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SPE
SocIstu of Petmieun Engmers
SPE 28688
Decline Cuwe Analysis Using Type Cuwes--Analysis of Oil Well Production Data Using Material Balance Time:
Application to Field Cases
by LE. Doublet: Texas A&MU.,P.K.Pande: Fha uil arm den,wa W,,,PC&y, . .. . .. .. . . ... . . .. tJNOCAL-Coastal
California,
-., .-A A --:,.,. I -Am-. t, T I MeCnlltlm
SPE Merrtwa
~1-,~d~=%--k
W~m~tipm-titi lW~_mti~d~Mrn~M~~,lG13 tirlW.
. ._.
hfomdonarrwndhan,sbdmaaubmimdbyirowhoritj. Con@nttoitipp@r, aa~
~y~=$ed~m~z=~--=dbh~s). ~~-~~~~ . of=:
iboaimmorrnunbua P8por8Pm-utatsPE
mam91hiOctlD
=i4z%%n*dmotof..-. wah. mum81ian..m&aTu#wl&+g&droumonminasu%~ tofwhomMd
%? W&nhopaprrn
Plaadmd *lalmrim, e% P.o. M==5 mchadmmlYt7aOawasa,
Np(t) = ~[qi-q(t~ ...................(6) comparison to the Muskatls solution for a bounded circular
reservoirand by the analysisof simulatedwellperformancedata.
~yperbofic:(*1) N~t) = qi [] - (l+bDit)l-l/b].. .(7) Continuing in a chronological fashion, we note that in 1987
(1-b)Di Fetkovich,et ap presenteda seriesof fieldcasestudiesevaluated
or in termsof q(t) by declinecurveanalysisusingtypecum%. In additionto several
excellent field examples, the authora also gave commentary
regardingthe analysisand intmpretationof productiondatausing
declinetypecurves.
Harmonic (b=l) N~t) = ~til+D$) ..................(9) One of the majorconclusionsof the Fetkovich,et af7 study was
LI=o~p~efi LML MCantdvsis of transientproduction ddta using
or in tmns of q(r) the Arps hyperbolic equatk ~ invalid. Transientflow theory
states that the flow rate profile should be concaveup, and as a
declining function, the Arps stems are concave down--which
clearly poses an inconsistency in both the analysis and
interpretationof transientflow data. A curiousdevelopmentwas
In additionto presentingthese fundamentalmlationa,A@ later the emergence in the industry of a rule-of-thumbduring the
introduced methods for the extrapolation of rate-time data to 1970aand 1980swhere it was suggestedthat an Arps stem of
estimateprimaryoil reservesusingtheexponentialandhyperbolic b>l should be used for the analysia of transient flow data.
declinecunfemodels. However, from the previous arguments it is obvious that this
The use of typecurves(dimensionlessor normalimdflow rate roleis withoutfoundationand will ultimatelyleadto erroneous
solutionsplottedon a scaledgraph)for analysisof productiondata resultsas WMas incorrectinterpretations.
was introduced to the petroleumindustryin the late 1960sand Put in a practical sense, transient flow data (productiondata
early 1970s.4$ In 1980 (preprint 1973)Fetkovichsintroduced functionswhichare concaveup) shouldneverbe usedto estimate
the most significant developmentin the type curvematchingof resmoir volume. Specifically, Fetkovich, et al suggest that
production data-tie creation of a unified analytical solution m.servoirvolumesand volume-relatedflowcharacteristicsshould
(exponentialdecline)for a wellproducedat a constantbottomhole not be estimated using declinecurve analysisk.fore boundary-
w..-.~ Imnplwwdomkiated
ee.m.a ABM%O
ph.. . . . ., -.---- flow conditions.
~- :-. -~ fIfiw
uVmAiJaLu fidlv exis~q
... . .-..= (nrnductiondata exhibit a concave
--.&r...
Further, Fetkovichs plotted his unified exponential decline downwardsbehavior).
solutionsimultaneouslywith the A@ hyperbolicdeclinestems, In 1991 Blasingame, et ap expanded on the earlier work of
which are assumed to account for non-idealreservoirbehavior McCray~ to develop a time function that would transform
(changes in mobility, heterogeneous reservoir features, and productiondata for systems exhibitingvariablerate or pressure
reservoirlayering). The final result is the so-calledFetkovich dropperformanceintoan quivalent systemproducedat a constant
type curve, which provides for the simultaneous analysis of bottomholepressure. The motivationof this effortwas to create
production data during transient and boundary-dominatedflow an equivalent constant pressure analysis formulation for the
conditions. While the Fetkovichdeclinecurveis an extraordinary anrdyaisof variable-ratehsriablepressuredrop productiondata.
tool for reservoir engineering, this approach is not without Unfortunately,the solutionprovidedby Blasingame,et al, while
limitations. theoreticallyconsistent is somewhatdifficultto applybecausethe
A particularlimitationarises in the analysisand interpretationof approachappearsto bevety sensitiveto ematicchangesin rateand
productiondata which exhibit significantvariationsin wellbore pressure.
presaum, as well as the effects of periodic shut-ins and other However,the B1aaingame,et aP study providedboth insightand
constraintsimposedby opimuionalconsiderations.To ita crectki motivation for the development of a more robust and less
the Fetkovichdeclinecurveis the mostpowerfultoolavailablefor complicated approach to analyze and interpret variable-
the analysisof productiondata,as demonstratedin refs.6-10. In ratehariable pressure drop production data, which ultimately
this ligh~ our presentefforts serve only to extend the utilityand resultedin our presentefforts.
applicabilityof this typecurveanalysisapproach.
The initialeffort to incorporaterateand pressurechangesintothe McCray$proposedthe followingrelationas a definitionforthe
analysis and intapretation of productiondata was introducedin quivalent constantpressuretime:tcp
1986 by Blasingame and Lce.11 This work provides analysis
methods for determining drainage area size and shape from NJ)= q& d. .......................................... (15)
variable-rateproductiondatain closedreservoirsusinga Cartesian b~t) /[1 o Add
plot baaedon the followingrelation
McCrayprovideda recursive-typetrapezoidalmle formulationto
$= m-+bP,, .. . . .. . . .. . . ... .. .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . ... . .. . . .. . . .. .. .. (11) solve Eq. 5 for tcp In addition, Blaaingame,et aP provideda
seriesof derivativefonmdationsfor computingrcp As WSCtiVf2
where Ap = pi - pwp ~d as the concept of an equivalent constant pressuremodel is, the
computational aspects of its application are unsatisfactory,
.=& ............................................................(12) espccirdtyforapplicationto fielddatawitherraticvariationsin the
rateand bottomholepressureprofiles.
b,.,=141.2#&(-$-&-] . .. .. . ... . . . . .. .. . . .. .. . .. (13) The utility of the tc concept is aignificanlgiven the use of the
Fetkovich6Wlquid&OW)and Carter14Js(gas flow) type curves
andthe defiition of materialbalancetimeis givenby for analysis of production data, and given tlds potential, we
L.E. DoybleLP.K. Pande,T.J. McCollum.@d T.~ Bl~ingme 3
SPE 28688
recommend that the equivalent constant pressure concept be wells in order to estimate reservoir voiuttiES art~ fiw
consideredfor fmher study. characteristics.We focuson usingdata that operatorsacquireas
In 1993,Palacio and Blasingame10developeda solutionfor the part of normalfield operations(e.g.,productionra~s froms~es
generalcaseof variableratdvariablepressuredropforthe flowof tickets and pressuresfrom permanentsurfaceand/orbouomhole
either single-phaseliquid or gas. These authorsshowedthat for gauges). This approach eliminates the loss of productionthat
~ny ~a,ti~cu!ar~rodu~ticn hismry using the pressure drop occurs when wells are shut in for pressuretransienttesting.~d
-*....:..-A
providesSniuysls :-*-m..a*.;nm-f .*I *Afi-ld
mm lIlbG1pHdA411 v, well UA.u . . . . . pe.tima!m
normalized flow rate function and the material balance time
function will yield a harmonic rate decline (b=l stem on a at little or no cost to the operator. In addition,the methodswe
Fetkovichdeclinecurve)for liquidflow. introducein this paper are not constrainedby the requirementof
cerwm: rata w !mttornho!epresmes, as is the case for the
The authors derived this method rigorously from the previouslypubtishedmethods.
pseudosteady-state (or boundary-dominated)flow equation as Awe mentionedearlier,the analysismethodsthatwe presentin
follows. RecaUingthe paeudosteady-stateflowequation,Eq. 11, this workprovideestimatesof the following:
andthedefinitionof thematerialbalancetime,r, @q. 14)we have
Reservoir prOJ)Wtit?S
W() J
q~?) dr .............................(28)
-
..412(L=.
d In(m)
tm* .............................. (29) 1. ~
.
where Eq. 29 can be reducedto the followingresultas shownin i=fV#q . . . .. .. .. .. .. . ... . .. . . .. . . .. .. .. . ... . .. .. . ... ... . ... . ... ..(J4)
AppendixB 2. ~
qw = qlmi-qDd ............................................... (30) Our approach in this study is to work with the pressure drop
T. .-
*. *tiriitiOn.... we .- -- &e dimensionlessrate derivativefunc-
.7- i~trodu~ nor@ized rate function, q/Ap, in order to be completely
tion, q~, whichis definedas .-* me.rneOrygivcit
consMent wtui --- --- -. -:..-.. L..
uy c
~. 1L
~u. nli.
