DROP TABLE Example
The following SQL statement drops the existing table "Shippers":
Example
SQL Statement:
DROP TABLE Shippers;
Run SQL
285
Result:
SQL TRUNCATE TABLE
The TRUNCATE TABLE statement is used to delete the data inside a

table, but not the table itself.
Syntax
TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;
SQL ALTER TABLE Statement
The ALTER TABLE statement is used to add, delete, or modify columns

in an existing table.
The ALTER TABLE statement is also used to add and drop various
constraints on an existing table.
ALTER TABLE - ADD Column
To add a column in a table, use the following syntax:
ALTER TABLE table_name

ADD column_name datatype;
ALTER TABLE - DROP COLUMN
To delete a column in a table, use the following syntax (notice that

some database systems don't allow deleting a column):

DROP COLUMN column_name;
ALTER TABLE - ALTER/MODIFY COLUMN
To change the data type of a column in a table, use the following

syntax:
286
SQL Server / MS Access:

ALTER COLUMN column_name datatype;
My SQL / Oracle (prior version 10G):

MODIFY COLUMN column_name datatype;
Oracle 10G and later:

MODIFY column_name datatype;
SQL ALTER TABLE Example
Look at the "Persons" table:
1 Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes
2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes
3 Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger
Now we want to add a column named "DateOfBirth" in the "Persons"

table.
We use the following SQL statement:
ALTER TABLE Persons

ADD DateOfBirth date;
287
Notice that the new column, "DateOfBirth", is of type date and is going
to hold a date. The data type specifies what type of data the column can
hold. For a complete reference of all the data types available in MS
Access, MySQL, and SQL Server, go to our complete Data Types
reference.
The "Persons" table will now look like this:
ID LastName FirstName Address City DateOfBirth
Change Data Type Example
Now we want to change the data type of the column named

"DateOfBirth" in the "Persons" table.
ALTER TABLE Persons

ALTER COLUMN DateOfBirth year;
Notice that the "DateOfBirth" column is now of type year and is going to
hold a year in a two- or four-digit format.
DROP COLUMN Example
Next, we want to delete the column named "DateOfBirth" in the

"Persons" table.
288
ALTER TABLE Persons

DROP COLUMN DateOfBirth;
The "Persons" table will now look like this:
SQL Constraints
SQL constraints are used to specify rules for data in a table.
SQL Create Constraints
Constraints can be specified when the table is created with the CREATE
TABLE statement, or after the table is created with the ALTER TABLE
statement.
Syntax
CREATE TABLE table_name (

column1 datatype constraint,
....
);
289
SQL Constraints
SQL constraints are used to specify rules for the data in a table.
Constraints are used to limit the type of data that can go into a table.
This ensures the accuracy and reliability of the data in the table. If there
is any violation between the constraint and the data action, the action is
aborted.
Constraints can be column level or table level. Column level constraints

apply to a column, and table level constraints apply to the whole table.
The following constraints are commonly used in SQL:
NOT NULL - Ensures that a column cannot have a NULL value

UNIQUE - Ensures that all values in a column are different
PRIMARY KEY - A combination of a NOT NULL and UNIQUE.
Uniquely identifies each row in a table
FOREIGN KEY - Uniquely identifies a row/record in another table
CHECK - Ensures that all values in a column satisfies a specific
condition
DEFAULT - Sets a default value for a column when no value is
specified
INDEX - Use to create and retrieve data from the database very
quickly
SQL NOT NULL Constraint
The NOT NULL constraint enforces a field to always contain a value.
SQL NOT NULL Constraint
By default, a column can hold NULL values. The NOT NULL constraint
enforces a column to NOT accept NULL values.
The NOT NULL constraint enforces a field to always contain a value. This
means that you cannot insert a new record, or update a record without
adding a value to this field.
The following SQL ensures that the "ID", "LastName", and "FirstName"
columns will NOT accept NULL values:
290
Example
SQL Statement:
ID int NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
Age int
);
Run SQL
Result:
Tip: If the table has already been created, you can add a NOT NULL
constraint to a column with the ALTER TABLE statement.
SQL UNIQUE Constraint
SQL UNIQUE Constraint
The UNIQUE constraint ensures that all values in a column are different.
Both the UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY constraints provide a guarantee for
uniqueness for a column or set of columns.
A PRIMARY KEY constraint automatically has a UNIQUE constraint.
However, you can have many UNIQUE constraints per table, but only
one PRIMARY KEY constraint per table.
SQL UNIQUE Constraint on CREATE TABLE
The following SQL creates a UNIQUE constraint on the "ID" column when
the "Persons" table is created:
SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:

ID int NOT NULL UNIQUE,
291
Age int
);
MySQL:

ID int NOT NULL,
Age int,
UNIQUE (ID)
);
To name a UNIQUE constraint, and to define a UNIQUE constraint on

multiple columns, use the following SQL syntax:
MySQL / SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:

ID int NOT NULL,
Age int,
CONSTRAINT UC_Person UNIQUE (ID,LastName)
);
SQL UNIQUE Constraint on ALTER TABLE
To create a UNIQUE constraint on the "ID" column when the table is

already created, use the following SQL:
ALTER TABLE Persons

ADD UNIQUE (ID);
To name a UNIQUE constraint, and to define a UNIQUE constraint on

multiple columns, use the following SQL syntax:
ALTER TABLE Persons

ADD CONSTRAINT UC_Person UNIQUE (ID,LastName);
292
DROP a UNIQUE Constraint
To drop a UNIQUE constraint, use the following SQL:
MySQL:
ALTER TABLE Persons

DROP INDEX UC_Person;
ALTER TABLE Persons

DROP CONSTRAINT UC_Person;
SQL PRIMARY KEY Constraint
SQL PRIMARY KEY Constraint
The PRIMARY KEY constraint uniquely identifies each record in a

database table.
Primary keys must contain UNIQUE values, and cannot contain NULL
values.
A table can have only one primary key, which may consist of single or
multiple fields.
SQL PRIMARY KEY on CREATE TABLE
The following SQL creates a PRIMARY KEY on the "ID" column when the
"Persons" table is created:
MySQL:

ID int NOT NULL,
Age int,
PRIMARY KEY (ID)
);
293

ID int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
Age int
);
To allow naming of a PRIMARY KEY constraint, and for defining a

PRIMARY KEY constraint on multiple columns, use the following SQL
syntax:

ID int NOT NULL,
Age int,
CONSTRAINT PK_Person PRIMARY KEY (ID,LastName)
);
Note: In the example above there is only ONE PRIMARY KEY

(PK_Person). However, the VALUE of the primary key is made up of
TWO COLUMNS (ID + LastName).
SQL PRIMARY KEY on ALTER TABLE
To create a PRIMARY KEY constraint on the "ID" column when the table
is already created, use the following SQL:
ALTER TABLE Persons

ADD PRIMARY KEY (ID);
To allow naming of a PRIMARY KEY constraint, and for defining a

PRIMARY KEY constraint on multiple columns, use the following SQL
syntax:
294
ALTER TABLE Persons

ADD CONSTRAINT PK_Person PRIMARY KEY (ID,LastName);
Note: If you use the ALTER TABLE statement to add a primary key, the
primary key column(s) must already have been declared to not contain
NULL values (when the table was first created).
DROP a PRIMARY KEY Constraint
To drop a PRIMARY KEY constraint, use the following SQL:
MySQL:
ALTER TABLE Persons

DROP PRIMARY KEY;
ALTER TABLE Persons

DROP CONSTRAINT PK_Person;
SQL FOREIGN KEY Constraint
SQL FOREIGN KEY Constraint
A FOREIGN KEY is a key used to link two tables together.
A FOREIGN KEY in a table points to a PRIMARY KEY in another table.
Look at the following two tables:
"Persons" table:
PersonID LastName FirstName Age
295
1 Hansen Ola 30
2 Svendson Tove 23
3 Pettersen Kari 20
"Orders" table:
OrderID OrderNumber PersonID
1 77895 3
2 44678 3
3 22456 2
4 24562 1
Notice that the "PersonID" column in the "Orders" table points to the
"PersonID" column in the "Persons" table.
The "PersonID" column in the "Persons" table is the PRIMARY KEY in the
"Persons" table.
The "PersonID" column in the "Orders" table is a FOREIGN KEY in the

"Orders" table.
296
The FOREIGN KEY constraint is used to prevent actions that would
destroy links between tables.
The FOREIGN KEY constraint also prevents invalid data from being
inserted into the foreign key column, because it has to be one of the
values contained in the table it points to.
SQL FOREIGN KEY on CREATE TABLE
The following SQL creates a FOREIGN KEY on the "PersonID" column

when the "Orders" table is created:
MySQL:
CREATE TABLE Orders (

OrderID int NOT NULL,
OrderNumber int NOT NULL,
PersonID int,
PRIMARY KEY (OrderID),
FOREIGN KEY (PersonID) REFERENCES Persons(PersonID)
);

OrderID int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
PersonID int FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES Persons(PersonID)
);
To allow naming of a FOREIGN KEY constraint, and for defining a

FOREIGN KEY constraint on multiple columns, use the following SQL
syntax:

OrderID int NOT NULL,
PersonID int,
PRIMARY KEY (OrderID),
CONSTRAINT FK_PersonOrder FOREIGN KEY (PersonID)
REFERENCES Persons(PersonID)
);
297
SQL FOREIGN KEY on ALTER TABLE
To create a FOREIGN KEY constraint on the "PersonID" column when the

"Orders" table is already created, use the following SQL:
ALTER TABLE Orders

ADD FOREIGN KEY (PersonID) REFERENCES Persons(PersonID);
To allow naming of a FOREIGN KEY constraint, and for defining a

FOREIGN KEY constraint on multiple columns, use the following SQL
syntax:
ALTER TABLE Orders

ADD CONSTRAINT FK_PersonOrder
FOREIGN KEY (PersonID) REFERENCES Persons(PersonID);
DROP a FOREIGN KEY Constraint
To drop a FOREIGN KEY constraint, use the following SQL:
MySQL:
ALTER TABLE Orders

DROP FOREIGN KEY FK_PersonOrder;
ALTER TABLE Orders

DROP CONSTRAINT FK_PersonOrder;
SQL CHECK Constraint
The CHECK constraint is used to limit the value range that can be placed
in a column.
If you define a CHECK constraint on a single column it allows only

certain values for this column.
298
If you define a CHECK constraint on a table it can limit the values in
certain columns based on values in other columns in the row.
SQL CHECK on CREATE TABLE
The following SQL creates a CHECK constraint on the "Age" column

when the "Persons" table is created. The CHECK constraint ensures that
you can not have any person below 18 years:
MySQL:

ID int NOT NULL,
Age int,
CHECK (Age>=18)
);

ID int NOT NULL,
Age int CHECK (Age>=18)
);
To allow naming of a CHECK constraint, and for defining a CHECK

constraint on multiple columns, use the following SQL syntax:

ID int NOT NULL,
Age int,
City varchar(255),
CONSTRAINT CHK_Person CHECK (Age>=18 AND City='Sandnes')
);
SQL CHECK on ALTER TABLE
299
To create a CHECK constraint on the "Age" column when the table is
ALTER TABLE Persons

ADD CHECK (Age>=18);
To allow naming of a CHECK constraint, and for defining a CHECK

constraint on multiple columns, use the following SQL syntax:
ALTER TABLE Persons

ADD CONSTRAINT CHK_PersonAge CHECK (Age>=18 AND City='Sandnes');
DROP a CHECK Constraint
To drop a CHECK constraint, use the following SQL:
ALTER TABLE Persons

DROP CONSTRAINT CHK_PersonAge;
SQL DEFAULT Constraint
The DEFAULT constraint is used to provide a default value for a column.
The default value will be added to all new records IF no other value is
specified.
SQL DEFAULT on CREATE TABLE
The following SQL sets a DEFAULT value for the "City" column when the
"Persons" table is created:
My SQL / SQL Server / Oracle / MS Access:

