Teacher: Maria Rene Quevedo

Course: ANT11

CLASS SCHEDULE

(15%) 1ST EXAM: April 17th & April 18th.

(25%) FINAL EXAM: april 25th & april 26th.

Listening: 50 questions 30 min.

Grammar: 40 questions- 25 min.

Reading: 50 questions- 55 minutes.

(30%) ESSAY EXAM: april 24th/ april 29th 30 minutes.

(30%) ORAL EXAM: from april 22nd to april 30th.

CEL PRACTICE: april 18th ?

Minima 490 = 70

EESAY TOPIC: IS IT IMPORTANT TO SAVE ENDANGERED SPECIES? GIVE REASONS AND EXAMPLES
TO SUPPORT YOUR ANSWER.
 PREVIEW TEST STRUCTURE 2
1. Answer: C
Why? It is the missing subject of the clause
2. Answer: B
Why? It should be plural: thousandS
3. Answer: C
Why? Neither nor
4. Answer: A
Why? The sentence needs a verb.
5. Answer: C
Why? IT is redundant, you dont need it.
6. Answer: D
Why? It is parallel.
7. Answer: C
Why? It should be oldest.
8. Answer: C
Why? The order is incorrect, it should be: prep + relative pronoun
9. Answer: D
Why? It should be singular
10. Answer: C
Why? As as
11. Answer: B
Why? It needs an adjective
12. Answer: D
Why? It should be engineering.
13. Answer: B
Why? No + noun, replaced by none, when it comes at the end.
14. Answer: C
Why? You need an adverb to modify the adjective.
15. Answer: B
Why? Because it is the only conjunction that fits the idea.
16. Answer: A
Why? It should be although, though, even though, before a sentence.
17. Answer: D
Why? It should be injury.
18. Answer: C
Why? After a comma, you should find the subject that performed the
action in participle.
19. Answer: D
Why? Both + prep + relative pronoun
20. Answer: B
Why? It express contrast in a sentence
21. Answer: D
Why?
22. Answer: B/C/D
Why?
23. Answer: C
Why?
24. Answer: B
Why?
25. Answer: A/B
Why?
 Sentence: group of words that has subject and verb. It expresses a complete idea.

Clause: group of words that has subject and verb and it is not a complete idea.

Parts of a sentence

Subject:
performer of the action. It can be:
o Pronoun: I/you/he/she/it/we/they.
o Name: Maria/Alejandra
o Noun: dog/table/teacher
o Noun clause: a clause that works as a noun.
o Noun phrase: phrase that works as a noun.
o Gerunds.
Verb: indicates the action. It has 5 forms:
o Base form: eat
o Simple past: ate
o Present participle: eating
o Past participle: eaten
o Infinitive: to eat.
Complement: objects
o Direct object: usually is a thing, answer to: what?
o Indirect object: usually a person, answer to: to/for whom?
Modifiers:
o Place: where?
o Time: when?
o Manner: how? (adverb)

Examples:
I carefully chose flowers for my mom at the mall yesterday.
Sub. M.M. V D.O. I.O. M.P. M.T. (M.M.)
I gave flowers to my mom. I gave my mom flowers.
D.O. + To + I.O. I.O. + D.O

o NOUN PHRASE: group of words that ends in a noun. Before a noun you can use:
o Articles: a/an/the.
o Determiners: this/that/these/those/much/many.
o Adverbs: very/quietly.
o Adjectives: small/big
Example:
A very beautiful girl is coming here.
Art. + Adv. + Adj. +noun
Subject (noun phrase)
Mom = noun
My mom = noun phrase

Verbs
Eat = verb
Is eating = verb phrase
Have eaten = verb phrase
Ate= verb
Will be eating = verb phrase

Jill is buying a new hat in the store.

Sub + verb phrse + d.o. + m.p.
Prep. Phrase: a phrase that starts with a preposition.

The books on the table are mine.