-v ...o~~~~ V#iii
followthis convenuonthroughoutthe text,includingcaseswhere
qw=_J!mL=.tw$112
!Ji ...............................(31) continuouslymeasumdbottomholepressuredataarenotavailable,
and we use the initial reservoirpressure,pi, as the normalizing
Unfortunately,we do not expectEq. 31 to be of muchuse in the condition.The pressuredropnormalizedratefunctionis givenby
analysis of productiondata due to the volume of randomemor
found in productiondat&wheretheserandomerrorswfiIordybe !q!Ap)= A = . .. . . .. . ... .. . .. .. .. . ... . ... .. .. .. . .. .. . . (34)
magnifiWbythe differentiationprocess. (pi - Pwfl G
when We use Ap = pi - Pw, as a shorthand notation. The rate
In orderto developthe Fetkovich/McCraytypecurve,we require
valuesof the solutionfora wellproducedat a constantbottomhole integralfunctionis givenby
pressure, qD as a functionof dimensionlesstime, tD,which are
c~n COnve@ to r~ and qm Using Eqs. 24 and 26 respectively.
Ilmse q~@) valuescanbe obtainedfromtablesin vanEverdingen
(q!l$)~= ~~~d~ .............................................(35)
tjo AP
and Hurstls or using numerical inversionlg of the Laplace
transform solution developedby Matthewsand Russell.~ fhe and therateintegralderivativefunctionis givenby
Lrrptacetransformsolutionforconstantrateproductionfor a well
centeredin a boundedcimdar teservoiris givenby Matthewsand
Russell~ as
(q/Ap)~= - d ~j 4h!M!..i4!i!M.
. .. . . . ... . . . . .. . . .. .. . . .. . (36)
di
5
SPE 28688 L.E. DoubIettP.K.Pande,T.J. McCollum,andT.A. Blasingame
The three plotting functions (Eqs. 34-36) are computed and ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF LONG-
plottedversus the materialbalancetime, t, then matchedon the TERM PRODUCTION DATA
Fetkovich/McCray10 typecurve,takingcare to forcematchthe In this sectionwe presentthe analysesand interpretationsof the
boundary-dominated portion of the data onto the Arps b= 1 simulatedand field data cases that we consideredin this study.
(harmonic decline) stem. The force matchingof boundary- Our goalis to be ableto analyzecasesfor whichdatais plentiful,
dominatedflow data is requiredby theoryand providesthe best but alsoto be ableto accuratelyestimatemovableoil volumesand
possibleestimateof oil-in-place,N. fluid flow characteristicswhen high quality productiondata is
scarce.
3. ~-in-pb
We suggest that our proposedmethodsfor the analysisof long-
Estimating the reservoir volume or oil-in-place,N, from type term productiondata are easily transferableto any operator,in
CtlrVSSnSiysis~ti thStWe.miiltt?
ihediShiitttiSOff~~id ij~ particular, operators that iacicthe abiiity to perform periodic
(givenby Eqs. 25 and 27) to peld a matchpomtwresultm terms pressuretransienttestsor long-termproductiontests.
of volume. Equatingand isolatingterms in Eqs. 25 and 27, we
obtainthefollowingrelation We presentas completean analysisand interpretationas ssible
for each data case. We are able to reducethe adverse2 fectsof
(9dMP(@hP=W(q@f
@(h...................
(37) productionanomaliesthat occurduringthe life of a well, andwe
obtained unique type curve matches using productionrate and
SolvingEq. 37 for the oil-in-place,N, weobtain pressure functions, material balance time, and the Fetkovich/
McCrsylotypecurve. Theseproductionratefunctionsare
N.di.k!!@k . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (38)
% (nAJIP (9dfP . pressuredropnormalizedme function,(q/Ap),
In orderto solvefor the pseudosteady-stateconstan~b ~, we will . m~ in@@ function,(q/AP)i,~d
use the generalized definition of q~ given by t q. C-5 in
AppendixC. RecallingEq.C-5 we have rateintegralderivativefunction,(q/Ap)~.
This processresultsin excellentestimatesof originalandmovable
oil volumes,as well as good estimatesof pmneability and akin
factor. The formationflowcharacteristicscan be calculatedwith
We note that Eqs. 27 and 39 arc equivalent,but Eq. 27 is strictly muchgreateraccuracyand confidenceif we haveaccurateesrly-
valid only for the case of a well centeredin a boundedcirctdsr time(transient)data.
reservoir and Eq. W is vaiid for a generai reservoir/weii
CO~lgWStiOZI Using tie appropriak Shapf3 factor,CA.
Whenthe typecurvematchon eithera transientor depletionstem
is indeterminate,anomaliesin theproductiondatacanbe removed
Recallingthe definitionof bpss, Eq. 13,we have by reinitirdizingthe data paata particularanomaly. Examplesof
such snomalka are recompletion, mechanicalfailures,long-
b
=142W%%I
Combining and solving Eqs. 13 and 39 for bPsSwe obtain the
. .. . .. . .. . .. .... . . ... . .. .. (13) term shut-ins,and fluctuationsin flow rate and pressureat early
timesin thelifeof thewell.
Whendatareinitializationis requireddue to suchanomrdiesin the
followingmatchpointrelation productiondata, the cumulativeoil producedremainsconstan~
regardlessof reinitislization.However,the reinitializationproccas
bp,3.& ..................................................(40) requireathat we accou: for priorproductionin the calculationof
. . materialbalancetime, t. This is accomplishedby computingi
4. ~ baaedon the ~otslcumulativeproductionand currentrates, then
The relations given below are used to estimate volumetricattd resealingthe I data to yield r =0 at the first data point. This is a
flow characteristicsof the reservoir based on the results of the simple procedureand can be easily implementedwith a small
typecurvematchandtheavaiiablewelldata. computerprogramor spreadsheetapplicationmodule.
ReservoirDrainageArea: Data Preparation and Analysis Procedure
A = 5.6148 ~ .. . . . .. . ... . . .. . . . .. .. .. . . .. .. . ... . ... .. . (41) We now provide the procedures that we use to interpret and
& (l-~wirr) analyzeproductiondata. Theseproceduresare
ReservoirDrainage Radiux 1. Verificationof pertinentrock, fluid, and completiondata
usingavailablefieldrecordsand fluidpropertycorrelations.
re = . .. . . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. . . .. . . ... .. . . .. . . ... . ... . ... ..(42) Thecriticaldatatequiredforouranalysisinclude
P
Effective ;ellbore Radius Totalcompre.%sibility Porosity
rm= &
r& """"" """"" """""""""""""'""""""""""""""""""""""""""'"""'"""" (43) Fluidviscosity . NetPayInterval
FormationPermeability 011formationvolumefactor . Wellboteradius
~=1+p[*]~:&] ....................(44) IrnxhtcibleWaterSaturation
2. Initialscreeningof fieldproductiondatausingsemilogand
or combiningI@. 40 and44 wehave log-logplots
~=141.2~~[-]1~1 ........................... (44) Identifyerrorsor anomaliesin the productiondata
ham andannotatechangesin thecompletionpractices
SkinFacto~
Timeminitializationof theproductiondata
s = - ln(~) . . . .. . .. .. . .. . . .. . .. .. .. . ... . . .. . . .. . .. .. ... ... . . .. . ... (45)
performintegralandintegralderivativedstasmoothing
3. Perform type curve analysis using the FetkovicMMcCray
decline type curve to determine the time and rate match
6 DeclineCurveAnalysisUsingType--Analysis of OilWellproductionDataUsingMaterialBshnce Time: SPE 28688
Applicationto Fieldcases
Iscw.