ID int NOT NULL,
300
Age int,
City varchar(255) DEFAULT 'Sandnes'
);
The DEFAULT constraint can also be used to insert system values, by

using functions like GETDATE():

ID int NOT NULL,
OrderDate date DEFAULT GETDATE()
);
SQL DEFAULT on ALTER TABLE
To create a DEFAULT constraint on the "City" column when the table is

MySQL:
ALTER TABLE Persons

ALTER City SET DEFAULT 'Sandnes';
SQL Server / MS Access:
ALTER TABLE Persons

ALTER COLUMN City SET DEFAULT 'Sandnes';
Oracle:
ALTER TABLE Persons

MODIFY City DEFAULT 'Sandnes';
DROP a DEFAULT Constraint
To drop a DEFAULT constraint, use the following SQL:
MySQL:
ALTER TABLE Persons

ALTER City DROP DEFAULT;
301
ALTER TABLE Persons

ALTER COLUMN City DROP DEFAULT;
SQL CREATE INDEX Statement
The CREATE INDEX statement is used to create indexes in tables.
Indexes are used to retrieve data from the database very fast. The
users cannot see the indexes, they are just used to speed up
searches/queries.
Note: Updating a table with indexes takes more time than updating a
table without (because the indexes also need an update). So, only
create indexes on columns that will be frequently searched against.
CREATE INDEX Syntax
Creates an index on a table. Duplicate values are allowed:
CREATE INDEX index_name

ON table_name (column1, column2, ...);
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX Syntax
Creates a unique index on a table. Duplicate values are not allowed:
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_name

ON table_name (column1, column2, ...);
Note: The syntax for creating indexes varies among different databases.
Therefore: Check the syntax for creating indexes in your database.
CREATE INDEX Example
The SQL statement below creates an index named "idx_lastname" on

the "LastName" column in the "Persons" table:
CREATE INDEX idx_lastname

ON Persons (LastName);
302
If you want to create an index on a combination of columns, you can list
the column names within the parentheses, separated by commas:
CREATE INDEX idx_pname

ON Persons (LastName, FirstName);
DROP INDEX Statement
The DROP INDEX statement is used to delete an index in a table.
MS Access:
DROP INDEX index_name ON table_name;
SQL Server:
DROP INDEX table_name.index_name;
DB2/Oracle:
DROP INDEX index_name;
MySQL:

DROP INDEX index_name;
SQL AUTO INCREMENT Field
AUTO INCREMENT Field
Auto-increment allows a unique number to be generated automatically

when a new record is inserted into a table.
Often this is the primary key field that we would like to be created
automatically every time a new record is inserted.
Syntax for MySQL
The following SQL statement defines the "ID" column to be an auto-

increment primary key field in the "Persons" table:
303
ID int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
Age int,
PRIMARY KEY (ID)
);
MySQL uses the AUTO_INCREMENT keyword to perform an auto-

increment feature.
By default, the starting value for AUTO_INCREMENT is 1, and it will

increment by 1 for each new record.
To let the AUTO_INCREMENT sequence start with another value, use the
following SQL statement:
ALTER TABLE Persons AUTO_INCREMENT=100;
To insert a new record into the "Persons" table, we will NOT have to
specify a value for the "ID" column (a unique value will be added
automatically):
INSERT INTO Persons (FirstName,LastName)

VALUES ('Lars','Monsen');
The SQL statement above would insert a new record into the "Persons"
table. The "ID" column would be assigned a unique value. The
"FirstName" column would be set to "Lars" and the "LastName" column
would be set to "Monsen".
Syntax for SQL Server


ID int IDENTITY(1,1) PRIMARY KEY,
Age int
);
304
The MS SQL Server uses the IDENTITY keyword to perform an auto-
increment feature.
In the example above, the starting value for IDENTITY is 1, and it will
Tip: To specify that the "ID" column should start at value 10 and
increment by 5, change it to IDENTITY(10,5).
automatically):

table. The "ID" column would be assigned a unique value. The
Syntax for Access


ID Integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
Age int
);
The MS Access uses the AUTOINCREMENT keyword to perform an auto-

increment feature.
By default, the starting value for AUTOINCREMENT is 1, and it will

Tip: To specify that the "ID" column should start at value 10 and
increment by 5, change the autoincrement to AUTOINCREMENT(10,5).
305
automatically):

table. The "P_Id" column would be assigned a unique value. The
Syntax for Oracle
In Oracle the code is a little bit more tricky.
You will have to create an auto-increment field with the sequence object
(this object generates a number sequence).
Use the following CREATE SEQUENCE syntax:
CREATE SEQUENCE seq_person

MINVALUE 1
START WITH 1
INCREMENT BY 1
CACHE 10;
The code above creates a sequence object called seq_person, that starts
with 1 and will increment by 1. It will also cache up to 10 values for
performance. The cache option specifies how many sequence values will
be stored in memory for faster access.
To insert a new record into the "Persons" table, we will have to use the
nextval function (this function retrieves the next value from seq_person
sequence):
INSERT INTO Persons (ID,FirstName,LastName)

VALUES (seq_person.nextval,'Lars','Monsen');
table. The "ID" column would be assigned the next number from the
seq_person sequence. The "FirstName" column would be set to "Lars"
and the "LastName" column would be set to "Monsen".
306
SQL Views
SQL CREATE VIEW Statement
In SQL, a view is a virtual table based on the result-set of an SQL

statement.
A view contains rows and columns, just like a real table. The fields in a
view are fields from one or more real tables in the database.
You can add SQL functions, WHERE, and JOIN statements to a view and
present the data as if the data were coming from one single table.
CREATE VIEW Syntax

CREATE VIEW view_name AS
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Note: A view always shows up-to-date data! The database engine

recreates the data, using the view's SQL statement, every time a user
queries a view.
SQL CREATE VIEW Examples
If you have the Northwind database you can see that it has several
views installed by default.
The view "Current Product List" lists all active products (products that
are not discontinued) from the "Products" table. The view is created with
the following SQL:
CREATE VIEW [Current Product List] AS

SELECT ProductID, ProductName
FROM Products
WHERE Discontinued = No;
Then, we can query the view as follows:
SELECT * FROM [Current Product List];
307
Another view in the Northwind sample database selects every product in
the "Products" table with a unit price higher than the average unit price:
CREATE VIEW [Products Above Average Price] AS

SELECT ProductName, UnitPrice
FROM Products
WHERE UnitPrice > (SELECT AVG(UnitPrice) FROM Products);
We can query the view above as follows:
SELECT * FROM [Products Above Average Price];
Another view in the Northwind database calculates the total sale for
each category in 1997. Note that this view selects its data from another
view called "Product Sales for 1997":
CREATE VIEW [Category Sales For 1997] AS

SELECT DISTINCT CategoryName, Sum(ProductSales) AS CategorySales
FROM [Product Sales for 1997]
GROUP BY CategoryName;
We can query the view above as follows:
SELECT * FROM [Category Sales For 1997];
We can also add a condition to the query. Let's see the total sale only
for the category "Beverages":
SELECT * FROM [Category Sales For 1997]

WHERE CategoryName = 'Beverages';
SQL Updating a View
You can update a view by using the following syntax:
SQL CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW Syntax

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW view_name AS
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Now we want to add the "Category" column to the "Current Product List"
view. We will update the view with the following SQL:
308
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW [Current Product List] AS
SELECT ProductID, ProductName, Category
FROM Products
WHERE Discontinued = No;
SQL Dropping a View
You can delete a view with the DROP VIEW command.
SQL DROP VIEW Syntax

DROP VIEW view_name;
SQL Injection
An SQL Injection can destroy your database.
SQL in Web Pages
In the previous chapters, you have learned to retrieve (and update)

database data, using SQL.
When SQL is used to display data on a web page, it is common to let

web users input their own search values.
Since SQL statements are text only, it is easy, with a little piece of
computer code, to dynamically change SQL statements to provide the
user with selected data:
Server Code
txtUserId = getRequestString("UserId");
txtSQL = "SELECT * FROM Users WHERE UserId = " + txtUserId;
The example above, creates a select statement by adding a variable

(txtUserId) to a select string. The variable is fetched from the user input
(Request) to the page.
The rest of this chapter describes the potential dangers of using user
input in SQL statements
SQL Injection
309
SQL injection is a technique where malicious users can inject SQL
commands into an SQL statement, via web page input.
Injected SQL commands can alter SQL statement and compromise the
security of a web application.
SQL Injection Based on 1=1 is Always True
Look at the example above, one more time.
Let's say that the original purpose of the code was to create an SQL
statement to select a user with a given user id.
If there is nothing to prevent a user from entering "wrong" input, the

user can enter some "smart" input like this:
UserId:
105 or 1=1
Server Result
SELECT * FROM Users WHERE UserId = 105 or 1=1;
The SQL above is valid. It will return all rows from the table Users,
since WHERE 1=1 is always true.
Does the example above seem dangerous? What if the Users table
contains names and passwords?
The SQL statement above is much the same as this:
SELECT UserId, Name, Password FROM Users WHERE UserId

= 105 or 1=1;
A smart hacker might get access to all the user names and passwords in
a database by simply inserting 105 or 1=1 into the input box.
SQL Injection Based on ""="" is Always True
Here is a common construction, used to verify user login to a web site:
User Name:
John Doe
310
Password:
myPass
Server Code
uName = getRequestString("UserName");
uPass = getRequestString("UserPass");
sql = 'SELECT * FROM Users WHERE Name ="' + uName + '" AND Pass
="' + uPass + '"'
Result
SELECT * FROM Users WHERE Name ="John Doe" AND Pass ="myPass"
A smart hacker might get access to user names and passwords in a

database by simply inserting " or ""=" into the user name or password
text box:
User Name:
Password:
The code at the server will create a valid SQL statement like this:
Result
SELECT * FROM Users WHERE Name ="" or ""="" AND Pass ="" or ""=""
The result SQL is valid. It will return all rows from the table Users,
since WHERE ""="" is always true.
SQL Injection Based on Batched SQL Statements
Most databases support batched SQL statement, separated by

semicolon.
Example
SELECT * FROM Users; DROP TABLE Suppliers
The SQL above will return all rows in the Users table, and then delete
the table called Suppliers.
311
If we had the following server code:
Server Code
txtSQL = "SELECT * FROM Users WHERE UserId = " + txtUserId;
And the following input:
User id:
105; DROP
The code at the server would create a valid SQL statement like this:
Result
SELECT * FROM Users WHERE UserId = 105; DROP TABLE Suppliers
Parameters for Protection
Some web developers use a "blacklist" of words or characters to search

for in SQL input, to prevent SQL injection attacks.
This is not a very good idea. Many of these words (like delete or drop)
and characters (like semicolons and quotation marks), are used in
common language, and should be allowed in many types of input.
(In fact it should be perfectly legal to input an SQL statement in a

database field.)
The only proven way to protect a web site from SQL injection attacks, is
to use SQL parameters.
SQL parameters are values that are added to an SQL query at execution
time, in a controlled manner.
ASP.NET Razor Example

txtSQL = "SELECT * FROM Users WHERE UserId = @0";
db.Execute(txtSQL,txtUserId);
Note that parameters are represented in the SQL statement by a @

marker.
312
The SQL engine checks each parameter to ensure that it is correct for its
column and are treated literally, and not as part of the SQL to be
executed.
Another Example
txtNam = getRequestString("CustomerName");
txtAdd = getRequestString("Address");
txtCit = getRequestString("City");
txtSQL = "INSERT INTO Customers (CustomerName,Address,City)
Values(@0,@1,@2)";
db.Execute(txtSQL,txtNam,txtAdd,txtCit);
You have just learned to avoid SQL injection. One of the top website
vulnerabilities.
Examples
The following examples shows how to build parameterized queries in

some common web languages.
SELECT STATEMENT IN ASP.NET:
sql = "SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE CustomerId = @0";
command = new SqlCommand(sql);
command.Parameters.AddWithValue("@0",txtUserID);
command.ExecuteReader();
INSERT INTO STATEMENT IN ASP.NET:
txtNam = getRequestString("CustomerName");
txtAdd = getRequestString("Address");
txtCit = getRequestString("City");
txtSQL = "INSERT INTO Customers (CustomerName,Address,City)
Values(@0,@1,@2)";
command = new SqlCommand(txtSQL);
command.Parameters.AddWithValue("@0",txtNam);
command.Parameters.AddWithValue("@1",txtAdd);
command.Parameters.AddWithValue("@2",txtCit);
command.ExecuteNonQuery();
INSERT INTO STATEMENT IN PHP:
$stmt = $dbh->prepare("INSERT INTO Customers