Sub ( noun phrase ) + m.p. (prep. Phrase) + verb + possessive pronoun.
o NOUNS: can be a person, an animal, a thing.
Countable Non-countable
*can be counted, they can be singular or They cannot be counted, they only use
plural. singular form.
o The apple is red. o The fish tastes ugly.
o The apples are delicious
Containers(determiners)
o A, an, the, some, any. o The, some, any.
o This, that, these, those. o This, that.
o None, one, two, three. o None.
o Many o Much
o A lot of o A lot of.
o A large/great number of o A large amount of
o (a) few o (a) little
o Fewer than o Less than
o More than o More than

Irregular countable nouns:

Singular plural
Person People
Foot Feet
Tooth Teeth
Woman Women
Man Men
Child Children
mouse mice

Nouns you cant count:

o Food: pasta, cake, ice cream, meat, chicken, pork
o Liquids: water, oil, petroleum, soda, coffee, juice, milk, tea, beer.
o Small things: sand, salt, rice, sugar, pepper, flour
o Material: gold, wood, plastic, cotton, glass
o Gases: hydrogen, helium, oxygen, air
o Subjects: biology, math
o Feelings: love, hunger, faith, jealousy
o Sports: soccer, basketball, tennis
o Categories: furniture, clothes, technology, equipment, jewelry, money.
News, information, traffic.
Compound noun= collective nouns: look like plural but actually are singular.
Family company army
Group committee jury
Team congress government
Band organization club
Crowd public class
 Words that take singular pronoun/nouns and verbs.
Each each one is
Any anybody is
Some + singular noun/pronoun + singular verb someone is
Every everyone is
no no one is

ARTICLES:
A: it comes before a singular noun (means 1) that starts with a consonant sound.
Uniform house European home union
University heavy universal half
An: it comes before a singular noun that starts with a vowel sound.
Hour uncle herbal understanding
Honor umbrella unnatural
The: singular or plural noun. You use it to be specific and to mention something for the second
time, except with: breakfast, lunch, dinner, school, church, home or college.
Use THE with: Dont use THE with:
Oceans, rivers, seas, golfs, plural lakes. Singular lakes
The red sea, the atlantic ocean Lake erie
Mountains Mounts
The andes, the rocky mountain Mount Everest.
Earth, moon, sun. Planets, constellations
The earth, the moon, the sun. Mars, venus.
Phrases that begin with school. Phrases that end in school
The school of science, the university of Art school, santa fe college
Florida. Cardinal number after nouns
Ordinal number before nouns. World war one.
The first grade Countries with adjectives
Countries with more than 1 word New zeland, south Africa.
The united states, the united kingdom. Countries with 1 word
Wars (except world war) Bolivia, argentina.
The civil war, the Korean war. Continents
Historical documents America, Africa.
The constitution, the magna letter States
Buenos aires, santa cruz.
Sports
Soccer, basket.
Abstract nouns
Happiness, freedom.
Holidays
Christmas, new year.
Subjects
Math, English, science.
Ethnic groups
Aztecas, indians
OTHER
WITH COUNT NOUNS WITH NON-COUNT NOUNS
*an + other + singular noun: one more
Another pencil.
*the other + singular noun: the last one.
The other pencil.
*other + plural noun: more of the rest. *Other + non-countable: more of the rest
Other pencils=more pencils. Other coffee=more coffee.
*the other + Plural noun: the rest *the other + non-countable: the rest
The other pencils=everything that is left. The other coffee=the rest of the coffee.

The other pencils= the other ones(when you mention it for the second time)

The other pencil = the other one.

The other pencils= the others. (when you mention it for the second time)

The other + plural noun = the others + .

VERB TENSES
Simple past: used to describe an action that started and
finished in the past.
Examples: I called you last night.
She was in Dubai last month.
Past continuous: was/were + present participle(base form +
ing)
o Used to describe an action that got interrupted by
another in the past.
I was cooking when the phone rang.(simple past)
1 2
o Used to mention 2 simultaneous actions.
I was cooking while you were watching tv.
While you were watching tv, I was cooking.
1 2
Present perfect: has/have + past participle
o Used to mention an action that happened at an
indefinite time in the past.
She has been to Brazil.
 o Used to mention an action that happened more than
once.
Sharon has seen this movie twice.
o Used to mention an action that started in the past and
may continue in the present.
Sharon has lived in SC since 1994/for 19 years.
(since to mention when the action started-for to
mention the period of time)
Past perfect: had + past participle OR Past Perfect
Continuous: had been + pre. Participle.
o Used to talk about an action that happened before
another action in the past.
I went home after I had gone to the store.
2 1
I had gone to the store before I went home.
1 2
Before I went home, I had gone to the store.
After I had gone to the store, I went home.
Simple present: you use it for routines, daily activities, hobbies &
emotions.
I feel sad
I always wake up at 5 oclock.
I take a shower twice a week.
I play the guitar.
Present continuous:
o To talk about an action that is in progress right now!
I am writing progress.
o To talk about the future ( you need a future time
expression)
I am going to the movies tonight.
Verbs as complements
Verbs that are followed by an infinitive:
Agree attempt claim decide demand
Desire expect fail forget hesitate
Hope intend learn need offer
Plan prepare pretend refuse seem
Strive tend want wish
Verbs that are followed by a gerund:
Admit appreciate avoid cant help consider
Delay deny enjoy finish mind
Miss postpone practice quit recall
Report resent resist resume risk
Suggest
Verbs that are followed by an infinitive or a gerund:
Begin cant stand continue dread hate
Like love prefer regret start
Verbs,
Adjectives + preposition, are followed bygerund
Nouns