~e ~ = 0.2482 ft
Thesimulatedcasesprovidean excellenttest for theutilityof the
FormationPermeability typecurveanalysismethod.The resultsof thetypecurveanalysis
and materialbalanceanalysisare essentiallythe sameas the data
~=ldl.+~~[~]~:~] ....................(44. inputto the simulator. Ourmethodwasahownto workwellfora
varietyof producingscenariosinvolvingboth variablerates and
variable bottomhole pressures, which gives us confidence in
k= 706 (1.0 cp)(l.1 RB/#?B) applyingthesemethodsto fielddatacases.
(loft)
Field Data Cases
(4)(1,742,359ft2) (ow888) = ~~d
In Thisworkincludesfieldcasesfromthe followingareas:
][ (1) 1
[ (1.781)(31.62)(0.2482ft)2 kW2ti9n &elY&Li.tbJ@
SkinFacttx WestTexas Carbonate(Dolomite)
SouthCentralTexas AustinChalk Carbonate(Chalk)
s = - lj~) .. ... .. .. . ... . .. . . .. . ... . . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. . ... ... . .. .. ... (45) WestTexas Sprdxrry clastic (TurWtite)
OffshoreQdifornia LowerRepetto Clastic(TttrMdite)
--- 1.u2wL\ s OO.
- -t ().25 ) -.1116~-....t:fi, .-d ~,tsi;w nf nrnductinn data vties for mch of the
Uf WULJ -*U ~---., . y-- ----- -- . -
Since most weiis are not iisiialiy prorhdcedat 2 constant field cases, and the analysis of each case presents unique
bottomhole pressure indefinitely, we developed our second challenges. The types of fieiti production data rivaiiabk for
verification case with multiple rate and pressure changes analysisirklude
(includingshut-ins). This case morecloselymodelsactualfield Singlewelldailyrateandbottomholepressuredata
performanceand shouldbeconsideredrepresentativeof the types
of production histories for which our methodologies were . Singlewelldailyratedatawithsurfacetubhtgandcasing
developed. pltXs~ data
_ v~~h!e B~ttomho!ehum with Average monthly production data allocated on a tract
MultipleShut-ins(Fig. 10) basis~th no boaomholepressuredata
MatchingParatnetecr~ = 3000(esL)
For many of the wells we analyzed,the rock, fluid, and other
[t&p = 1.0 [~p = 1270.6days pertinent formation properties were unknown and had to be
estimated.lle fluidpropertieswereestimatedusingtheavailable
[4LnlMP= 1.0 [q/@~p = 0.00888S-fB/D/pal field data and from cordations providedin the fiuitiproperties
Curve~ moduleof a commercialsoftwarepackage.n
Tlten%wdta forthesecondcasearecalculatedsimilarly We suggest that fluid properties be evaluated at an average
preysurewhenthereservoiris betweenthe initialandbubblepoint
N = 564,210STB pre.saurea,and at a pressurejust abovethe bubblepointwhenthe
A = 40.0 acres reservoirpressureis belowthe bubblepoint. Ourexperiencehas
re = 744.7 ft shownthat these practicesyield the best resultswhenusing this
approach.Due to thedtificuhyin obtainingrepresentativevalues
rwa = 0.2482 ft of certain fluid properties,we suggest reportinga value for the
k = l.Omd Ncf product. This approachallows each individualanalyst to
s = 0.0 supplytheirownestimatesof fluidpropenies,andto providetheir
owninterpretationof thecalculatedresults.
~ (Figs.11-16) In addition to difficulties in obtaining representative fluid
P1OLSof calculatedaveragepressure,~d, normalizeddaiiy rate, po prrte s, we f-r O report ~ Witt!2 fO~ the
a im fx e k. . ~~e ~biiit~-
~ (Fig.22)
production before unitization in 1987 of 20.5 MMSTB.
Individualwellprimaryrecoveryfactorsare low,rangingbetween We nowconsiderthe typecurvematchingof the rate, (c@p), rate
5 and 10pereent. integral,(q/@)i, and mte integral derivative,(q/Ap)i~,functions
The Lower Clearfork is a shallow-shelf carbonate composed plottedversusmaterialbalancetime,i, on the Fetkovich/McCray
primarilyof a massivedolomitesection with varyingdegreesof typecurve. The threemtefunctionsare forcematchedon theArps
anhydritecement. The geologicsetting at the time of deposition 6=1 (harmonic)dedne stemas before,and the appropriatematch
andsubsequentdiagenesiscontributedto the heterogeneousnature pointsare obtained.
of the Clearforkformation,which is definedby extremelylarge To obtainthebest typecurvematch,thedatawasreinitializedat a
reservoirpayintends, poorvertiealand lateralcontinuity,and timeof 549days. Afterreinitiali=tion,weobtaineda goodmatch
lowporosity(8%on average)andpermeability(often< 1red). on the depletionstemsand a uniquematchon the transientstems
The wells were initially completed in the Lower, Middle, and at an r~ value of 160. From the log-log productionplot (Fig.
UpperClearfork,at measured depthsof between6200 and 7200 20),we notethat the transientflowperiodhad notendedat a time
feet. The majorityof the originalcompletionintenfalswerein the of 549 days,and the transientmatchshould be valid. Usingthis
LowerCk?arfork,which is consideredthe main pay. Additional dimensionless radius and the time and rate match points, we
completions were added in the Upper Clearfork and Glorieta calculatevaluesfor in-placeoil, drainagearea, permeability,and
duringworkoverprogramsin the 1970s.At the inceptionof the skin.
waterflood project in 1987, many of the original wells were Type Curve Match Fetkovich/McCmy Type Curve (Radial
converted to injeetors, and the remaining producerzwere re- Flowin a BoundedReservoir).
completedup sauetum.
MatchingPararnetecr~ = 160
Although the reservoir may be difficult to characterize
geologically,the Clearforkdoes behavelike a materialbalance [f*p = 1.0 [~p = 3300days
~oir, andthe deelinecurvetechniquesoutlinedptevioualyare
applicable.Likemanyolderfields,thereamlimiteddataavailable [9*P = 1.0 [q/Apkp = 0.019STB/D/psi
for analysis. Much of the fluid properdes data, as well as the Curve~ : (Rg.22)
completionintervalshave beenestimated. me oil flow ratedata Baaedon our estimatedvalues for total compressibilityand net
was allocatedto individualwells on a tract basis, and may be in pay tidcknesswe find
error, although the errorsare not likely to be significantbeeattse
the wells were tested for allocationon a semi-annualbasis. In Net = 62.7 STBlpsi
addition, there are no bottomholepressuredata availablefor the N = 3.13 MMSTB
North Robertson Unit and for analysis purposes we assumed
A = 35.02 SCKeS
pti= O, which means that the rate function term, (q/Ap), was
re = 696.9 ft
XtUSlly (q/i).
. . . kh = 19.61 md-ft
Umt ~.
ReservoirPr9pcrties: k =0.08 md
Wellboreradms,rW = 0.31ft s = -2.6
Estimatedgrosspayinterval = 1300ft ~ (Fig. 23)
Estimatednet pay thickness,h = 250ft Due to the lack of bottomholepressuredata, it is not possibleto
Averageporosity,#(fraction) = 0.08
Averageimeduciblewatersaturation,Swim = 0.25 use ~mlplottedvemusNP to estimatemovableoil. Instead,we
Averageformationperrncabfity,k < l.Omd plot the daily oil rate, q, versus NP to find the movable oil
original nominalwellspacing = 4oacr& volume. The extrapolationof this line to the NPaxis intercept
Curnmtnominalwellspacing = 20 acres y&&d~p~eo~blevolumeat the timewhenall mswoir energyhas
Fluid Propemex
Avrxue oil fortnationvolumefactor,B = 1.30RB/sTB Estimatesfor primaryandsecondaq movableoil were 190MSTB
Avera~eoil viscosity,P = 1.3ocp and 130 MSTB, respectively. Our results indicate that
JnitiaItotalcompressibility,cri = 12.oxlti psi-l approximately10,000STB of primarymovableoil remainedin
Averagetotalcompressibility,cl = 20.oxlo-~psi-i the drainageareaof ihe wciiwhenthe waterfhd was initiatedin
ProductionParameter 1987. The analysisof the secondarydeelinetrendis difficultat
T.{*;.1
.,.AUUS.. .- nrecwm?fLCm.
