31may2012 LTE PDF

Greater insight. Greater confidence. Accelerate next-generation wireless.
LTE Channel State Information (CSI)
Presented by: Sandy Fraser, Agilent Technologies
Wireless Communications
2012 Agilent Technologies
Agenda
Greater insight. Greater confidence.
Accelerate next-generation wireless.
Channel State Information (CSI) different forms and definitions

Channel Quality Information, Pre-Coding Matrix Indicator, Rank
Indicator
Terminology
CSI controls, formats and reports
Test Summary
Examine one test each for wideband CQI, frequency selective (sub-
band) CQI, PMI and RI
What Agilent can do for CSI test!!
Summary
This presentation relies on the listener understanding a little

MIMO, so we will revise a little as we go through the talk
2
The whole CSI concept
Channel conditions change FACT!!

1) A UE moves from one area of good reception to an area with bad
reception
2) A UE is moving along a street with deep/wide fades and highly
variable radio conditions
3) We are sat at a caf downloading our mail when a delivery truck
parks in our line of sight to the eNB
In all these case CSI takes care of the UEs movement to a more robust
coding scheme, less puncturing, lower modulation depth, different
allocation in either frequency or time.
As in life, success is all intiming !
3
Terminology I
The process of transmitting data from multiple

Spatial Multiplexing antennas on the same frequency at the same time
Transmission of common data, but modified in some

Transmit Diversity way, on more than one antenna
The entire route, from transmission to reception,

Channel including all the analog & RF circuits & antennas,
that could introduce unwanted coupling or distortion
The number of useable data stream (layers) in a

(Channel) Rank multi-antenna radio system
A measure of the similarity between different signals

Correlation (after the receiver antennas)
A short term measure of the increase in SNR needed

Condition Number to recover a spatially multiplexed signal
4
Terminology II
Codeword The input data after basic adaptation from the payload
With spatial multiplexing, it is synonymous with a
(Transmission) Layer stream
The process of cross coupling the signals before
Precoding transmission (used in closed loop operation) to
equalize the demodulated performance of the layers
The look-up table of cross coupling factors used for

Codebook precoding; shared by the mobile and base-station
A mechanism used to continuously adapt the

Closed Loop MIMO transmitted signal to suit the channel characteristics,
using the precoder
The process of cross coupling the signals at
Beamforming transmitter (or receiver) to adapt to the channel.
LTE precoding is one example of doing this
When beamforming with phased array, it is the
Beamsteering process of tracking the movement of the mobile
5
Agenda
Channel State Information different forms and definitions

Indicator
Terminology
Test Summary
Summary
6
Information required by UE to
transmit/receive Greater insight. Greater confidence.
UEs need to know a lot of information before sending or receiving data
Uplink Downlink
When the UE can transmit and on which When the UE should listen for DL data. DL data
resources may not be contiguous in frequency
Which modulation, transport block size Which modulation, transport block size and
and redundancy version to use redundancy version were used to transmit this data
Adjustments to align timing with eNB Is this downlink spatially multiplexed
Whether to hop the PUSCH or not For Spatially multiplexed DL what pre-coding has
been applied
Power level Which HARQ process does this data belong to
Transmit
ALL of thisnew block orisre-transmit
information send from the eNB toIsthe
this
UEnew dataDownlink
on the or re-transmitted data
Control Information (DCI)
NACKd blocks
7
Downlink Control Information
(DCI) formats Greater insight. Greater confidence.
DCI Format Payload Usage

0 UL Assignments RB Assignments, TPC, MCS, PUSCH hopping flag
1 DL Assignments RB Assignments, TPC, HARQ, MCS
1A DL Assignments (compact) RB Assignments, TPC, HARQ, MCS, RA
1B DL Assignments (compact with pre-coding) RB Assignments, TPC, HARQ, MCS, TPMI, PMI
1C DL Assignments (VERY compact) RB Assignments
1D DL Assignments (compact with pre-coding and RB Assignments, TPC, HARQ, MCS, TPMI, DL Power
power offset) Multi user MIMO offset
2 DL Assignments for closed loop MIMO RB Assignments, TPC, HARQ, MCS, pre-coding
2A DL Assignments for open loop MIMO RB Assignments, TPC, HARQ, MCS, pre-coding
2B DL Assignments for dual layer TM8 beamforming RB Assignments, TPC, HARQ, MCS, pre-coding
2C DL Assignments for dual layer TM9 8 layer non RB Assignments, TPC, HARQ, MCS, pre-coding
codebook multiplexing (Rel10)
3 TPC commands for PUSCH and PUCCH with 2 Power control, e.g. USER1, USER2, USER.etc using
bit power adjustments TPC-PUCCH-RNTI and TPC-PUSCH-RNTI
3A TPC commands for PUSCH and PUCCH with Power control, e.g. USER1, USER2, USER.etc using
single bit power adjustments TPC-PUCCH-RNTI and TPC-PUSCH-RNTI
4 UL Assignments for up to 4 layers, 2 per RB Assignments, TPC, HARQ, MCS, pre-coding
codeword and pre-coding (Rel10)
8
DCI example
N6061A Protocol logging Greater insight. Greater confidence.
9
HARQ Link Adaptation
Retransmissions of a particular HARQ process use the same modulation and