Adjectives that are followed by an infinitive:

Anxious boring dangerous hard
Eager easy good strange
Pleased prepared ready able
Usual common difficult

John, along with twenty friends, is planning a party.

Accompanied by
Together with
As well as

The students of my class are(anything that follows a preposition

does not affect the subject)

The study of languages is hard.

 Pronouns before the gerund or infinitive:
Some verbs must be followed by a pronoun, noun or possessive form
before their complement.

Noun or pronoun before an infinitive:

Allow ask beg convince expect instruct
Invite order permit persuade prepare promise
Remind urge want

sub + verb + (noun/pronoun) + inf.

Joel asked Mary to call him.
The teacher permitted them to turn their papers in late.

Possessive forms are followed by gerund:

Sub + verb + possessive noun/possessive adjective + gerund.
We understand your not being able to stay longer
He regrets her leaving.
We object to their calling at this hour.
We dont approve of johns buying that house.
Embedded questions: we insert a question inside a sentence or another
question. (wh-word + sentence)
Q: where is the library? (wh-word + be + sub?)
EQ: I want to know where the library is (like a sentence, sub + verb)

Q: how did you do on the test?

EQ: Pablo asked me how I did on the test. (Sub + verb)

Q: whose cellphone is it?

EQ: Do you know whose cellphone it is? (aux + sub + verb + c)

Q: When are you giving me your homework?

EQ: the teacher wants to know when we are giving her the homework.

Q: when is your birthday?

EQ: franz asked me when my birthday is.

Q: who will FIFA elect as the best player?

EQ: they announced who FIFA will elect as best player.
AFFIRMATIVE AGREEMENT
You agree with an affirmative statement

Affirmative sentence, + and + (so + auxiliary + subject).

(subject + auxiliary + too).
auxiliary must match in tense with the verb from the sentence and it must
match in number from the subject in the agreement.

You like swimming, and so do I.

I do too.
She went on vacation, and so did you.
you did too.
We have been to brazil, and so has she
She has too.
She is eating breakfast, and so am I.
I am too.
John should travel next Monday, and so should i.
I should too.
NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
You agree with a negative statement.

Negative statement, + and + (neither + aff. Auxiliary + subject).

(subject + neg. auxiliary + either).

You dont like swimming, and neither do I.

I dont either.
She didnt go on vacation, and neither did you.
You didnt either.
We havent been to brazil, and neither has she.
She hasnt either.
She isnt eating breakfast, and neither am I.
I arent either.
John wont travel next Monday, and neither will I.
I wont either.
ADVERBIALS AT THE BEGINNING OF THE SENTENCE
she hardly misses a day of school = Hardly does she miss a day of school

Subject + auxiliary + adverbial + verb +

Hardly
Rarely + auxiliary + subject + verb +
Seldom
never
Only

She has never failed a class before = never has she failed a class before.
I will pass this term only if I take the extra credit. = only if I take the extra credit will I pass.
You rarely ate dinner last night. = rarely did you eat dinner last night.
MAKE THE CHANGE:
1. Jorge rarely forgets to do his homework.
Rarely does he forget to do his homework.
2. Jane can finish this work only by staying up all night.
Only by staying up all night can she finish
3. Henry had hardly started working when he realized that he needed to go to the
library.
Hardly had he started working when he realized that he needed to go to the
library.
4. We have never heard a song like this one.
Never have we heard a song like this one.
5. Maria seldom missed a football game when she was in the USA.
Seldom did Maria miss a football game when she was in the USA.
6. We will be able to buy the car only with a bank loan.
Only with a bank loan will we be able to buy the car.
7. We rarely watch television during the week.
Rarely do we watch television during the week.