*c*rvnir y...---- \- ,.r.D; = 2800psia presentdue to a lack of aeeondaryproductionhistory. However,
Flowingbottomholepressure,pwf unknown using the preseni SLXOiid~rj ddh fiit~ vw ~sti~.~i~ ih~!
approximately113MSTBof reeovembleoil remainedas of July
NRU Well No. 4202 1994. Obviously,the actualmovableoil volumewill be lessthan
Figure 18 shows the locationof NRU Well 4202 with respectto thevolumecalculatedif thewellwereproducedto zeromtc.
its weUpattern and the unit. Tlds well was drilledin 1962,and
completedin both the LowerandUppmClearfork. Thewellwas
stimulatedwith 3,000gallonsof acid,and hydraulicallyfmctured Np.mov= 190.0MSTB(primary)
with 60,000gallonsof fracturingoil and 90,000poundsof 20/40 NP,mov= 130.0MSTB(seconda~)
aand. The well initiallytested at 141 STBO/D. It had produced Recovery Factor =6.07% (primary)
approximately207 MSTB as of July 1994. Semilogand log-log = 4.15% (secondary)
productionplots shownin Figs. 19and 20 indicatethattherewere
no significant rate fluctuationsduring primaryproduction. Itis
interestingto note the decreasein declinerate at approximately The resultsof the type cutvematchandmaterialbalanceanalysis
5* days of producingtime. This stabilizingof the production yield realistic estimates for original-oil-in-place,movable oil,
rate may be a responseto an adjacentwaterfloodprojeetthat was drainage area, permeability, and skin factor. The primary
initiated during the same time period. The responseto the unit recoveryfactorcalculatedusingthe valueof original-oil-in-place
waterfloodcan be seen at approximately9,000days,whenthe oil fromthe typecutvematchis typicalfor wellsin this tUdL
rate incmsed sharply.
A pressure build-up teat was performedon well NRU 4202 in
1988,and the permeabilityto oil was estimatedto be 0.2 md,and
SPE 28688 L.E. Doublet,P.ICPande,T.J. McCollum,and T.A. Blssingsme 9
. . .
the calculated skin factor was -3.7. Both of these values are
consistentwith the valuesobtainedfromour analysis,althoughit The analysis techniquesused for this well show that the analyst
should be noted that the calculations for drainage area, must be carefulwhenmajorevents,such as longshut-inperiods,
permeability,and skin factorare adverselyaffectedby thelackof or questionableproductiondataaffecta wellsproducinghistory.
an accuratevalueforthe netpayinterval. If a goodwell historyis available,the analysisand interpretation
can be accuratelyperformed.The resultsof ourtypecuwe match
NRU Well No. 1004 as well as our materiatbalanceanalysisindicatethat the well is
Figure24 shows the locationof NRU Well 1004with respectto draininga verysmall area and may requirestimulation,although
its well pattern and the North Robertson Unit. The wetl was the primaryrecoveryfactorestimatedfromthis anatysisis typical
drilled in 1960,and completedin the Lower,Middle,and Upper for wellsin the unit.
Clearfork. It has producedapproximately135.5MSTBas of July Sprayberry Trend, West Texas
1994. The semilog and log-logproductionplots shownin Figs.
25 and 26 indicatethat there were severalrate variationsand an This particularSpraberryreservoirwas initially developedon a
extendedperiodof an apparentlyconstantproductionrateduring nominal80 acre well spacingand additionalout-of-patterninfill
primary depletion. Due to the fact that the productiondata is wetlsweresubsequentlydrilledthroughoutthe field. The originat
allocatedmonthlyon a tractbasis,webelievethattheratebehavior reservoir producing mechanismwas solution gas drive, but is
between5,500 and 10,000days may not representthe wellstrue presentlygravitydrainageand waterfloodin certainareasof the
fil-lfl
....
depletion behavior. In order to achieve the best estimate of
original oil-in-place, and the correct type curve match, only The SpraberryTrend in this field consists of two distinctzones
productiondata priorto 5300 dayswasusedin ouranalysis. (Upperand Lower)with gross sandintervalsof 150to 600 ft and
. 330 fq respectively. The averagetotat net sand intervalfor the
curv~ : (Fig.28)
wellsin thisfieldis approximately190ft. The averageporosityis
The p~oductionrate functionsare plottedversusmaterialbalance about9 percentandpermeabiliticsareextremelylow(<e 1red).
time,r,on the Fetkovich/McCraytypecurveandforcematchedon After approximately30 years of primary production,a limited
the b= I (harmonic) decline stem. Upon further review, we waterfloodwas initiatedin certainareasof the field,but has had
reinitializedthe dataat a timeof 336days at whichpointthewell limitedsuccessdue to the suspectedpresenceof preferentialflow
achieveda stabledeclinerate. Afterminitialization,we obtaineda paths within this reservoir. While it is probablethat the lack of
goodmatchon the b=l depletionatcmsas welIas a uniquematch waterfloodcontinuityis due to reservoirheterogeneity,it is also
on the r~800 transientstem. From the log-logproductionplot probablethat thereis a low sweepeftlciencydue to communica-
@lg.26), VVe note that the transientflow-periodhadnot yet ended *A. fif .h. ydmtjli~ frsc~m~ ~tw~n indtidud We~S.
-s. . -s.. ----
at 336 days,and thereforethe transienttypecurvematch-isvalid.
l%e original-oil-in-placefor thii reservoiris estimatedto be 112.8
TyP Curve Match Fetkovich/McCray Type Curve (Radial MMSTB. The estimates for primary and secondary ultimate
Ftowin a BoundedReservoir). recoveriesare 1.9percentand 1.7percent,respectively,although
MatchingParametecr~ = 800 individualwell primaryrecove~ factorsrangeas highas 7 to 10
percentfor Sprabemymacrvoirsin general Theinitiatpressurein
[tap = 1.0 [JMp = 2000days thismaervoirwasestimatedto be 2650psia.
[91MlMP= 1.0 [q/@kP = 0.013STB/D/psi In this case, only monthly oil production data is availablefor
Cmve ~ analysis. In addition,we haveno accuraterock,fluid,or bottom
hole pressure data available for analysis. Since bottomhole
From our estimatesof totalcompressibilityandnet pay thickness pressuredataare not availablewe assumedpWf= O,whichmeans
we fmd
thattheratefunctionterm,(q/Ap), was actually (q/Pi).
Net = 26.0 STi3ipsi
Pro~
N = 1.30MMSTB
ReservoirPropemk.r
A = 14.52acres Estimatedwellboteradius,rW = 0.3 ft
re = 448.7 ft Averagenet paythickness,h = 190ft
kh = 18.41md-ft Averageporosity,@(fraction) = 0.09
EstimatedirreduciblewaterSSL,Sw.~~ = 0.30
k = 0.07 md Averageformationpermeability,k << 1.0md
s = -0.6 Originalnomimdwellspacing = 80acres
~ ~lg. 29) FluidProperties:
Averageoil formationvolumefactor,B = 1.33RB/sTB
As with well NRU 4202, we again plot the daily oil production Averageoil viscosity,P = 0.9Cp
rate, q, versus NP to estimate the movable oil volume. The Initialtotalcompreaaibitity,cri = 12.4x106psi-l
extrapolationof the straightline portionof this datato theNPaxis Averagetotatcompressibility,c1 = 18.3x10-6psi-l
interceptyieldsthe movableoil volumeat thetimewhenatl of the ProductionParonteters
reaetvoirenergyhas beendepleted. Ourresultsindicatethatthere Initiatteservoirpressute,pi = 2650psia
were approximately105MSTB of primarymovableoil, and 75 Flowingbottomholepressure,p~~ Unknown
h4STBof secondary movable oil (using the averagesecondary
declinefor the unit). The analysisof the secondarydeclinetrend Spraberry Well A
may be inconclusive due to a lack of secondary production Thiswellwasdrilledin 1957and completedin boththeupperand
history, however, we estimate that approximately44 MSTB of lower sections of the Spraberry. The well has produced
_ fi.,amhla
WC nil mmdnd
.- Q. .. .... ---- -ae nf ]llly !$)$)4.
. .-. approximately123 MSTB as of September 1993. The scmilog
and log-log productionplots shown in Figs. 30 and 31 indicate
that the oil rate varied significantly during the later stages of
Np.mov 105.0MSTB(primary)
= primarydepletion. llte rate integraland rate integralderivative
Np,mov 75.0MSTB (secondary)
= functionsreducethe affectsof the datascatterevidenton the rate
Recovery Factor = 8.08%(primary) functionprofde@lg.32). This smoothingallowsfora bettertype
=5.77% (secondary) curvematchevenforratedatawitha highdegreeof scatter.