coding scheme as the initial transmission. Each subsequent retransmission
simply reduces the effective code rate through incremental redundancy
there are 4 redundancy versions for LTE
Link adaptation (AMC: adaptive modulation and coding) with various

modulation schemes and channel coding rates can be applied to the shared
data channel.
AMC optimises the transmission performance of each UE while maximizing

the system throughput.
If we use too low a modulation depth e.g. QPSK during good radio conditions, then
we are utilizing more bandwidth (for a given desired data rate) than we need to
If we use too high a modulation depth in poor conditions, we end up with too many
re-transmissions
Either way we are not making efficient use of the resources available
Channel STATE Indicator, which includes Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) is
the means by which the channel conditions are reported to the eNB to
optimise AMC process.
10
LTE 3GPP Channel Quality Indictor
(CQI) Greater insight. Greater confidence.
36.213 section 7.2
CQI coding rate x

CQI reports can be index
modulation
1024
efficiency
Wideband or per sub-band 0 out of range

1 QPSK 78 0.1523
Semi static, Higher Layer Configured or UE selected 2 QPSK 120 0.2344
single or multiple sub-bands 3 QPSK 193 0.3770
CQI only, or CQI plus Pre-coding Matrix Indicator 4 QPSK 308 0.6016
5 QPSK 449 0.8770
(PMI) / Rank Indicator (RI) 6 QPSK 602 1.1758
Transmitted on PUCCH for sub-frames with no PUSCH 7 16QAM 378 1.4766
8 16QAM 490 1.9141
allocation or PUSCH with or without scheduling grant or
9 16QAM 616 2.4063
if no UL-SCH 10 64QAM 466 2.7305
Depends on spatial multiplexing 11 64QAM 567 3.3223
Reports can be periodic or aperiodic (when signaled by 12

13
64QAM
64QAM
666
772
3.9023
4.5234
DCI format 0 with CQI request field set to 1) 14 64QAM 873 5.1152
15 64QAM 948 5.5547
The eNB need not necessarily use the CQI reported

from the UE
36.213 Table 7.2.3-1: 4-bit CQI Table
11
Channel State Indication CSI on
Uplink Channel Information (UCI) Greater insight. Greater confidence.
36.213 Section 7.2
Transmission Mode Payload
1. Single-antenna UE selected sub-band CQI + wide-band CQI or

port; port 0 Higher Layer Configured wide-band and sub-band CQI, no PMI
2. Transmit diversity UE selected sub-band CQI + wide-band CQI or
Higher Layer Configured wide-band and sub-band CQI, no PMI
3. Open-loop spatial UE selected sub-band CQI + wide-band CQI or
multiplexing Higher Layer Configured wide-band and sub-band CQI, no PMI
4. Closed-loop spatial Wide-band CQI per codeword + PMI for each sub-band or
multiplexing UE selected sub-band and wide-band CQI per codeword + PMI or
Higher Layer Configured wide-band and sub-band CQI + PMI
5. Multi-user MIMO Higher Layer Configured wide-band and sub-band CQI + PMI
6. Closed-loop Wide-band CQI per codeword + PMI for each sub-band or
Rank=1 pre-coding UE selected sub-band and wide-band CQI per codeword + PMI or
Higher Layer Configured wide-band and sub-band CQI + PMI
TM7, 8, 9 not listed
12
UCI on the PUCCH or PUSCH
Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) or Physical Uplink Shared Channel carries the
Uplink Control Information CQI and ACK/NACK, and also scheduling requests
Format Bits per Payload Modn

sub-frame
1 N/A No Ack/Nack, only SR N/A
1a 1 SISO Ack/Nack BPSK
1b 2 MIMO Ack/Nack QPSK
2 20 CSI, no Ack/Nack QPSK
2a * 21 CSI + SISO Ack/Nack B/QPSK
2b * 22 CSI + MIMO Ack/Nack B/QPSK
The number and position of Demodulation Reference Signal symbols will vary
depending on format
* For normal CP only
13
UCI example N6061A Protocol logging
Periodic CQI report

Aperiodic CQI report
combined with
with PMI and RI
ACK/NACK reporting
14
Agenda

Indicator
Terminology
Test Summary
Summary
15
The mandated CSI tests
36.521 section 9, 36.101 section 9
There are 18 CSI tests

10 for CQI testing (both wide-band and sub-band CQI)
6 for PMI testing
2 for RI testing
Almost all are COMPARATIVE tests several stages with varying conditions
results compared to ensure throughput gain
Almost all require AWGN and Fading
NONE are truly representative of real world conditions.
All have separate FDD and TDD sections
7 are currently defined for Release 10 in 36.101 requirements (CSI reference
symbols), but are not defined in the test procedures 36.521
These standards change regularly this section last updated May 2012
16
36.521 Section 9
CSI Conformance Tests Greater insight. Greater confidence.
Most requirements are tested using faded DL channels

Most are comparative tests, accomplished in several stages
Most employ fixed or minimally varied transmission conditions
Test Title and 3GPP 36.521 SNR options, test