(CustomerName,Address,City)
313
VALUES (:nam, :add, :cit)");
$stmt->bindParam(':nam', $txtNam);
$stmt->bindParam(':add', $txtAdd);
$stmt->bindParam(':cit', $txtCit);
$stmt->execute();
SQL Hosting
If you want your web site to be able to store and retrieve data from a
database, your web server should have access to a database-system
that uses the SQL language.
If your web server is hosted by an Internet Service Provider (ISP), you

will have to look for SQL hosting plans.
The most common SQL hosting databases are MS SQL Server, Oracle,
MySQL, and MS Access.
MS SQL Server
Microsoft's SQL Server is a popular database software for database-

driven web sites with high traffic.
SQL Server is a very powerful, robust and full featured SQL database
system.
Oracle
Oracle is also a popular database software for database-driven web sites

with high traffic.
Oracle is a very powerful, robust and full featured SQL database system.
MySQL
MySQL is also a popular database software for web sites.
314
MySQL is a very powerful, robust and full featured SQL database
system.
MySQL is an inexpensive alternative to the expensive Microsoft and

Oracle solutions.
Access
When a web site requires only a simple database, Microsoft Access can
be a solution.
Access is not well suited for very high-traffic, and not as powerful as
MySQL, SQL Server, or Oracle
SQL Functions
SQL has many built-in functions for performing calculations on data.
SQL Aggregate Functions
SQL aggregate functions return a single value, calculated from values in

a column.
Function Description
AVG() Returns the average value
COUNT() Returns the number of rows
FIRST() Returns the first value
315
LAST() Returns the last value
MAX() Returns the largest value
MIN() Returns the smallest value
ROUND() Rounds a numeric field to the number of decimals specified
SUM() Returns the sum
SQL String Functions
CHARINDEX Searches an expression in a string expression and returns its starting

position if found
CONCAT()
LEFT()
LEN() / LENGTH() Returns the length of the value in a text field
316
LOWER() / Converts character data to lower case
LCASE()
LTRIM()
SUBSTRING() / Extract characters from a text field

MID()
PATINDEX()
REPLACE()
RIGHT()
RTRIM()
UPPER() / Converts character data to upper case

UCASE()
SQL Date Functions

MySQL Date Functions
The following table lists the most important built-in date functions in
MySQL:
317
NOW() Returns the current date and time
CURDATE() Returns the current date
CURTIME() Returns the current time
DATE() Extracts the date part of a date or date/time

expression
EXTRACT() Returns a single part of a date/time
DATE_ADD() Adds a specified time interval to a date
DATE_SUB() Subtracts a specified time interval from a date
DATEDIFF() Returns the number of days between two dates
DATE_FORMAT() Displays date/time data in different formats
SQL Server Date Functions
The following table lists the most important built-in date functions in
SQL Server:
318
GETDATE() Returns the current date and time
DATEPART() Returns a single part of a date/time
DATEADD() Adds or subtracts a specified time interval from a date
DATEDIFF() Returns the time between two dates
CONVERT() Displays date/time data in different formats
SQL Date and Time Data Types and Functions
FORMAT() Formats how a field is to be displayed
NOW() Returns the current system date and time
SQL Dates
The most difficult part when working with dates is to be sure that the
format of the date you are trying to insert, matches the format of the
date column in the database.
319
As long as your data contains only the date portion, your queries will
work as expected. However, if a time portion is involved, it gets more
complicated.
SQL Date Data Types
MySQL comes with the following data types for storing a date or a
date/time value in the database:
DATE - format YYYY-MM-DD

DATETIME - format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS
TIMESTAMP - format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS
YEAR - format YYYY or YY
SQL Server comes with the following data types for storing a date or a
date/time value in the database:
DATE - format YYYY-MM-DD

DATETIME - format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS
SMALLDATETIME - format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS
TIMESTAMP - format: a unique number
Note: The date types are chosen for a column when you create a new
table in your database!
For an overview of all data types available, go to our complete Data

Types reference.
SQL Working with Dates
You can compare two dates easily if there is no time component

involved!
Assume we have the following "Orders" table:
OrderId ProductName OrderDate
320
1 Geitost 2008-11-11
2 Camembert Pierrot 2008-11-09
3 Mozzarella di Giovanni 2008-11-11
4 Mascarpone Fabioli 2008-10-29
Now we want to select the records with an OrderDate of "2008-11-11"

from the table above.
We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT * FROM Orders WHERE OrderDate='2008-11-11'
1 Geitost 2008-11-11
3 Mozzarella di Giovanni 2008-11-11
Now, assume that the "Orders" table looks like this (notice the time
component in the "OrderDate" column):
321
1 Geitost 2008-11-11 13:23:44
2 Camembert Pierrot 2008-11-09 15:45:21
3 Mozzarella di Giovanni 2008-11-11 11:12:01
4 Mascarpone Fabioli 2008-10-29 14:56:59
If we use the same SELECT statement as above:
SELECT * FROM Orders WHERE OrderDate='2008-11-11'
we will get no result! This is because the query is looking only for dates
with no time portion.
Tip: If you want to keep your queries simple and easy to maintain, do
not allow time components in your dates!
SQL NULL Functions

SQL ISNULL(), NVL(), IFNULL() and COALESCE() Functions
Look at the following "Products" table:
P_Id ProductName UnitPrice UnitsInStock UnitsOnOrder
322
1 Jarlsberg 10.45 16 15
2 Mascarpone 32.56 23
3 Gorgonzola 15.67 9 20
Suppose that the "UnitsOnOrder" column is optional, and may contain

NULL values.
We have the following SELECT statement:
SELECT ProductName,UnitPrice*(UnitsInStock+UnitsOnOrder)
FROM Products
In the example above, if any of the "UnitsOnOrder" values are NULL, the
result is NULL.
Microsoft's ISNULL() function is used to specify how we want to treat

NULL values.
The NVL(), IFNULL(), and COALESCE() functions can also be used to

achieve the same result.
In this case we want NULL values to be zero.
Below, if "UnitsOnOrder" is NULL it will not harm the calculation,

because ISNULL() returns a zero if the value is NULL:
MS Access
SELECT ProductName,UnitPrice*(UnitsInStock+IIF(ISNULL(UnitsOnOrder
),0,UnitsOnOrder))
FROM Products
SQL Server
SELECT ProductName,UnitPrice*(UnitsInStock+ISNULL(UnitsOnOrder,0))
FROM Products
323
Oracle
Oracle does not have an ISNULL() function. However, we can use the
NVL() function to achieve the same result:
SELECT ProductName,UnitPrice*(UnitsInStock+NVL(UnitsOnOrder,0))
FROM Products
MySQL
MySQL does have an ISNULL() function. However, it works a little bit

different from Microsoft's ISNULL() function.
In MySQL we can use the IFNULL() function, like this:
SELECT ProductName,UnitPrice*(UnitsInStock+IFNULL(UnitsOnOrder,0))
FROM Products
or we can use the COALESCE() function, like this:
SELECT ProductName,UnitPrice*(UnitsInStock+COALESCE(UnitsOnOrder,0
))
FROM Products
SQL Operators
SQL Arithmetic Operators
Operator Description Example
30 +
+ Add 20
50
30 -
- Subtract 20
10
324
30 *
* Multiply 20
600
Number of
/ Divide Records: 1
30 /
10
17 %
% Modulo 5
SQL Bitwise Operators
& Bitwise AND
| Bitwise OR
^ Bitwise exclusive OR
SQL Comparison Operators
O De Example
pe scr
ra ipti
to
325
r on
= Equ
al ProductI ProductNa SupplierI CategoryI Unit Pric
D me D D e
to
1 Chais 1 1 10 18
boxes
x 20
bags
35 Steeleye 16 1 24 - 18
Stout 12 oz
bottle
s
39 Chartreuse 18 1 750 18
verte cc
per
bottle
76 Lakkalikri 23 1 500 18
ml
Product ProductNam Supplier Category Unit Price

> Gre ID e ID ID
ate
r 8 Northwoods 3 2 12 - 40
tha Cranberry 12 oz
n Sauce jars
9 Mishi Kobe 4 6 18 - 97
Niku 500 g
pkgs.
10 Ikura 4 8 12 - 31
200
ml
jars
12 Queso 5 4 10 - 38
Manchego La 500 g
Pastora pkgs.
17 Alice Mutton 7 6 20 - 1 39
kg
326
tins
18 Carnarvon 7 8 16 kg 62.5
Tigers pkg.
20 Sir Rodney's 8 3 30 81
Marmalade gift
boxes
26 Gumbr 11 3 100 - 31.23

Gummibrche 250 g
n bags
27 Schoggi 11 3 100 - 43.9

Schokolade 100 g
piece
s
28 Rssle 12 7 25 - 45.6
Sauerkraut 825 g
cans
29 Thringer 12 6 50 123.7
Rostbratwurst bags 9
x 30
sausg
s.
32 Mascarpone 14 4 24 - 32
Fabioli 200 g
pkgs.
38 Cte de Blaye 18 1 12 - 263.5

75 cl
bottle
s
43 Ipoh Coffee 20 1 16 - 46
500 g
tins
51 Manjimup 24 7 50 - 53
Dried Apples 300 g
pkgs.

piece
s
327
56 Gnocchi di 26 5 24 - 38
nonna Alice 250 g
pkgs.
Courdavault pkg.
60 Camembert 28 4 15 - 34
Pierrot 300 g
round
s
62 Tarte au sucre 29 3 48 49.3