10 DeclineCurveAnalysisUsingTypeCurves-Anslysisof..
OitWell
. Production DataUsingMaterialBalanceTime: SPE 28688
Curve~ : @lg. 33) significant exploration and production activities are presently
The (q/Ap), (q/Ap)i, and-(ghp)id rate functionsare plottedversus occuningin EastTexasandLouisiana.
material balance time, f, and then force matched on the b= 1 The AustinChalkconsistsof an immaturezoneabove6000ft. a
(harmonic)declinestemas dictatedby theory. Uponobtaininga generationand accumulationzonebetween6000and7000f~ and
matchof the dataand thetypecmvetrends,the appropriatematch a morematureoil generationand accumulationzonebelow7000
pdlrtt Va:iies are taken. WI=. . ., then
.... .. nht~~n
.. ~ va]~e for the fg in whichLhef.mcmesystemis most dominant.~
dimensionlessdrainageradhIsmatchingparameter,r~, which is The Giddings(AustinChalk)Fieldwas firstdevelopedin the late
used to estimate permeabilityand skin factor. The matchof the 1970s. Initial field development used vertical wellbores,
tatc functionson the r#2 transientstemis excellen~ however, with the rapid development of horizontal well
Type Curve Match Fetkovich/McCrayType Curve (Radial technologyin the early 1980s,almostall subsequentwellsdrilled
Flowin a BoundedReservoir). in the field have beenhorizontalto take advantageof the Austin
MatchingParametecr~ = 12 Chalkfracturesystem.
In the GiddingsField,the AustinChalkhas an averageporosityof
[t&p = 1.0 [~p = 8500days approximately5 percentandan avemgepermeabilitybetween0.01
[qRflMP= 1.0 [q/ApkP = 0.0069 STB/D/psi and 1.3md, dependingon the relativecontributionsof thematrix
and fmcturcsystems. The reservoirhas an avemgethicknessof
Curve~ between200 and 800f~ Total cumulativeproductionas of 1993
wasestimatedto be 150MMSTB. Theoriginalreservoirpressure
Usingour estimatesof totalcompre.ssiiiiiity
andnet pay thickness
we fmd for the GiddingsFieldwasestimatedto be 3326psia
NC1= 58.65 STB/psi The quantityandqualityof productiondatawasfairlygoodforthe
wells we analyzed. In particular,both daily rates and surface
N = 3.20 MMSTB pressuresare available. Theproblemwe facein theseanalysesis
A = 45.90 acres our inability to accumtelyconvert surface flowingpressure to
re = 797.8 ft bottomholeflowingpressure,as well as the lack of accumtcrock
and fluid data. To be consisten~surfacetubing P=WRP,P will
kh = 2.024 md-ft be used instead of pWffor both of the Austin Chw csscs we
k =0.01 md present.
s = -5.4
~ (Fig.34) Reservoir Propem.es:
Since we again lack bottomholepressuredata, we plot daily oil Estimatedwellboremdius,rW = 0.25 ft
productionrate, q, versus IVpto estimatethe amountof movable Estimatednetpaythickness,h = 3ooft
Averagepotosity,# (fmction) = 0.05
oil. Theextmpolationof thislineto theNPaxisinterceptindicates lMhtcxI irreduciblewaterSSt.,Swirl = 0.30
that the total primarymovableoil volumeis 160MSTB,and tit Avemgeformationpermeabfity,k = 0.01 -1.3 md
there were approximately 35 MSTB of primary movable oil FluidPropem.eE
remaining in the wells drainage area as of September 1993. Avemgeoil formationvolumefactor,B = 1.35 RB/sTB
presently,thereis insuffkientdataavailableforcommentas to the Avemgeoil viscosity,P = 0.45Cp
volumeof secondaryoil thatmaybe produced. Initialtotalcompmssibility,cfi = 16.4xI0-Spsi-l
Avemgetotalcompressibility,cl = 21.OXIO-S psi-l
n-- J..- --- 23....-...-.
Np,mov = 160.0MSTB rrvuudiun rurumcux a.
a timeof 132days to removethe most significantpartof the rate log-log production plots shown in Figs. 42 and 43 exhibit the
datascatter. characteristicbehaviorof a dual porositysystem. Oil production
After reinitialization,we obtained a good match on the r =28 ratedeclinesxapidlyas the fracturesystemis dmined,andthenthe
rate of declineis reducedduring the period in whichthe matrix
transientflowstem. It is interestingto note the effectthat tfl
e gas dominates.As withwellBartonLightsey64, we againhavedaily
lift processhas on the flowrate profile. The rate profileshowsa production rate and surface pressure data for more rigorous
spike-liketrendin Fig. 36 but is smoothedto a pairof overlapping analysis. The rate, rate integral, and rate integral derivative
trendsfor the (q/Ap) functionin Fig. 37. This behaviordoes not functionsare shown in Fig. 44. These pressurenormalizedrate
affecttheoverallqualityof the typecurvematch. functionsate not grearlyaffectedby early-timerateanomalies,and
Type Curve Match FetkovichM4cCmyType Curve (Radial therefore,datareinitializationis not required.
Flowin a BoundedReservoir). Curve~ : (Fig.45)
MatchingPammettxra = 28 The rate functionsare onceagainplottedversusmaterialbalance
[t&p = 1.0 [t~p = 330 days time, i, andmatchpointsareobtainedusingtheFetkovichA4cCray
typecurve. We havea goodtransientmatchon the r~800 stem,
[9AJMP = 1.0 [9/APhffp = 031s~~@i andwe will use this dimensionlessradiusalongwiththe timeand
ratematchpointsto estimatevaluesforoil-in-place,dminage-
permeability,and skin factor. This well is P=n~Y Producing
:kxdour estimates of totalcompressibilityandnet payttdcknesswe under boundary-dominatedflow conditions, attd is probably
nearingtheendof its operatinglife.
Net = 102.3STB/psi From our calculations,this weIl appearsto be draininga much
N = 4.87 MMSTB smaller volume than the Barton Lightsey well, which is not
A = 80.73acres
surprising considering the Scarmardo Carrabba wells per-
formanceto date. Aawe mentionedfor the BartonLightseywell,
re = 1058.0ft theanalysisandinteqxetationfromtypecurvematchingmaybe in
kh = 68.67 md-ft errorbecausewe areanalyzinga horizontalwellwithtypecurves
derivedfora verticalwell.
k = 0.23 md
Type Gove Matclc Fetkovich/McCray Type Curve (Radial
s = -5.0 Flowin a BoundedReservoir).
~ (Rgs. 39-41) MatchingParametecr~ = 800
Plots of ~d (qlAp), and q versus Np are used to estimatethe [t&p = 1.0 [t~p =84 days
movableoil volume. We assumethatbecauseflowingbottomhole
pressureis held constantaftergas tift is initiated,the straightline [91MlMP= 1.0 [9/APIMF= 0.32 s~~/Psi
extrapolationof q to zeroyieldsaboutthe samevalueformovable
Curve~ 1
oii ss rioesextrapomtion
of~d or (gl~p)to ~he.NP~ ifi*=~ept.
All of the materialbalancemethodsyielda movableoil volumeof Forourestimatesof totalcompressibilityandnet paythic-kness
we
360MSTBwithgas lif~whichmeansthatthereareapproximately find
30 MSTB of movable oil remainingin the reservoirat present Net = 26.88STB/psi
Ct?rtditkms: N = 1.28MMSTB
We also note that duringthe periodbeforeinstallationof gasliftj A = 21.21acres
that the extrapolatedmovableoil volumesfor all materialbalance re = 542.3 ft
methodsare also quite similar (=310 MSTB). The results of the
volumetricanalysisare givenbelow. kh = 162.90md-ft
k = 0.54 md
Np,mov = 360.0MSTB(withgas lift) s = -1.0
Recovery Facwr = 7.39% ~ (Figs.46-48)
Plots of id (qhp), and q versus Np are used to estimate
The typecurve and material balance analyses yield acceptable N~mowand again the computed movable volume for all three
results for original-oil-in-place,movable oil, and the reservoir methodsis exactlythe same. Primarymovableoil for this wellis
flowcharacteristics.Thecalculatedrecove~ factoris in therange estimatedto be 100MSTB,indicatingthatthe remainingmovable
of whatwe wouldexpectfor AustinChalkwells,andwenotethe oil volume is less than 10,000 STB. The recovery factor is
short operatinglife that is also characteristicof thesewells. The stightlyhigherthanforthe BartonLightsey64 eventhoughno gas
calculatedpermeabilityof 0.23md andskin factorof -5.0arealso lift processwas initiated. The comptison of recovexyfactorsis
representativevatues. The calculatedpermeabilitymayIMin error somewhatmisleadingwhenwe considerthat the BartonLightsey
sincewe may havetmdereatimatedtheeffectivenet payinterval. well will recover approximately3.5 times as much oil as the
As tids is a horizontal well, it appears that we may be able to ScarmardoCarrabbawell. We assumethatthe higheroil recovery
accuratelymodel the behaviorof horizontalwells in the Austin factor is due to better reservoir quality, if not better
Chalk using the Fetkovich/McCray type curve which was communicationbetween the fracture and matrix systems. All
developed for vertical wells (radial flow). In addition, this things being equal, one possible recommendationwould be to
analysis technique may provide a method to estimate the well performa significantstimulationtreatmenton thiswelt.
drainagearea,whichis oftenunknownforAustinChalkwells.