Channel Mode Description
test reference count
CQI reporting under AWGN Comparison of BLER using CQImedian

AWGN (1 x 2) 2,2 PUCCH 1-0
9.2.1 +/-1 values
CQI reporting under AWGN Comparison of BLER for each

AWGN (2 x 2) 2,2 PUCCH 1-1
9.2.2 codeword using CQImedian +/-1 values
CQI reporting under AWGN Defined in 36.101 Defined in 36.101

CSI Reference Symbols placeholder
(requirements), not in (requirements), not in PUCCH 1-1
9.2.3 R10 feature
36.521 (procedures) 36.521 (procedures)
17
Summary of test cases
continued - CQI Greater insight. Greater confidence.
Test Title and 3GPP 36.521 SNR options, test
test reference count
CQI Frequency-selective Throughput with eNB random sub-band
3GPP 36.101 Clause
scheduling allocation, then test with UE reported
B.2.4 with specific 2,2 PUSCH 3-0
sub-band allocation. Differential
9.3.1.1 fading conditions
minimum throughput gain ratio.
CQI Frequency-selective Defined in 36.101 Defined in 36.101
scheduling CSI Reference Symbols placeholder
(requirements), not in (requirements), not in PUSCH 3-1
R10 feature
9.3.1.2 36.521 (procedures) 36.521 (procedures)
CQI Frequency non- PUCCH 1-0 on
selective scheduling PUSCH to avoid Compares Throughput using UE
EPA5, High 2,2
CQI and ACK reported CQI against fixed CQImedian
9.3.2.1 collisions
CQI Frequency non- Defined in 36.101 Defined in 36.101
selective scheduling CSI Reference Symbols placeholder
(requirements), not in (requirements), not in PUCCH 1-1
R10 feature
9.3.2.2 36.521 (procedures) 36.521 (procedures)
CQI Frequency-selective
Throughput with eNB random sub-band
interference 3GPP 36.101 Clause
allocation, then test with UE reported
B.2.4 with specific 2,1 PUSCH 3-0
9.3.3 sub-band allocation. Differential
fading conditions
minimum throughput gain ratio.
Sub band size 6RB
CQI UE-selected sub-band Throughput with eNB random sub-band
3GPP 36.101 Clause
9.3.4.1 B.2.4 with specific 2,2 PUSCH 2-0
sub-band allocation. Differential
fading conditions
Sub-band size 3RB minimum throughput gain ratio.
CQI UE-selected sub-band PUSCH 2-0 Throughput with eNB random sub-band
3GPP 36.101 Clause
9.3.4.2 B.2.4 with specific 2,2 to avoid CQI and sub-band allocation. Differential
fading conditions ACK collisions minimum throughput gain ratio.
Sub-band size 6RB
18
continued - PMI Greater insight. Greater confidence.
Test Title and 3GPP SNR options, test

36.521 test reference count
Compares random pre-coding matrix

Single PMI reporting
EVA5, Low 2x2 1,1 PUSCH 3-1 reported TP against UE reported pre-
9.4.1.1
coding matrix TP.
Single PMI reporting
EVA5, Low 4x2 1,1 PUCCH 2-1 reported TP against UE reported pre-
9.4.1.2
coding matrix TP.
Single PMI reporting Defined in 36.101 Defined in 36.101

9.4.1.3 R10 feature

Multiple PMI reporting
EPA5, Low 2x2 1,1 PUSCH 1-2 reported TP against UE reported pre-
9.4.2.1
coding matrix TP.

Multiple PMI reporting
EVA5, Low 4x2 1,1 PUSCH 2-2 reported TP against UE reported pre-
9.4.2.2
coding matrix TP.
Multiple PMI reporting Defined in 36.101 Defined in 36.101

9.4.2.3 R10 feature
19
continued - RI Greater insight. Greater confidence.
Test Title and 3GPP SNR options, test

36.521 test reference count
PUCCH 1-1 Compares TP with fixed rank, vs

Rank Indicator reporting
EPA5, Low and high 2x2 1, 3 reported rank for 3 separate channel
9.5.1.1 FDD Only and rank conditions.
PUCCH 3-1 Compares TP with fixed rank, vs
Rank Indicator reporting
EPA5, Low and high 2x2 1, 3 reported rank for 3 separate channel
9.5.1.2 TDD Only and rank conditions.
Defined in 36.101 Defined in 36.101
Rank Indicator reporting CSI Reference Symbols placeholder
(requirements), not in (requirements), not in FDD only
9.5.2.1 R10 feature
Defined in 36.101 Defined in 36.101
Rank Indicator reporting CSI Reference Symbols placeholder
(requirements), not in (requirements), not in TDD only
9.5.2.2 R10 feature
20
Wideband CQI Test With AWGN
(PUCCH format 1.0), 9.2.1 Greater insight. Greater confidence.
Parameter Unit Test 1 Test 2