pies
63 Vegie-spread 7 2 15 - 43.9
625 g
jars
64 Wimmers gute 12 5 20 33.25

Semmelknde bags
l x4
piece
s
69 Gudbrandsdal 15 4 10 kg 36
sost pkg.
72 Mozzarella di 14 4 24 - 34.8
Giovanni 200 g
pkgs.
ProductID ProductName
< Les
s 1 Chais
tha
n 2 Chang
3 Aniseed Syrup
4 Chef Anton's Cajun Seasoning
5 Chef Anton's Gumbo Mix
6 Grandma's Boysenberry Spread
11 Queso Cabrales
328
13 Konbu
14 Tofu
15 Genen Shouyu
16 Pavlova
19 Teatime Chocolate Biscuits
21 Sir Rodney's Scones
22 Gustaf's Knckebrd
23 Tunnbrd
24 Guaran Fantstica
25 NuNuCa Nu-Nougat-Creme
30 Nord-Ost Matjeshering
31 Gorgonzola Telino
33 Geitost
34 Sasquatch Ale
35 Steeleye Stout
36 Inlagd Sill
37 Gravad lax
39 Chartreuse verte
40 Boston Crab Meat
41 Jack's New England Clam Chowder
42 Singaporean Hokkien Fried Mee
44 Gula Malacca
45 Rgede sild
46 Spegesild
47 Zaanse koeken
329
48 Chocolade
49 Maxilaku
50 Valkoinen suklaa
52 Filo Mix
54 Tourtire
55 Pt chinois
57 Ravioli Angelo
58 Escargots de Bourgogne
61 Sirop d'rable
65 Louisiana Fiery Hot Pepper Sauce
66 Louisiana Hot Spiced Okra
67 Laughing Lumberjack Lager
68 Scottish Longbreads
70 Outback Lager
71 Fltemysost
73 Rd Kaviar
74 Longlife Tofu
75 Rhnbru Klosterbier
76 Lakkalikri
77 Original Frankfurter grne Soe
> Gre
= ate 7 Uncle Bob's Organic Dried Pears
r
tha 8 Northwoods Cranberry Sauce
n
9 Mishi Kobe Niku
or
equ 10 Ikura
330
al 12 Queso Manchego La Pastora
to
17 Alice Mutton
18 Carnarvon Tigers
20 Sir Rodney's Marmalade
26 Gumbr Gummibrchen
27 Schoggi Schokolade
28 Rssle Sauerkraut
29 Thringer Rostbratwurst
32 Mascarpone Fabioli
38 Cte de Blaye
43 Ipoh Coffee
51 Manjimup Dried Apples
53 Perth Pasties
56 Gnocchi di nonna Alice
59 Raclette Courdavault
60 Camembert Pierrot
62 Tarte au sucre
63 Vegie-spread
64 Wimmers gute Semmelkndel
69 Gudbrandsdalsost
72 Mozzarella di Giovanni
< Les
= s 1 Chais
tha
n 2 Chang
or
3 Aniseed Syrup
equ
331
al 4 Chef Anton's Cajun Seasoning
to
7 Uncle Bob's Organic Dried Pears
11 Queso Cabrales
13 Konbu
14 Tofu
15 Genen Shouyu
16 Pavlova
23 Tunnbrd
24 Guaran Fantstica
33 Geitost
34 Sasquatch Ale
35 Steeleye Stout
36 Inlagd Sill
37 Gravad lax
39 Chartreuse verte
40 Boston Crab Meat
332
44 Gula Malacca
45 Rgede sild
46 Spegesild
47 Zaanse koeken
48 Chocolade
49 Maxilaku
50 Valkoinen suklaa
52 Filo Mix
54 Tourtire
55 Pt chinois
57 Ravioli Angelo
61 Sirop d'rable
70 Outback Lager
71 Fltemysost
73 Rd Kaviar
74 Longlife Tofu
76 Lakkalikri
333
< Not
> equ 2 Chang
al
to 3 Aniseed Syrup
4 Chef Anton's Cajun Seasoning
7 Uncle Bob's Organic Dried Pears
8 Northwoods Cranberry Sauce
9 Mishi Kobe Niku
10 Ikura
11 Queso Cabrales
12 Queso Manchego La Pastora
13 Konbu
14 Tofu
15 Genen Shouyu
16 Pavlova
17 Alice Mutton
18 Carnarvon Tigers
20 Sir Rodney's Marmalade
23 Tunnbrd
24 Guaran Fantstica
334
26 Gumbr Gummibrchen
27 Schoggi Schokolade
28 Rssle Sauerkraut
29 Thringer Rostbratwurst
32 Mascarpone Fabioli
33 Geitost
34 Sasquatch Ale
36 Inlagd Sill
37 Gravad lax
38 Cte de Blaye
40 Boston Crab Meat
43 Ipoh Coffee
44 Gula Malacca
45 Rgede sild
46 Spegesild
47 Zaanse koeken
48 Chocolade
49 Maxilaku
50 Valkoinen suklaa
51 Manjimup Dried Apples
52 Filo Mix
335
53 Perth Pasties
54 Tourtire
55 Pt chinois
56 Gnocchi di nonna Alice
57 Ravioli Angelo
59 Raclette Courdavault
60 Camembert Pierrot
61 Sirop d'rable
62 Tarte au sucre
63 Vegie-spread
64 Wimmers gute Semmelkndel
69 Gudbrandsdalsost
70 Outback Lager
71 Fltemysost
72 Mozzarella di Giovanni
73 Rd Kaviar
74 Longlife Tofu
336
SQL Compound Operators
+= Add equals
-= Subtract equals
*= Multiply equals
/= Divide equals
%= Modulo equals
&= Bitwise AND equals
^-= Bitwise exclusive equals
|*= Bitwise OR equals
337
SQL Logical Operators
Ope Desc Example

rato ripti
r on
ALL TRUE No result.

if all
of a
set of
comp
ariso
ns
are
TRUE
AND TRUE
if Custo Custome Contac Addres Cit Postal Cou
merID rName tName s y Code ntry
both
expre 4 Around Thomas 120 Lon WA1 UK
ssion the Horn Hardy Hanove don 1DP
s are r Sq.
TRUE
11 B's Victoria Fauntle Lon EC2 UK
Beverage Ashwort roy don 5NT
s h Circus
16 Consolida Elizabet Berkele Lon WX1 UK

ted h Brown y don 6LT
Holdings Garden
s 12
Brewer
y
19 Eastern Ann 35 King Lon WX3 UK

Connecti Devon George don 6FW
on
53 North/So Simon South Lon SW7 UK

uth Crowthe House don 1RZ
r 300
338
Queens
bridge
72 Seven Hari 90 Lon OX15 UK

Seas Kumar Wadhur don 4NB
Imports st Rd.
Error
ANY TRUE
if any
one
of a
set of
comp
ariso
ns
are
TRUE
Product ProductNa Supplier Category Uni Pric

BET TRUE ID me ID ID t e
WEE if the
N opera 51 Manjimup 24 7 50 - 53
nd is Dried Apples 300
withi g
pkg
n the s.
range
of 59 Raclette 28 4 5 kg 55
comp Courdavault pkg.
ariso
ns
Product ProductNa Supplie Categor Unit Pric

EXI TRUE ID me rID yID e
STS if a
subq 1 Chais 1 1 10 18
uery boxe
conta sx
20
ins bags
any
2 Chang 1 1 24 - 19
339
rows 12 oz
bottl
es
3 Aniseed 1 2 12 - 10
Syrup 550
ml
bottl
es
4 Chef Anton's 2 2 48 - 22
Cajun 6 oz
Seasoning jars
5 Chef Anton's 2 2 36 21.3

Gumbo Mix boxe 5
s
6 Grandma's 3 2 12 - 25
Boysenberry 8 oz
Spread jars
7 Uncle Bob's 3 7 12 - 30
Organic 1 lb
Dried Pears pkgs.
8 Northwoods 3 2 12 - 40
Cranberry 12 oz
Sauce jars
9 Mishi Kobe 4 6 18 - 97
Niku 500
g
pkgs.
10 Ikura 4 8 12 - 31
200
ml
jars
11 Queso 5 4 1 kg 21
Cabrales pkg.
12 Queso 5 4 10 - 38
Manchego La 500
Pastora g
pkgs.
13 Konbu 6 8 2 kg 6
340
box
14 Tofu 6 7 40 - 23.2
100 5
g
pkgs.
15 Genen 6 2 24 - 15.5
Shouyu 250
ml
bottl
es
16 Pavlova 7 3 32 - 17.4
500 5
g
boxe
s
17 Alice Mutton 7 6 20 - 39
1 kg
tins
18 Carnarvon 7 8 16 kg 62.5
Tigers pkg.
19 Teatime 8 3 10 9.2
Chocolate boxe
Biscuits sx
12
piece
s
Marmalade gift
boxe
s
Scones pkgs.
x4
piece
s
22 Gustaf's 9 5 24 - 21
Knckebrd 500
g
pkgs.
341
23 Tunnbrd 9 5 12 - 9
250
g
pkgs.
24 Guaran 10 1 12 - 4.5
Fantstica 355
ml
cans
25 NuNuCa 11 3 20 - 14
Nu-Nougat- 450
Creme g
glass
es
26 Gumbr 11 3 100 - 31.2

Gummibrch 250 3
en g
bags
27 Schoggi 11 3 100 - 43.9

Schokolade 100
g
piece
s
28 Rssle 12 7 25 - 45.6
Sauerkraut 825
g
cans
29 Thringer 12 6 50 123.
Rostbratwurs bags 79
t x 30
saus
gs.
30 Nord-Ost 13 8 10 - 25.8
Matjeshering 200 9
g
glass
es
31 Gorgonzola 14 4 12 - 12.5
Telino 100
g
pkgs
342
32 Mascarpone 14 4 24 - 32
Fabioli 200
g
pkgs.
33 Geitost 15 4 500 2.5

g
34 Sasquatch 16 1 24 - 14
Ale 12 oz
bottl
es
35 Steeleye 16 1 24 - 18
Stout 12 oz
bottl
es
36 Inlagd Sill 17 8 24 - 19
250
g jars
37 Gravad lax 17 8 12 - 26
500
g
pkgs.
38 Cte de 18 1 12 - 263.
Blaye 75 cl 5
bottl
es
39 Chartreuse 18 1 750 18
verte cc
per
bottl
e
40 Boston Crab 19 8 24 - 18.4

Meat 4 oz
tins
41 Jack's New 19 8 12 - 9.65

England 12 oz
Clam cans
Chowder
42 Singaporean 20 5 32 - 14
Hokkien 1 kg
343
Fried Mee pkgs.
43 Ipoh Coffee 20 1 16 - 46
500
g tins
44 Gula Malacca 20 2 20 - 19.4

2 kg 5
bags
45 Rgede sild 21 8 1k 9.5

pkg.
46 Spegesild 21 8 4- 12
450
g
glass
es
47 Zaanse 22 3 10 - 9.5
koeken 4 oz
boxe
s
48 Chocolade 22 3 10 12.7
pkgs. 5
49 Maxilaku 23 3 24 - 20
50 g
pkgs.
50 Valkoinen 23 3 12 - 16.2
suklaa 100 5
g
bars
51 Manjimup 24 7 50 - 53
Dried Apples 300
g
pkgs.
52 Filo Mix 24 5 16 - 7
2 kg
boxe
s

piece
s
344
54 Tourtire 25 6 16 7.45
pies
55 Pt chinois 25 6 24 24
boxe
sx2
pies
56 Gnocchi di 26 5 24 - 38
nonna Alice 250
g
pkgs.
57 Ravioli 26 5 24 - 19.5
Angelo 250
g
pkgs.
58 Escargots de 27 8 24 13.2
Bourgogne piece 5
s
Courdavault pkg.
60 Camembert 28 4 15 - 34
Pierrot 300
g
roun
ds
61 Sirop 29 2 24 - 28.5
d'rable 500
ml
bottl
es
62 Tarte au 29 3 48 49.3
sucre pies
63 Vegie-spread 7 2 15 - 43.9
625
g jars
64 Wimmers 12 5 20 33.2
gute bags 5
Semmelknd x4
el piece
s
345
65 Louisiana 2 2 32 - 21.0
Fiery Hot 8 oz 5
Pepper bottl
Sauce es
66 Louisiana Hot 2 2 24 - 17
Spiced Okra 8 oz
jars
67 Laughing 16 1 24 - 14
Lumberjack 12 oz
Lager bottl
es
68 Scottish 8 3 10 12.5
Longbreads boxe
sx8
piece
s
69 Gudbrandsda 15 4 10 kg 36
lsost pkg.
70 Outback 7 1 24 - 15
Lager 355
ml
bottl
es
71 Fltemysost 15 4 10 - 21.5
500
g
pkgs.
72 Mozzarella di 14 4 24 - 34.8
Giovanni 200
g
pkgs.
73 Rd Kaviar 17 8 24 - 15
150
g jars
74 Longlife Tofu 4 7 5 kg 10
pkg.
75 Rhnbru 12 1 24 - 7.75
Klosterbier 0.5 l
bottl
346
es
76 Lakkalikri 23 1 500 18
ml
77 Original 12 2 12 13
Frankfurter boxe
grne Soe s
Custo Custome Contac Addres Cit Postal Cou

IN TRUE merID rName tName s y Code ntry
if the
opera 4 Around Thomas 120 Lon WA1 UK
nd is the Horn Hardy Hanove don 1DP
equal r Sq.
to 11 B's Victoria Fauntle Lon EC2 UK
one Beverage Ashwort roy don 5NT
of a s h Circus
list of
expre 16 Consolida Elizabet Berkele Lon WX1 UK
ssion ted h Brown y don 6LT
Holdings Garden
s
s 12
Brewer
y
19 Eastern Ann 35 King Lon WX3 UK