8. He has never played a better game than he has today.

Never has he played a better game than he has today.
9. This professor seldom lets his students leave class early.
Seldom does this professor let his students leave class early.
10. Jennifer had hardly entered the room when she felt the presence of a spirit.
Hardly had Jennifer entered the room when she felt the presence of a spirit.
 Passive Voice
It is a voice that is used when you want to focus your attention on the receiver of
the action.
Active voice: focus on the performer--- I eat pizza.
Passive voice: focus on the receiver-- pizza is eaten by me.

To form a verb in the passive voice you need:

BE + PAST PARTICIPLE

Simple present: am/is/are + past participle.

Engineers create cellphones to connect people.
Cellphones are created to connect people by engineers.
Simple past: was/were + past participle.
Cellphones were created to connect people.
Present continuous: am/is/are + being + past participle.
Researches are being made to improve the previous results.
Past continuous: was/were + being + past participle.
Researches were being made to improve the previous results.
Present perfect: have/has + been + past participle.
My computer has been infected.
Past perfect: had + been + past participle.
My computer had been infected by some virus.
Modal: modal + be + past participle.
My debt will be paid before 2015.

John will have received the papers by tomorrow.

The papers will have been received by john tomorrow.

 Conditionals (if)
Real conditionals: possibly true
She will pass this class if she gets good grades.
If she gets good grades, she will pass this class.

Condition (present) result (future)

If + sub + simple present verb + C, sub + [will/may/must/be going to] + BF + C

If I save money, I will/may/must/am going to buy a house.

If I go to the CEL, I will improve my listening.

Unreal conditionals: not true

o Present: if I had the time, I would go to the concert.
(I dont have the time so I wont go the concert)

Condition result

If + sub + simple past + c, sub + [would/could/might] + BF + c

If I didnt feel sick, I would stay in class.

If I didnt go to the CBA, I could sleep at 9.

o Past: if I had known Chinese, I would have gone to china.

(I didnt know Chinese that is why I didnt go to China)

Condition result

If + sub + past perfect + c, sub + [would/could/might] + have + past part. + c

If I hadnt eaten that sandwich, I wouldnt have spent all my money.

Conditionals
As if/As though
Conjunctions used to express unreal conditions:
Present: sub + simple present + c + [as if/as though] + simple past + c.
she walks as if she were a model. (She is not a model)

He talks as if he knew. (He doesnt know)

The teacher looks as if she were angry. (she is not angry)

Past: sub + simple past + c + [as if/as though] + past perfect + c.

Jeff looked as if he had seen a ghost. (He didnt see a ghost)

You bought things as if you had been a millionaire. (he wasnt a millionaire)
He acted as though he had been the best. (he wasnt the best)
The teacher looked as if she had been angry. (she wasnt angry)
 Conditionals
Hope/wish
Hope: to indicate an action that possibly happened, it can be follow by any verb.
Wish: to indicate an action that definitely did not happen.

Wish has an unreal context.

Past wish: sub + wish + (that) + sub2 + [past perfect/could have + past participle]
I wish that I had washed the clothes yesterday. ( I didnt wash my clothes)
He wishes he hadnt failed the class. (he failed the class)
Present wish: sub + wish + (that) + sub2 + simple past
I wish I had enough time to finish my work. (I dont have the time)
She wishes she werent at the CBA. ( she is at the CBA)
Future wish: sub + wish + (that) + sub2 + [could-would + bf/were + present participle]
I wish that you were coming tomorrow. (he/she is not coming tomorrow)
Could/would come
I wish I couldnt die.
Wouldnt die.
Werent dying. ( everybody will die)

MIN 495.
(12, 5 %) exam: Thursday 9th and Friday 10th.
1st
CEL practice: TUESDAY 14TH.
(12, 5 %) 2nd exam: Thursday 16th and Friday 17th.
(25%) Final exam: 22nd and 23th of May (Wednesday and Thursday)
(25%) Essay exam: Friday 17th.
(25%) Oral exam: from Monday 20th to Friday 24th.
 PARALLELLISM
Whenever you give information in the form of a list, all this information needs
to be PARALLEL!!