Bandwidth MHz 10
PDSCH transmission mode 1
Downlink power A dB 0
allocation B dB 0
Propagation condition and antenna
AWGN (1 x 2)
configuration
SNR (Note 2) dB 0 1 6 7
Ior( j ) dB[mW/15kHz] -98 -97 -92 -91
( j)
N oc dB[mW/15kHz] -98 -98
Max number of HARQ transmissions 1
Physical channel for CQI reporting PUCCH Format 2
PUCCH Report Type 4
Reporting periodicity ms NP = 5
cqi-pmi-ConfigurationIndex 6
Note 1: Reference measurement channel according to Table A.4-1 with one sided dynamic OCNG
Pattern OP.1 FDD as described in Annex A.5.1.1.
Note 2: For each test, the minimum requirements shall be fulfilled for at least one of the two SNR(s) and
the respective wanted signal input level.
PUCCH 1-0 static test (36.101 [10] Table 9.2.1-1)
21
Wideband CQI Test With AWGN
(PUCCH format 1.0), 9.2.1 Greater insight. Greater confidence.
Establish
Median
Setup with conditions stated and measure CQI in test
the median value of CQI part 1
90% of all 2000 CQI results obtained must
be within +/- 1 of this median value
Med CQI-1 Med CQI Med CQI+1
Take this median CQI-1 value and
measure BLER which must be less than
10%.
Take the median CQI +1 value and Test part 2 Test part 3
measure the BLER which must be greater with lower
than 10%. with higher
than optimal than optimal
If the UE fails this test using the first SNR data flow data flow
value (0 dB), then the test sequence can results in low results in high
be repeated using the second value (1 BLER (less BLER (greater
dB). The UE must pass at least one of than 10%)
these two tests. The test is then repeated than 10%)
for the SNR of 6dB, and if necessary 7dB.
22
Frequency Selective CSI
What if? Greater insight. Greater confidence.
What if I have been allocated the resources in RED

BUT my UE measures the PURPLE area to be more suitable for
the measured channel conditions?
What happens if the conditions have changed by the time the UE
is moved to these RBs?
This is the purpose of sub-band (frequency selective) CSI testing
Time
Frequency
23
Frequency selective (sub-band)
scheduling CQI test with fading, 9.3.1.1 Greater insight. Greater confidence.
Parameter Unit Test 1 Test 2

Bandwidth MHz 10 MHz
Transmission mode 1 (port 0)
SNR (Note 3) dB 9 10 14 15
Ior( j ) dB[mW/15kHz] -89 -88 -84 -83
( j)
N oc dB[mW/15kHz] -98 -98
3GPP 36.101 Clause B.2.4 with specific
Propagation channel
fading conditions
Correlation Full
Reporting interval ms 5
CQI delay ms 8
Reporting mode PUSCH 3-0
Max number of HARQ
1
transmissions
Note 1: If the UE reports in an available uplink reporting instance at subframe SF#n based on CQI
estimation at a downlink subframe not later than SF#(n-4), this reported subband or wideband
CQI cannot be applied at the eNB downlink before SF#(n+4)
Note 2: Reference measurement channel according to Table A.4-4 with one/two sided dynamic OCNG
Pattern OP.1/2 FDD as described in Annex A.5.1.1/2
Note 3: For each test, the minimum requirements shall be fulfilled for at least one of the two SNR(s)
and the respective wanted signal input level.
Sub-band test for single antenna transmission (FDD) (36.101 [10] Table 9.3.1.1.1.3-1)
24
Frequency selective (sub-band)
scheduling CQI test with fading, 9.3.1 Greater insight. Greater confidence.
Gather 2000 CQI reports
The sub-band differential CQI offset level of 0 shall be reported at least a % of the time but less than b % for
each sub-band
Parameter Test 1 Test 2

a [%] 2 2
b [%] 55 55
1.1 1.1
One sub-band may be different size to others this one is not used because it could skew the throughput
results
Ignoring reports from the UE, the 2nd stage of the test allocates random subbands to the UE and tests
throughput.
The 3rd stage of the test uses the highest ranking sub-bands reported by the UE
The ratio of stage 2 and 3 should represent a throughput gain of more than 10% AND the BLER must be
greater than 5%.
If the UE fails this test using the first SNR value (9 dB), then the test sequence can be repeated using the
second value (10 dB), the UE must pass at least one of these two tests. The test is then repeated using the
SNR values 14 (and if necessary) 15dB.
25
So Tell (or Remind) Me
How does MIMO work? Greater insight. Greater confidence.
1: Consider a moment in time, at a single frequency, and model the

channel as a box with fixed components inside:
A C
If we add two completely different
signals at A and B, theyll get
mixed together, but in a precisely
MIMO is used
B D defined way, dependant on the uncouple signals
values of Z1- Z4 on twisted pairs
2: Send a training signal first, thats unique to A and to B. Measure

what comes out at C and D and therefore how they got coupled. [If
you know how they get coupled, you can work out how to uncouple them]
3: Everything going into the box will be coupled the same way, so
you apply what you found to the real data you want to sent
26
and when does it not work?
Noise & interference always limit the modulation we use. With MIMO,
there is an ADDITIONAL factor how well can you uncouple the
signals measured by the Condition Number of the channel matrix
A C
Extreme example: If all the Zs are the same, both
outputs are the same. This is a keyhole channel,
which does not support spatial multiplexing (rank =1)
B D
For every dB increase in

condition number, you
may need a dB increase
in the SNR
27
Why Precode (cross couple)
the SM signal? Greater insight. Greater confidence.
No precoding the layer

performance is unbalanced
Precoded to achieve
similar performance for
both layers
28
Precoding Matrix Index definition
3GPP TS 36.211 Table 6.3.4.2.3-1 Greater insight. Greater confidence.
Deals with FDD case