Connecti Devon George don 6FW
on
53 North/So Simon South Lon SW7 UK

uth Crowthe House don 1RZ
r 300
Queens
bridge
57 Paris Marie 265, Pari 75012 Fran

spcialit Bertran bouleva s ce
s d rd
Charon
ne
72 Seven Hari 90 Lon OX15 UK

Seas Kumar Wadhur don 4NB
Imports st Rd.
74 Spcialit Dominiq 25, rue Pari 75016 Fran
347
s du ue Laurist s ce
monde Perrier on
109 Aux null null Pari null Fran

joyeux s ce
ecclsiast
iques

joyeux s ce
ecclsiast
iques

joyeux s ce
ecclsiast
iques
196 Aux Guylne 203, Pari 75004 Fran

joyeux Nodier Rue s ce
ecclsiast des
iques Francs-
Bourge
ois

joyeux s ce
ecclsiast
iques
260 Aux Guylne 203, Pari 75004 Fran

joyeux Nodier Rue s ce
ecclsiast des
iques Francs-
Bourge
ois
Custo Custom Contac Addre City Posta Cou

LIKE TRUE merID erName tName ss lCode ntry
if the
opera 7 Blondel Frdri 24, Stras 67000 Fran
nd pre et que place bourg ce
matc fils Citeaux Klber
hes a 15 Comrci Pedro Av. dos So 05432 Brazi
patte o Mineiro Afonso Lusada Paulo -043 l
rn s, 23
348
21 Familia Aria Rua So 05442 Brazi
Arquibal Cruz Ors, Paulo -030 l
do 92
30 Godos Jos C/ Sevill 41101 Spai

Cocina Pedro Romer a n
Tpica Freyre o, 33
35 HILARI Carlos Carrera San 5022 Vene

N- Hernn 22 con Crist zuela
Abastos dez Ave. bal
Carlos
Soublet
te #8-
35
45 Let's Jaime 87 Polk San 94117 USA

Stop N Yorres St. Franc
Shop Suite 5 isco
59 Piccolo Georg Geislw Salzb 5020 Austr

und Pipps eg 14 urg ia
mehr
62 Queen Lcia Alamed So 05487 Brazi

Cozinha Carvalh a dos Paulo -020 l
o Canri
os, 891
70 Sant Jonas Erling Stave 4110 Norw

Gourmet Bergulf Skakke rn ay
sen s gate
78
81 Tradio Anabela Av. So 05634 Brazi

Hiperme Doming Ins de Paulo -030 l
rcados ues Castro,
414
86 Die Rita Adenau Stutt 70563 Ger

Wandern Mller erallee gart man
de Kuh 900 y
89 White Karl 305 - Seattl 98128 USA

Clover Jablons 14th e
Markets ki Ave. S.
Suite
3B
349
101 Refresco null null So null Brazi
s Paulo l
America
nas
LTDA
106 Norske null null Sand null Norw

Meierier vika ay
108 Svensk null null Stock null Swed

Sjfda holm en
AB
111 Leka null null Singa null Sing

Trading pore apor
e
115 G'day, null null Sydn null Austr

Mate ey alia
117 Pasta null null Saler null Italy

Buttini no
s.r.l.
120 Forts null null Ste- null Cana

d'rables Hyaci da
nthe

s Paulo l
America
nas
LTDA

Meierier vika ay

Sjfda holm en
AB

Trading pore apor
e

Mate ey alia
350
Buttini no
s.r.l.

d'rables Hyaci da
nthe

s Paulo l
America
nas
LTDA

Meierier vika ay

Sjfda holm en
AB

Trading pore apor
e

Mate ey alia

Buttini no
s.r.l.

d'rables Hyaci da
nthe
188 Refresco Carlos Av. das So 5442 Brazi

s Diaz Americ Paulo l
America anas
nas 12.890
LTDA
193 Norske Beate Hatleve Sand 1320 Norw

Meierier Vileid gen 5 vika ay
195 Svensk Michael Brovall Stock S-123 Swed

Sjfda Bjrn avgen holm 45 en
AB 231
198 Leka Chandr 471 Singa 0512 Sing
351
Trading a Leka Serang pore apor
oon e
Loop,
Suite
#402
202 G'day, Wendy 170 Sydn 2042 Austr

Mate Macken Prince ey alia
zie Edward
Parade
Hunter'
s Hill
204 Pasta Giovan Via dei Saler 84100 Italy

Buttini ni Gelsom no
s.r.l. Giudici ini, 153
207 Forts Chantal 148 Ste- J2S Cana

d'rables Goulet rue Hyaci 7S8 da
Chasse nthe
ur

s Paulo l
America
nas
LTDA

Meierier vika ay

Sjfda holm en
AB

Trading pore apor
e

Mate ey alia

Buttini no
s.r.l.

d'rables Hyaci da
nthe
352
252 Refresco Carlos Av. das So 5442 Brazi
s Diaz Americ Paulo l
America anas
nas 12.890
LTDA
257 Norske Beate Hatleve Sand 1320 Norw

Meierier Vileid gen 5 vika ay
259 Svensk Michael Brovall Stock S-123 Swed

Sjfda Bjrn avgen holm 45 en
AB 231
262 Leka Chandr 471 Singa 0512 Sing

Trading a Leka Serang pore apor
oon e
Loop,
Suite
#402
266 G'day, Wendy 170 Sydn 2042 Austr

Mate Macken Prince ey alia
zie Edward
Parade
Hunter'
s Hill
268 Pasta Giovan Via dei Saler 84100 Italy

Buttini ni Gelsom no
s.r.l. Giudici ini, 153
271 Forts Chantal 148 Ste- J2S Cana

d'rables Goulet rue Hyaci 7S8 da
Chasse nthe
ur
Cust Customer Conta Addre City Post Cou

NOT Rever omer Name ctNam ss alCo ntry
ses ID e de
the
value 1 Alfreds Maria Obere Berlin 1220 Germ
of Futterkiste Anders Str. 57 9 any
any 2 Ana Ana Avda. Mxic 0502 Mexi
other Trujillo Trujillo de la o D.F. 1 co
opera Empareda Constit
tor dos y ucin
helados 2222
353
3 Antonio Antoni Matade Mxic 0502 Mexi
Moreno o ros o D.F. 3 co
Taquera Moren 2312
o
4 Around the Thoma 120 Londo WA1 UK

Horn s Hanove n 1DP
Hardy r Sq.
5 Berglunds Christi Berguv Lule S- Swed

snabbkp na svgen 958 en
Berglu 8 22
nd
6 Blauer See Hanna Forster Mann 6830 Germ

Delikatess Moos str. 57 heim 6 any
en
8 Blido Martn C/ Madri 2802 Spai

Comidas Somm Araquil d 3 n
preparadas er , 67
9 Bon app' Lauren 12, rue Marse 1300 Franc

ce des ille 8 e
Lebiha Bouche
ns rs
10 Bottom- Elizabe 23 Tsawa T2F Cana

Dollar th Tsawas ssen 8M4 da
Marketse Lincoln sen
Blvd.
11 B's Victori Fauntle Londo EC2 UK

Beverages a roy n 5NT
Ashwo Circus
rth
12 Cactus Patrici Cerrito Bueno 1010 Arge

Comidas o 333 s ntina
para llevar Simps Aires
on
13 Centro Francis Sierras Mxic 0502 Mexi

comercial co de o D.F. 2 co
Moctezum Chang Granad
a a 9993
14 Chop-suey Yang Haupts Bern 3012 Switz

Chinese Wang tr. 29 erlan
354
d
16 Consolidat Elizabe Berkele Londo WX1 UK

ed th y n 6LT
Holdings Brown Garden
s 12
Brewer
y
17 Drachenbl Sven Walser Aache 5206 Germ

ut Ottlieb weg 21 n 6 any
Delikatess
end
18 Du monde Janine 67, rue Nante 4400 Franc

entier Labrun des s 0 e
e Cinqua
nte
Otages
19 Eastern Ann 35 Londo WX3 UK

Connection Devon King n 6FW
George
20 Ernst Roland Kirchga Graz 8010 Austr

Handel Mendel sse 6 ia
22 FISSA Diego C/ Madri 2803 Spai

Fabrica Roel Moralz d 4 n
Inter. arzal,
Salchichas 86
S.A.
23 Folies Martin 184, Lille 5900 Franc

gourmand e chauss 0 e
es Ranc e de
Tournai
24 Folk och f Maria kerga Brck S- Swed

HB Larsso tan 24 e 844 en
n 67
25 Frankenve Peter Berline Mnc 8080 Germ

rsand Franke r Platz hen 5 any
n 43
26 France Carine 54, rue Nante 4400 Franc

restauratio Schmit Royale s 0 e
n t
355
S.p.A. Accorti Monte 0
Bianco
34
28 Furia Lino Jardim Lisbo 1675 Portu

Bacalhau e Rodrig das a gal
Frutos do uez rosas
Mar n. 32
29 Galera del Eduard Rambla Barcel 0802 Spai

gastrnom o de ona 2 n
o Saave Catalu
dra a, 23
31 Gourmet Andr Av. Campi 0487 Brazi

Lanchonet Fonsec Brasil, nas 6- l
es a 442 786
32 Great Howar 2732 Eugen 9740 USA

Lakes Food d Baker e 3
Market Snyder Blvd.
33 GROSELLA Manuel 5 Ave. Carac 1081 Vene

- Pereira Los as zuela
Restaurant Palos
e Grande
s
34 Hanari Mario Rua do Rio de 0545 Brazi

Carnes Pontes Pao, Janeir 4- l
67 o 876

Coyote Latime Center 7
Import r Plaza
Store 516
Main
St.
37 Hungry Patrici 8 Cork Irela

Owl All- a Johnst nd
Night McKen own
Grocers na Road
38 Island Helen Garden Cowe PO31 UK

Trading Bennet House s 7PJ
t Crowth
er Way
356
39 Kniglich Philip Maubel Brand 1477 Germ
Essen Crame str. 90 enbur 6 any
r g
40 La corne Daniel 67, Versai 7800 Franc

d'abondan Tonini avenue lles 0 e
ce de
l'Europ
e
41 La maison Annett 1 rue Toulo 3100 Franc

d'Asie e Alsace- use 0 e
Roulet Lorrain
e
42 Laughing Yoshi 1900 Vanco V3F Cana

Bacchus Tanna Oak St. uver 2K1 da
Wine muri
Cellars
43 Lazy K John 12 Walla 9936 USA

Kountry Steel Orches Walla 2
Store tra
Terrace
44 Lehmanns Renate Magazi Frank 6052 Germ

Marktstand Messn nweg 7 furt 8 any
er a.M.
46 LILA- Carlos Carrera Barqu 3508 Vene

Supermerc Gonzl 52 con isimet zuela
ado ez Ave. o
Bolvar
#65-98
Llano
Largo
47 LINO- Felipe Ave. 5 I. de 4980 Vene

Delicatese Izquier de Marga zuela
s do Mayo rita
Porlam
ar
48 Lonesome Fran 89 Portla 9721 USA

Pine Wilson Chiaros nd 9
Restaurant curo
Rd.
49 Magazzini Giovan Via Berga 2410 Italy
357
Alimentari ni Ludovic mo 0
Riuniti Rovelli o il
Moro
22
50 Maison Catheri Rue Bruxe B- Belgi

Dewey ne Joseph lles 1180 um
Dewey -Bens
532
51 Mre Jean 43 rue Montr H1J Cana

Paillarde Fresni St. al 1C3 da
re Laurent
52 Morgenste Alexan Heerstr Leipzi 0417 Germ

rn der . 22 g 9 any
Gesundkos Feuer
t
53 North/Sout Simon South Londo SW7 UK

h Crowth House n 1RZ
er 300
Queens
bridge
54 Ocano Yvonne Ing. Bueno 1010 Arge

Atlntico Monca Gustav s ntina
Ltda. da o Aires
Moncad
a 8585
Piso
20-A
55 Old World Rene 2743 Ancho 9950 USA