John is a writer, a teacher and he writes poetry.

John is a writer, a teacher and a poet.
I like to swim, play soccer and watching movies.
I like to swim, to play soccer and to watch movies.
I like to swim, play soccer and watch movies
I like swimming, playing soccer and watching movies.
We want to eat some pizza or movies.
We want to eat some pizza or to watch a movie.
Lucas is handsome, tall and a lot of people like him.
Lucas is handsome, tall and likable.

The job requires someone who is hardworking, responsible and can work fast. (X)
The job requires someone who is hardworking, responsible and efficient.

Adrian is a great accountant because he likes numbers, resolve operations and his
desk. (X)
Adrian is a great accountant because he likes numbers, operations and his desk.
Adrian is a great accountant because he likes to work with numbers, resolve
operations and sit in his desk.

When you give options, these need to be parallel:

Neither + parallel + nor + parallel

Either + parallel + or + parallel

We can go either to the movies or to a restaurant

She can either buy a car or rent.
She can either buy a car or rent one.
I neither like golfing nor biking.
I like neither golfing nor biking.
I neither like golfing nor go biking.

We can either eat at a restaurant or at home. (X)

We can eat either at a restaurant or at home.
We can either eat at a restaurant or stay at home.

You either participate in the event or have classes = you participate in the
event or you have classes.
We either participate in the event or have classes.
When using paired conjunctions (INCLUSIVES), the information needs to be
parallel.

Not only + parallel + but (also) + parallel:

He plays not only the guitar but also the violin.
Both + parallel + and + parallel:
He plays both the guitar and the violin.
Parallel + as well as + parallel:
The plays the guitar as well as the violin.

She not only plays the piano but also composes music.
She both plays the piano and composes music.
She plays the piano as well as composes music.
 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
Clauses that work as an adjective
Sentence? Group of words that has a subject and a verb. It expresses a complete idea
Clause? Group of words that has subject and verb. It doesnt express a complete idea.
Adjective? Word that describes, modifies or gives more information about a noun.

An adjective clause is also called Relative clause, because they start with a relative pronoun

Relative pron. Represents:

who People (subj.)
whom People (obj.)
which things
that People/things
(informal)
whose possession

I bought a stereo. The stereo was advertised on TV.

S #1 s #2
S1 in S2: the stereo [which I bought] was advertised on TV.
Subj adj verb mp
S2 in S1: I bought a stereo [which was advertised on tv].
Sub v c adj.

I love my mom. My mom is the best cooker.

S1 S2
S1 in S2: my mom whom I love is the best cooker. OBJECT RELATIVE PRONOUN
Whom + sub + verb
(Obj.)
S2 in S1:I love my mom who is the best cooker. SUBJECT RELATIVE PRONOUN
Who + verb + c
( Sub.)

WHOSE:
The dentist is treating a patient. The patients teeth are broken.
The dentist is treating a patient whose teeth are broken.

I found a cellphone. The cellphones owner hasnt appeared.

I found a cellphone whose owner hasnt appeared.
ESSAYS FOR MONDAY 12TH.

1) Do you think that the raising of some species of dogs, such as Pitbulls or Rottweilers
should be banned in SC? Give reasons and examples to support your answer.
2) Would you rather be blind or deaf? Give reasons and examples to support your
answer.

ADVERB CLAUSES

CONTRAST CONJUNCTIONS
Although
Even though + sentence (sub + verb)
Though

I will go out even though it is raining.

Sub + verb
The baby could sleep although the music was loud.
Sub + verb

Despite
In spite of + noun phrase ( art/adj/adv/det + noun)

I will go out despite the rain.

Art + noun
The baby could sleep in spite of the loud music.
Art + adj. + noun.

REASON CONJUNCTIONS
Because + sentence.
I wont go out because it is raining.
Sub + verb
The baby couldnt sleep because the music was loud.
Sub + verb
Because of + noun phrase.
I wont go out because of the rain.
Art + noun
The baby couldnt sleep because of the loud music.
Art + adj. + noun.
However + sentence.

Sentence ./; however, sentence.

Danielas dad told her not to go out. However, she went out.