Only 3 (2 for TM4) choices
for spatial multiplexing (16
for the 4 layer case)
For single data stream
transmission, the precoding
produces beamsteering
(with 4 antennas)
Subband PMI reporting can
be configured down to the
resource block level
29
PMI Testing, 9.4.1.1
PMI test for single layer (FDD) (36.101 [10] Table 9.4.1.1.1.3-1) Accelerate next-generation wireless.
Parameter Unit Test 1

Bandwidth MHz 10
Transmission mode 6
Propagation channel EVA5
Precoding granularity PRB 50
Correlation and antenna configuration Low 2 x 2
A
dB -3
Downlink power allocation B dB -3
( j)
N oc dB[mW/15kHz] -98
Reporting mode PUSCH 3-1
Reporting interval ms 1
PMI delay (Note 2) ms 8
Measurement channel R.10 FDD
OCNG Pattern OP.1 FDD
Max number of HARQ transmissions 4
Redundancy version coding sequence {0,1,2,3}
Note 1: For random precoder selection, the precoder shall be updated in each TTI (1 ms granularity)
Note 2: If the UE reports in an available uplink reporting instance at subrame SF#n based on PMI
estimation at a downlink SF not later than SF#(n-4), this reported PMI cannot be applied at the
eNB downlink before SF#(n+4).
30
PMI Testing, 9.4.1
The first stage of the test is performed in order to establish the value SNR(rnd). This is the
Signal to Noise Ratio used during the second and third stages of the test.
36.101 Annex G.5.2 specifies how to establish the value SNR(rnd), by adjusting the SNR until
the throughput is settled between 58% and 62% of the calculated maximum throughput t(rnd).
The second stage of the test is performed using random pre-coding
The third stage repeats stage 2 but using UE reported PMI values. Throughput results are
obtained using these two different conditions, and the throughput ratio ( ) is expressed as pre-
coding gain
A pass is achieved if the ratio is exceeded.
Table 6.6-13. Minimum requirement (FDD) (36.101 [10] Table 9.4.1.1.1.3-2)
Parameter Test 1
1.1
.
31
Rank Index
Only certain channel models are suitable for MIMO

If MIMO is used when the channel can only support 1 stream of data
the resulting throughput will be poor and resources wasted
If MIMO is NOT used when the channel CAN support more than one
stream, then the throughput will be low and resources wasted.
32
Rank Indication (RI) Testing, 9.5.1.1
RI test (FDD) (36.101 [10] Table 9.5.1.1.3-1)
Parameter Unit Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Greater insight. Greater confidence.
Bandwidth MHz 10
PDSCH transmission mode 4
Downlink power A dB -3
allocation B dB -3
000011 for fixed RI = 1
CodeBookSubsetRestriction
010000 for fixed RI = 2
bitmap
010011 for UE reported RI
Propagation condition and antenna
2 x 2 EPA5 Note 1: If the UE reports in an available uplink
configuration
reporting instance at subframe SF#n
Antenna correlation Low Low High based on PMI and CQI estimation at a
downlink subframe not later than SF#(n-
Fixed RI=2 Fixed RI=1 Fixed RI=2
RI configuration 4), this reported PMI and wideband CQI
and follow RI and follow RI and follow RI cannot be applied at the eNB downlink
before SF#(n+4).
SNR dB 0 20 20 Note 2: Reference measurement channel
( j)
N oc
dB[mW/15kHz] -98 -98 -98 according to Table A.4-1 with one sided
Ior( j ) dB[mW/15kHz] -98 -78 -78 dynamic OCNG Pattern OP.1 FDD as
described in Annex A.5.1.1.
Maximum number of HARQ
1 Note 3: To avoid collisions between RI reports
transmissions and HARQ-ACK it is necessary to report
Reporting mode PUCCH 1-1 (Note 4) both on PUSCH instead of PUCCH.
Physical channel for CQI/PMI PDCCH DCI format 0 shall be transmitted
PUCCH Format 2 in downlink SF#4 and #9 to allow periodic
reporting RI to multiplex with the HARQ-ACK on
PUCCH Report Type for CQI/PMI 2 PUSCH in uplink subframe SF#8 and #3.
Physical channel for RI reporting PUSCH (Note 3) Note 4: The bit field for precoding information in
DCI format 2 shall be mapped as:
PUCCH Report Type for RI 3
-For reported RI = 1 and PMI = 0 >>
Reporting periodicity ms NP = 5 precoding information bit field index = 1
PMI and CQI delay ms 8 -For reported RI = 1 and PMI = 1 >>
cqi-pmi-ConfigurationIndex 6 precoding information bit field index = 2
-For reported RI = 2 and PMI = 0 >>
ri-ConfigurationInd 1
precoding information bit field index = 0
33
Rank Indication (RI) Testing, 9.5.1
Test stage (a) establishes the value t(fix), Using the CodeBookSubsetRestriction for fixed Rank (1 or 2), the
system simulator responds with UL grants to the UE based on the CQI, RI, and PMI reports from the UE.
For test stage (b), the UE is then told to use the CodeBookSubsetRestriction as for UE reported RI shown in
table 6.6-14, along with all the other parameters to establish t(reported).
The ratio of the two throughput values obtained from the two test stages should satisfy the requirements
shown in table 6.6-15
Table 6.6-15. RI minimum requirements (FDD) (36.101 [10] Table 9.5.1.1.3-2)
Parameter Test 1 Test 2 Test 3
1 N/A 1.05 N/A
2 1.0 N/A 1.1
The first test should give very similar throughput values for the two test stages. Due to the low SNR value
there will be little or no improvement expected. The second test should show a modest throughput
improvement, but will still be restricted due to the use of R1 for both test stages, while test three will show the
highest improvement because of the highest SNR and use of fixed R2 for the first stage of the test.
34
Agenda