Searmardo Carrabba Well No. 225 Np,nIOV = 100.0MSTB
This well was drilled and completedin 1993,and has produced Recovery Factor =7.8 1%
approximately 92 MSTB of oil as of July 1994. The well
presentlyhas a dailyoil productionrateof 58 STB/D,a producing
GORof 5535SCUSTB,and a watercut of 11%. The semilogand
12 DeclineCurveAnatysisUsingTypeCuwea-Analysisof 011WellProduction
DataUsingMaterialBalanceTime: SPE 2g688
Aj@catimiwFiild -
Recovery Factor = 2.74% than would be possible using flow rate data alone. These
integralfunctionsalsoeliminateproblemsassociatedwiththe
~n~y~ of. .field
. . . . nmdUC~~n
~.- &@ wigh erratic pK)dUC1.iOII rste
The type curve and material balanceanalysesyield acceptable and bottomholepressurebehavior.
results for estimatesof original-oil-in-placeand movableoil, and
the calculatedrecoveryfactoris reasonablefor wells producing 4. The use of data reinitializationfor the removalof early-time
from the Lower Repetto. The calculateddrainagearea is much rate variationscan yield improvedtype curvematches. The
largerthanwhatweexpected,butwebelievethiscanbe attributed analyat must be aware of major events in the production
to a lack of knowledge of net vertical pay tldckness and the history that might have changedthe producingconditionsof
deviationof the well. the wellor reservoir.
Perhaps the most intriguing result of this entire analyaisis the 5. The calculationof movableoil volumeusing the q verausNP
match of transient data on the r- stem, which yields an plot yields acceptableresultsunless pw, variessignificantly.
estimated permeabilityto oil of 0.12 md and a calculatedskin The simulatedcases verify that the q verausNp plot yields
factor of-8. 1. This estimateof skin factoris unrealisticfor any
vexticalwellcase,withthepossibleexceptionbeingthecaseofan resultssimilarto thosepredictedby themorerigorousplotsof
extremely large, high conductivityverticalfracture. As this is (q/Ap) verausNP, and ~d versus NP. This conclusionhas
clearlynot the case, we can only assumethat the akinfactorcan also beenconfirmedforfielddatacasesforwhichsurfaceand
be attributedto welldeviation. bottomholepressuredataareavailable.
In contrast, the aemilog and log-log analysis performedon a 6. The techniques introduced in this work give excellent
pressure build-up test taken in 1992 gave an estimated estimates of maervoir volumes (total and movable), and
permeabilityto oil of 0.8 md and gave a skin factorof +2.0. If reasonable estimates of formation flow characteristics.
the permeabilityand skin factor are correctedfor the effectsof However, all of these estimates could be significantly
par-i penetrhml*:.. us,-
..~ ~.11 Amviatinn
.AA -..-..,
we twrwrr that @c txtmp~~
..- *..r-. -. . . . . . . . improved if high quality transient production data are
valuea would be comparable to the values obtained from available,as wellas accuraterock,fluid,andcompletiondata.
productiondataanalysis. 7. Additionalworkshouldbe developedfor the analysisof long-
iii order i~ USe tjTk- Gui%a
-.. .- w. SbbUL
.,.-..-+.91.,-.*;-m+a+-m-_,;nn flnw
aLGtJ WLUUaW AU. . .. WUW.. ..v r. tem. ~roduction data frQm.horizonta! wells. In addition,
characteristicsfor the LowerRepettowells we shouldprobably present decline type curve analysis concepts should be
use a matchmg parameterthat incorporatesdeviatedhorizontal extendedforthe analysisof multiphaseflowdata.
well length, instead of effective wellbore radius. The NOMENCLATURE
developmentand applicationof type curves for the analysisof
productiondata for horizontalwellswill aid in both the analysis
and interpretationof problemslikethis.lc Formationand FluidPammeters:
A= drainagearea,ft2
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS B= formationvolumefactor,RB/STB
In this work,we havedeviseda rigorousandconsistentprocedure cl = totalsystemcompreaaibility,psi-l
for theanalysisand interpretationof long-termoil wellproduction C(i = initialtotalsystemcompmsibility,psi-l
data *uaittg- wv*rnfit~hinotechniques. Specifically,we = porosity,fraction
proposethe Go~;lti;Z;%;lcCray type curveto estimate != formationthickness,ft
total and movable reservoir volumes, as well as the flow stir~ = inducible watersaturation,fraction
characteristicsof the reservoir. Further,givena limitedquantity k = formationpermeability,md
of productiondata, we ahowthat we can accuratelyinterpretand re = reservoirdrainageradius,ft
predictreservoirbehavior. rW = wellboreradius,ft
We also note that the use of rate integral and rate integral rmu = apparentwellboreradius(includesformationdamage
derivative functions allow for the analysisand interpretationof or atimuhuioneffects),ft
noisy field productiondata. In addition,the integralfunctions P = fluidviscosity,cp.
providebettertypecurvematchesand increaseconfidencein our Pressur@ate/Tii ParameteW
interpretations. b = Fetkovich/Aspsdeclinecurveexponent
The analyais techniquesthat we proposealways yield excellent bpss = constantin thepseudoateady-state
equationforliquid
estimates of original and movable oil volumes, and accurate flow,as definedby Eq. 13or Eq. A-4
estimatesof reservoirflow characteristics,providedgood early- Di = constantdefinedby Eq. 19,D-1
time data are available. Ouranalyaistechniqueswereveflled by m = constantin thepseudoateady-state
equationforliquid
evaluationof the simulateddatacases, and we againrecommend flow,as definedby Eq. 12,psilSTB
that qualitydata be takenearlyand oftento ensuremoreaccurate (q/AP)iti = constantdefinedby @. 18,STB/D/psi
~ldy~ and iltte~tetZtiOItS. = oil flowrate,mm
k = originaloil in ptace,STB
DeclineCum AnalysisUsingTypeCurves-AnalysisofOilWellProductionDataUsingMaterialBalanceTime: SPE 28688
Applicationto Fieldcases
UnionPacificResourcesCo. (UPRC).
SPE 28688 L.E. Doublet,P.K. Pande,T.J. McCollum,and T.A. Blasingarne 15
19. StehfesGH.: NumericalInversionof LaplaceTransforms, and Blasingamelofor the analysisof oil and gas wellproduction
Communications of the ACM (January 1970), 13, No. 1, data.
47-49.(Algorithm368withcorrection) Movable~ . .
20. Matthews,C.S. and Russell, D.G. : Pressure Buildup and SolvingEq. A-3 for the flowmte,q. givm
Flow Tests in Wells, Monograph Series, Society of
PetroleumEngineersof AIME,Richardson(1967)1. q=$ (P-Pwh-&NP . . .. ..- .. .. . .. . ..... .. .. .. ... ...(A-8)
21. Igor-Graphingand Data Analysis Program (Version2.7),
WaveMetrics,LakeOswego,OR, USA, 1992. Weimmediitclynotethatifpwl = constan4thena plotof q versus
Npwillyielda straightlineof thefollowingcharacter
22. PanSystemTM-WellTest AnalysisProgram(Version1.8),
EdinburghPetroleumServices,Ltd., Edinburgh,Scotland, slope . .1 . .. . . .. . . . .. . . ... . ... . .. .. .. .. . . ... ..(A-9)
UK, April 1991. NC#pSS
23. Hinds, G.S. and Berg, R.R.: EstimatingOrganicMaturity y-int.mept = #PI-Pw) .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . ... .. ... . . .. (A-IO)
From Well Logs, Upper CretaceousAustin Chalk, Texas
Gulf CoaaLTrans., GCAGS (190) a. 295-300.
x-intercept = Npmy=Np atq=O........................(A-l U
24. Dake, L.P.: Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering,
Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam This result has considerable implications from a practical
(1978). standpoint. In partictdar,we can use a plot of q versusNp as a
25. Johnston, J.L.: Variable-Rate Analysis of Transient Well meansto estimatethe movableoil for the caseof a wellproduced
Test Data Using Semi-Analytical Methods, M.S. Thesis, at an approximatelyconstantbottomholepressure. For casesof
TexasA8cMUniversity,CollegeStation,TX (1992). variablebottomholepressures,Eq. A-8 becomesless applicable,
but we can still use the q versus Np plot as a ~mi-an~Ytic~
APPENDIX A - DER1VATION OF MATERIAL methodto predictmovableoil.