Delicatess Phillips Bering rage 8
en St.
56 Ottilies Henriet Mehrhe Kln 5073 Germ

Kseladen te imerstr 9 any
Pfalzhe . 369
im
57 Paris Marie 265, Paris 7501 Franc

spcialits Bertra boulev 2 e
nd ard
Charon
ne
58 Pericles Guiller Calle Mxic 0503 Mexi
358
Comidas mo Dr. o D.F. 3 co
clsicas Fernn Jorge
dez Cash
321
60 Princesa Isabel Estrada Lisbo 1756 Portu

Isabel de da a gal
Vinhoss Castro sade
n. 58
61 Que Bernar Rua da Rio de 0238 Brazi

Delcia do Panific Janeir 9- l
Batista adora, o 673
12
63 QUICK- Horst Tauche Cune 0130 Germ

Stop Kloss rstrae walde 7 any
10
64 Rancho Sergio Av. del Bueno 1010 Arge

grande Gutirr Liberta s ntina
ez dor Aires
900
65 Rattlesnak Paula 2817 Albuq 8711 USA

e Canyon Wilson Milton uerqu 0
Grocery Dr. e
66 Reggiani Maurizi Strada Reggi 4210 Italy

Caseifici o Provinc o 0
Moroni iale Emilia
124
67 Ricardo Janete Av. Rio de 0238 Brazi

Adocicados Limeir Copaca Janeir 9- l
a bana, o 890
267
68 Richter Michae Grenza Gen 1203 Switz

Supermark l Holz cherwe ve erlan
t g 237 d
69 Romero y Alejan Gran Madri 2800 Spai

tomillo dra Va, 1 d 1 n
Camin
o

Markets Pavaro Suffolk 0
359
tti Ln.
72 Seven Hari 90 Londo OX15 UK

Seas Kumar Wadhu n 4NB
Imports rst Rd.
73 Simons Jytte Vinblt Kben 1734 Den

bistro Peters et 34 havn mark
en
74 Spcialits Domini 25, rue Paris 7501 Franc

du monde que Laurist 6 e
Perrier on
75 Split Rail Art P.O. Lande 8252 USA

Beer & Ale Brauns Box r 0
chweig 555
er
76 Suprmes Pascal Boulev Charl B- Belgi

dlices e ard eroi 6000 um
Cartrai Tirou,
n 255
77 The Big Liz 89 Portla 9720 USA

Cheese Nixon Jeffers nd 1
on Way
Suite 2
78 The Liu 55 Butte 5980 USA

Cracker Wong Grizzly 1
Box Peak
Rd.
79 Toms Karin Luisens Mnst 4408 Germ

Spezialitt Joseph tr. 48 er 7 any
en s
80 Tortuga Miguel Avda. Mxic 0503 Mexi

Restaurant Angel Azteca o D.F. 3 co
e Paolino 123
82 Trail's Helveti 722 Kirkla 9803 USA

Head us DaVinci nd 4
Gourmet Nagy Blvd.
Provisioner
s
83 Vaffeljerne Palle Smagsl rhus 8200 Den
360
t Ibsen get 45 mark
84 Victuailles Mary 2, rue Lyon 6900 Franc

en stock Savele du 4 e
y Comm
erce
85 Vins et Paul 59 rue Reims 5110 Franc

alcools Henrio de 0 e
Chevalier t l'Abbay
e
87 Wartian Pirkko Torikat Oulu 9011 Finla

Herkku Koskit u 38 0 nd
alo
88 Wellington Paula Rua do Resen 0873 Brazi

Importado Parent Mercad de 7- l
ra e o, 12 363
90 Wilman Matti Keskus Helsin 2124 Finla

Kala Karttu katu 45 ki 0 nd
nen
91 Wolski Zbysze ul. Walla 01- Polan

k Filtrow 012 d
a 68
92 Exotic null null Londo null UK

Liquid na
93 New null null New null USA

Orleans Orlea
Cajun ns
Delights

Kelly's Arbor
Homestea
d
95 Tokyo null null Tokyo null Japa

Traders n
96 Cooperativ null null Ovied null Spai

a de o n
Quesos
'Las
Cabras'
361
97 Mayumi's null null Osaka null Japa
n
98 Pavlova, null null Melbo null Austr

Ltd. urne alia
99 Specialty null null Manc null UK

Biscuits, hester
Ltd.
100 PB null null Gteb null Swed

Knckebr org en
d AB
102 Heli null null Berlin null Germ

Swaren any
GmbH &
Co. KG
103 Plutzer null null Frank null Germ

Lebensmitt furt any
elgromr
kte AG
104 Nord-Ost- null null Cuxha null Germ

Fisch ven any
Handelsge
sellschaft
mbH
105 Formaggi null null Raven null Italy

Fortini na
s.r.l.

Breweries
109 Aux joyeux null null Paris null Franc

ecclsiasti e
ques
110 New null null Bosto null USA

England n
Seafood
Cannery
112 Lyngbysild null null Lyngb null Den

y mark
362
113 Zaanse null null Zaand null Neth
Snoepfabri am erlan
ek ds
114 Karkki Oy null null Lappe null Finla

enran nd
ta
116 Ma Maison null null Montr null Cana

al da
118 Escargots null null Montc null Franc

Nouveaux eau e
119 Gai null null Annec null Franc

pturage y e

Liquid na

Orleans Orlea
Cajun ns
Delights

Kelly's Arbor
Homestea
d

Traders n

a de o n
Quesos
'Las
Cabras'

n

Ltd. urne alia

Biscuits, hester
Ltd.
363
Knckebr org en
d AB

Swaren any
GmbH &
Co. KG

Lebensmitt furt any
elgromr
kte AG

Fisch ven any
Handelsge
sellschaft
mbH

Fortini na
s.r.l.

Breweries

ecclsiasti e
ques

England n
Seafood
Cannery

y mark

Snoepfabri am erlan
ek ds

enran nd
ta

al da
364
Nouveaux eau e

pturage y e

Liquid na

Orleans Orlea
Cajun ns
Delights

Kelly's Arbor
Homestea
d

Traders n

a de o n
Quesos
'Las
Cabras'

n

Ltd. urne alia

Biscuits, hester
Ltd.

Knckebr org en
d AB

Swaren any
GmbH &
Co. KG

Lebensmitt furt any
365
elgromr
kte AG

Fisch ven any
Handelsge
sellschaft
mbH

Fortini na
s.r.l.

Breweries

ecclsiasti e
ques

England n
Seafood
Cannery

y mark

Snoepfabri am erlan
ek ds

enran nd
ta

al da

Nouveaux eau e

pturage y e
179 Exotic Charlot 49 Londo EC1 UK

Liquid te Gilbert na 4SD
Cooper St.
366
180 New Shelley P.O. New 7011 USA
Orleans Burke Box Orlea 7
Cajun 78934 ns
Delights

Kelly's Murph Oxford Arbor 4
Homestea y Rd.
d
182 Tokyo Yoshi 9-8 Tokyo 100 Japa

Traders Nagas Sekima n
e i
Musash
ino-shi
183 Cooperativ Antoni Calle Ovied 3300 Spai

a de o del del o 7 n
Quesos Valle Rosal 4
'Las Saave
Cabras' dra
184 Mayumi's Mayum 92 Osaka 545 Japa

i Ohno Setsuk n
o
Chuo-
ku
185 Pavlova, Ian 74 Melbo 3058 Austr

Ltd. Devlin Rose urne alia
g St.
Moonie
Ponds
186 Specialty Peter 29 Manc M14 UK

Biscuits, Wilson King's hester GSD
Ltd. Way
187 PB Lars Kaload Gteb S- Swed

Knckebr Peters agatan org 345 en
d AB on 13 67
189 Heli Petra Tiergar Berlin 1078 Germ

Swaren Winkle tenstra 5 any
GmbH & r e 5
Co. KG
190 Plutzer Martin Bogena Frank 6043 Germ

Lebensmitt Bein llee 51 furt 9 any
367
elgromr
kte AG
191 Nord-Ost- Sven Frahmr Cuxha 2747 Germ

Fisch Peters edder ven 8 any
Handelsge en 112a
sellschaft
mbH
192 Formaggi Elio Viale Raven 4810 Italy

Fortini Rossi Dante, na 0
s.r.l. 75
194 Bigfoot Cheryl 3400 - Bend 9710 USA

Breweries Saylor 8th 1
Avenue
Suite
210
196 Aux joyeux Guyln 203, Paris 7500 Franc

ecclsiasti e Rue 4 e
ques Nodier des
Francs-
Bourge
ois
197 New Robb Order Bosto 0213 USA

England Mercha Process n 4
Seafood nt ing
Cannery Dept.
2100
Paul
Revere
Blvd.
199 Lyngbysild Niels Lyngby Lyngb 2800 Den

Peters sild y mark
en Fiskeba
kken
10
200 Zaanse Dirk Verkoo Zaand 9999 Neth

Snoepfabri Luchte p am ZZ erlan
ek Rijnwe ds
g 22
201 Karkki Oy Anne Valtaka Lappe 5312 Finla

Heikko tu 12 enran 0 nd
nen ta
368
203 Ma Maison Jean- 2960 Montr H1J Cana
Guy Rue St. al 1C3 da
Lauzon Laurent
205 Escargots Marie 22, rue Montc 7130 Franc

Nouveaux Delam H. eau 0 e
are Voiron
206 Gai Eliane Bat. B Annec 7400 Franc

pturage Noz 3, rue y 0 e
des
Alpes

Swaren any
GmbH &
Co. KG

Lebensmitt furt any
elgromr
kte AG

Fisch ven any
Handelsge
sellschaft
mbH

Swaren any
GmbH &
Co. KG

Lebensmitt furt any
elgromr
kte AG

Fisch ven any
Handelsge
sellschaft
mbH

Liquid na
369
Orleans Orlea
Cajun ns
Delights

Kelly's Arbor
Homestea
d

Traders n

a de o n
Quesos
'Las
Cabras'

n

Ltd. urne alia

Biscuits, hester
Ltd.

Knckebr org en
d AB

Swaren any
GmbH &
Co. KG

Lebensmitt furt any
elgromr
kte AG

Fisch ven any
Handelsge
sellschaft
mbH
370
Fortini na
s.r.l.