Indicator
Terminology
Test Summary
Summary
35
AWGN and OCNG
Required for most section 7,8,9 tests Greater insight. Greater confidence.
AWGN - Settable SNR for each RF1, RF2,

MIMO or Normal settings for channel mode
Indicated values for NoC and Noise Amplitude
Amp > AWGN
OCNG defined in 36.521-1 section A.5

Fills any un-used RBs with OCNG
Mode > BSE > Func > OCNG
36
Closed Loop TM4 and TM6 testing
BSE>mode setup>more>RRC>TM Mode
BLER/Tput Testing
64QAM
AUTO
QPSK AUTO AUTO Supports Test Mode
MCS 17-25 MCS 0-9 1
3 0 and E2E Testing
DL MCS Open Loop and Closed
RI PMI
2 1 Loop Testing
16QAM
2
MCS 10-16 Display CQI/RI/PMI
reported information
CHANNEL
EMULATOR
CQI
PMI
RI
37
Comprehensive Throughput Reporting
DL and UL
throughput graphs
and values
Average throughput,
BLER, ACK, NACK
and StatDTX counts
New tab for channel

state information
(CQI, PMI, RI etc)
38
CSI Reporting
CSI = channel state information includes CQI, PMI, RI
New tab for channel

state information
(CQI, PMI, RI etc)
Wideband and sub-
band reports
PMI, RI reports
Periodic, Aperiodic
reporting (depends
on scenario and
front panel settings
36.521 section 9
automatic reports
and measurements
39
Differential CQI reported values
40
CQI reporting for 36.521 Section 9
CSI = channel state information includes CQI, PMI, RI
Statistical CQI Performance

The Statistical CQI Performance measurement is used as part of
an RCT system to perform test cases in 36.521-1, section 9.
Mode > BSE > Func > More > RCT > Statistical CQI
Performance
Median CQI
This setting starts/initiates the collection of CQI reports from UE.
Aperiodic CQI, Periodic CQI
The scenario must contain the appropriate CQI Report
Configuration (either periodic or aperiodic) in the RRC Setup
message information. This enables the UE to generate the
correct CQI reports.
Mode > BSE > Func > More > CQI Median
DL Allocation based on CQI

Set the DL allocation to whatever the UE is reporting
Choose from Wideband or Sub-band and random Sub-band
Mode > BSE > Mode Setup > More > PHY > DL Resources >
CQI Reports
41
CQI Control Loop Testing
N9020A MXA Signal Analyzer
E6621A PXT Accelerate next-generation wireless.
(eNodeB emulator)
Ext Trig 1 In
N5182A MXG Vector Trig

Signal Generator Out Pulse
Sweep out
Trig In
Does the CQI feedback

process act fast enough? 50ms noise bursts added to downlink
42
Testing CQI Using UE Reporting
(Delayed ) drop in Accelerate next-generation wireless.
MCS in response to
CQI report from UE
2 frame quantisation Over-damped control loop

in response set by response showing impact
reporting interval of reporting interval and
CQI UE report averaging
HARQ retransmissions
occur throughout the
noise burst
43
Testing CQI Using UE Reporting
Random re-transmissions and RVs
Periods of StatDTX (No ACKs or

NACKs indicating no reception by
UE or no report sent by UE
44
Summary
LTE CSI testing is more involved than originally for W-CDMA

18 tests, FDD/TDD = 36, multi-steps = more than 100 test steps
Testing requires very specific setting capability in test equipment
Testing is largely static with fixed I_MCS, although using faded
conditions this does not represent the real world use case.
Real world type testing may be required to ensure end user satisfaction.
Fixed channel testing will be required to debug persistent throughput or
CSI reporting issues
45
Resources
Webcast for more detailed description of analysis using VSA software

http://www.eetimes.com/electrical-engineers/education-
training/webinars/4211278/How-To-Verify-the-Data-In-Your-LTE-Uplink-Signal
Agilent VSA site: www.agilent.com/find/vsa
This webcast was recorded and will be available shortly along with the
slides
Everything related to the PXT network emulator including Radio (pre-)