BALANCE PLOTTING FUNCTIONS FOR Aninterestinghistoricalfootnoteis thatNind2developedEq.A-8
PRODUCTION DATA froma comp~etely_ perspective.Hisgoalwasto develop
In this appendix,we start withthe materialbalanceequationfora the~ usingtheobservationof a lineartrend
slightlycompressibleliquidwhichis givenby Dake~ as of q versus Np. In this light, we recall that the at@.yl@
development of the exponential decline solution for a well
?=Pi-Net~Np .................................................(A.l) produced at constant bottomhole pressure is given by Ehlig-
EconomidesandRamey.17
We notethatif we plot~ versusNPthen we wiii obtaina straight . . V~ .
*.. m-s--
une or s llr-
slope JIfVCfad fii*WC2pi j+. we am, . .l.A a- Dvtrm+te .y .- the Z
. .. y Moe Otl.
versus NP trend to@ in orderto estimatethe movableliquid Thedevelopmentof a variable-rat.dvariable pressuredropformof
(oil) volume,NP,mov Of course,~ is typicallynot availablein Eq. A-8 can be derivedby simply dividing throughEq. A-8 by
practice,so we-must use an aitemate approachto appiyingthis L6ep~SUE drnp: Aps pi.pw$ This gives
concept
~=~ 1 Np ..................................... (A-12)
We now considerthe so called oilflowequationwhichrelates Ap bpss N@pss AP
rates and pressuredrops duringboundary-dominated(orpseudo-
Eq. A-12 and other variations of this result are developedand
Steady-5tattj fiow. This eqmaakxi is gii;efias
diSCUSsdill tietSiiin R%. 8 Sttd if).
F = Pwf+ dress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(A-2) Consideringthe form of Eq. A-12, we note that a plot of q/Ap
CombiningE@. A-1 and A-2 and solvingfor the pressuredrop, versus N~Ap will yield a straight line with the following
Ap = pt-pwfi we obtain
-em
. . . .. & Np + qbpss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (A-3)
AP = P,-pwf= slope = -- ...................................(A-13)
N@p$f
wherethe paeudosteady-stateconstamtbpss,is givenby
y-intercept = ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (A-14)
For the interestedreader,a completederivationof Eq. A-3 from x-intercept = % =%atq/Apa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(A-15)
~ k? ..~J$
Ncl . . . ... . ... . .. .. . . .. . . .. . .. .. ... . . .. .. .. . ... . . .. .. (A-1) drivemechanisms)are aisoempirical,basedmoreon speculation
thantheory.
If we have an estimateof the pseudostidy-smte constant,bpsf. The purpose of this appendix is to collect the pertinent Arps
fromsay, typecurveanaiysisor usingthe qhp versus N~Ap plot relations and to provide an introduction to the auxiliary rate
as described above, we can calculate the average reservoir functions so that interested readers may create their own type
pressure,jL as curves. Starting@I the Arpsdlmens:onlessratefunction,q~,
we havethe followingcases
Fcal=Pwf+9bpss """""
"""""
"""""
"""""
"""""
"""""
'""""
"""""
""""(A-l6) Arps Dimensionless Fiow Rate Reiations
Plotting~~ versusNp gi~ tie foliowing~uIts The differentcasesfor the dimensionlessflowrate, qM, function
1 rm=~.oivt=n
- .-.. rIc
-
slope
= -g
@:~
y-intercept = pi ............................................ (A-18) Ihponentiak (b=O) q~ = exp(-t~) . ... . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. ...(B-l)
x-intercept = NPmOV=Npatw ......................(A-19) Hyperbolic (04<1) 9W . 1 . .. . .. .... . . .. ...(B-2)
While Eqs. A-16 to A-19 provide the most rigorous and [1+ bt~llb
comprehensiveanaiysisof movableoii, this analysisrequiresa Hamwnic: (b=l)
certain degree of interpretation. For example, we will never
producean oil reservoirto the@condition, so we realiywantto m= * ............3)....(B-3)
determineN*,moVat some~~, whichdependaon the producing Arps Dimensionless Cumulative Production Reiations
conditions. The definitionof the dimensionlesscumulativeproduction,NPW,
Obviouaiythis methodassumesthat the measuredflowratesand is givenby
bottomhole pressures are msonably accurate,which is usuaiiy
m the case in practice. So again,we havea tail for vigiiantdata t~
aquisition--if we want to performstate-of-the-artanaiysisand NPZM
= q~?) dt ........................................(B-4)
interpretationof productiondata. Jo
APPENDIX B - THE ARPS EMPIRICAL RATE The differentcasesfor the dimensionlesscumulativeproduction,
DECLINE FUNCTIONS NPLM, functionare givenas
This appendix summarizesthe A@ semi-empiricaisolutions
(depletion stems) used in the Fetkovich/McCray1type curves. NPLM= [1-ex~-t~~ ..............(B-5)
Ihponentiak (b=O)
These solutionsare derivedfromthe Arps13empiricairesultsfor
flowrate, presentedin the formof theplottingfunctionsgivenby or in termsof q~
Fetkovich6 and McCray.8 A complete developmentof these NPLM= [1-q~] . . . . .. . .. .. .. .. .. ...(B-6)
solutionscan be foundin AppendixB of mf. 16. Hyperbolic: (Ocbcl) Np~ = #l. [l+b#-@] . . . ..(B-7)
in presenting tie AVS solutions we provide ae-vemiaitxiiiar-y 1-
functions based on the flow rate, or in this case dimensionless or in termsof ?Mand q~
flow rate function. The rate and auxiiiaryfunctionsare givenas
foiiows Np~ = *[1 q~d (1 +brM)l...(ItI)I)
.
YatiWle =Onlw ~@ Function or in termsof q~
$:M DimensionlessCumulativeProduction NPW = ~[1 -q&b] . .. .. . .. .. . . ..(B-9)
DimensionlessRateIntegraiFunction .
91mi
9W DimensionlessRateIntegraiDerivative Harnwnic (b=l) NPW = in(l+tw) ................(B-lO)
Aa a prelude to these developments, we acknowledgethat a or in termsof q~
speciai ~~~~n~!a~~r~ has been adoilted for the Arpssolutions. In
particular,the term exponentialdeclinerefersto thecasewhere ~pDd = Mi;9w)= -wg~)... (iijij
the flow rate decays in an exponentialfashion with respect to
time. Arps Dimensionless Rate Integral Relations
The exponentialdeclinecaseis the~ for therate The definitionof the dimensionieasrate intcgraifunction,q~, is
~. . . . . hv
oivm =
behavior in a well producinga single phase liquid at a constant
hnftnmlplp nrecmwe AC shnwn ~y Eh!~g-ECO~Qrn.~&ZS MIC!
. . . . . . .. . . y. .= - .. - . . ..
Rarney.17 The term harmonic decline refers to the case where
9Ddi
!W=L
~m q~r) dr .......................... (B-12)
the fiowratevariesin a reciprocalfashionwithtimeor sometime hi o
function for intermediate to large times. This case is also
anaiyticaiin the sense that flow rate normalizedby pressure Thedifferentcases for thedimensionlessrateintegralfunctionare
drop plotted versus the materialbaiancetime functionyields givenbeiow
exactiy a harmonic decline during boundary-dominatedflow
conditions,as shownby Eq. A-7.
The hyperbolicdeclineis the general term givento any decline &ponentiak (b=O) 9Lkii = ~[1-exp(-t~)l
~w .......(B-13)
curve case lying betweenthe exponentialand harmonicdecline
cases. Hyperbolic cases generailyhave iittie if any analytical or in termsof q~
basis,the most notableexceptionsbeingcertainideaiandreaigas qM].............(B-14)
flow cases as described by Fetkovich.c The hyperbolicdecline Wklt = -L[l. *m
caseaaretypicaiiyuaedto~ datairendsandmost
attempts to correlate hyperbolic behavior with physical
phenomena(e.g.,changesin mobiiity,layerfeatures,andspecific
--- c.-. - .. ----- ms - 1--..11 . ... .-,4 T A Rl!i@ino!tm P 17
SPE28688 Lb UOUDlek r.h. ranae, L .J. m.umm, cwu . ..=. A-M-..fF..-
9Ddl.=l,m o mqm&m
.......................................(C-6)
t~
/
Expandingthe derivativeandredueinggives
and McCraysalso definedthe dimensionlessdeclineflowrate
integraldeuivstivefunctionas
..1
!?LMdmo
1 q~t) dr- q~
Hyperbolic (Ml)
== i%[ii-@4&f+b)l-q~
............................ J (B-23)
and
(q/Ap)i= ~
toAp
~d~ .......................................... (c-lo)
Harmonic (b=l)
qDfM = -&(l+t Dd)-qDd...24)4)
(q/Ap)~= - d ~(d 4@Ml=.#@Ap)J
.......................(C-11)
d;
APPENDIX C - PROCEDURE FOR THE ANALYSIS
OF PRODUCTION DATA USING THE FETKOVICW Curve Ma@@@mWE .