Breweries

ecclsiasti e
ques

England n
Seafood
Cannery

y mark

Snoepfabri am erlan
ek ds

enran nd
ta

al da

Nouveaux eau e

pturage y e
243 Exotic Charlot 49 Londo EC1 UK

Liquid te Gilbert na 4SD
Cooper St.
244 New Shelley P.O. New 7011 USA

Orleans Burke Box Orlea 7
Cajun 78934 ns
Delights

Kelly's Murph Oxford Arbor 4
Homestea y Rd.
d
371
246 Tokyo Yoshi 9-8 Tokyo 100 Japa
Traders Nagas Sekima n
e i
Musash
ino-shi
247 Cooperativ Antoni Calle Ovied 3300 Spai

a de o del del o 7 n
Quesos Valle Rosal 4
'Las Saave
Cabras' dra
248 Mayumi's Mayum 92 Osaka 545 Japa

i Ohno Setsuk n
o
Chuo-
ku
249 Pavlova, Ian 74 Melbo 3058 Austr

Ltd. Devlin Rose urne alia
g St.
Moonie
Ponds

Biscuits, Wilson King's hester GSD
Ltd. Way
251 PB Lars Kaload Gteb S- Swed

Knckebr Peters agatan org 345 en
d AB on 13 67
253 Heli Petra Tiergar Berlin 1078 Germ

Swaren Winkle tenstra 5 any
GmbH & r e 5
Co. KG
254 Plutzer Martin Bogena Frank 6043 Germ

Lebensmitt Bein llee 51 furt 9 any
elgromr
kte AG
255 Nord-Ost- Sven Frahmr Cuxha 2747 Germ

Fisch Peters edder ven 8 any
Handelsge en 112a
sellschaft
mbH
256 Formaggi Elio Viale Raven 4810 Italy
372
Fortini Rossi Dante, na 0
s.r.l. 75
258 Bigfoot Cheryl 3400 - Bend 9710 USA

Breweries Saylor 8th 1
Avenue
Suite
210
260 Aux joyeux Guyln 203, Paris 7500 Franc

ecclsiasti e Rue 4 e
ques Nodier des
Francs-
Bourge
ois
261 New Robb Order Bosto 0213 USA

England Mercha Process n 4
Seafood nt ing
Cannery Dept.
2100
Paul
Revere
Blvd.
263 Lyngbysild Niels Lyngby Lyngb 2800 Den

Peters sild y mark
en Fiskeba
kken
10
264 Zaanse Dirk Verkoo Zaand 9999 Neth

Snoepfabri Luchte p am ZZ erlan
ek Rijnwe ds
g 22
265 Karkki Oy Anne Valtaka Lappe 5312 Finla

Heikko tu 12 enran 0 nd
nen ta
267 Ma Maison Jean- 2960 Montr H1J Cana

Guy Rue St. al 1C3 da
Lauzon Laurent
269 Escargots Marie 22, rue Montc 7130 Franc

Nouveaux Delam H. eau 0 e
are Voiron
270 Gai Eliane Bat. B Annec 7400 Franc
373
pturage Noz 3, rue y 0 e
des
Alpes

Swaren any
GmbH &
Co. KG

Lebensmitt furt any
elgromr
kte AG

Fisch ven any
Handelsge
sellschaft
mbH
Custo Custom Contac Addre City Posta Cou

OR TRUE merID erName tName ss lCode ntry
if
either 4 Around Thomas 120 Londo WA1 UK
expre the Horn Hardy Hanov n 1DP
ssion er Sq.
is 11 B's Victoria Fauntle Londo EC2 UK
TRUE Beverag Ashwort roy n 5NT
es h Circus
16 Consolid Elizabet Berkel Londo WX1 UK

ated h ey n 6LT
Holdings Brown Garden
s 12
Brewer
y
19 Eastern Ann 35 Londo WX3 UK

Connecti Devon King n 6FW
on George
38 Island Helen Garden Cowe PO31 UK

Trading Bennett House s 7PJ
Crowth
er Way
53 North/So Simon South Londo SW7 UK
374
uth Crowth House n 1RZ
er 300
Queen
sbridge
72 Seven Hari 90 Londo OX15 UK

Seas Kumar Wadhu n 4NB
Imports rst Rd.

Liquid na

Biscuits, heste
Ltd. r

Liquid na

Biscuits, heste
Ltd. r

Liquid na

Biscuits, heste
Ltd. r
179 Exotic Charlott 49 Londo EC1 UK

Liquid e Gilbert na 4SD
Cooper St.

Biscuits, Wilson King's heste GSD
Ltd. Way r

Liquid na

Biscuits, heste
Ltd. r
243 Exotic Charlott 49 Londo EC1 UK

Liquid e Gilbert na 4SD
Cooper St.
375
Biscuits, Wilson King's heste GSD
Ltd. Way r
SO TRUE
Error
ME if
some
of a
set of
comp
ariso
ns
are
TRUE
SQL General Data Types
A data type defines what kind of value a column can contain

SQL General Data Types
Each column in a database table is required to have a name and a data

type.
SQL developers have to decide what types of data will be stored inside
each and every table column when creating a SQL table. The data type
is a label and a guideline for SQL to understand what type of data is
expected inside of each column, and it also identifies how SQL will
interact with the stored data.
The following table lists the general data types in SQL:
Data type Description
CHARACTER(n) Character string. Fixed-length n
376
VARCHAR(n) or Character string. Variable length. Maximum length
CHARACTER n
VARYING(n)
BINARY(n) Binary string. Fixed-length n
BOOLEAN Stores TRUE or FALSE values
VARBINARY(n) or Binary string. Variable length. Maximum length n

BINARY
VARYING(n)
INTEGER(p) Integer numerical (no decimal). Precision p
SMALLINT Integer numerical (no decimal). Precision 5
INTEGER Integer numerical (no decimal). Precision 10
BIGINT Integer numerical (no decimal). Precision 19
DECIMAL(p,s) Exact numerical, precision p, scale s. Example:

decimal(5,2) is a number that has 3 digits before
the decimal and 2 digits after the decimal
377
NUMERIC(p,s) Exact numerical, precision p, scale s. (Same as
DECIMAL)
FLOAT(p) Approximate numerical, mantissa precision p. A

floating number in base 10 exponential notation.
The size argument for this type consists of a single
number specifying the minimum precision
REAL Approximate numerical, mantissa precision 7
FLOAT Approximate numerical, mantissa precision 16
DOUBLE Approximate numerical, mantissa precision 16

PRECISION
DATE Stores year, month, and day values
TIME Stores hour, minute, and second values
TIMESTAMP Stores year, month, day, hour, minute, and

second values
INTERVAL Composed of a number of integer fields,

representing a period of time, depending on the
type of interval
378
ARRAY A set-length and ordered collection of elements
MULTISET A variable-length and unordered collection of

elements
XML Stores XML data
SQL Data Type Quick Reference
However, different databases offer different choices for the data type
definition.
The following table shows some of the common names of data types
between the various database platforms:
Data type Access SQLServer Oracle MySQL PostgreSQL
boolean Yes/No Bit Byte N/A Boolean
integer Number Int Number Int Int

(integer) Integer Integer
float Number Float Number Float Numeric

(single) Real
379
currency Currency Money N/A N/A Money
string N/A Char Char Char Char

(fixed)
string Text (<256) Varchar Varchar Varchar Varchar

(variable) Memo (65k+) Varchar2
binary OLE Object Binary (fixed up Long Blob Binary

object Memo to 8K) Raw Text Varbinary
Varbinary (<8K)
Image (<2GB)
Note: Data types might have different names in different database. And
even if the name is the same, the size and other details may be
different! Always check the documentation!
SQL Data Types for Various DBs
Data types and ranges for Microsoft Access, MySQL and SQL Server.
Microsoft Access Data Types
Data type Description Storage
Text Use for text or combinations of text and numbers. 255

characters maximum
380
Memo Memo is used for larger amounts of text. Stores up to 65,536
characters. Note: You cannot sort a memo field. However, they
are searchable
Byte Allows whole numbers from 0 to 255 1 byte
Integer Allows whole numbers between -32,768 and 32,767 2 bytes
Long Allows whole numbers between -2,147,483,648 and 4 bytes

2,147,483,647
Single Single precision floating-point. Will handle most decimals 4 bytes
Double Double precision floating-point. Will handle most decimals 8 bytes
Currency Use for currency. Holds up to 15 digits of whole dollars, plus 4 8 bytes
decimal places. Tip: You can choose which country's currency
to use
AutoNumber AutoNumber fields automatically give each record its own 4 bytes
number, usually starting at 1
Date/Time Use for dates and times 8 bytes
Yes/No A logical field can be displayed as Yes/No, True/False, or 1 bit

On/Off. In code, use the constants True and False (equivalent
381
to -1 and 0). Note: Null values are not allowed in Yes/No
fields
Ole Object Can store pictures, audio, video, or other BLOBs (Binary up to
Large OBjects) 1GB
Hyperlink Contain links to other files, including web pages
Lookup Let you type a list of options, which can then be chosen from a 4 bytes
Wizard drop-down list
MySQL Data Types
In MySQL there are three main data types : text, number, and
Date/Time types.
Text types:
CHAR(size) Holds a fixed length string (can contain letters, numbers, and special
characters). The fixed size is specified in parenthesis. Can store up to
255 characters
VARCHAR(size) Holds a variable length string (can contain letters, numbers, and special
characters). The maximum size is specified in parenthesis. Can store
up to 255 characters. Note: If you put a greater value than 255 it will
be converted to a TEXT type
TINYTEXT Holds a string with a maximum length of 255 characters
382
TEXT Holds a string with a maximum length of 65,535 characters
BLOB For BLOBs (Binary Large OBjects). Holds up to 65,535 bytes of data
MEDIUMTEXT Holds a string with a maximum length of 16,777,215 characters
MEDIUMBLOB For BLOBs (Binary Large OBjects). Holds up to 16,777,215 bytes of

data
LONGTEXT Holds a string with a maximum length of 4,294,967,295 characters
LONGBLOB For BLOBs (Binary Large OBjects). Holds up to 4,294,967,295 bytes

of data
ENUM(x,y,z,etc.) Let you enter a list of possible values. You can list up to 65535 values
in an ENUM list. If a value is inserted that is not in the list, a blank
value will be inserted.
Note: The values are sorted in the order you enter them.
You enter the possible values in this format: ENUM('X','Y','Z')
SET Similar to ENUM except that SET may contain up to 64 list items and
can store more than one choice
Number types:
383
TINYINT(size) -128 to 127 normal. 0 to 255 UNSIGNED*. The maximum number
of digits may be specified in parenthesis
SMALLINT(size) -32768 to 32767 normal. 0 to 65535 UNSIGNED*. The maximum

number of digits may be specified in parenthesis
MEDIUMINT(size) -8388608 to 8388607 normal. 0 to 16777215 UNSIGNED*. The

maximum number of digits may be specified in parenthesis
INT(size) -2147483648 to 2147483647 normal. 0 to 4294967295

UNSIGNED*. The maximum number of digits may be specified in
parenthesis
BIGINT(size) -9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807 normal. 0 to

18446744073709551615 UNSIGNED*. The maximum number of
digits may be specified in parenthesis
FLOAT(size,d) A small number with a floating decimal point. The maximum

number of digits may be specified in the size parameter. The
maximum number of digits to the right of the decimal point is
specified in the d parameter
DOUBLE(size,d) A large number with a floating decimal point. The maximum number
of digits may be specified in the size parameter. The maximum
number of digits to the right of the decimal point is specified in the d
parameter
DECIMAL(size,d) A DOUBLE stored as a string , allowing for a fixed decimal point.

The maximum number of digits may be specified in the size
parameter. The maximum number of digits to the right of the
384
decimal point is specified in the d parameter
*The integer types have an extra option called UNSIGNED. Normally,

the integer goes from an negative to positive value. Adding the
UNSIGNED attribute will move that range up so it starts at zero instead
of a negative number.
Date types:
DATE() A date. Format: YYYY-MM-DD
Note: The supported range is from '1000-01-01' to

'9999-12-31'
DATETIME() *A date and time combination. Format: YYYY-MM-DD

HH:MI:SS
Note: The supported range is from '1000-01-01

00:00:00' to '9999-12-31 23:59:59'
TIMESTAMP() *A timestamp. TIMESTAMP values are stored as the

number of seconds since the Unix epoch ('1970-01-01
00:00:00' UTC). Format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS
Note: The supported range is from '1970-01-01

00:00:01' UTC to '2038-01-09 03:14:07' UTC
TIME() A time. Format: HH:MI:SS
Note: The supported range is from '-838:59:59' to

'838:59:59'
YEAR() A year in two-digit or four-digit format.
Note: Values allowed in four-digit format: 1901 to 2155.

