BS5400 Part 3 course TE Epsom

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BS5400 Part 3 Training

DOCUMENT REFERENCE: AR8610/br/special structures/training/BS5400 Part
3//conversion/tmp/scratch/359294360.doc

Report Title: Session 6 - Shear and Shear-Moment Interaction

Revision: 1

Status: Final

1 9/9/04 Draft Chris Hendy Chris Murphy Chris Hendy

Rev Date Status Written by Checked by Authorised by

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SESSION 6 - SHEAR AND SHEAR-MOMENT INTERACTION

1. SHEAR CLAUSE 9.9.2

The shear rules in section 9.9.2 apply only to beams without longitudinal stiffeners and
whose flanges are parallel and straight in elevation. Also all holes must comply with
the requirements in clause 9.3.3.2. This is mainly because the rules were not validated
by testing for these other cases. Individual web panel checks according to clause 9.11
must be used where 9.9.2 does not apply.

Figures 12 to 18 in Part 3 allow determination of the allowable shear stress. The

maximum allowable shear stress depends on both panel aspect ratio a / d we and the
d yw
slenderness we (panel dimensions as Figure 1).
tw 355

dwe

Figure 1 Typical panel dimensions

Different graphs are provided depending on how much contribution the flanges can
make to preventing the edges of the panels from pulling in. This is measured by mfw
which is a non-dimensional measure of the weaker flanges plastic moment of
resistance. According to clause 9.9.2.2, m fw should be based on the smallest value
from either flange, ignoring any concrete. Taking the smallest value is logical, but
ignoring the concrete is very conservative as the composite flange would offer
significant resistance to pull-in of the web. The maximum allowable shear stress
yw
achievable is shear yield = .
3
Three phases of behaviour are available to carry the shear:

1. Initially the shear is carried as a pure shear. For stocky plates, the shear stress
yw
can reach shear yield = in pure shear and no further mechanisms need to
3
be mobilised. Very slender plates remain in pure shear up to the elastic critical
buckling load which occurs at a load less than shear yield. For intermediate
cases, pure shear continues up to a stress less than either the elastic critical
shear stress or shear yield. A load less than the elastic critical load is explained
by the presence of imperfections (lack of flatness and residual stresses etc).

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2. As the load increases further, bands of tension start to develop in addition to

the pure shear behaviour up to elastic buckling, which is locked in. These
tension bands do not necessarily align with the panel diagonal.
3. The ultimate resistance occurs when the web yields according to the Von Mises
yield criterion and the flanges form plastic hinges while contributing to
supporting a greater width of tension field. The final behaviour is essentially
that of a truss, where the tension field carries the shear in excess of that resisted
by the pure shear of phase 1, as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 Tension field action for shear component in excess of that carried by
phase 1 behaviour

The question of how to treat bolt holes often arises as the formula for shear appears
not to require any deduction for these. For very slender webs, where the shear
resistance is governed by buckling, the presence of bolt holes may have very little
effect. For other cases, holes may reduce the shear resistance. In the absence of more
detailed calculation, it is recommended here that the slenderness of sections with bolt
holes is determined ignoring the holes, but an effective section is used for the web
shear area based on the rules for tension in clause 11.3 and assuming that the net
section is derived by fully deducting all holes as implied in clause 14.4.3.1 for splices.
In theory, it would be possible to determine the principal tensile and compressive stress
under the shear load, considering the effect of the tension field theory above. In this
case, the bolt holes, if vertical, would effectively be staggered across the tension band
and the rules for staggered holes in 11.3.3 would apply and this would give a less
conservative assessment. It would however be difficult to determine these principle
stresses and their directions and if the tension band was very flat would give little
benefit in any case. This approach is not therefore recommended.

Worked Example 1: Shear capacity of transversely stiffened girder

A composite beam in a hogging zone has the cross section and reinforcement shown in
Figure 3. The length between transverse stiffeners is 6000 mm. The steel is S355.
Determine the shear resistance under pure shear.

For a composite beam, the shear capacity is based on the steel beam alone.
a 6000
The aspect ratio, 3.16
d we 1900
d we yw 1900 345
The slenderness, 93.7
tw 355 20 355
The flange width for calculation of m fw is based on the top flange, which is the

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smallest.
355 355
b fe 10t f 10 40 411 .8 mm
yf 335
2
yf b fe t f 335 411 .8 40 2
m fw 0.0044
2 yw d we t w
2
2 345 1900 2 20
The resistance therefore falls between that from Figure 12 and Figure 13:
l
From Figure 12 with 93.7 and m fw 0.000 , 0.64 .
y
l
From Figure 13 with 93.7 and m fw 0.005 , 0.71 .
y
l 345
By interpolation for m fw 0.0044 , 0.70 , so l 0.70 139.4 MPa
y 3
Shear resistance is therefore given by:
t d 20 1900
V D w w l 139.4 4587kN
m f 3 1.05 1.1

3200
72.5

250

21No. T25 per 77.5

25
layer
500 x 40

1900 x 20

600 x 50

Figure 3 Beam for worked examples 1 and 2

2. SHEAR AND MOMENT INTERACTION CLAUSE 9.9.3

Shear forces acting on a steel section may reduce the bending resistance of the section
if the shear force is sufficiently large and hence it is necessary to consider an interaction
between shear and bending. It has however been found from testing that quite large
shears can be tolerated before any reduction is made to the ultimate bending resistance.