Conformance testing www.agilent.com/find/pxt
Application notes, white papers, demonstrations, webcasts, training

events, related products and MUCH more: www.agilent.com/find/MIMO
46
Backup slides
47
Greater insight. Greater confidence. Accelerate next-generation wireless.
BACKUP SLIDES - LTE - MIMO
Agenda
Overview of Multi-antenna techniques

LTE Terminology
How MIMO works in LTE
LTE RF Design and Measurement Course
49
Multi-Antenna Techniques in LTE
Just because there is more than one antenna, doesnt mean its
MIMO
Diversity can usefully be combined with MIMO Spatial Multiplexing to

improve performance
A focus on the need to provide an increased DL data rate leads to an

asymmetric system in LTE
50
System & Antenna Configurations
Terms Greater insight. Greater confidence.
Input and Output Refer to the Channel
SISO MISO
Tx0 Rx
Tx Rx
Tx1
Tx Diversity, Beamforming
SIMO MIMO
Tx Rx0 Tx0 Rx0
Rx1 Tx1 Rx1

Rx Diversity
Spatial Multiplexing
51
Terminology I
The process of transmitting data from multiple

Spatial Multiplexing antennas on the same frequency at the same time
Transmission of common data, but modified in some

Transmit Diversity way, on more than one antenna
The entire route, from transmission to reception,

Channel including all the analog & RF circuits & antennas,
that could introduce unwanted coupling or distortion
The number of useable data stream (layers) in a

(Channel) Rank multi-antenna radio system
A measure of the similarity between different signals

Correlation (after the receiver antennas)
A short term measure of the increase in SNR needed

Condition Number to recover a spatially multiplexed signal
52
MIMO Spatial Multiplexing and Diversity
Both Important, Different Objectives Greater insight. Greater confidence.
Multiple Antennas can be used in a variety of ways:

Beamforming
Transmit Diversity
Receive Diversity
Diversity techniques protect against fading, and improve

coverage
53
Double Diversity does not make MIMO
Transmit Diversity + Receive Diversity = Spatial Multiplexing
MISO plus MRC

Tx0
Tx1
Data modified and repeated on Tx0 Rx0
second symbol (or subcarrier)
Tx1 Rx1
MIMO
Tx0
Tx1
Data only transmitted once
54
MIMO Operation in LTE
In the Downlink, its normally like

WLAN, the MIMO transmission is
sent to a single mobile.
Known as Single User MIMO
In the Uplink, two mobiles are

used together to create the MIMO
signal.
Known as Multi-User MIMO
55
Terminology II
Codeword The input data after basic adaptation from the payload
With spatial multiplexing, it is synonymous with a
(Transmission) Layer stream
The process of cross coupling the signals before
Precoding transmission (used in closed loop operation) to
equalize the demodulated performance of the layers
The look-up table of cross coupling factors used for

Codebook precoding; shared by the mobile and base-station
A mechanism used to continuously adapt the

Closed Loop MIMO transmitted signal to suit the channel characteristics,
using the precoder
The process of cross coupling the signals at
Beamforming transmitter (or receiver) to adapt to the channel.
LTE precoding is one example of doing this
When beamforming with phased array, it is the
Beamsteering process of tracking the movement of the mobile
56
So Tell (or Remind) Me
How does MIMO work? Greater insight. Greater confidence.
1: Consider a moment in time, at a single frequency, and model the

channel as a box with fixed components inside:
A C
If we add two completely different
signals at A and B, theyll get
mixed together, but in a precisely
MIMO is used
B D defined way, dependant on the uncouple signals
values of Z1- Z4 on twisted pairs
2: Send a training signal first, thats unique to A and to B. Measure

what comes out at C and D and therefore how they got coupled. [If
you know how they get coupled, you can work out how to uncouple them]
3: Everything going into the box will be coupled the same way, so
you apply what you found to the real data you want to sent
57
and when does it not work?
Noise & interference always limit the modulation we use. With MIMO,
there is an ADDITIONAL factor how well can you uncouple the
signals measured by the Condition Number of the channel matrix
A
Extreme example: If all the Zs are the same, both
outputs are the same. This is a keyhole channel, which
does not support spatial multiplexing (rank =1)
B
For every dB increase in

condition number, you
may need a dB increase
in the SNR
58
LTE Channel Training Signals
The Reference Signals are what allow the receiver to calculate the channel coefficients. They NEVER overlap before they are t ransmitted
R0 R0
One antenna port
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
l0 l6 l0 l6
Resource element (k,l)
R0 R0 R1 R1
Two antenna ports
R0 R0 R1 R1
Not used for transmission on this antenna port
R0 R0 R1 R1
Reference symbols on this antenna port
R0 R0 R1 R1
l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3
Four antenna ports
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3
l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6
even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots
Antenna port 0 Antenna port 1 Antenna port 2 Antenna port 3
59
What makes a good channel for MIMO?
h00 Channel H
T0 R0
1 0
A perfect MIMO channel: R1 0 1

T1 h11
By simple observation it follows that R0 = T0 and R1 = T1

This is a case that creates double the capacity
But suppose we create a simple

static channel like this: Channel H
0.8 0.2
How do we know if it will provide 0.3 -0.9
capacity gain?
60
The MIMO challenge
Recovering the signal Greater insight. Greater confidence.
So is the earlier example good or bad for MIMO?