Values allowed in two-digit format: 70 to 69,
representing years from 1970 to 2069
385
*Even if DATETIME and TIMESTAMP return the same format, they work
very differently. In an INSERT or UPDATE query, the TIMESTAMP
automatically set itself to the current date and time. TIMESTAMP also
accepts various formats, like YYYYMMDDHHMISS, YYMMDDHHMISS,
YYYYMMDD, or YYMMDD.
SQL Server Data Types

String types:
char(n) Fixed width character string. Maximum 8,000 Defined width

characters
varchar(n) Variable width character string. Maximum 8,000 2 bytes + number

characters of chars
varchar(max) Variable width character string. Maximum 2 bytes + number

1,073,741,824 characters of chars
text Variable width character string. Maximum 2GB of 4 bytes + number

text data of chars
nchar Fixed width Unicode string. Maximum 4,000 Defined width x 2

characters
nvarchar Variable width Unicode string. Maximum 4,000

characters
386
nvarchar(max) Variable width Unicode string. Maximum
536,870,912 characters
ntext Variable width Unicode string. Maximum 2GB of

text data
bit Allows 0, 1, or NULL
binary(n) Fixed width binary string. Maximum 8,000 bytes
varbinary Variable width binary string. Maximum 8,000

bytes
varbinary(max) Variable width binary string. Maximum 2GB
image Variable width binary string. Maximum 2GB
Number types:
tinyint Allows whole numbers from 0 to 255 1 byte
smallint Allows whole numbers between -32,768 and 32,767 2 bytes
387
int Allows whole numbers between -2,147,483,648 and 4 bytes
2,147,483,647
bigint Allows whole numbers between -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 8 bytes

and 9,223,372,036,854,775,807
5-17
decimal(p,s) Fixed precision and scale numbers. bytes
Allows numbers from -10^38 +1 to 10^38 1.
The p parameter indicates the maximum total number of digits

that can be stored (both to the left and to the right of the
decimal point). p must be a value from 1 to 38. Default is 18.
The s parameter indicates the maximum number of digits

stored to the right of the decimal point. s must be a value from
0 to p. Default value is 0
numeric(p,s) Fixed precision and scale numbers. 5-17

bytes
Allows numbers from -10^38 +1 to 10^38 1.
The p parameter indicates the maximum total number of digits

that can be stored (both to the left and to the right of the
decimal point). p must be a value from 1 to 38. Default is 18.
The s parameter indicates the maximum number of digits

stored to the right of the decimal point. s must be a value from
0 to p. Default value is 0
smallmoney Monetary data from -214,748.3648 to 214,748.3647 4 bytes
money Monetary data from -922,337,203,685,477.5808 to 8 bytes

922,337,203,685,477.5807
float(n) Floating precision number data from -1.79E + 308 to 1.79E + 4 or 8

308. bytes
The n parameter indicates whether the field should hold 4 or 8

bytes. float(24) holds a 4-byte field and float(53) holds an 8-
byte field. Default value of n is 53.
388
real Floating precision number data from -3.40E + 38 to 3.40E + 4 bytes
38
Date types:
Data type Description Storag
datetime From January 1, 1753 to December 31, 9999 with an accuracy of 3.33 8 bytes
milliseconds
datetime2 From January 1, 0001 to December 31, 9999 with an accuracy of 100 6-8 byt
nanoseconds
smalldatetime From January 1, 1900 to June 6, 2079 with an accuracy of 1 minute 4 bytes
date Store a date only. From January 1, 0001 to December 31, 9999 3 bytes
time Store a time only to an accuracy of 100 nanoseconds 3-5 byt
datetimeoffset The same as datetime2 with the addition of a time zone offset 8-10 by
timestamp Stores a unique number that gets updated every time a row gets created or
modified. The timestamp value is based upon an internal clock and does not
correspond to real time. Each table may have only one timestamp variable
Other data types:
389
sql_variant Stores up to 8,000 bytes of data of various data types, except text,
ntext, and timestamp
uniqueidentifier Stores a globally unique identifier (GUID)
xml Stores XML formatted data. Maximum 2GB
cursor Stores a reference to a cursor used for database operations
table Stores a result-set for later processing
SQL Quick Reference From W3Schools
SQL Statement Syntax
AND / OR SELECT column_name(s)

FROM table_name
WHERE condition
AND|OR condition
ALTER TABLE ALTER TABLE table_name

ADD column_name datatype
390
or

DROP COLUMN column_name
AS (alias) SELECT column_name AS column_alias

FROM table_name
or
SELECT column_name
FROM table_name AS table_alias
BETWEEN SELECT column_name(s)

FROM table_name
WHERE column_name
BETWEEN value1 AND value2
CREATE CREATE DATABASE database_name

DATABASE
CREATE TABLE CREATE TABLE table_name

(
column_name1 data_type,
...
)
CREATE INDEX CREATE INDEX index_name

ON table_name (column_name)
or
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_name

ON table_name (column_name)
CREATE VIEW CREATE VIEW view_name AS

FROM table_name
WHERE condition
DELETE DELETE FROM table_name

WHERE some_column=some_value
391
or
DELETE FROM table_name

(Note: Deletes the entire table!!)
DELETE * FROM table_name

(Note: Deletes the entire table!!)
DROP DATABASE DROP DATABASE database_name
DROP INDEX DROP INDEX table_name.index_name (SQL Server)

DROP INDEX index_name ON table_name (MS Access)
DROP INDEX index_name (DB2/Oracle)
DROP INDEX index_name (MySQL)
DROP TABLE DROP TABLE table_name
EXISTS IF EXISTS (SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE id = ?)

BEGIN
--do what needs to be done if exists
END
ELSE
BEGIN
--do what needs to be done if not
END
GROUP BY SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name)

FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value
GROUP BY column_name
HAVING SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name)

FROM table_name
GROUP BY column_name
HAVING aggregate_function(column_name) operator value
IN SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name
IN (value1,value2,..)
INSERT INTO INSERT INTO table_name

VALUES (value1, value2, value3,....)
392
or
INSERT INTO table_name

(column1, column2, column3,...)
VALUES (value1, value2, value3,....)
INNER JOIN SELECT column_name(s)

FROM table_name1
INNER JOIN table_name2
ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name
LEFT JOIN SELECT column_name(s)

FROM table_name1
LEFT JOIN table_name2
RIGHT JOIN SELECT column_name(s)

FROM table_name1
RIGHT JOIN table_name2
FULL JOIN SELECT column_name(s)

FROM table_name1
FULL JOIN table_name2
LIKE SELECT column_name(s)

FROM table_name
WHERE column_name LIKE pattern
ORDER BY SELECT column_name(s)

FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name [ASC|DESC]
SELECT SELECT column_name(s)

FROM table_name
SELECT * SELECT *
FROM table_name
SELECT DISTINCT SELECT DISTINCT column_name(s)

FROM table_name
SELECT INTO SELECT *

INTO new_table_name [IN externaldatabase]
FROM old_table_name
393
or
INTO new_table_name [IN externaldatabase]
FROM old_table_name
SELECT TOP SELECT TOP number|percent column_name(s)

FROM table_name
TRUNCATE TABLE TRUNCATE TABLE table_name
UNION SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name1

UNION
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name2
UNION ALL SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name1

UNION ALL
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name2
UPDATE UPDATE table_name

SET column1=value, column2=value,...
WHERE some_column=some_value
WHERE SELECT column_name(s)

FROM table_name
Source : https://www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_quickref.asp
SQL Quiz
You can test your SQL skills with W3Schools' Quiz.
The Test
The test contains 25 questions and there is no time limit.
The test is not official, it's just a nice way to see how much you know, or
don't know, about SQL.
394
Count Your Score
You will get 1 point for each correct answer. At the end of the Quiz, your
total score will be displayed. Maximum score is 25 points.
Start the Quiz
Good luck!
Start the Quiz
W3Schools' Online Certification
The perfect solution for professionals who need to balance work, family,
and career building.
More than 10 000 certificates already issued!
Get Your Certificate
The HTML Certificate documents your knowledge of HTML.
The CSS Certificate documents your knowledge of advanced CSS.
The JavaScript Certificate documents your knowledge of JavaScript and

HTML DOM.
The jQuery Certificate documents your knowledge of jQuery.
The PHP Certificate documents your knowledge of PHP and SQL

(MySQL).
The XML Certificate documents your knowledge of XML, XML DOM and
XSLT.
The Bootstrap Certificate documents your knowledge of the Bootstrap

framework.
395

Learn SQL

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Learn SQL

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

SQL Tutorial

SQL Create DB 282

SQL Functions 315

SQL Quiz 394

SQL is a standard language for storing, manipulating and retrieving data

Examples in Each Chapter

Custom Customer ContactN Address City PostalC Countr

1 Alfreds Maria Obere Str. Berlin 12209 German

2 Ana Trujillo Ana Avda. de Mxico 05021 Mexico

3 Antonio Antonio Mataderos Mxico 05023 Mexico

4 Around the Thomas 120 London WA1 UK

5 Berglunds Christina Berguvsv Lule S-958 Sweden

6 Blauer See Hanna Forsterstr. Mannhei 68306 German

7 Blondel Frdrique 24, place Strasbou 67000 France

9 Bon app' Laurence 12, rue Marseille 13008 France

10 Bottom- Elizabeth 23 Tsawass T2F 8M4 Canada

11 B's Victoria Fauntleroy London EC2 5NT UK

12 Cactus Patricio Cerrito Buenos 1010 Argenti

13 Centro Francisco Sierras de Mxico 05022 Mexico

14 Chop-suey Yang Hauptstr. Bern 3012 Switzerl

15 Comrcio Pedro Av. dos So 05432- Brazil

16 Consolidate Elizabeth Berkeley London WX1 UK

17 Drachenblu Sven Walserweg Aachen 52066 German

18 Du monde Janine 67, rue Nantes 44000 France

19 Eastern Ann Devon 35 King London WX3 UK

20 Ernst Roland Kirchgasse Graz 8010 Austria

22 FISSA Diego Roel C/ Madrid 28034 Spain

23 Folies Martine 184, Lille 59000 France

24 Folk och f Maria kergatan Brcke S-844 Sweden

25 Frankenver Peter Berliner Mnchen 80805 German

26 France Carine 54, rue Nantes 44000 France

27 Franchi Paolo Via Monte Torino 10100 Italy

28 Furia Lino Jardim das Lisboa 1675 Portuga

29 Galera del Eduardo Rambla de Barcelon 08022 Spain

30 Godos Jos Pedro C/ Sevilla 41101 Spain

31 Gourmet Andr Av. Brasil, Campina 04876- Brazil

32 Great Lakes Howard 2732 Eugene 97403 USA

33 GROSELLA- Manuel 5 Ave. Caracas 1081 Venezu

35 HILARIN- Carlos Carrera 22 San 5022 Venezu

36 Hungry Yoshi City Elgin 97827 USA

37 Hungry Owl Patricia 8 Cork Ireland

38 Island Helen Garden Cowes PO31 UK

39 Kniglich Philip Maubelstr. Branden 14776 German

40 La corne Daniel 67, Versaille 78000 France

41 La maison Annette 1 rue Toulouse 31000 France

42 Laughing Yoshi 1900 Oak Vancouv V3F 2K1 Canada

43 Lazy K John Steel 12 Walla 99362 USA

44 Lehmanns Renate Magazinw Frankfurt 60528 German

45 Let's Stop N Jaime 87 Polk San 94117 USA

47 LINO- Felipe Ave. 5 de I. de 4980 Venezu

48 Lonesome Fran 89 Portland 97219 USA

49 Magazzini Giovanni Via Bergamo 24100 Italy

50 Maison Catherine Rue Bruxelles B-1180 Belgium

51 Mre Jean 43 rue St. Montral H1J 1C3 Canada

52 Morgenster Alexander Heerstr. Leipzig 04179 German

53 North/Sout Simon South London SW7 UK

54 Ocano Yvonne Ing. Buenos 1010 Argenti

55 Old World Rene 2743 Anchora 99508 USA

56 Ottilies Henriette Mehrheim Kln 50739 German

57 Paris Marie 265, Paris 75012 France

58 Pericles Guillermo Calle Dr. Mxico 05033 Mexico

59 Piccolo und Georg Geislweg Salzburg 5020 Austria

60 Princesa Isabel de Estrada da Lisboa 1756 Portuga