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Clause 9.9.3 provides criteria for the interaction which effectively produces an
interaction diagram as shown below in Figure 4. The coordinates of the actual
coexisting bending moment and shear force must lie within the boundaries. The
interaction diagram is self-explanatory. It can be seen that if the bending capacity is
calculated ignoring the web and the shear capacity is calculated ignoring the flanges,
these resistances can be achieved simultaneously. The rules again apply only to beams
without longitudinal stiffeners and whose flanges are parallel and straight in elevation.

V
Full shear
capacity
VD
VR
Shear capacity
ignoring flange
contribution i.e.
mfw = 0
VR /2 Full bending
capacity

M
Mf /2 Mf MD

Bending capacity
considering
flanges alone
Figure 4 Interaction between shear and moment

Where the web is very slender such that an effective thickness has been used according
to clause 9.4.2.5.1, tests have shown that the interaction between buckling of the web
in bending and shear is minimal and thus the gross thickness of the web could in reality
be used in the interaction (as is allowed in Eurocode 3). This is not however allowed
in BS5400 Part 3 and the interaction must still be performed using the effective
thickness for bending resistance calculation.

Interaction in composite beams

In applying the interaction formulae, VD, VR, MD and Mf should be taken appropriate to
the cross section at the stage under consideration. For compact sections, the entire
loading can be assumed to act on the cross section at the stage under consideration.
For non-compact sections, the value of M should be taken as the value xxZx for the
fibre which gives the highest value of the ratio M/M D, where xx is the total
accumulated stress at an extreme fibre and Zx is the elastic modulus of the effective
section at the same extreme fibre. Although not stated very clearly, M in the above
ratio M/MD must correspond to the same fibre as used in the calculation of MD. This
effectively means that the M/MD is the greatest ratio of accumulated stress to limiting
stress at a fibre.

Worked Example 2: Shear moment interaction in composite beam

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A non compact composite beam in a hogging zone has the cross section and
reinforcement shown in Figure 3. The length between transverse stiffeners is 6000
mm. The steel is S355 and LTB is prevented. Check the resistance of the beam under
combined moment and shear. The moment causes a steel top stress of -234 MPa and
bottom stress of 254 MPa (worked example 5). The shear is 3500 kN. Section moduli
for the steel section are as follows:
Z bot 7.445 10 7 mm 3
Z top 9.612 10 7 mm 3

The shear resistance in the absence of moment is as determined in worked example 1.

t d 20 1900
V D w w l 139.4 4587kN
m f 3 1.05 1.1
If no contribution is taken from the flange then, from Figure 12 with 93.7 ,
a 6000 345
3.16 and m fw 0.000 , l 0.64 . l 0.64 127.5 MPa
d we 1900 y 3
t d 20 1900
V R w w l 127.5 4194kN
m f 3 1.05 1.1
The section is non compact so the bending resistance without LTB is the minimum
moment to cause yield somewhere.
At bottom fibre:
M ult M R y Z xc 335 7.445 10 7 24941kNm .

Therefore bending resistance based on bottom is:

M R 24941 21594kNm
MD =
m f 3 1.05 1.1
18910
M xc Z xc 254 7.445 10 7 18910kNm so M / M D = 0.88 .
21594
At top fibre:
M ult M R y Z xb 335 9.612 10 7 32200kNm .

Therefore bending resistance based on top fibre is:

M R 32200 27879kNm
MD =
m f 3 1.05 1.1
22492
M xb Z xb 234 9.612 10 7 22492kNm so M / M D = 0.81 .
27879

The bottom flange is critical so M D 21594kNm and M / M D = 0.88 .

For calculating M f , the bottom flange has the smaller capacity so this is used.
Equivalent thickness of reinforcement is 6.3mm from session 5.
Height of composite top flange centroid from centre of steel only top flange
3200 6.3 170
85.3 mm. Therefore d f 85.3 20 1900 25 2030 mm.
3200 6.3 500 40

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Mf
Ff d f

600 50 335 2030 17666kNm
m f3 1.05 1.1
Clearly, M M D and V V D but since M M f then the expression of 9.9.3.1c)
needs to be checked.
M M f V 18910 17666 3500
1 2 1 1 2 1 1.00 so the beam is
M D M D VR 21594 21594 4194
just adequate.

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