MCCRAY TYPE CURVES This procedureassumesthatwehaveaccuratemeasuredratesand
In this appendix we develop analysis relations for the pressures as a function of time. Unfortunately,pressuresare
Fetkovich/McCraylo type curves. In order to generalizethe usually not available, so for the purposes of analysis and
---1..-:- ------- c-. ---! :-..:--- ,. . . . ..:-..1... -.a-.a:. 1..,.la
arwysm wncwpt Iur appuwwwn w IIUII-UUU414U I GWI VUII CIIICLF
;-+--.**.*;*- ...- -.., h..,- *na.m,,mm
MILG&~lGUXUU1l, W- LIMAJ U-VU
* *n@*st
U -O USbSb.E -u1.a_alb ~SVU-UL- U. VP
nmee,lm Arnn
we have defined modified expressions for dimensionless @IIIL Ap=pl-pW(.when PWIis assumedto be constantwith time.
deelinevariables. RecallthatFetkovich,aas wellas laterefforts The assumptionof a constantpressuredrop poseslittle difficulty
(refs.7-10),all considerthe case of a boundedcircularreservoir. in the analysis--althoughthis assumption may cause errors in
Whilethis solutionis usuallyacceptableforanalysisof production interpretation.
data from vertical wells, we must understandhow to interpret 1. Compute the material balance time function from the
performanceresponsesfrom non-circularreservoirshapes. The productionratedata. This functionis givenby
use of the reservoir shape factor, CA,permits interpretationof
otherreservoirgeometries. i= N~q . . . ... . .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. . . .. . . . (C-12)
Startingwith the dimensionlessdeclinetimefunction,wehave 2. Computethe flowrateand flowrateintegralfunctionsusing
the material balance time function. These functions are
=@&J2mDA=l*2D
,--- bycAdtz]
givenby
(q/Ap)= h= $ ..................................(C-13)
. .. . .. .. . . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. .. . . . .. .. . .. . . .. . . . (c-l)
18 DeclineCurveAnalysisUsingTypeCurves-AnalysisofOilWellProductionDataUsingMaterialBalanceTime SPE 28688
Application to Field Ca.wxI
i
ft@p)j= &[ ~ dt ......................................(C-14)
CJO4P
Xfthematerialbalancetimefimction,~,is correctlycalculatedthen
a scaled log-log plot of q/Ap versus z will exactly overlaythe q~
versus r~ trend for a harmonic decline on the Fetkovich/
Mccraylotypecurve. Oncea matchof thedataandthetypecurve
has beenObtied: the time andrateaxismatchpointscank used
to developthe followingrelationsfor bPWandN
~ -Ja2fk . .. . .. . . .. . . . ... ... . ... . . .. .. .. . . ... . .. .. ... . .. (C-16)
P$z- [q/Ap~
k=141.2~;h[~]~~~] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(C-20)
and
~
s =-
4)rw . . . .. . . . .. . .. .. .. . . .. . .. .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . .... . .. . .. (c-22)
19
SPE 28688 L.E. DoubleL P.K. Psnde, T.J. McCollum, snd T.A. Blssingsme
,N* I* 10 d Id
lti
1 :
1: :-~
-%I!?SS-=2E2===
,.O
i- k--------- --------------------------- o
I I 1 t 1
0 1000 zooo moo 40C0
tow
Figure6- SernUogPmduotim plotfor SirnutafedCeee #2 (Vadebfep~with SM-ine).
Figural
.Fatkwkhqodarld
%ddvJP@QJfJ-.
1$~
10 10
tow
Ftgure7- Log-LogProductionPtotIor SlrnutatedCaee #i?(VariabfePdvhfh Shut-ha).
I I 1 ,
10+ # 1 1 7 -1 1 --i-
16 ld 10 d 10 d
~N$ ~
FlgJre 8- RateFmoflonsforSbnufated
CeeeW(variablePWWIUI Shut-ha).
---- .... .
d=ppk-1 I Ik
W
10 10*
Figure
9Metchot~ -Oateforsirnutatad cuoml
I&
W. 1
I I I 1 1
.-1-
1 v 1 1 1
W ld 10
w%
-r
d lti d
1 # I t
tm.
IE!!Ezl:
. .- .
---- w ,
c WA a 8.aJl.a-
0 wooo
N,,STS
mm~ L-m
w.: ----- -. -
..
q+_T!f
.-0
0 mom
N,.STS
Figure 14- Mwsble Oil EsUmstbn from Rste Hktofy.
i I I i t
lfl-
10 ld
Lx
Figum20-Log-tog Pmddion Ptotfor NRU Wd 4202 (Cbadodt).
I 1 1 1 .I
1o
3 I I
Ill Ill
M=-!%- --J
---
I I I I I \ I 4 1
I
UP 1
~.. ZmO 4000 eooo WOO mOOO lam 14000
.a
(w% o
-1 [
tow
F~ra 25- Sadlog Pmductica plot for NRU Wall 1004 (Clewfofk).
104 I 1
1 1 1 -r
lo~ d
10 #
044
ObJ.s
H
.*C
am=d~-= -
-.
Pmdumonoatatw NRuwd4202(~)-w-m-.
Rgwaa2-Matchd
I I t 1 I *
10 d 10 lo~
m @N;$ m
m
13Ela~ Figure27- Rata Functionsfof NRU Wail 1004- (Cbarfwk).
!I I , _-+%;._& I !
?f&aJAv9E&tnu
K-1-+
1
K, & Am, & :492
604 402
4 307 300 400
. fto3
103 200
I I t I
m
w.? 1004
& ~, &o: ;Ole ::.3
04 4 m-
104 209 . 210
1
-L
N2
I
104)1
1000
~
1M2
&;mo&29,
1007
L__a%
1002 1004
200
zo-
0
.n . ....
-
.
I 1 1 1 I I 1500
d
1 ld m. b-*am I
: 10
e a
10 -m
. -d-
lfl ld I
o zooo am am am 10MO nooO 9400 o Zm ao mo 800 1000 woo
1W18 tow
Fi~m 30- Sernibg Pmdmlion Pfof for Well A (Sprabarry). Rglna35serrlilog plot for Sartm LigfItaay Well S4 (Austin Chalk).
PlOdUcbm
.
12 ,
10 & ld 10
tow
fi~m 3S - Log-LogProductionPtoffor SartonLightaayWall S4 (Austin Chatk).
Figure 37- Rate Funofiona for Mton Ugfrfaay WeM S4 (Auafin Chafk).
I 1 I
SQ
onLigtucqwdla4
40-
.
. 12Ezl
: F~m 3S. fMcflofPmduoumoalatorsd
(Auam-)w*TYwh.
I * 1
zooo L
=-%
i!. .* 2ooo-
.
EEiiE!a -
&zo .. . .
10M -
10- i
0
0 aOooo 100ooo mooo zOoooO
N,,8t8
I 1 1 I 1 t
I 1 I
lSOQ
nul I
FzzEiEa:
I I
,
.
d d
.
0.40 ~.*
%,
i!
$=
$;:
t
0.10
i
.....
N,. STS
T-FzrI
~FFw--l
10 1
.
! . ......!....J
td 10 ld d
toew
~ 43- ~ pmductianPM for S Csnsbbs Well 225 (AustinChslk).
1
10Q
-* rw-@--+ I
..
,= . .. I . ..
.= I . ..-
-.. .. -- .- + -=- .~i -.0
~ . . -. ..:.%J%J&:
a . . ..
... I
I
d . . . . . .
10 101 ... t
10 d
10 d
d -P /.
,.. I
I
....
...
....
-..
. .. ;~~
..U+ ++-
A I
1
. . of OdWellProductionDataUsingMaterialBalanceTtme:
Ikcline CurveAnalysisUsingTypeCuwe+-fidysk SPE28688
24 ~Feld-
SAN7ACURA FIELO
L- M-O m
VCRIEALNETAVUAP
LP&wallzmu
m. cOumIJ Omv
----- ~
i l-..= - .....
d
I
11 I /1
I 1
I
1000
soo-
IEzE31
:
0
0
I@
. .
. ..=.
g I@ wd~
e OQO
wmooo lsOooOO zOOOooo
o SOOooo
N,. STS
10
mooJ
.
GE!E53a
Lwou -
0 I
SOOooo 1ooOOOo lsoCoOo ammoo
o
N., STS