R0 = 0.8 T0 + 0.3 T1 Channel H
R1 = 0.2 T0 - 0.9 T1 0.8 0.2
0.3 -0.9
Giving:
T0 = 1.15 R0 + 0.39 R1
T1 = 0.26 R0 - 1.03 R1
We can recover the original signal

In fact any H matrix other than the unity matrix can be resolved
PROVIDED there is no external or internal noise!
Page 61
61
Why Precode (cross couple)
the SM signal? Greater insight. Greater confidence.
No precoding the layer

performance is unbalanced
Precoded with 1,1,-1,1

similar performance for
both layers
62
Precoding Matrix Index definition
3GPP TS 36.211 Table 6.3.4.2.3-1 Greater insight. Greater confidence.
Deals with FDD case

Only 3 choices for spatial
multiplexing (16 for the 4
layer case)
For single data stream
transmission, the precoding
produces beamsteering
(with 4 antennas)
Subband PMI reporting can
be configured down to the
resource block level
63
Antenna influence on performance
The dynamic condition number example did not isolate effects from
different components, including the antenna
In real life, the instantaneous channel matrix H is made up from the
interaction of three components:
The static 3D antenna pattern of the transmitter
The dynamic multipath and Doppler characteristics of the radio
channel
The static 3D antenna pattern of the receiver
The overall antenna contribution is the product of the transmit and receive
antennas known as the channel correlation matrix
64
Real life performance
Variation due to
instantaneous
correlation
Variation in the
frequency
domain not
shown
Most macrocell
activity takes
place in this
region
Variation due to fading and variable interference
65
Summary
MIMO Spatial Multiplexing is a powerful additional transmission scheme in

the right conditions
The list of 7 modes for DL transmission highlights how the ENB and UE will
have to work together to choose which multi-antenna technique to use:
LTE has seven different downlink transmission modes:
1.Single-antenna port; port 0 SISO
2.Transmit diversity MISO
3.Open-loop spatial multiplexing MIMO no precoding
4.Closed-loop spatial multiplexing MIMO with precoding
5.Multi-user MIMO MIMO - separate UE (for UL)
6.Closed-loop Rank=1 precoding MISO - beamsteering
7.Single-antenna port; port 5 MISO beamsteering
66

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Greater insight. Greater confidence. Accelerate next-generation wireless.

LTE Channel State Information (CSI)

Presented by: Sandy Fraser, Agilent Technologies

Channel State Information (CSI) different forms and definitions

This presentation relies on the listener understanding a little

Channel conditions change FACT!!

The process of transmitting data from multiple

Transmission of common data, but modified in some

The entire route, from transmission to reception,

The number of useable data stream (layers) in a

A measure of the similarity between different signals

A short term measure of the increase in SNR needed

The look-up table of cross coupling factors used for

A mechanism used to continuously adapt the

Channel State Information different forms and definitions

UEs need to know a lot of information before sending or receiving data

DCI Format Payload Usage

Retransmissions of a particular HARQ process use the same modulation and

Link adaptation (AMC: adaptive modulation and coding) with various

AMC optimises the transmission performance of each UE while maximizing

CQI coding rate x

Wideband or per sub-band 0 out of range

Reports can be periodic or aperiodic (when signaled by 12

The eNB need not necessarily use the CQI reported

Transmission Mode Payload

1. Single-antenna UE selected sub-band CQI + wide-band CQI or

Format Bits per Payload Modn

* For normal CP only

Periodic CQI report

Channel State Information different forms and definitions

There are 18 CSI tests

Most requirements are tested using faded DL channels

Test Title and 3GPP 36.521 SNR options, test

CQI reporting under AWGN Comparison of BLER using CQImedian

CQI reporting under AWGN Comparison of BLER for each

CQI reporting under AWGN Defined in 36.101 Defined in 36.101

Test Title and 3GPP SNR options, test

Compares random pre-coding matrix

Single PMI reporting Defined in 36.101 Defined in 36.101

Compares random pre-coding matrix

Compares random pre-coding matrix

Multiple PMI reporting Defined in 36.101 Defined in 36.101

Test Title and 3GPP SNR options, test

PUCCH 1-1 Compares TP with fixed rank, vs

Parameter Unit Test 1 Test 2

PUCCH 1-0 static test (36.101 [10] Table 9.2.1-1)

What if I have been allocated the resources in RED

Parameter Unit Test 1 Test 2

Gather 2000 CQI reports

Parameter Test 1 Test 2

1: Consider a moment in time, at a single frequency, and model the

2: Send a training signal first, thats unique to A and to B. Measure

For every dB increase in

No precoding the layer

Deals with FDD case

Parameter Unit Test 1

Only certain channel models are suitable for MIMO

Table 6.6-15. RI minimum requirements (FDD) (36.101 [10] Table 9.5.1.1.3-2)

Parameter Test 1 Test 2 Test 3

1 N/A 1.05 N/A

2 1.0 N/A 1.1

Channel State Information different forms and definitions

AWGN - Settable SNR for each RF1, RF2,